263:
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242:, or mating between closely related organisms, can clearly be seen on pedigree charts. Pedigree charts of royal families often have a high degree of inbreeding, because it was customary and preferable for royalty to marry another member of royalty. Genetic counselors commonly use pedigrees to help couples determine if the parents will be able to produce healthy children.
195:. X inactivation is when one of the two X chromosomes in females is almost completely inactivated. It is important that this process occurs otherwise a woman would produce twice the amount of normal X chromosome proteins. The mechanism for X inactivation will occur during the embryonic stage. For people with disorders like
544:
Sex linkage is the phenotypic expression of an allele related to the chromosomal sex of the individual. This mode of inheritance is in contrast to the inheritance of traits on autosomal chromosomes, where both sexes have the same probability of inheritance. Since humans have many more genes on the X
180:
inherited from the maternal side. Fathers only pass on their Y chromosome to their sons, so no X-linked traits will be inherited from father to son. Men cannot be carriers for recessive X linked traits, as they only have one X chromosome, so any X linked trait inherited from the mother will show up.
183:
Females express X-linked disorders when they are homozygous for the disorder and become carriers when they are heterozygous. X-linked dominant inheritance will show the same phenotype as a heterozygote and homozygote. Just like X-linked inheritance, there will be a lack of male-to-male inheritance,
162:
Autosomal recessive traits is one pattern of inheritance for a trait, disease, or disorder to be passed on through families. For a recessive trait or disease to be displayed two copies of the trait or disorder needs to be presented. The trait or gene will be located on a non-sex chromosome. Because
235:
Four different traits can be identified by pedigree chart analysis: autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, x-linked, or y-linked. Partial penetrance can be shown and calculated from pedigrees. Penetrance is the percentage expressed frequency with which individuals of a given genotype manifest at
231:
is a diagram showing the ancestral relationships and transmission of genetic traits over several generations in a family. Square symbols are almost always used to represent males, whilst circles are used for females. Pedigrees are used to help detect many different genetic diseases. A pedigree can
179:
X-linked genes are found on the sex X chromosome. X-linked genes just like autosomal genes have both dominant and recessive types. Recessive X-linked disorders are rarely seen in females and usually only affect males. This is because males inherit their X chromosome and all X-linked genes will be
90:
Genes are the common factor of the qualities of most human-inherited traits. Study of human genetics can answer questions about human nature, can help understand diseases and the development of effective treatment and help us to understand the genetics of human life. This article describes only
163:
it takes two copies of a trait to display a trait, many people can unknowingly be carriers of a disease. From an evolutionary perspective, a recessive disease or trait can remain hidden for several generations before displaying the phenotype. Examples of autosomal recessive disorders are
138:" because a single copy—inherited from either parent—is enough to cause this trait to appear. This often means that one of the parents must also have the same trait, unless it has arisen due to an unlikely new mutation. Examples of autosomal dominant traits and disorders are
2161:
206:
Y-linked inheritance occurs when a gene, trait, or disorder is transferred through the Y chromosome. Since Y chromosomes can only be found in males, Y linked traits are only passed on from father to son. The
335:, can be used to observe deletions, insertions, and translocations. FISH uses fluorescent probes to bind to specific sequences of the chromosomes that will cause the chromosomes to fluoresce a unique color.
460:
390:
would be considered within both human genetics and medical genetics, while the diagnosis, management, and counseling of individuals with genetic disorders would be considered part of medical genetics.
935:
308:
stage arranged according to length and centromere position. A karyotype can also be useful in clinical genetics, due to its ability to diagnose genetic disorders. On a normal karyotype,
211:, which is located on the Y chromosome, determines the maleness of individuals. Besides the maleness inherited in the Y-chromosome there are no other found Y-linked characteristics.
