208:, but this link was not proposed by Hippocrates or Galen, who referred primarily to bodily fluids. While Galen thought that humors were formed in the body, rather than ingested, he believed that different foods had varying potential to act upon the body to produce different humors. Warm foods, for example, tended to produce yellow bile, while cold foods tended to produce phlegm. Seasons of the year, periods of life, geographic regions, and occupations also influenced the nature of the humors formed. As such, certain seasons and geographic areas were understood to cause imbalances in the humors, leading to varying types of disease across time and place. For example, cities exposed to hot winds were seen as having higher rates of digestive problems as a result of excess phlegm running down from the head, while cities exposed to cold winds were associated with diseases of the lungs, acute diseases, and "hardness of the bowels", as well as ophthalmies (issues of the eyes), and nosebleeds. Cities to the west, meanwhile, were believed to produce weak, unhealthy, pale people that were subject to all manners of disease. In the treatise,
46:
1244:, the humoral theory's demise hastened even further. This demonstrates that there is only one precise cause and one specific issue for each and every sickness or disorder that has been diagnosed. Additionally, the identification of messenger molecules like hormones, growth factors, and neurotransmitters suggests that the humoral theory has not yet been made fully moribund. Humoral theory is still present in modern medical terminology, which refers to humoral immunity when discussing elements of immunity that circulate in the bloodstream, such as hormones and antibodies.
239:, Galen further emphasized the importance of the qualities. An ideal temperament involved a proportionally balanced mixture of the four qualities. Galen identified four temperaments in which one of the qualities (warm, cold, moist, or dry) predominated, and four more in which a combination of two (warm and moist, warm and dry, cold and dry, or cold and moist) dominated. These last four, named for the humors with which they were associated—sanguine, choleric, melancholic and phlegmatic—eventually became better known than the others. While the term
1304:, in which the character Petruchio, a choleric man, uses humoral therapy techniques on Katherina, a choleric woman, in order to tame her into the socially acceptable phlegmatic woman. Some examples include: he yells at the servants for serving mutton, a choleric food, to two people who are already choleric; he deprives Katherina of sleep; and he, Katherina and their servant Grumio endure a cold walk home, for cold temperatures were said to tame choleric temperaments.
465:, suggested that the four humors were based upon the observation of blood clotting in a transparent container. When blood is drawn in a glass container and left undisturbed for about an hour, four different layers can be seen: a dark clot forms at the bottom (the "black bile"); above the clot is a layer of red blood cells (the "blood"); above this is a whitish layer of white blood cells (the "phlegm"); the top layer is clear yellow serum (the "yellow bile").
195:
are well mixed. Pain occurs when one of the substances presents either a deficiency or an excess, or is separated in the body and not mixed with others. The body depends heavily on the four humors because their balanced combination helps to keep people in good health. Having the right amount of humor is essential for health. The pathophysiology of disease is consequently brought on by humor excesses and/or deficiencies.
3600:
361:(wisdom)". Through this, Galen found a connection between these three parts of the soul and the three major organs that were recognized at the time: the brain, the heart, and the liver. This idea of connecting vital parts of the soul to vital parts of the body was derived from Aristotle's sense of explaining physical observations, and Galen utilized it to build his view of the human body. The organs (named
204:
popularity for centuries, largely through the influence of the writings of Galen (129–201 AD). The four essential elements—humors—that make up the human body, according to
Hippocrates, are in harmony with one another and act as a catalyst for preserving health. Hippocrates' theory of four humors was linked with the popular theory of the four elements (earth, fire, water, and air) proposed by
1224:
centuries in the
Byzantine Empire when traditional secular Greek culture gave way to Christian influences. Though the use of humoralist medicine continued during this time, its influence was diminished in favor of religion. The revival of Greek humoralism, owing in part to changing social and economic factors, did not begin until the early ninth century. Use of the practice in modern times is
1121:
417:) to winter". He also related a correspondence between humors and seasons based on the properties of both. Blood, as a humor, was considered hot and wet. This gave it a correspondence to spring. Yellow bile was considered hot and dry, which related it to summer. Black bile was considered cold and dry, and thus related to autumn. Phlegm, cold and wet, was related to winter.
251:
and
Western European medical establishments that adopted and adapted classical medical philosophy, believed that each of these humors would wax and wane in the body, depending on diet and activity. When a patient was suffering from a surplus or imbalance of one of the four humors, then said patient's personality and/or physical health could be negatively affected.
220:
1193:
659:. Some of the first descriptions of jaundice come from the Hippocratic physicians (icterus). The ailment appears multiple times in the Hippocratic Corpus, where its genesis, description, prognosis, and therapy are given. The five kinds of jaundice mentioned in the Hippocratic Corpus all share a yellow or greenish skin color.
663:
contemporary medical practice, their capacity for observation as they described the various forms of jaundice is remarkable. In the
Hippocratic Corpus, the Hippocratic physicians make multiple references to jaundice. At that time, jaundice was viewed as an illness unto itself rather than a symptom brought on by a disease.
379:) of a person. While the correspondence of parts of the body to the soul was an influential concept, Galen decided that the interaction of the four humors with natural bodily mechanisms were responsible for human development and this connection inspired his understanding of the nature of the components of the body.
562:). Depression was attributed to excess or unnatural black bile secreted by the spleen. Cancer was also attributed to an excess of black bile concentrated in a specific area. The seasonal association of black bile was to autumn as the cold and dry characteristics of the season reflect the nature of man.
534:, or in excretions such as vomit and feces. The associated qualities for yellow bile are hot and dry with the natural association of summer and fire. It was believed that an excess of this humor in an individual would result in emotional irregularities such as increased anger or irrational behaviour.
662:
A modern doctor will undoubtedly start to think of the symptoms listed in contemporary atlases of medicine after reading the clinical symptoms of each variety of jaundice listed in the
Hippocratic Corpus. Despite the fact that the Hippocratic physicians' therapeutic approaches have little to do with
250:
Disease could also be the result of the "corruption" of one or more of the humors, which could be caused by environmental circumstances, dietary changes, or many other factors. These deficits were thought to be caused by vapors inhaled or absorbed by the body. Greeks and Romans, and the later Muslim
215:
A fundamental idea of
Hippocratic medicine was the endeavor to pinpoint the origins of illnesses in both the physiology of the human body and the influence of potentially hazardous environmental variables like air, water, and nutrition, and every humor has a distinct composition and is secreted by a
194:
The Human body contains blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile. These are the things that make up its constitution and cause its pains and health. Health is primarily that state in which these constituent substances are in the correct proportion to each other, both in strength and quantity, and
1223:
Although advances in cellular pathology and chemistry criticized humoralism by the 17th century, the theory had dominated
Western medical thinking for more than 2,000 years. Only in some instances did the theory of humoralism wane into obscurity. One such instance occurred in the sixth and seventh
1215:
further developed the idea that beneficial medical substances could be found in herbs, minerals and various alchemical combinations thereof. These beliefs were the foundation of mainstream
Western medicine well into the 17th century. Specific minerals or herbs were used to treat ailments simple to
513:
It was thought that the nutritional value of the blood was the source of energy for the body and the soul. Blood was believed to consist of small proportional amounts of the other three humors. This meant that taking a blood sample would allow for determination of the balance of the four humors in
254:
Therefore, the goal of treatment was to rid the body of some of the excess humor through techniques like purging, bloodletting, catharsis, diuresis, and others. Bloodletting was already a prominent medical procedure by the first century, but venesection took on even more significance once Galen of
203:
Although the theory of the four humors does appear in some
Hippocratic texts, other Hippocratic writers accepted the existence of only two humors, while some refrained from discussing the humoral theory at all. Humoralism, or the doctrine of the four temperaments, as a medical theory retained its
1236:
Humoral theory was the grand unified theory of medicine, before the invention of modern medicine, for more than 2000 years. The theory was one of the fundamental tenets of the teachings of the Greek physician-philosopher
Hippocrates (460–370 BC), who is regarded as the first practitioner of
639:
and liver also have to function normally for proper digestion. If there are any abnormalities in gastric digestion, the liver, blood vessels, and tissues cannot be provided with the raw chylous, which can cause abnormal humor and blood composition. A healthy functioning liver is not capable of
342:
Humorism theory was improved by Galen, who incorporated his understanding of the humors into his interpretation of the human body. He believed the interactions of the humors within the body were the key to investigating the physical nature and function of the organ systems. Galen combined his
1282:
and others developed a set of characters based on the humors. Those with too much blood were sanguine. Those with too much phlegm were phlegmatic. Those with too much yellow bile were choleric, and those with too much black bile were melancholic. The idea of human personality based on humors
578:
as it is defined today. Phlegm was used as a general term to describe white or colorless secretions such as pus, mucus, saliva, sweat, or semen. Phlegm was also associated with the brain, possibly due to the color and consistency of brain tissue. The French physiologist and Nobel laureate
1291:. Through the neo-classical revival in Europe, the humor theory dominated medical practice, and the theory of humoral types made periodic appearances in drama. The humors were an important and popular iconographic theme in European art, found in paintings, tapestries, and sets of prints.
