556:
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603:, whom King Zhou had offended, entered into and possessed her body, expelling the true Daji's soul. The spirit, as Daji, and her new husband schemed cruelly and invented many devices of torture, such as forcing righteous officials to hug red-hot metal pillars. Because of such cruelties, many people, including King Zhou's own former generals, revolted and fought against the
521:
When a fox is fifty years old, it can transform itself into a woman; when a hundred years old, it becomes a beautiful female, or a spirit medium, or an adult male who has sexual intercourse with women. Such beings are able to know things at more than a thousand miles' distance; they can poison men by
635:
Since the beginning of the Tang, many commoners have worshiped fox spirits. They make offerings in their bedchambers to beg for their favor. The foxes share people's food and drink. They do not serve a single master. At the time there was a figure of speech saying, "Where there is no fox demon, no
379:
Fox spirits and nine-tailed foxes appear frequently in
Chinese folklore, literature, and mythology. Depending on the story, the fox spirit's presence may be a good or a bad omen. The motif of nine-tailed foxes from Chinese culture was eventually transmitted and introduced to Japanese, Korean, and
662:
In late imperial China, during the Ming and Qing dynasties, disruptions in the domestic environment could be attributed to the mischief of fox spirits, which could throw or tear apart objects in a manner similar to a poltergeist. "Hauntings" by foxes were often regarded as both commonplace and
573:
Among the arts of the Way, there is a specific doctrine of the celestial fox. [The doctrine] says that the celestial fox has nine tails and a golden color. It serves in the Palace of the Sun and Moon and has its own fu (talisman) and a jiao ritual. It can transcend yin and
1614:
Carlson, Kathie; Flanagin, Michael N.; Martin, Kathleen; Martin, Mary E.; Mendelsohn, John; Rodgers, Priscilla Young; Ronnberg, Ami; Salman, Sherry; Wesley, Deborah A. (2010). Arm, Karen; Ueda, Kako; Thulin, Anne; Langerak, Allison; Kiley, Timothy Gus; Wolff, Mary (eds.).
464:
Mountain, where much jade can be found on its south slope and green cinnabar on its north. There is a beast here whose form resembles a fox with nine tails. It makes a sound like a baby and is a man-eater. Whoever eats it will be protected against insect-poison
713:
Fox spirits were thought to be able to disguise themselves as women. In this guise, they seduced young men who were scholars or merely intelligent to absorb "life essence through their semen". This allowed them to actually turn into humans, then
500:(202 BC – 9 AD; 25–220 AD), the development of ideas about interspecies transformation had taken place in Chinese culture. The idea that non-human creatures with advancing age could assume human form is presented in works such as the
392:
Painting of a fox spirit from Yanju's tomb, Gansu
Province. Older depictions of fox spirits depict the eight other tails as branching out from the main tail rather than being separate tails of their own.
663:
essentially harmless, with one seventeenth-century author commenting that "Out of every ten houses in the capital, six or seven have fox demons, but they do no harm and people are used to them".
1723:
Ting, Nai-tung. "A Comparative Study of Three
Chinese and North-American Indian Folktale Types." Asian Folklore Studies 44, no. 1 (1985): 42–43. Accessed July 1, 2020. doi:10.2307/1177982.
456:, had commented that the "nine-tailed fox was an auspicious omen that appeared during times of peace." However, in chapter 1, another aspect of the nine-tailed fox is described:
555:
477:
encountered a white nine-tailed fox, which he interpreted as an auspicious sign that he would marry Nüjiao. In Han iconography, the nine-tailed fox is sometimes depicted at
522:
sorcery, or possess and bewilder them, so that they lose their memory and knowledge; and when a fox is thousand years old, it ascends to heaven and becomes a celestial fox.
2313:
578:
The fox spirits encountered in tales and legends are usually females and appear as young, beautiful women. One of the most infamous fox spirits in
Chinese mythology was
544:
both can be eight hundred years of age, and when they are five hundred years old, they become enlightened and are able to take up human form. 狐貍、豺狼皆壽八百歲，滿五百歲，則善變為人形。
2531:
1595:
648:, became outlawed, but their suppression was unsuccessful. For example, in 1111, an imperial edict was issued for the destruction of many spirit shrines within
659:. This resulted in Huizong ordering the destruction of all fox temples in Kaifeng. The city was invaded the next day, and the dynasty fell after five months.