2981:
2846:
404:
Population genetics is the branch of evolutionary biology responsible for investigating processes that cause changes in allele and genotype frequencies in populations based upon
1574:
452:, the "power houses" of a cell, have their own DNA. Mitochondria are inherited from one's mother, and their DNA is frequently used to trace maternal lines of descent (see
424:. A population can be defined as a group of interbreeding individuals and their offspring. For human genetics the populations will consist only of the human species. The
459:
1902:
773:
2085:
188:, which is caused by a mutation in ribosomal protein gene. This mutation results in skeletal, craniofacial abnormalities, mental retardation, and short stature.
2727:
1412:
2609:
386:. Medical genetics is the application of genetics to medical care. It overlaps human genetics, for example, research on the causes and inheritance of
199:, where the genotype has three X chromosomes, X-inactivation will inactivate all X chromosomes until there is only one X chromosome active. Males with
1962:
2783:
2569:
357:
is the total collection of genes in a human being contained in the human chromosome, composed of over three billion nucleotides. In April 2003, the
2720:
361:
was able to sequence all the DNA in the human genome, and to discover that the human genome was composed of around 20,000 protein coding genes.
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126:'s model of inheritance. Mendel deduced that inheritance depends upon discrete units of inheritance, called factors or genes.
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2812:
2700:
1392:
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than Y-linked traits. However, females carry two or more copies of the X chromosome, resulting in a potentially toxic dose of
100:
1376:
Rearrangement of one or both X chromosomes, deletion of part of the second X chromosome, presence of part of a Y chromosome
1297:
715:
2134:
1894:
2886:
1934:
Scott, C. I. (1971). "Unusual facies, joint hypermobility, genital anomaly and short stature: A new dysmorphic syndrome".
805:
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1981:
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2089:
1645:
Cruz-Gonzalez, L.; Lisker, R. (1982). "Inheritance of ear wax types, ear lobe attachment and tongue rolling ability".
1397:
838:
640:
473:
2184:
1461:
Freeman, Scott; Jon C., Herron (2007). "Evolutionary
Analysis" (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River: Pearson:Prentice Hall.
203:, who have an extra X chromosome, will also undergo X inactivation to have only one completely active X chromosome.
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2619:
597:
185:
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568:(XCI), female mammals transcriptionally silence one of their two Xs in a complex and highly coordinated manner.
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Autosomal traits are associated with a single gene on an autosome (non-sex chromosome)—they are called "
1045:
232:
also be used to help determine the chances for a parent to produce an offspring with a specific trait.
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64:
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Genomics is the field of genetics concerned with structural and functional studies of the genome. A
331:. G-banding will stain the chromosomes with light and dark bands unique to each chromosome. A FISH,
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2863:
2663:
2532:
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1262:
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561:
399:
383:
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is all the DNA contained within an organism or a cell including nuclear and mitochondrial DNA. The
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72:
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2321:
Plomin, Robert; DeFries, John C.; Knopik, Valerie S.; Neiderhiser, Jenae M. (24 September 2012).
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80:
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is a very useful tool in cytogenetics. A karyotype is picture of all the chromosomes in the
271:
92:
1495:
3269:
2680:
2327:. Shaun Purcell (Appendix: Statistical Methods in Behavioral Genetics). Worth Publishers.
1371:
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523:
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which makes it distinguishable from autosomal traits. One example of an X-linked trait is
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111:
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793:
328:
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1916:
1452:"Glossary". Genetics Home Reference. U.S. National Library of Medicine. 14 March 2008.
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can be detected by clearly being able to observe any missing or extra chromosomes.
56:
2322:
2293:
Speicher, Michael R.; Antonarakis, Stylianos E.; Motulsky, Arno G., eds. (2010).
99:
defects related to accelerated aging and/or increased risk of cancer please see:
3073:
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565:
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To correct this imbalance, mammalian females have evolved a unique mechanism of
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437:
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994:
982:
519:
496:
441:
309:
239:
96:
17:
2349:
Flint, Jonathan; Greenspan, Ralph J.; Kendler, Kenneth S. (28 January 2010).