456:
These terms only partly correspond to modern medical terminology, in which there is no distinction between black and yellow bile, and phlegm has a very different meaning. It was believed that the humors were the basic substances from which all liquids in the body were made.
599:– where is it? Who will ever see it? Who has ever seen it? What can we say of this fanciful classification of humors into four groups, of which two are absolutely imaginary?" The seasonal association of phlegm is winter due to the natural properties of being cold and wet.
678:: earth, fire, water, and air, with the earth producing the natural systems. Since this theory was influential for centuries, later scholars paired qualities associated with each humor as described by Hippocrates/Galen with seasons and "basic elements" as described by
343:
interpretation of the humors with his collection of ideas concerning nature from past philosophers in order to find conclusions about how the body works. For example, Galen maintained the idea of the presence of the Platonic tripartite soul, which consisted of "
1216:
complex, from an uncomplicated upper respiratory infection to the plague. For example, chamomile was used to decrease heat, and lower excessive bile humor. Arsenic was used in a poultice bag to 'draw out' the excess humor(s) that led to symptoms of the plague.
3013:
Emtiazy, M., Keshavarz, M., Khodadoost, M., Kamalinejad, M., Gooshahgir, S. A., Shahrad Bajestani, H., ... Alizad, M. (2012). Relation between Body Humors and Hypercholesterolemia: An Iranian Traditional Medicine Perspective Based on the Teaching of Avicenna.
212:, a Hippocratic physician is described arriving to an unnamed city where they test various factors of nature including the wind, water, and soil to predict the direct influence on the diseases specific to the city based on the season and the individual.
480:, published in the mid-19th century by J. L. Ideler. In this text, the author establishes the relationship between elements of the universe (air, water, earth, fire) and elements of the man (blood, yellow bile, black bile, phlegm). He said that:
199:
The existence of fundamental biochemical substances and structural components in the body remains a compellingly shared point with Hippocratic beliefs, despite the fact that current science has moved away from those four Hippocratic humors.
216:
different organ. Aristotle's concept of eucrasia—a state resembling equilibrium—and its relationship to the right balance of the four humors allow for the maintenance of human health, offering a more mathematical approach to medicine.
4698:
45:
255:
Pergamum declared blood to be the most prevalent humor. The volume of blood extracted ranged from a few drops to several litres over the course of several days, depending on the patient's condition and the doctor's practice.
627:
to absorb and carry on digestion. Chylous is changed into chymous in the hepatic digestion stage. Chymous is composed of the four humors: blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile. These four humors then circulate in the
3009:
Edwards. "A treatise concerning the plague and the pox discovering as well the meanes how to preserve from the danger of these infectious contagions, as also how to cure those which are infected with either of them".
420:
Galen also believed that the characteristics of the soul follow the mixtures of the body, but he did not apply this idea to the Hippocratic humors. He believed that phlegm did not influence character. In his
1266:
The concept of humorism was not definitively disproven until 1858. There were no studies performed to prove or disprove the impact of dysfunction in known bodily organs producing named fluids (humors) on
333:. Based on Hippocratic medicine, it was believed that for a body to be healthy, the four humors should be balanced in amount and strength. The proper blending and balance of the four humors was known as
643:
Humors are the end product of gastric digestion, but they are not the end product of the digestion cycle, so an abnormal humor produced by hepatic digestion will affect other digestive organs.
3072:, Book I, New York 2001, p. 147: "The radical or innate is daily supplied by nourishment, which some call cambium, and make those secondary humors of ros and gluten to maintain it ".
635:
If anything goes wrong leading up to the production of humors, there will be an imbalance leading to disease. Proper organ functioning is necessary in the production of good humor. The
3060:
Moore, Philip. "The hope of health wherin is conteined a goodlie regimente of life: as medicine, good diet and the goodlie vertues of sonderie herbes, doen by Philip Moore." 1564.
247:
dispositions, Galen used it to refer to bodily dispositions, which determined a person's susceptibility to particular diseases, as well as behavioral and emotional inclinations.
1204:
a sick person or applying hot cups to a person were based on the humoral theory of imbalances of fluids (blood and bile in those cases). Methods of treatment like bloodletting,
3139:
3053:
1863:
2793:
3759:
3656:
235:. The qualities of the humors, in turn, influenced the nature of the diseases they caused. Yellow bile caused warm diseases and phlegm caused cold diseases. In
1208:
and purges were aimed at expelling a surplus of a humor. Apocroustics were medications intended to stop the flux of malignant humors to a diseased body part.
623:
stage. Each stage digests food until it becomes suitable for use by the body. In gastric digestion, food is made into chylous, which is suitable for the
263:
Even though humorism theory had several models that used two, three, and five components, the most famous model consists of the four humors described by
4764:
4705:
1575:
The Beginnings of Western Science: the European Scientific Tradition in philosophical, religious, and institutional context, prehistory to A.D. 1450
184:, suggested that a moderate imbalance in the mixture of these fluids produces behavioral patterns. One of the treatises attributed to Hippocrates,
4669:
3638:
2438:"An Address On Ancient Humorism and Modern Humorism: Delivered at the International Congress of Physiology held in Vienna, September 27th to 30th"
484:
The people who have red blood are friendly. They joke and laugh about their bodies, and they are rose-tinted, slightly red, and have pretty skin.
168:
is usually credited with applying this idea to medicine. In contrast to Alcmaeon, Hippocrates suggested that humors are the vital bodily fluids:
2814:
2390:
2194:
3863:
1485:
1460:
373:) that contributed to the maintenance of the human body, and the expression of these functions is shown in characteristic activities (called
4115:
1173:
The humoralist system of medicine was highly individualistic, for all patients were said to have their own unique humoral composition. From
3132:
518:
nature (enthusiastic, active, and social). Blood is considered to be hot and wet, sharing these characteristics with the season of spring.
2174:
1182:
4798:
4718:
2909:
2882:
2857:
2836:
2752:
2702:
2665:
2538:"Relation between Body Humors and Hypercholesterolemia: An Iranian Traditional Medicine Perspective Based on the Teaching of Avicenna"
2219:
2151:
2059:
1989:
1711:
1582:
1529:
1398:
685:
The following table shows the four humors with their corresponding elements, seasons, sites of formation, and resulting temperaments:
583:, when describing humorism's "phlegm or pituitary secretion" in 1910, asked rhetorically, "this strange liquid, which is the cause of
2828:
3481:
3466:
2024:
1634:
1433:
1160:
1189:, who mostly criticized Galen's theories of human anatomy and not the chemical hypothesis of behavioural regulation (temperament).
3076:
Jouanna, Jacques; Allies, Neil (2012). "The Legacy of the Hippocratic Treatise the Nature of Man". In van der Eijk, Philip (ed.).
2485:
Jouanna, Jacques; Allies, Neil (2012). "The Legacy of the Hippocratic Treatise the Nature of Man". In van der Eijk, Philip (ed.).
2234:
Jouanna, Jacques; Allies, Neil (2012). "The Legacy of the Hippocratic Treatise the Nature of Man". In van der Eijk, Philip (ed.).
4808:
4093:
3890:
3486:
156:
The concept of "humors" (chemical systems regulating human behaviour) became more prominent from the writing of medical theorist
4218:
2768:
4803:
4743:
4685:
4401:
3880:
3604:
3125:
2076:
3737:
3476:
1142:
462:
2899:
2005:
Jouanna, Jacques (2012-01-01). "The Legacy of the Hippocratic Treatise The Nature of Man: The Theory of the Four Humours".
176:, yellow bile, and black bile. Alcmaeon and Hippocrates posited that an extreme excess or deficiency of any of the humors (
4538:
3262:
95:
Humorism began to fall out of favor in the 17th century and it was definitively disproved in the 1850s with the advent of
2211:
4750:
4005:
632:. In the last stage of digestion, tissue digestion, food becomes similar to the organ tissue for which it is destined.
4361:
4078:
3631:
3322:
1353:
4771:
2132:
Jouanna, Jacques (2012). "The Legacy of the Hippocratic Treatise The Nature of Man: The Theory of the Four Humours".
2040:
Jouanna, Jacques (2012). "The Legacy of the Hippocratic Treatise The Nature of Man: The Theory of the Four Humours".