990:
1772:
2252:
933:
925:
678:
1048:
1405:
2068:
743:
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1714:
1695:
1676:
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1311:
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887:
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2259:
1861:
1508:
51:
2280:
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611:, one of the vassals of Shang, founded a new dynasty named after his country. The fox spirit in Daji's body was later driven out by
1800:
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2008:
2514:
1458:
Lin, Fu-shih (2014-12-08). ""Old
Customs and New Fashions": An Examination of Features of Shamanism in Song China".
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1835:
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1937:
1815:
1097:
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656:
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1992:
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are love stories between a fox appearing as a beautiful girl and a young human male. In the fantasy novel
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Belief in fox spirits has also been implicated as an explanatory factor in the incidence of attacks of
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Typically fox spirits were seen as dangerous, but some of the stories in the Qing dynasty book
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1805:
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293:
125:
117:
768:
In the story-arc concerning
Pilgrims while they're passing through the Kingdom of Biqiu, the
300:, who may either be benevolent or malevolent spirits. In Chinese mythology and folklore, the
2676:
2671:
2053:
2048:
1954:
1547:
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demoness, who lured the Bull Demon King away from
Princess Iron Fan by-means of her massive
608:
311:
304:
takes variant forms with different meanings, powers, characteristics, and shapes, including
285:
96:
63:
2063:
1866:
1688:
The cult of the fox: Power, gender, and popular religion in late imperial and modern China
1231:
754:
721:
687:
682:, a huli jing teaches a young girl magic, enabling her to conjure armies with her spells.
548:
In a Tang
Dynasty story, foxes could become humans by wearing a skull and worshipping the
510:(27–91). As these traditions developed, the fox's capacity for transformation was shaped.
373:
70:
1726:
Anatole, Alex. "Tao of
Celestial Foxes -The Way to Immortality" Volumes I, II, III)(2015)
1207:
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1201:
1155:
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879:
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668:
591:
1650:
The discourse on foxes and ghosts: Ji Yun and eighteenth-century literati storytelling
746:, introduced as the demon-brother's venerable mother and maternal-uncle, respectively.
2660:
2210:
2131:
2096:
1974:
1947:
1292:
917:
604:
297:
1567:
552:. They would try multiple skulls until they found one that fit without falling off.
2405:
2126:
2086:
1932:
1922:
1707:
A Chinese
Bestiary: Strange Creatures from the Guideways Through Mountains and Seas
703:
641:
616:
583:
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474:
155:
103:
627:
Popular fox worship during the Tang dynasty has been mentioned in a text entitled
595:. A beautiful daughter of a general, she was married forcibly to the cruel tyrant
1513:. Translated by Hsien-yi Yang; Gladys Yang. Foreign Language Press. p. 176.
1242:, a compilation of supernatural stories of which many have fox spirits as a theme
2431:
2162:
2042:
2038:
1886:
673:
497:
466:
437:
425:
411:
398:
1736:
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also appear in Wu Cheng'en's late 16th-century novel, the Journey to the West:
1896:
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507:
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2299:
2196:
1964:
793:
482:
134:
742:
A brother-sister pair appear in the story-arc covering the demon-brothers,
1559:
485:
in her role as the goddess of immortality. According to the first-century
50:
1969:
1876:
1161:
461:
421:
235:
141:
30:"Foxwoman" redirects here. For the Dungeons & Dragons creature, see
17:
2457:
2203:
2023:
1871:
1620:
1551:
1219:
1216:, the fox immortals, highly cultivated fox spirits in Chinese tradition
649:
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162:
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2018:
2013:
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1750:
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1997:
1959:
1906:
1830:
762:
724:
619:, and her spirit condemned by Nüwa herself for excessive cruelty.
554:
541:
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period (circa fourth to circa first century BC). The work states:
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221:
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2003:
1981:
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demoness), are plaguing the unwitting-king, who had married the
655:
On the eve of the Jurchen invasion, a fox went to the throne of
645:
579:
429:
2378:
1754:
1248:, the realm some fox spirits were thought to be able to go to
569:
made a connection between nine-tailed foxes and the divine:
513:
Describing the transformation and other features of the fox,
170:
146:
753:, it's revealed that Princess Iron Fan's husband, the
263:
1669:
Alien kind: Foxes and late imperial Chinese narrative
1617:
The Book of Symbols: Reflections on Archetypal Images
1234:, the most well-known fox spirit in Chinese mythology
1199:, a well-known character who was a fox spirit in the
432:
and worship foxes that have four legs and nine tails.
122:
108:
727:
which was able to navigate through higher realms of
720:, and then, after 1,000 years, it would turn into a
695:
found in southern China and Malaysia in particular.
493:), the fox's nine tails symbolize abundant progeny.