1864:"Autosomal Recessive: Cystic Fibrosis, Sickle Cell Anemia, Tay Sachs Disease"
1992:
417:
316:
305:
301:
293:
275:
267:
255:
196:
91:
basic features of human genetics; for the genetics of disorders please see:
2062:
1760:
154:
1947:
1658:
1438:
Nussbaum, Robert L.; McInnes, Roderick R.; Willard, Huntington F. (2007).
428:
is a widely used principle to determine allelic and genotype frequencies.
236:
least some degree of a specific mutant phenotype associated with a trait.
3205:
3082:
1054:
413:
379:
344:
164:
68:
51:. Human genetics encompasses a variety of overlapping fields including:
973:
223:
An example of a family pedigree displaying an autosomal recessive trait
456:). Mitochondrial DNA is only 16kb in length and encodes for 62 genes.
2243:. Massachusetts: Massachusetts Institute of Technology. p. 227.
2036:"Primary hyperhidrosis – Evidence for autosomal dominant inheritance"
1073:
1067:
944:
788:
502:
491:
350:
1870:. Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh. 3 February 2008. Archived from
258:
of a human male, showing 46 chromosomes including XY sex chromosomes
526:. Males have two distinct sex chromosomes (XY), and are called the
1040:
487:
458:
261:
249:
218:
153:
110:
48:
2547:
2542:
2016:
2162:
Mosby's
Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing & Health Professions
1871:
3038:
3034:
2551:
1783:
1719:
1673:
1605:
1555:
1774:
McKusick, Victor A.; O'Neill, Marla J. F. (22 November 2010).
507:
2295:
Vogel and
Motulsky's Human Genetics: Problems and Approaches
1965:. University of Cincinnati Clermont College. Archived from
1433:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1018:
Ability to roll tongue (Able to hold tongue in a U shape)
1621:"Natural selection at work in genetic variation to taste"
2468:
The
Dependent Gene: The Fallacy of "nature VS. Nurture"
2446:
The
Dependent Gene: The Fallacy of "Nature vs. Nurture"
408:. Four different forces can influence the frequencies:
27:"Human Genetics" redirects here. For the journal, see
1795:
1793:
282:, both the male (XY) and female (XX) versions of the
2466:"The Tangled Tale of Genes and Environment: Moore's
2402:
Gluckman, Peter; Beedle, Alan; Hanson, Mark (2009).
191:
X chromosomes in females undergo a process known as
3245:
3231:
3204:
3081:
3072:
2862:
2679:
2585:
34:For a non-technical introduction to the topic, see
2403:
2350:
1782:. Johns Hopkins University. 117800. Archived from
1718:. Johns Hopkins University. 119000. Archived from
1604:. Johns Hopkins University. 126100. Archived from
1554:. Johns Hopkins University. 194000. Archived from
1494:
1821:Chen, Harold (2019-03-08). Buehler, Bruce (ed.).
1735:"A Gene for Freckles Maps to Chromosome 4q32–q34"
987:Counter-Clockwise hair direction (right to left)
41:Study of inheritance as it occurs in human beings
1640:
1638:
1352:Partial deletion of a chromosome in the B Group
122:Inheritance of traits for humans are based upon
2086:"Lactose Intolerance (Lactase Non-Persistence)"
564:. In particular, by way of the process called
1672:McKusick, Victor A.; Lopez, A (30 July 2010).
382:that involves the diagnosis and management of
3050:
2563:
2543:MITOMAP A human mitochondrial genome database
2034:Kaufmann, Horacio; et al. (April 2003).
1989:Journal of the Turkish Academy of Dermatology
1674:"Earlobe Attachment, Attached vs. Unattached"
158:Autosomal recessive inheritance, a 25% chance
8:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1469:
1467:
518:). Females have two of the same kind of sex
510:of an individual is determined by a pair of
107:Genetic differences and inheritance patterns
47:is the study of inheritance as it occurs in
2088:. Colorado State University. Archived from
2023:. National Human Genome Research Institute.