1970:
Jouanna, Jacques (2012). "The Legacy of the Hippocratic Treatise The Nature of Man: The Theory of the Four Humours".
4757:
4488:
4431:
3955:
3471:
3456:
1241:
1178:
864:
855:
487:
The people who have yellow bile are bitter, short tempered, and daring. They appear greenish and have yellow skin.
4371:
3818:
3451:
3377:
3068:
1138:
819:
790:
114:
4329:
4223:
4189:
4073:
3549:
3461:
3148:
986:
761:
85:
1515:
99:, which was able to show that many diseases previously thought to be humoral were in fact caused by microbes.
611:
is a continuous process taking place in every animal, and it can be divided into four sequential stages. The
490:
The people who are composed of black bile are lazy, fearful, and sickly. They have black hair and black eyes.
4736:
4654:
4406:
4088:
4027:
3798:
3491:
3367:
3212:
3063:
1300:
1131:
732:
1271:
traits simply because the list of temperament traits was not defined up until the end of the 20th century.
4568:
4436:
4349:
4324:
4314:
4172:
3875:
3742:
3624:
3232:
3217:
1386:
1295:
530:
nature (ambitious, decisive, aggressive, and short-tempered). It was thought to be fluid found within the
473:
108:
81:
30:
This article is about humors in ancient and medieval medicine. For the related theory of temperament, see
231:, was thought to be the direct cause of all diseases. Health was associated with a balance of humors, or
145:
medicine presented a theory of three humors (doṣas), which they sometimes linked with the five elements (
4573:
4563:
4558:
4451:
4083:
4022:
4017:
3910:
3382:
3357:
3047:
1857:
1029:
877:
223:
The four humors as depicted in an 18th-century woodcut: phlegmatic, choleric, sanguine and melancholic
4523:
4194:
4000:
3793:
3722:
3347:
3342:
3327:
3197:
186:
1099:
The Unani school of medicine, practiced in Perso-Arabic countries, India, and Pakistan, is based on
4659:
4493:
3803:
3372:
3267:
2191:
868:
2694:
2285:
458:
80:, was a system of medicine detailing a supposed makeup and workings of the human body, adopted by
4729:
4628:
4603:
4441:
4391:
4266:
4100:
4048:
3935:
3915:
3670:
3392:
3307:
3292:
3272:
3202:
3169:
3081:
2831:, p. 204 in Webster's New World Medical Dictionary, 3rd Edition. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2009
2655:
2621:
2510:
2492:
2259:
2241:
2107:
1952:
1917:
1901:
1640:
1043:
1037:
967:
656:
588:
157:
1521:
1107:
medicine in its emphasis on the four humors as a fundamental part of the methodologic paradigm.
453:)." He further said that blood is a mixture of the four elements: water, air, fire, and earth.
4793:
4691:
4664:
4593:
4261:
4249:
4201:
4157:
4063:
3705:
3695:
3501:
3438:
3413:
3362:
3302:
3237:
2974:"William Shakespeare and the Four Humors: Elizabethan Medical Beliefs by Dr. Gail Kern Paster"
2905:
2878:
2853:
2832:
2748:
2698:
2661:
2613:
2605:
2559:
2467:
2348:
2330:
2215:
2147:
2099:
2055:
2020:
1985:
1909:
1845:
1810:
1775:
1707:
1684:
1630:
1578:
1525:
1481:
1456:
1394:
1343:
1331:
1326:
1033:
1017:
928:
745:
675:
607:
Humors were believed to be produced via digestion as the final products of hepatic digestion.
571:
543:
527:
515:
502:
330:
160:(c. 540–500 BC). His list of humors was longer and included fundamental elements described by
31:
4633:
4334:
4293:
4255:
4177:
4147:
4142:
3945:
3572:
3539:
3297:
3282:
3247:
3174:
3035:
2682:
2597:
2549:
2457:
2449:
2338:
2322:
2137:
2091:
2045:
2010:
1975:
1944:
1893:
1837:
1802:
1767:
1674:
1620:
1455:. Indian medical tradition (1st ed.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publ. pp. 37–39.
1390:
1379:
1374:
1248:
1186:
620:
574:
nature, thought to be associated with reserved behavior. The phlegm of humorism is far from
89:
1220:, in pre-modern medicine, were medications chewed in order to draw away phlegm and humors.
871:
adopted the theory of humorism from Greco-Roman medicine, notably via the Persian polymath
4649:
4617:
4503:
4478:
4167:
4132:
4127:
4043:
3975:
3895:
3868:
3858:
3853:
3788:
3580:
3529:
3514:
3509:
3427:
3317:
3312:
2522:
2271:
2198:
1752:
1313:
2683:
2488:
The Legacy of the Hippocrates Treatise The Nature of Man: The Theory of the Four Humours
2237:
The Legacy of the Hippocrates Treatise The Nature of Man: The Theory of the Four Humours
1053:
4623:
4598:
4588:
4583:
4548:
4543:
4518:
4211:
4152:
3985:
3950:
3748:
3690:
3680:
3585:
3519:
3420:
3252:
3164:
3156:
3085:
2554:
2537:
2496:
2486:
2462:
2437:
2343:
2310:
2245:
2235:
1308:
1217:
580:
469:
1806:
1644:
4787:
4712:
4508:
4339:
4283:
4162:
4110:
4058:
3905:
3843:
3838:
3700:
3685:
3647:
3534:
3277:
3257:
3242:
3039:
2954:
2095:
1841:
1551:
1225:
2111:
1921:
1662:
4578:
4498:
4456:
4396:
4288:
4239:
4122:
4053:
3940:
3885:
3833:
3823:
3813:
3783:
3712:
2690:
2625:
2115:
2077:"Descriptions of blood and blood disorders before the advent of laboratory studies"
1414:
1279:
1201:
910:
629:
177:
148:
1480:. Indian medical tradition (1st ed.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers.
447:) by blood. But the nature of phlegm has no effect on the character of the soul (
4483:
4244:
3970:
3960:
3828:
3778:
3406:
1727:
1268:
1174:
1120:
1002:
824:
803:
766:
531:
264:
165:
118:
96:
2718:
1948:
1259:, but this is not a remnant of the humor theory. It is merely a literal use of
4723:
4553:
4533:
4528:
4416:
4411:
4386:
4381:
4271:
4206:
4137:
4105:
4012:
3980:
3920:
3717:
3352:
2973:
2601:
2584:
Papavramidou, Niki; Fee, Elizabeth; Christopoulou-Aletra, Helen (2007-12-01).
2367:"melancholy | Origin and meaning of melancholy by Online Etymology Dictionary"
2142:
2050:
2015:
1980:
1897:
1625:
1612:
1212:
1104:
993:
934:
923:
836:
679:
671:
596:
592:
498:
244:
205:
161:
2609:
2366:
2334:
1849:
1688:
472:
texts were written during the golden age of the theory of the four humors in
4699:
An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural
4608:
4426:
4376:
4344:
4319:
4184:
3990:
3965:
3930:
3732:
3675:
3446:
3222:
3189:
3111:
2585:
1069:
951:
608:
228:
3117:
2877:(Reprinted. ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 101.
2852:(Reprinted. ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 100.
2617:
2563:
2471:
2453:
2352:
2326:
2103:
1913:
1814:
1779:
1771:
1679:
4366:
3900:
3848:
3808:
3727:
3332:
3287:
1284:
1256:
1062:
1025:
998:
881:(1025). Avicenna summarized the four humors and temperaments as follows:
872:
774:
652:
584:
232:
142:
39:
35:
17:
1905:
1663:"The Hippocratic account of Mental Health: Humors and Human Temperament"
1237:
medicine, appropriately referred to as the "Father of Modern Medicine".
219:
4613:
4513:
4446:
4356:
4309:
4276:
3562:
3179:
2415:
1956:
1881:
1288:
1252:
1145: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
975:
636:
612:
493:
Those who have phlegm are low spirited, forgetful, and have white hair.
435:) are caused by yellow bile in the soul, perseverance and consistency (
3080:. Studies in Ancient Medicine. Vol. 40. Brill. pp. 335–360.
121:, though it was not systemized until ancient Greek thinkers. The word
4421:
3557:
3337:
3227:
1348:
1205:
989:
971:
945:
795:
575:
386:
311:
297:
283:
173:
27:
Ancient Greek and Roman system of medicine involving four fluid types
3094:
Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience: From Alien Abductions to Zone Therapy
3026:
Karenberg, A. (2015). "Blood, Phlegm and Spirits: Galen on Stroke".
2931:
2901:
Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience: From Alien Abductions to Zone Therapy
2212:
Medicine, Rationality and Experience: An Anthropological Perspective
1828:
Karenberg, A. (2015). "Blood, Phlegm and Spirits: Galen on Stroke".