424:
lies to the north where the inhabitants consume the
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2502:
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2479:
2440:
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2412:
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1534:Cheng, S. T. (1996). "A critical review of Chinese
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161:
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2314:Notes of the Thatched Abode of Close Observations
784:whilst she posed as a mortal young-woman and the
757:, has left her for Princess Jade Countenance, a
207:
193:
644:, fox spirit cults, such as those dedicated to
633:
571:
538:
519:
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416:
1652:. Hong Kong: Chinese University of Hong Kong.
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240:
226:
2390:
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1742:
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1039:
1012:
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68:
8:
1709:. Berkeley: University of California press.
1406:"Fox-spirit Daji invents the Paoluo torture"
1333:
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1594:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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706:compares them to voices that speak of the
249:
87:
49:
1350:
1348:
1346:
934:Creation of the Gods I: Kingdom of Storms
926:Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings
559:Qing Dynasty depiction of the fox spirit.
1690:. New York: Columbia University Press.
1671:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
1258:
1587:
698:There is mention of the fox spirit in
679:The Three Sui Quash the Demons' Revolt
599:. A nine-tailed fox spirit who served
517:(276–324) made the following comment:
124:
36:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1239:Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio
7:
1445:
1392:
1381:
1366:
1277:
1265:
2260:Strange Tales from a Chinese Studio
1462:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 262–263.
1210:, a similar fox spirit from Vietnam
1185:Dead or Alive Xtreme Venus Vacation
1862:Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors
1510:A Brief History of Chinese Fiction
615:, the first Prime Minister of the
396:The nine-tailed fox occurs in the
25:
2281:What the Master Would Not Discuss
1228:, a similar fox spirit from Korea
1222:, a similar fox spirit from Japan
460:Three hundred li farther east is
32:Foxwoman (Dungeons & Dragons)
2470:
1540:Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry
1410:Chinese Torture/Supplice chinois
2346:The Cowherd and the Weaver Girl
2339:Dong Yong and the Seventh Fairy
1705:Strassberg, Richard E. (2002).
1139:The Good Kid and the Fox Spirit
1126:The Sacred Book of the Werewolf
837:Boruto: Naruto Next Generations
491:Debates in the White Tiger Hall
171:
147:
2307:Records of the Grand Historian
1584:. Honolulu. 2008. p. 218.
1141:イイコと妖狐, a song by Kikuo (2023)
1083:Miss Fisher's Murder Mysteries
772:and his adopted-daughter, the
264:
208:
123:
109:
69:
27:Chinese mythological creatures
1:
2274:In Search of the Supernatural
2190:Classic of Mountains and Seas
996:The Investiture of the Gods 2
404:Classic of Mountains and Seas
296:creatures usually capable of
2707:Animals in Chinese mythology
1106:Tale of the Nine Tailed 1938
636:village can be established."
2667:Chinese legendary creatures
1648:Chan, Leo Tak-hung (1998).
991:The Investiture of the Gods
744:Golden-Horn and Silver-Horn
652:, including those of Daji.
364:; 'fox clan'), and
2723:
1667:Huntington, Rania (2003).
1340:, pp. 88–89 & 184
959:Strange Tales of Liao Zhai
788:as her mortal father; the
749:In the story-arc covering
582:, who is portrayed in the
29:
2468:
2360:Mulian Rescues His Mother
2332:Legend of the White Snake
1743:
1460:Modern Chinese Religion I
1085:Season 1 Episode 6 (2012)
1067:
1040:
1013:
962:
951:
369:
361:
353:
345:
337:
329:
324:'fox immortal'),
315:
289:
275:
248:
241:
227:
86:
48:
44:
2576:Tamatsukuri Inari Shrine
2232:The Peach Blossom Spring
1128:by Victor Pelevin (2004)
1057:Love, Death & Robots
1003:Legend of Nine Tails Fox
790:White-Faced Vixen Spirit
782:White-Faced Vixen Spirit
774:White-Faced Vixen Spirit
356:; 'fox demon'),
340:; 'fox saint'),
2353:The Magic Lotus Lantern
2246:Investiture of the Gods
1290:Wallen, Martin (2006).
1098:My Roommate Is a Gumiho
1090:Tale of the Nine Tailed
1049:Investiture of the Gods
1030:Moonshine and Valentine
971:The Legend and the Hero
657:Emperor Huizong of Song
348:; 'fox king'),
2561:Takahashi Inari Shrine
2544:Taikodani Inari Shrine
2168:Peaches of Immortality
1993:Chinese guardian lions
1916:Mythological creatures
1686:Kang, Xiaofei (2006).