3078:
3057:
3043:
3035:
2570:
2556:
2548:
1581:. Singapore Science Centre. Archived from
2485:
2390:
2185:"Cri Du Chat Syndrome (Cat Cry Syndrome)"
1895:"Looking at the Sun Can Trigger a Sneeze"
1750:
319:, of the karyotype can be used to detect
2373:Debby Tsuang; Andrew David (June 2011).
1810:. San Diego Supercomputer Center (SDSC).
1776:"Apocrine Gland Secretion, Variation in"
1546:McKusick, Victor A. (10 February 2009).
983:Clockwise hair direction (left to right)
864:Human traits with possible monogenic or
1442:(7th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders.
1423:
95:. For information on the genetics of
2499:Human Heredity: Principles and Issues
1936:Birth Defects Original Article Series
1710:McKusick, Victor A. (23 March 2013).
1691:McDonald, John H. (8 December 2011).
1496:"Can Sinus Bradycardia Be Inherited?"
274:. It shows dark and white regions on
7:
2497:Cummings, Michael (1 January 2013).
2141:. Barbara Strickland. Archived from
1980:Tüzün, Yalçın; Karaku, Özge (2009).
1739:Journal of Investigative Dermatology
1596:McKusick, Victor A. (25 June 1994).
1413:Johns Hopkins Human Genetics Program
1364:One or more extra sex chromosome(s)
2501:(10th ed.). Cengage Learning.
2410:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2406:Principles of Evolutionary Medicine
2297:. Heidelberg: Springer Scientific.
1780:Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man
1733:Xue-Jun Zhang; et al. (2004).
1716:Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man
1680:. Johns Hopkins University. 128900.
1678:Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man
1602:Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man
1552:Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man
2639:Blood type distribution by country
2379:The American Journal of Psychiatry
2017:"Learning About Trimethylaminuria"
1893:Schrock, Karen (10 January 2008).
1408:List of Mendelian traits in humans
874:List of Mendelian traits in humans
25:
2464:Susan M Schneider (Spring 2007).
2269:Encyclopedia of Special Education
2215:Encyclopedia of Special Education
2189:Encyclopedia of Special Education
1840:Stafford, Kate; Mannor, Michael.
1619:Wooding, Stephen (28 June 2004).
333:fluorescent in situ hybridization
175:X-linked and Y-linked inheritance
3017:
3016:
1961:Fankhauser, D. B. (2 Feb 2006).
1923:from the original on 2012-02-01.
1905:from the original on 2011-03-19.
1752:10.1046/j.0022-202x.2004.22244.x
1631:from the original on 2007-12-13.
1503:. Massachusetts Medical Society.
1235:Absence of fish-like body odour
327:, duplications, inversions, and
1842:"Mutations and Genetic Disease"
1275:less prominent chin (U-shaped)
286:(bottom right), as well as the
150:Autosomal recessive inheritance
2528:How many Genes do humans have?
2392:10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.11010097
2375:"How Genes Influence Behavior"
1393:DNA repair-deficiency disorder
130:Autosomal dominant inheritance
101:DNA repair-deficiency disorder
1:
2425:Hamilton, Matthew B. (2009).
1823:"Genetics of Marfan Syndrome"
1033:Normal five fingers and toes
2353:How Genes Influence Behavior
2241:Neurodevelopmental Disorders
2135:"Acne is a Four Letter Word"
2113:"Variations on a Human Face"
1848:. ThinkQuest. Archived from
1801:"Mendelian Traits in Humans"
1006:No progressive nerve damage
2357:. Oxford University Press.
2120:Science Experiments on File
2084:Bowen, R. (25 April 2009).
2043:Clinical Autonomic Research
1476:"X Chromosome Inactivation"
1398:Human evolutionary genetics
1340:Additional 21st chromosome
1320:
1225:and Bart pumphrey syndrome
877:
839:Vitamin D resistant rickets
716:Becker's Muscular Dystrophy
641:Duchenne muscular dystrophy
570:
480:XY sex-determination system
474:XY sex-determination system
270:of a human, with annotated
3307:
2620:Neanderthal genome project
2165:. Elsevier Health Sciences
1272:Prominent chin (V-shaped)
1021:No ability to roll tongue
970:Unattached (free) earlobe
871:
590:Absence of blood in urine
537:
471:
440:, humans (like almost all
397:
368:
342:
291:
33:
26:
3012:
2303:10.1007/978-3-540-37654-5
2055:10.1007/s10286-003-0082-x
1699:. University of Delaware.