1192:
2961:. National Trust Historic Houses and Collections Annual 2012: 4–11.
1611:
Jouanna, Jacques; Allies, Neil (2012). van der Eijk, Philip (ed.).
640:
converting abnormal chylous into normal chylous and normal humors.
3995:
3207:
1337:
1191:
1100:
1013:
981:
919:
914:
859:
828:
737:
624:
616:
382:
268:
218:
181:
169:
44:
1478:
A concise introduction to Indian medicine: = La médecine Indienne
476:
after Galen. One of those texts was an anonymous treatise called
3616:
1793:
Jackson, William A (2001). "A short guide to humoral medicine".
505:, where character types were based on their humoral complexion.
272:
3620:
3121:
1453:
A concise introduction to Indian medicine: la médecine indienne
1263:, i.e. pertaining to bodily fluids (such as blood and lymph).
1185:
until at least 1543 when it was first seriously challenged by
1114:
180:) in a person can be a sign of illness. Hippocrates, and then
138:
557:
551:
448:
442:
436:
430:
412:
406:
400:
394:
374:
368:
362:
356:
350:
344:
334:
324:
318:
304:
290:
276:
132:
126:
2769:"Popular medical treatments – cupping, bleeding and purging"
1661:
Tsagkaris, Christos; Kalachanis, Konstantinos (2020-09-20).
1520:. Translated by J Chadwick. Harmondsworth: Penguin. p.
4068:
2798:
Cyclopædia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences
1177:
onward, the humoral theory was adopted by Greek, Roman and
1550:
Kalachanis, Konstantinos; Michailidis, Ioannis E. (2015).
1421:. New York City: Medical Life Press. pp. 67, 87, 104.
393:, and says that, "As for ages and the seasons, the child (
38:. For the use of humor in writing or public speaking, see
1251:
or humoral regulation when describing substances such as
2685:
The Rise of Experimental Biology: An Illustrated History
1935:
Hankinson, R. J. (1991). "Galen's Anatomy of the Soul".
441:) by the melancholic humor, and simplicity and naivety (
619:
digestion stage, the vascular digestion stage, and the
65:(black bile), divided between the male and female sexes
1577:(2nd ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
1552:"The Hippocratic View on Humors and Human Temperament"
1307:
The theory of the four humors features prominently in
2747:(1st pbk. ed.). London: Routledge. p. 281.
49:
16th-century German illustration of the four humors:
271:. The four humors of Hippocratic medicine are black
4678:
4642:
4469:
4302:
4232:
4036:
3771:
3758:
3663:
3571:
3548:
3500:
3437:
3391:
3188:
3155:
2657:
Circles of Thorns: Hieronymus Bosch and Being Human
885:Avicenna's (ibn Sina) four humors and temperaments
450:τοῦ δὲ φλέγµατος ἡ φύσις εἰς µὲν ἠθοποιῗαν ἄχρηστος
141:', metaphorically 'flavor'). Early texts on Indian
2955:"Jacob Jordaens's Elements and Humours Tapestries"
2175:"Biomedicine and Health: Galen and Humoral Theory"
1378:
2745:Companion Encyclopedia of the History of Medicine
1181:, and dominated the view of the human body among
550:itself deriving from the Greek for 'black bile',
2875:The Western medical tradition, 800 BC to AD 1800
2850:The Western medical tradition, 800 BC to AD 1800
3004:The Western Medical Tradition 800 BC to AD 1800
3006:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.
1882:"Galen: On Blood, the Pulse, and the Arteries"
1059:Infrigidants harmful, calefacients beneficial
478:On the Constitution of the Universe and of Man
385:recalls the correspondence between humors and
329:). Each corresponds to one of the traditional
146:
3657:List of topics characterized as pseudoscience
3632:
3133:
2936:International Journal of Development Research
429:, Galen stated: "Sharpness and intelligence (
8:
3052:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of June 2024 (
1862:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of June 2024 (
461:(1921), a Swedish physician who devised the
113:The concept of "humors" may have origins in
2491:. Selected Papers. Brill. pp. 335–60.
2240:. Selected Papers. Brill. pp. 335–60.
1704:Medicine and Society in Early Modern Europe
3768:
3639:
3625:
3617:
3140:
3126:
3118:
2824:
2822:
1514:Mann, W. N. (1983). G. E. R. Lloyd (ed.).
355:(directed spiritedness, i.e. desire), and
4765:The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience
4706:Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science
2553:
2461:
2342:
2141:
2049:
2014:
1979:
1706:. University Printing House. p. 13.
1678:
1624:
1283:contributed to the character comedies of
1161:Learn how and when to remove this message
651:According to Hippocratic humoral theory,
391:On the Doctrines of Hippocrates and Plato
3078:Greek Medicine from Hippocrates to Galen
3028:History of Medicine: The Russian Journal
2229:
2227:
2134:Greek Medicine from Hippocrates to Galen
2042:Greek Medicine from Hippocrates to Galen
2007:Greek Medicine from Hippocrates to Galen
1972:Greek Medicine from Hippocrates to Galen
1667:Mental Health: Global Challenges Journal
1617:Greek Medicine from Hippocrates to Galen
1613:"Hippocratic Medicine and Greek Tragedy"
883:
399:) corresponds to spring, the young man (
164:, such as water, earth, fire, air, etc.
34:. For humors in Ayurvedic medicine, see
4670:Suppressed research in the Soviet Union
2743:Bynum, W.F.; Porter, Roy, eds. (1997).
2416:"Home : Oxford English Dictionary"
1366:
1356:(Five Principles of Chinese philosophy)
1200:Typical 18th-century practices such as
497:Seventeenth century English playwright
153:): earth, water, fire, air, and space.
3045:
2809:
2807:
2518:
2508:
2267:
2257:
1855:
1432:Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert.
2925:
2923:
2921:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2163:
1875:
1873:
1656:
1654:
7:
3096:. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis, 2013.
3016:Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal
2930:Bhikha, Rashid; Glynn, John (2017).
2586:"Jaundice in the Hippocratic Corpus"
2542:Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal
2391:"Early Theories about Cancer Causes"
1556:European Journal of Social Behaviour
1545:
1543:
1541:
1143:adding citations to reliable sources
2978:Pitt Health Sciences Library System
2590:Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery
1196:The four humors and their qualities
674:'s theory suggested that there are
667:Unification with Empedocles's model
514:the body. It was associated with a
190:, describes the theory as follows:
4719:James Randi Educational Foundation
1795:Trends in Pharmacological Sciences
1500:Hippocrates (c. 460 – c. 370 BC),
526:Yellow bile was associated with a
25:
3482:Medical community of ancient Rome
3467:Food and diet in ancient medicine
2932:"The Theory of Humours Revisited"
2214:Cambridge University Press, 1994
1886:Journal of the History of Biology
1619:. Selected Papers. Brill: 55–80.
1476:Mazars, Guy (2006). "Chapter 2".
1451:Mazars, Guy; Mazars, Guy (2006).
1419:Essays in the History of Medicine
1056:harmful, infrigidants beneficial
542:Black bile was associated with a
367:) had specific functions (called
4116:Strauss–Howe generational theory
4094:Moon landing conspiracy theories
3891:Electromagnetic hypersensitivity
3599:
3598:
3487:Nutrition in classical antiquity
3040:10.17720/2409-5834.v2.2.2015.15k
2096:10.1046/j.1365-2141.2001.03130.x
1842:10.17720/2409-5834.v2.2.2015.15k
1732:British Columbia Medical Journal
1119:
1095:Perso-Arabic and Indian medicine
687:
4744:The Natural History of Quackery
4686:Committee for Skeptical Inquiry
2792:Knapton, James; Knapton, John.
1130:needs additional citations for
570:Phlegm was associated with all
3477:Mental illness in ancient Rome
2654:Lewis-Anthony, Justin (2008).
1440:– via perseus.tufts.edu.
463:erythrocyte sedimentation rate
411:) to autumn, and the old man (
1:
2898:Williams, William F. (2013).
2397:. The American Cancer Society
1807:10.1016/s0165-6147(00)01804-6
1728:"The history of bloodletting"
1242:Doctrine of Specific Etiology
1211:16th-century Swiss physician
405:) to summer, the mature man (
4751:The Psychology of the Occult
4006:Traditional Chinese medicine
3881:Doktor Koster's Antigaspills
3738:Superseded scientific theory
2873:Conrad, Lawrence I. (1998).
2848:Conrad, Lawrence I. (1998).