1037:Beauties in the Closet
693:culture-bound syndrome
638:
576:
560:
546:
524:
471:
442:
393:
332:; 'fox god'),
194:
2571:Takayama Inari Shrine
2566:Namiyoke Inari Shrine
2522:Takekoma Inari Shrine
2253:The Sorcerer's Revolt
1841:Chinese folk religion
1076:Eternal Love of Dream
1064:The Life of White Fox
813:Fox Spirit Matchmaker
558:
473:In one ancient myth,
444:In chapter 14 of the
418:靑丘國在其北其人食五穀衣絲帛其狐四足九尾。
408:Warring States period
406:), compiled from the
391:
380:Vietnamese cultures.
2692:Mythological canines
2614:Toyokawa Inari Tokyo
2494:Fushimi Inari-taisha
1801:Godly world concepts
896:Hanson and the Beast
872:A Chinese Fairy Tale
294:Chinese mythological
2556:Kasama Inari Shrine
2539:Yūtoku Inari Shrine
2267:Journey to the West
1737:Fox Spirits in Asia
1582:The Record of Linji
1122:by A.Y. Chao (2023)
948:The Legend of Nezha
454:Eastern Jin dynasty
452:, a scholar of the
189:Vietnamese alphabet
2697:Mythological foxes
2527:Yakyu Inari Shrine
2510:Shiwa Inari Shrine
2288:Heavenly Questions
2102:Gate of the Ghosts
1857:Gods and immortals
1821:Gods and immortals
1552:10.1007/BF00118751
801:In popular culture
792:is later slain by
597:King Zhou of Shang
561:
422:Land of Blue Hills
394:
2654:
2653:
2629:
2628:
2466:
2465:
2369:
2368:
2239:The Four Journeys
1782:Chinese mythology
1716:978-0-520-21844-4
1697:978-0-231-13338-8
1678:978-0-674-01094-9
1659:978-962-201-749-8
1630:978-3-8365-1448-4
1520:978-7-119-05750-7
1495:Huntington (2003)
1483:Huntington (2003)
1469:978-90-04-27164-7
1434:Huntington (2003)
1355:Huntington (2003)
1338:Strassberg (2002)
1313:978-1-86189-297-3
1120:Shanghai Immortal
1010:Fox in the Screen
903:The Legend of Hei
829:Naruto: Shippuden
786:White Deer Spirit
770:White Deer Spirit
751:Princess Iron Fan
536:, it is written:
322:
279:
278:
271:
270:
178:
177:
97:Standard Mandarin
16:(Redirected from
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2417:
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2324:Other folk tales
2054:Nine-headed Bird
2049:Peng (mythology)
1955:Four Holy Beasts
1850:Major personages
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1507:Lu, Xun (1959).
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1448:, pp. 37–39
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1412:. Archived from
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1280:, pp. 15–21
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1060:Episode 8 (2019)
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888:Once Upon a Time
609:King Wen of Zhou
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2117:Kunlun Mountain
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2064:Nine-tailed fox
1911:
1867:Eight Immortals
1845:
1789:Overview topics
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1623:. p. 280.
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1232:Nine-tailed fox
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1160:Ninetails from
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808:
803:
755:Bull Demon King
722:nine-tailed fox
702:Buddhism, when
625:
481:and along with
441:
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419:
386:
374:nine-tailed fox
183:Vietnamese name
79:Literal meaning
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2127:Moving Sands
2069:
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1989:(Fox spirit)
1986:
1933:Azure Dragon
1923:Four Symbols
1706:
1687:
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1546:(1): 67–82.
1543:
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1459:
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1441:
1436:, p. 14
1429:
1418:. Retrieved
1414:the original
1409:
1400:
1395:, p. 23
1388:
1369:, p. 17
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1022:Eternal Love
1020:
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989:
986:구가의 서 (2013)
981:
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916:
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860:Painted Skin
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704:Linji Yixuan
700:Chinese Chán
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642:Song dynasty
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617:Zhou dynasty
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584:Ming Dynasty
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566:Youyang Zazu
564:
562:
547:
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531:
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486:
479:Mount Kunlun
475:Yu the Great
472:
459:
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417:
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384:Descriptions
378:
365:
357:
349:
341:
333:
325:
305:
301:
281:
280:
259:Romanization
172:hô͘-lî-chiaⁿ
156:Southern Min
148:wu⁴lei⁴zing¹
104:Hanyu Pinyin
58:Chinese name
2682:Inari faith
2617: [
2605: [
2602:Saijo Inari
2547: [
2530: [
2513: [
2487:Head Shrine
2432:Ukanomitama
2427:Inari Ōkami
2225:Shenyi Jing
2039:Four Perils
1938:White Tiger
1887:Yan Emperor
1485:, p. .