1579:ScienceNet – Life Science
1474:Ahn, J.; Lee, J. (2008).
1298:Cartilage–hair hypoplasia
1252:little sweating in hands
1111:Normal separated fingers
736:No progressive blindness
666:Absence of brain defects
602:No cranial malformations
566:X-chromosome inactivation
522:(XX), and are called the
209:testis determining factor
2757:Caucasus hunter-gatherer
2444:Moore, David S. (2003).
1963:"Human Heritable Traits"
1917:"Inherited Human Traits"
1135:Normal body proportions
1086:Cenani Lenz syndactylism
932:Normal digestive muscle
843:Absorption of Vitamin D
806:Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome
673:Absence of autoimmunity
484:sex-determination system
426:Hardy–Weinberg principle
36:Introduction to genetics
29:Human Genetics (journal)
3239:Human mitochondrial DNA
2818:Ancient Northeast Asian
2794:Eastern hunter-gatherer
2774:Western hunter-gatherer
2745:Early Anatolian farmers
2448:. New York: Macmillan.
1697:Myths of Human Genetics
1575:"Genetics/Reproduction"
826:Normal pigment in eyes
815:Focal dermal hypoplasia
712:Normal muscle strength
506:). In this system, the
118:pattern, a 50/50 chance
2823:Ancient Paleo-Siberian
2806:Ancient North Eurasian
2769:Early European Farmers
2211:"Klinefelter Syndrome"
1991:. JTAD. Archived from
1517:; Reece, Jane (2005).
1259:Lactose persistence *
866:oligogenic inheritance
855:Non colour perception
819:Normal pigmented skin
549:, there are many more
464:
297:
280:homologous chromosomes
259:
224:
159:
119:
77:developmental genetics
2644:Genealogical DNA test
2605:Evolutionary genetics
2237:Tager-Flusberg, Helen
2133:Strickland, Barbara.
2111:Jablecki, Donna Mae.
1248:Primary Hyperhidrosis
1210:Ability to eat sugar
1198:Ligamentous angustus
1154:Normal mucous lining
1099:Normal finger length
802:Normal immune levels
637:Strong muscle tissue
598:Coffin–Lowry syndrome
462:
406:Mendelian inheritance
292:Further information:
265:
253:
222:
186:Coffin–Lowry syndrome
157:
114:
3258:Human Genome Project
3233:Mitochondrial genome
2615:Neanderthal genetics
2598:Human Genome Project
2533:Human Genetics Video
2523:Human Genome Project
1440:Genetics in Medicine
1360:Klinefelter syndrome
1348:Cri du chat syndrome
1308:Disabling conditions
1228:partial leukonychia
1167:Photic sneeze reflex
1143:Huntington's disease
1123:No prominent bridge
1095:shortness in fingers
963:Unable to taste PTC
919:ocular hypertelorism
779:Lesch–Nyhan syndrome
654:Normal X chromosome
500:), and some plants (
384:hereditary disorders
359:Human Genome Project
288:mitochondrial genome
201:Klinefelter syndrome
140:Huntington's disease
65:biochemical genetics
3265:List of human genes
2998:Sub-Saharan Africa
2967:Tamils (Sri Lankan)
2864:Population genetics
2671:Genetic enhancement
2664:Surname DNA project
2429:. Wiley-Blackwell.
2427:Population Genetics
2324:Behavioral Genetics
1899:Scientific American
1558:on 9 December 2015.
1482:. Nature Education.