1753:"The demise of bloodletting"
558:
375:
369:
363:
357:
351:
345:
335:
325:
312:
298:
291:
284:
227:The imbalance of humors, or
133:
4362:Electronic voice phenomenon
4219:Myers–Briggs Type Indicator
4079:Chemtrail conspiracy theory
3323:Quintus Gargilius Martialis
1599:On Airs, Waters, and Places
1573:Lindberg, David C. (2007).
1294:The humors can be found in
210:On Airs, Waters, and Places
147:
4825:
4758:The Ragged Edge of Science
4489:Igor and Grichka Bogdanoff
4432:Pseudoscientific metrology
3956:Miracle Mineral Supplement
3472:Gynecology in ancient Rome
3457:Disability in ancient Rome
3114:in MP3 format, 45 minutes.
3112:Episode on the four humors
2660:. Bloomsbury. p. 70.
2639:Wittendorff, Alex (1994).
2201:Page accessed Feb 15, 2015
2009:. Brill. pp. 335–59.
1949:10.1163/156852891321052787
1562:(2): 1–5 – via EJSB.
1381:The Golden Age of the Moor
1247:Modern medicine refers to
922:related to serious humor,
865:Medieval medical tradition
856:Medicine in medieval Islam
853:
552:
449:
443:
437:
431:
413:
407:
401:
395:
319:
305:
277:
127:
125:is a translation of Greek
106:
29:
4799:Obsolete medical theories
4372:Facilitated communication
3654:
3594:
3452:Dentistry in ancient Rome
3069:The Anatomy of Melancholy
2953:Mulherron, Jamie (2012).
2643:. G.E.C. Gad. p. 45.
2602:10.1007/s11605-007-0281-1
2143:10.1163/9789004232549_017
2075:Hart GD (December 2001).
2051:10.1163/9789004232549_017
2016:10.1163/9789004232549_017
1981:10.1163/9789004232549_017
1898:10.1007/s10739-006-9116-2
1760:J R Coll Physicians Edinb
1626:10.1163/9789004232549_005
715:
267:and developed further by
115:Ancient Egyptian medicine
4772:The Skeptic's Dictionary
4330:Biological transmutation
4250:Faster-than-light travel
4224:Enneagram of Personality
4190:Recovered-memory therapy
4074:9/11 conspiracy theories
3462:Disease in Imperial Rome
3149:Medicine in ancient Rome
2309:Viswanathan, VK (2010).
1880:Boylan, Michael (2007).
1702:Lindemann, Mary (2010).
4809:Mythological substances
4737:The Demon-Haunted World
4655:Bourgeois pseudoscience
4089:COVID-19 misinformation
4028:Young blood transfusion
3799:Anthroposophic medicine
3492:Surgery in ancient Rome
3213:Asclepiades of Bithynia
3086:10.1163/j.ctt1w76vxr.21
2773:Die Welt der Habsburger
2725:. Thefreedictionary.com
2681:Lutz, Peter L. (2002).
2497:10.1163/j.ctt1w76vxr.21
2246:10.1163/j.ctt1w76vxr.21
1844:(inactive 2024-06-22).
1438:A Greek-English Lexicon
1301:The Taming of the Shrew
1240:With the advent of the
289:), yellow bile (Greek:
137:(literally 'juice' or '
4804:Ancient Greek medicine
4569:Corentin Louis Kervran
4437:Rapid prompting method
4325:Biodynamic agriculture
4315:Aquatic ape hypothesis
4173:Historical negationism
3876:Doctrine of signatures
3743:True-believer syndrome
3218:Aulus Cornelius Celsus
3042:(inactive 2024-06-22).
2454:10.1136/bmj.2.2596.921
2327:10.4161/gmic.1.2.11227
2136:. Brill. p. 342.
2044:. Brill. p. 340.
1974:. Brill. p. 339.
1772:10.4997/JRCPE.2014.117
1680:10.32437/mhgcj.v3i1.83
1645:10.1163/j.ctt1w76vxr.9
1387:Transaction Publishers
1197:
964:Subjective sensations
444:ἁπλοῦν καὶ ἠλιθιώτερον
243:came to refer just to
224:
197:
109:Ancient Greek medicine
66:
4574:The Light (newspaper)
4564:Robert F. Kennedy Jr.
4559:William Donald Kelley
4452:Voice stress analysis
4084:Climate change denial
4023:Wind turbine syndrome
4018:Vertebral subluxation
3911:Germ theory denialism
3358:Charmis of Marseilles
3092:Williams, William F.
2813:NY Times Book Review
2418:. Oed.com. 2019-12-31
1502:On the Sacred Disease
1195:
1068:Dry regimen harmful,
1042:Rough skin, acquired
878:The Canon of Medicine
666:
615:digestion stage, the
317:), and blood (Greek:
222:
192:
48:
4524:Ignatius L. Donnelly
4195:Past life regression
4054:Arabian Judah theory
4001:Traditional medicine
3794:Alternative medicine
3723:Pathological science
3348:Crinas of Marseilles
3343:Athenaeus of Attalia
3328:Thessalus of Tralles
3198:Pedanius Dioscorides
3002:Conrad, Lawrence I.
1517:Hippocratic writings
1139:improve this article
1077:Relation to weather
1050:Foods and medicines
957:Difficult digestion
845:Influence and legacy
647:Relation to jaundice
187:On the Nature of Man
4660:Demarcation problem
4494:Brigitte Boisselier
4123:Hollow Earth theory
4106:Generational theory
3804:Applied kinesiology
3268:Marcellus Empiricus
2972:Kern Paster, Gail.
2721:The Free Dictionary
2536:Emtiazy, M (2012).
1830:History of Medicine
1751:Thomas, DP (2014).
1183:European physicians
980:Lack of desire for
886:
869:Golden Age of Islam
438:ἑδραῖον καὶ βέβαιον
237:On the Temperaments
4730:Skeptical Inquirer
4629:Paul Joseph Watson
4604:Hans Alfred Nieper
4442:Statement analysis
4392:Intelligent design
4267:Reactionless drive
4101:Conversion therapy
4049:Ancient astronauts
3936:Leaky gut syndrome
3916:HIV/AIDS denialism
3671:Cargo cult science
3393:Medical literature
3308:Serenus Sammonicus
3293:Criton of Heraclea
3273:Caelius Aurelianus
3203:Soranus of Ephesus
2829:"Humoralism" entry
2371:www.etymonline.com
2286:"The Four Humours"
2197:2015-02-26 at the
1198:
1179:Islamic physicians
884:
657:Hippocratic Corpus
655:is present in the
303:), phlegm (Greek:
225:
158:Alcmaeon of Croton
67:
61:(yellow bile) and
4781:
4780:
4692:Cults of Unreason
4665:Scientific method
4594:Ministry of Ayush
4539:Nicholas Gonzalez
4465:
4464:
4402:Law of attraction
4382:Flat Earth theory
4262:Quantum mysticism
4202:Scientific racism
4158:Pseudoarchaeology
4064:Conspiracy theory
3762:characterized as
3706:Pseudomathematics
3696:Pseudoarchaeology
3614:
3613:
3414:De materia medica
3363:Scribonius Largus
3303:Marcellus of Side
3238:Antiochis of Tlos
2942:(9): 15029–15034.
2596:(12): 1728–1731.
2436:Richet C (1910).
1487:978-81-208-3058-5
1462:978-81-208-3058-5
1375:van Sertima, Ivan
1344:Five temperaments
1332:Comedy of humours
1327:Classical element
1296:Elizabethan works
1171:
1170:
1163:
1092:
1091:
1065:articles harmful
941:Functional power
842:
841:
546:nature, the word
427:The Nature of Man
331:four temperaments
32:four temperaments
16:(Redirected from
4816:
4634:Andrew Wakefield
4335:Creation science
4294:Water-fueled car
4256:Perpetual motion
4178:Holocaust denial
4148:Nibiru cataclysm
4143:Nazi archaeology
3946:Macrobiotic diet
3769:
3641:
3634:
3627:
3618:
3602:
3601:
3540:Pneumatic school
3298:Sextus Empiricus
3283:Gessius of Petra
3248:Aurelius Opilius
3175:Spoon of Diocles
3142:
3135:
3128:
3119:
3089:
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2514:
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2448:(2596): 921–26.