1446:Kang (2006)
1393:Kang (2006)
1382:Kang (2006)
1367:Kang (2006)
1357:, p. 9
1302:. pp.
1278:Kang (2006)
1266:Kang (2006)
994:(2014) and
974:(2007) and
910:Jiang Ziyia
863:(2008) and
806:Anime/Manga
674:Pu Songling
607:. Finally,
498:Han dynasty
496:During the
446:Shanhaijing
438:Shanhaijing
426:Five Grains
412:Western Han
399:Shanhaijing
2661:Categories
2646:Fox spirit
2453:Fox spirit
2441:Minor gods
2142:Weak River
2034:Fox spirit
1744:北方的民间信仰-狐仙
1642:Literature
1420:2006-12-26
1298:. London:
1253:References
1208:Hồ ly tinh
976:its sequel
865:its sequel
623:Traditions
613:Jiang Ziya
550:Big Dipper
540:Foxes and
508:Wang Chong
302:fox spirit
195:hồ ly tinh
82:fox spirit
40:Fox spirit
2641:Abura-age
2300:Huainanzi
2197:Shi Yi Ji
2137:Red River
1987:Huli jing
1965:Fenghuang
1806:Astrology
1590:cite book
1167:Ninetales
942:TV series
794:Zhu Bajie
778:Huli jing
759:Huli jing
736:Huli jing
528:Duìsúpiān
487:Baihutong
483:Xi Wangmu
282:Huli jing
2597:Ryōhō-ji
1970:Yinglong
1877:Shennong
1619:. Köln:
1568:34630225
1191:See also
1152:Yae Miko
776:(also a
435:—
376:').
366:jiuweihu
236:Hiragana
142:Jyutping
110:húlijīng
18:Hulijing
2677:Fairies
2672:Yaoguai
2585:Temples
2458:Shinshi
2204:Bowuzhi
2132:Penglai
2122:Longmen
2070:more...
2024:Wuzhiqi
2000:(Bixie)
1897:Chang'e
1872:Youchao
1811:Dragons
1621:Taschen
1560:8740959
1220:Kitsune
1179:Pokemon
1175:Delphox
1171:Zoroark
650:Kaifeng
640:In the
629:Hu Shen
533:Baopuzi
503:Lunheng
462:Qingqiu
428:, wear
410:to the
372:; '
334:husheng
312:Chinese
286:Chinese
203:Chữ Hán
163:Hokkien
64:Chinese
2480:Places
2448:Dakini
2292:Chu Ci
2173:Xirang
2107:Fusang
2087:Buzhou
2080:Places
2059:Tianma
2019:Xiezhi
2014:Hundun
2009:Horses
1902:Hou Yi
1892:Chiyou
1836:Ghosts
1713:
1694:
1675:
1656:
1627:
1566:
1558:
1517:
1466:
1310:
1226:Kumiho
1214:Huxian
1173:, and
1109:(2023)
1101:(2021)
1093:(2020)
1079:(2020)
1071:(2019)
1052:(2019)
1044:(2018)
1033:(2017)
1025:(2017)
1017:(2016)
1006:(2016)
998:(2015)
978:(2009)
966:(2005)
955:(2003)
937:(2023)
929:(2021)
921:(2020)
913:(2020)
905:(2019)
899:(2017)
891:(2017)
883:(2016)
875:(2011)
867:(2012)
855:(1988)
840:(2017)
832:(2007)
824:(1999)
821:Naruto
816:(2015)
717:huxian
708:Dharma
589:novel
587:shenmo
542:dholes
515:Guo Pu
450:Guo Pu
342:huwang
326:hushen
314::
307:huxian
292:) are
288::
2621:]
2609:]
2551:]
2534:]
2517:]
2156:Items
2147:Youdu
2029:Yeren
1998:Pixiu
1960:Qilin
1907:Kuafu
1831:Pangu
1564:S2CID
1306:–70.
1177:from
1162:Ōkami
1154:from
1146:Games
1133:Music
1114:Books
1068:白狐的人生
963:新聊斋志异
763:dowry
574:yang.
350:huyao
222:Kanji
2634:Misc
2413:Gods
2092:Diyu
2004:Nian
1982:Bixi
1826:Tian
1711:ISBN
1692:ISBN
1673:ISBN
1654:ISBN
1625:ISBN
1596:link
1556:PMID
1536:Koro
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