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2222:
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2189:
2183:
2182:
2179:encyclopedia.com
2171:
2158:
2157:
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2122:
2120:
2114:. Archived from
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1384:
1371:
1249:humoral immunity
1187:Andreas Vesalius
1166:
1159:
1155:
1152:
1146:
1123:
1115:
1111:Western medicine
1083:Worse in winter
1080:Worse in summer
887:
850:Islamic medicine
688:
621:tissue digestion
603:Humor production
561:
555:
554:
452:
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426:
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410:
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398:
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378:
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366:
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354:
349:(spiritedness),
348:
338:
328:
322:
321:
315:
308:
307:
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294:
287:
280:
279:
152:
136:
130:
129:
86:Roman physicians
21:
4824:
4823:
4819:
4818:
4817:
4815:
4814:
4813:
4784:
4783:
4782:
4777:
4674:
4650:Bogdanov affair
4638:
4618:Claude Vorilhon
4504:Robert Charroux
4479:Sucharit Bhakdi
4471:
4461:
4298:
4228:
4168:Genocide denial
4133:Japhetic theory
4128:Indigo children
4044:2012 phenomenon
4032:
3976:Patent medicine
3896:Energy medicine
3869:Colon cleansing
3854:Crystal healing
3789:Adrenal fatigue
3763:
3761:
3754:
3659:
3650:
3645:
3615:
3610:
3590:
3581:Antonine Plague
3567:
3544:
3530:Methodic school
3515:Eclectic school
3510:Dogmatic school
3496:
3433:
3428:Medicina Plinii
3387:
3318:Aemilia Hilaria
3313:Sextus Placitus
3184:
3151:
3146:
3103:
3075:
3044:
3025:
2999:
2994:
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2775:
2767:
2766:
2762:
2755:
2742:
2741:
2737:
2728:
2726:
2719:"Infrigidate –
2717:
2716:
2712:
2705:
2680:
2679:
2675:
2668:
2653:
2652:
2648:
2638:
2637:
2633:
2583:
2582:
2571:
2535:
2534:
2530:
2517:
2507:
2501:
2499:
2484:
2483:
2479:
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2421:
2419:
2414:
2413:
2409:
2400:
2398:
2389:
2388:
2384:
2375:
2373:
2365:
2364:
2360:
2308:
2307:
2303:
2294:
2292:
2290:malankazlev.com
2284:
2283:
2279:
2266:
2256:
2250:
2248:
2233:
2232:
2225:
2209:
2205:
2199:Wayback Machine
2190:
2186:
2173:
2172:
2161:
2154:
2131:
2130:
2126:
2118:
2084:Br. J. Haematol
2079:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2062:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2027:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1992:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1934:
1933:
1929:
1879:
1878:
1871:
1854:
1827:
1826:
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1792:
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1787:
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1714:
1701:
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1659:
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1610:
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1572:
1571:
1567:
1549:
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1539:
1532:
1513:
1512:
1508:
1499:
1495:
1488:
1475:
1474:
1470:
1463:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1401:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1363:
1323:
1314:Divided Kingdom
1277:
1234:
1218:Apophlegmatisms
1167:
1156:
1150:
1147:
1136:
1124:
1113:
1097:
1036:skin, acquired
1030:swollen eyelids
1022:Flaccid joints
1009:Physical signs
862:
852:
847:
833:Cold and moist
742:Warm and moist
669:
649:
605:
568:
540:
524:
511:
432:ὀξὺ καὶ συνετόν
424:
261:
111:
105:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4822:
4820:
4812:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4786:
4785:
4779:
4778:
4776:
4775:
4768:
4761:
4754:
4747:
4740:
4733:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4709:
4702:
4695:
4688:
4682:
4680:
4676:
4675:
4673:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4646:
4644:
4643:Related topics
4640:
4639:
4637:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4624:Randolph Stone
4621:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4599:Theodor Morell
4596:
4591:
4589:Joseph Mercola
4586:
4584:Jenny McCarthy
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4549:Graham Hancock
4546:
4544:Goop (company)
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4519:Vernon Coleman
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4475:
4473:
4467:
4466:
4463:
4462:
4460:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4353:
4352:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4306:
4304:
4300:
4299:
4297:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4284:Teleportation
4281:
4280:
4279:
4274:
4264:
4259:
4253:
4247:
4242:
4236:
4234:
4230:
4229:
4227:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4215:
4214:
4212:Melanin theory
4209:
4199:
4198:
4197:
4187:
4182:
4181:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4160:
4155:
4153:Parapsychology
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4119:
4118:
4113:
4103:
4098:
4097:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4040:
4038:
4037:Social science
4034:
4033:
4031:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4009:
4008:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3986:Primal therapy
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3951:Magnet therapy
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3872:
3871:
3864:Detoxification
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3775:
3773:
3766:
3756:
3755:
3753:
3752:
3749:Voodoo Science
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3709:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3691:Fringe science
3683:
3678:
3673:
3667:
3665:
3661:
3660:
3655:
3652:
3651:
3646:
3644:
3643:
3636:
3629:
3621:
3612:
3611:
3609:
3608:
3595:
3592:
3591:
3589:
3588:
3586:Cyprian Plague
3583:
3577:
3575:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3565:
3560:
3554:
3552:
3546:
3545:
3543:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3520:Empiric school
3517:
3512:
3506:
3504:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3443:
3441:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3431:
3424:
3421:Galenic Corpus
3417:
3410:
3403:
3397:
3395:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3253:Meges of Sidon
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3194:
3192:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3165:Cimolian earth
3161:
3159:
3153:
3152:
3147:
3145:
3144:
3137:
3130:
3122:
3116:
3115:
3102:
3101:External links
3099:
3098:
3097:
3090:
3073:
3064:Burton, Robert
3061:
3058:
3023:
3011:
3007:
2998:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2964:
2945:
2917:
2911:978-1135955298
2910:
2890:
2884:978-0521475648
2883:
2865:
2859:978-0521475648
2858:
2840:
2837:978-0544188976
2818:
2803:
2784:
2760:
2754:978-0415164184
2753:
2735:
2710:
2704:978-0896038356
2703:
2673:
2667:978-1906286217
2666:
2646:
2631:
2569:
2528:
2477:
2428:
2407:
2395:www.cancer.org
2382:
2358:
2301:
2277:
2223:
2220:978-0521425766
2203:
2184:
2159:
2153:978-9004232549
2152:
2124:
2121:on 2011-07-08.
2067:
2061:978-9004232549
2060:
2032:
2025:
1997:
1991:978-9004232549
1990:
1962:
1943:(2): 197–233.
1927:
1869:
1820:
1785:
1743:
1719:
1713:978-0521272056
1712:
1694:
1650:
1635:
1603:
1590:
1584:978-0226482057
1583:
1565:
1537:
1531:978-0140444513
1530:
1506:
1493:
1486:
1468:
1461:
1443:
1424:
1406:
1400:978-1560005810
1399:
1365:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1357:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1334:
1329:
1322:
1319:
1311:'s 2005 novel
1309:Rupert Thomson
1276:
1273:
1233:
1230:
1169:
1168:
1127:
1125:
1118:
1112:
1109:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1088:Bad in autumn
1086:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1074:
1073:
1066:
1060:
1057:
1051:
1047:
1046:
1040:
1023:
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1005:
996:
984:
978:
965:
961:
960:
958:
955:
948:
942:
938:
937:
931:
926:
917:
908:
907:Morbid states
904:
903:
900:
897:
894:
891:
851:
848:
846:
843:
840:
839:
834:
831:
822:
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772:
769:
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730:
727:
724:
720:
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694:
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648:
645:
604:
601:
581:Charles Richet
567:
564:
539:
536:
523:
520:
510:
507:
495:
494:
491:
488:
485:
474:Greek medicine
423:On Hippocrates
260:
257:
104:
101:
74:humoral theory
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4821:
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4805:
4802:
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4797:
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4759:
4755:
4753:
4752:
4748:
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4745:
4741:
4739:
4738:
4734:
4732:
4731:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4714:
4713:Fortean Times
4710:
4708:
4707:
4703:
4701:
4700:
4696:
4694:
4693:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4683:
4681:
4677:
4671:
4668:
4666:
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4656:
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4648:
4647:
4645:
4641:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4619:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4509:Deepak Chopra
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4476:
4474:
4472:pseudoscience
4468:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4351:
4348:
4347:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4340:Cryptozoology
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4307:
4305:
4301:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4269:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4257:
4254:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4240:Anti-gravity
4238:
4237:
4235:
4231:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4204:
4203:
4200:
4196:
4193:
4192:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4165:
4164:
4163:Pseudohistory
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4111:Generationism
4109:
4108:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4069:5G conspiracy
4067:
4066:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4059:Catastrophism
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4041:
4039:
4035:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4007:
4004:
4003:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3906:FasciaBlaster
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3870:
3867:
3866:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3844:Correactology
3842:
3840:
3839:Chromotherapy
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3776:
3774:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3764:pseudoscience
3757:
3751:
3750:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3701:Pseudohistory
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3688:
3687:
3686:Fringe theory
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3668:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3653:
3649:
3648:Pseudoscience
3642:
3637:
3635:
3630:
3628:
3623:
3622:
3619:
3607:
3606:
3597:
3596:
3593:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3578:
3576:
3574:
3570:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3555:
3553:
3551:
3547:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3535:Miasma theory
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3503:
3499:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3444:
3442:
3440:
3436:
3430:
3429:
3425:
3423:
3422:
3418:
3416:
3415:
3411:
3409:
3408:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3394:
3390:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3278:Cassius Felix
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3258:Sextius Niger
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3243:Antonius Musa
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3191:
3187:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3162:
3160:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3143:
3138:
3136:
3131:
3129:
3124:
3123:
3120:
3113:
3109:
3106:BBC Radio4's
3105:
3104:
3100:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3065:
3062:
3059:
3055:
3049:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3024:
3022:(3), 133–138.
3021:
3017:
3012:
3008:
3005:
3001:
3000:
2996:
2979:
2975:
2968:
2965:
2960:
2956:
2949:
2946:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2918:
2913:
2907:
2904:. Routledge.
2903:
2902:
2894:
2891:
2886:
2880:
2876:
2869:
2866:
2861:
2855:
2851:
2844:
2841:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2825:
2823:
2819:
2816:
2810:
2808:
2804:
2799:
2795:
2794:"Apocroustic"
2788:
2785:
2774:
2770:
2764:
2761:
2756:
2750:
2746:
2739:
2736:
2724:
2722:
2714:
2711:
2706:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2687:
2686:
2677:
2674:
2669:
2663:
2659:
2658:
2650:
2647:
2642:
2635:
2632:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2570:
2565:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2548:(3): 133–38.
2547:
2543:
2539:
2532:
2529:
2524:
2512:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2489:
2481:
2478:
2473:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2432:
2429:
2417:
2411:
2408:
2396:
2392:
2386:
2383:
2372:
2368:
2362:
2359:
2354:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2305:
2302:
2291:
2287:
2281:
2278:
2273:
2261:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2238:
2230:
2228:
2224:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2207:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2193:
2192:Medical Blood
2188:
2185:
2180:
2176:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2160:
2155:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2135:
2128:
2125:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2090:(4): 719–28.
2089:
2085:
2078:
2071:
2068:
2063:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2043:
2036:
2033:
2028:
2026:9789004232549
2022:
2017:
2012:
2008:
2001:
1998:
1993:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1973:
1966:
1963:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1931:
1928:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1892:(2): 207–30.
1891:
1887:
1883:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1865:
1859:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1824:
1821:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1801:(9): 487–89.
1800:
1796:
1789:
1786:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1754:
1747:
1744:
1733:
1729:
1723:
1720:
1715:
1709:
1705:
1698:
1695:
1690:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1636:9789004232549
1632:
1627:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1607:
1604:
1600:
1597:Hippocrates,
1594:
1591:
1586:
1580:
1576:
1569:
1566:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1538:
1533:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1518:
1510:
1507:
1503:
1497:
1494:
1489:
1483:
1479:
1472:
1469:
1464:
1458:
1454:
1447:
1444:
1439:
1435:
1428:
1425:
1420:
1416:
1415:Sudhoff, Karl
1410:
1407:
1402:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1383:
1382:
1376:
1370:
1367:
1360:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1303:
1302:
1298:, such as in
1297:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1281:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1245:
1243:
1238:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1226:pseudoscience
1221:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1194:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1165:
1162:
1154:
1144:
1140:
1134:
1133:
1128:This section
1126:
1122:
1117:
1116:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1094:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1045:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1004:
1000:
997:
995:
991:
988:
985:
983:
979:
977:
974:, burning at
973:
969:
966:
963:
962:
959:
956:
953:
949:
947:
943:
940:
939:
936:
932:
930:
927:
925:
921:
918:
916:
912:
911:Inflammations
909:
906:
905:
901:
898:
895:
892:
889:
888:
882:
880:
879:
874:
870:
866:
861:
857:
849:
844:
838:
835:
832:
830:
826:
823:
821:
818:
815:
812:
809:
808:
805:
802:
800:Cold and dry
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
786:
783:
780:
779:
776:
773:
771:Warm and dry
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
757:
754:
751:
750:
747:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
728:
725:
722:
721:
718:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
689:
686:
683:
681:
677:
676:four elements
673:
664:
660:
658:
654:
646:
644:
641:
638:
633:
631:
630:blood vessels
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
602:
600:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
577:
573:
565:
563:
560:
559:melaina kholé
549:
545:
537:
535:
533:
529:
521:
519:
517:
508:
506:
504:
500:
492:
489:
486:
483:
482:
481:
479:
475:
471:
466:
464:
460:
459:Robin Fåhræus
454:
428:
418:
392:
388:
384:
380:
377:
371:
365:
359:
353:
347:
340:
337:
332:
327:
316:
314:
302:
300:
293:
288:
286:
285:melaina chole
274:
270:
266:
258:
256:
252:
248:
246:
245:psychological
242:
238:
234:
230:
221:
217:
213:
211:
207:
201:
196:
191:
189:
188:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
154:
151:
150:
144:
140:
135:
124:
120:
116:
110:
102:
100:
98:
93:
91:
87:
83:
82:Ancient Greek
79:
75:
71:
64:
60:
56:
52:
47:
41:
37:
33:
19:
4770:
4763:
4756:
4749:
4742:
4735:
4728:
4711:
4704:
4697:
4690:
4579:Mike Lindell
4499:Rhonda Byrne
4470:Promoters of
4457:Water memory
4397:Laundry ball
4289:Tractor beam
4245:Cold fusion
3941:Lunar effect
3925:
3886:Ear candling
3834:Chiropractic
3824:Bloodletting
3814:Bates method
3784:Aromatherapy
3747:
3713:Junk science
3603:
3524:
3426:
3419:
3412:
3405:
3400:
3107:
3093:
3077:
3067:
3048:cite journal
3031:
3027:
3019:
3015:
3003:
2997:Bibliography
2982:. Retrieved
2977:
2967:
2958:
2948:
2939:
2935:
2900:
2893:
2874:
2868:
2849:
2843:
2815:Bad Medicine
2797:
2787:
2776:. Retrieved
2772:
2763:
2744:
2738:
2727:. Retrieved
2720:
2713:
2691:Humana Press
2684:
2676:
2656:
2649:
2640:
2634:
2593:
2589:
2545:
2541:
2531:
2500:. Retrieved
2487:
2480:
2445:
2441:
2431:
2420:. Retrieved
2410:
2399:. Retrieved
2394:
2385:
2374:. Retrieved
2370:
2361:
2321:(2): 75–76.
2318:
2315:Gut Microbes
2314:
2304:
2293:. Retrieved
2289:
2280:
2249:. Retrieved
2236:
2210:Byron Good.
2206:
2187:
2178:
2133:
2127:
2116:the original
2087:
2083:
2070:
2041:
2035:
2006:
2000:
1971:
1965:
1940:
1936:
1930:
1889:
1885:
1858:cite journal
1833:
1829:
1823:
1798:
1794:
1788:
1766:(1): 72–77.
1763:
1759:
1746:
1735:. Retrieved
1731:
1722:
1703:
1697:
1673:(1): 33–37.
1670:
1666:
1616:
1606:
1598:
1593:
1574:
1568:
1559:
1555:
1516:
1509:
1501:
1496:
1477:
1471:
1452:
1446:
1437:
1427:
1418:
1409:
1380:
1369:
1312:
1306:
1299:
1293:
1287:and, later,
1280:Theophrastus
1278:
1265:
1260:
1246:
1239:
1235:
1222:
1210:
1199:
1172:
1157:
1148:
1137:Please help
1132:verification
1129:
1098:
1054:Calefacients
970:, excessive
968:Bitter taste
876:
863:
752:Yellow bile
717:Temperaments
716:
711:
706:
701:
696:
691:
684:
670:
661:
650:
642:
634:
606:
569:
553:μέλαινα χολή
547:
541:
525:
512:
496:
477:
467:
455:
422:
419:
390:
381:
341:
310:
299:xanthe chole
296:
282:
278:μέλαινα χολή
262:
253:
249:
240:
236:
226:
214:
209:
202:
198:
193:
185:
178:bodily fluid
155:
122:
112:
94:
90:philosophers
77:
73:
69:
68:
62:
58:
54:
50:
4484:Del Bigtree
3971:Panchagavya
3961:Naturopathy
3829:Body memory
3779:Acupuncture
3664:Terminology
3407:De Medicina
3401:Gynaecology
3368:Andromachus
3263:Archagathus
3108:In Our Time
2519:|work=
2268:|work=
1340:of Ayurveda
1269:temperament
1175:Hippocrates
1072:beneficial
1003:wakefulness
804:Melancholic
781:Black bile
767:Gallbladder
532:gallbladder
522:Yellow bile
503:humor plays
265:Hippocrates
259:Four humors
241:temperament
166:Hippocrates
149:pañca-bhūta
119:Mesopotamia
97:germ theory
4788:Categories
4724:Quackwatch
4554:David Icke
4534:Max Gerson
4529:Gaia, Inc.
4417:Numerology
4412:Lysenkoism
4407:Levitation
4387:Graphology
4272:Dean drive
4207:Aryan race
4138:Mediumship
4013:Trepanning
3981:Phrenology
3921:Homeopathy
3819:Biorhythms
3718:Paranormal
3353:Damocrates
3233:Philonides
3190:Physicians
2778:2021-02-14
2729:2012-01-11
2693:. p.
2641:Tyge Brahe
2502:2021-12-06
2422:2020-04-04
2401:2020-10-08
2376:2019-05-03
2311:"Humor me"
2295:2020-04-08
2251:2021-12-06
1737:2022-12-06
1389:. p.
1361:References
1257:antibodies
1232:Modern use
1213:Paracelsus
1105:Avicennian
1070:humectants
994:sleepiness
990:salivation
950:Deficient
944:Deficient
924:rheumatism
854:See also:
837:Phlegmatic
787:Adulthood
680:Empedocles
672:Empedocles
597:cacochymia
593:rheumatism
572:phlegmatic
548:melancholy
544:melancholy
538:Black bile
499:Ben Jonson
408:παρακµάζων
292:ξανθὴ χολή
206:Empedocles
162:Empedocles
107:See also:
78:humoralism
53:(phlegm),
4679:Resources
4609:Mehmet Oz
4427:Polygraph
4377:Feng shui
4345:Dianetics
4320:Astrology
4185:Pseudolaw
3991:Radionics
3966:Palmistry
3931:Iridology
3733:Snake oil
3676:Charlatan
3447:Archiater
3383:Herodotus
3223:Oribasius
2980:. YouTube
2610:1873-4626
2521:ignored (
2511:cite book
2335:1949-0976
2270:ignored (
2260:cite book
1937:Phronesis
1850:2409-5834
1689:2612-2138
1434:"χυ_μ-ός"
1151:July 2022
1018:lassitude
952:digestive
929:Lassitude
890:Evidence
609:Digestion
589:chlorosis
402:νεανίσκος
376:energeiai
352:epithumos
229:dyscrasia
57:(blood),
18:Humourism
4794:Humorism
4367:Eugenics
4350:Auditing
3926:Humorism
3901:Fad diet
3849:Cryonics
3809:Ayurveda
3772:Medicine
3728:Quackery
3605:Category
3550:Religion
3525:Humorism
3502:Theories
3333:Albucius
3288:Antyllus
3170:Speculum
3066:. 1621.
2984:10 April
2618:17896166
2564:22737569
2472:20765282
2442:Br Med J
2353:21326912
2195:Archived
2112:10602937
2104:11843802
1922:30093918
1914:18175602
1906:29737480
1815:11543877
1780:24995453
1417:(1926).
1377:(1992).
1321:See also
1285:Menander
1253:hormones
1202:bleeding
1026:Diarrhea
999:Insomnia
933:Loss of
873:Avicenna
816:Old age
775:Choleric
746:Sanguine
729:Infancy
653:jaundice
528:choleric
516:sanguine
336:eukrasia
275:(Greek:
233:eucrasia
143:Ayurveda
70:Humorism
40:Humorist
36:Ayurveda
4514:Clonaid
4447:Ufology
4357:Dowsing
4310:Alchemy
4277:EMDrive
4233:Physics
3859:Cupping
3760:Topics
3573:Plagues
3563:Vejovis
3373:Eudemus
3180:Strigil
2626:9253867
2555:3372029
2463:2336103
2344:3023582
2181:. 2021.
1957:4182386
1354:Wu Xing
1289:Plautus
1275:Culture
1261:humoral
1206:emetics
1101:Galenic
915:febrile
913:become
867:in the
813:Winter
810:Phlegm
784:Autumn
755:Summer
726:Spring
707:Element
637:stomach
617:hepatic
613:gastric
585:tumours
389:in his
387:seasons
370:chreiai
313:phlegma
59:Coleric
55:Sanguin
51:Flegmat
4422:Orgone
3558:Febris
3338:Arcyon
3228:Muscio
3084:
2959:Apollo
2908:
2881:
2856:
2835:
2751:
2701:
2664:
2624:
2616:
2608:
2562:
2552:
2495:
2470:
2460:
2351:
2341:
2333:
2244:
2218:
2150:
2110:
2102:
2058:
2023:
1988:
1955:
1920:
1912:
1904:
1848:
1813:
1778:
1710:
1687:
1643:
1633:
1581:
1528:
1484:
1459:
1397:
1349:Mitama
1338:Doshas
1336:Three
1016:rate,
987:Mucoid
982:fluids
976:cardia
972:thirst
954:power
946:energy
935:vigour
920:Fevers
899:Moist
796:Spleen
758:Youth
723:Blood
697:Season
595:, and
576:phlegm
566:Phlegm
501:wrote
364:organa
358:Sophia
346:thumos
306:φλέγμα
174:phlegm
134:chymos
103:Origin
72:, the
63:Melanc
4303:Other
3996:Reiki
3681:Crank
3439:Roles
3378:Alcon
3208:Galen
3157:Tools
3082:JSTOR
3034:(2).
3010:1652.
2622:S2CID
2493:JSTOR
2242:JSTOR
2119:(PDF)
2108:S2CID
2080:(PDF)
1953:JSTOR
1918:S2CID
1902:JSTOR
1836:(2).
1756:(PDF)
1641:JSTOR
1063:Moist
1044:habit
1038:habit
1034:rough
1014:pulse
1012:High
896:Cold
860:Unani
829:Lungs
825:Brain
820:Water
791:Earth
738:Liver
712:Organ
692:Humor
625:liver
591:, of
587:, of
509:Blood
470:Greek
468:Many
425:'
414:γέρων
383:Galen
326:haima
269:Galen
182:Galen
170:blood
128:χυμός
123:humor
117:, or
76:, or
4614:Raël
3054:link
2986:2023
2906:ISBN
2879:ISBN
2854:ISBN
2833:ISBN
2749:ISBN
2699:ISBN
2662:ISBN
2614:PMID
2606:ISSN
2560:PMID
2523:help
2468:PMID
2349:PMID
2331:ISSN
2272:help
2216:ISBN
2148:ISBN
2100:PMID
2056:ISBN
2021:ISBN
1986:ISBN
1910:PMID
1864:link
1846:ISSN
1811:PMID
1776:PMID
1708:ISBN
1685:ISSN
1631:ISBN
1579:ISBN
1526:ISBN
1482:ISBN
1457:ISBN
1395:ISBN
1255:and
1103:and
902:Dry
893:Hot
858:and
762:Fire
396:παῖς
320:αἷμα
273:bile
88:and
84:and
3036:doi
2598:doi
2550:PMC
2458:PMC
2450:doi
2339:PMC
2323:doi
2138:doi
2092:doi
2088:115
2046:doi
2011:doi
1976:doi
1945:doi
1894:doi
1838:doi
1803:doi
1768:doi
1675:doi
1621:doi
1522:262
1141:by
875:'s
733:Air
702:Age
139:sap
4790::
3110:.
3050:}}
3046:{{
3030:.
3020:14
3018:,
2976:.
2957:.
2938:.
2934:.
2920:^
2821:^
2806:^
2796:.
2771:.
2697:.
2695:60
2689:.
2620:.
2612:.
2604:.
2594:11
2592:.
2588:.
2572:^
2558:.
2546:14
2544:.
2540:.
2515::
2513:}}
2509:{{
2466:.
2456:.
2444:.
2440:.
2393:.
2369:.
2347:.
2337:.
2329:.
2317:.
2313:.
2288:.
2264::
2262:}}
2258:{{
2226:^
2177:.
2162:^
2146:.
2106:.
2098:.
2086:.
2082:.
2054:.
2019:.
1984:.
1951:.
1941:36
1939:.
1916:.
1908:.
1900:.
1890:40
1888:.
1884:.
1872:^
1860:}}
1856:{{
1832:.
1809:.
1799:22
1797:.
1774:.
1764:44
1762:.
1758:.
1730:.
1683:.
1669:.
1665:.
1653:^
1639:.
1629:.
1615:.
1558:.
1554:.
1540:^
1524:.
1436:.
1393:.
1391:17
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