1263:Lactose intolerance
1029:extra finger or toe
1010:Friedreich's ataxia
911:straight hair line
690:Absence of antigen
562:dosage compensation
400:Population genetics
394:Population genetics
272:bands and sub-bands
73:population genetics
1647:Acta Anthropogenet
1625:Medical News Today
1501:NEJM Journal Watch
1202:Ligamentous Laxity
1046:Hitchhiker's Thumb
950:No facial dimples
650:fragile X syndrome
465:
298:
290:(at bottom left).
260:
225:
215:Pedigrees analysis
160:
120:
116:Autosomal dominant
85:genetic counseling
61:molecular genetics
53:classical genetics
3278:
3277:
3270:Human archaeology
3227:
3226:
3032:
3031:
2852:Ancient Beringian
2654:Race and genetics
2649:Genetic genealogy
2634:Genetic variation
2508:978-1-133-10687-6
2455:978-0-8050-7280-8
2436:978-1-4051-3277-0
2417:978-0-19-923639-8
2364:978-0-19-955990-9
2334:978-1-4292-4215-8
2312:978-3-540-37653-8
1874:on 24 August 2009
1786:on 30 April 2017.
1722:on 29 April 2017.
1598:"Dimples, Facial"
1523:Benjamin Cummings
1521:. San Francisco:
1382:
1381:
1305:
1304:
1287:Clear complexion
1239:Trimethylaminuria
1223:Total leukonychia
1131:Marfan's syndrome
1082:Normal flat palm
861:
860:
748:No kidney damage
577:X-link recessive
528:heterogametic sex
454:mitochondrial Eve
446:mitochondrial DNA
432:Mitochondrial DNA
420:(migration), and
410:natural selection
388:genetic disorders
378:is the branch of
81:clinical genetics
16:(Redirected from
3298:
3079:
3059:
3052:
3045:
3036:
3020:
3019:
2721:African diaspora
2711:Eastern Africa‎‎
2659:Recent evolution
2610:Human-chimp MRCA
2572:
2565:
2558:
2549:
2537:website critique
2512:
2491:
2489:
2462:Lay summary in:
2459:
2440:
2421:
2409:
2396:
2394:
2371:Lay summary in:
2368:
2356:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2316:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2261:
2255:
2254:
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2227:
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2224:
2222:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2181:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2122:. Facts on File.
2117:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2040:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2013:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2003:
1997:
1986:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1868:Medical Genetics
1860:
1854:
1853:
1846:Genetic Diseases
1837:
1831:
1830:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1805:
1797:
1788:
1787:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1754:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1642:
1633:
1632:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1608:on 9 April 2019.
1593:
1587:
1586:
1571:
1560:
1559:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1511:
1505:
1504:
1498:
1490:
1484:
1483:
1471:
1462:
1459:
1453:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1435:
1321:
1171:No ACHOO reflex
1147:No nerve damage
974:Attached earlobe
878:
765:No microcephaly
724:Unaffected body
662:Aicardi syndrome
613:Colour blindness
574:X-link dominant
571:
494:, some insects (
376:Medical genetics
371:Medical genetics
365:Medical genetics
315:Giemsa banding,
93:medical genetics
21:
3306:
3305:
3301:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3296:
3295:
3281:
3280:
3279:
3274:
3241:
3223:
3200:
3068:
3063:
3033:
3028:
3008:
2988:Southeast Asia
2866:
2858:
2716:Southern Africa
2683:
2681:Genetic history
2675:
2581:
2576:
2519:
2509:
2496:
2463:
2456:
2443:
2437:
2424:
2418:
2401:
2372:
2365:
2348:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2320:
2313:
2292:
2289:
2287:Further reading
2284:
2274:
2272:
2263:
2262:
2258:
2251:
2235:
2234:
2230:
2220:
2218:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2194:
2192:
2183:
2182:
2178:
2168:
2166:
2157:"Down Syndrome"
2155:
2154:
2150:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2115:
2110:
2109:
2105:
2095:
2093:
2092:on 23 June 2010
2083:
2082:
2078:
2038:
2033:
2032:
2028:
2015:
2014:
2010:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1984:
1979:
1978:
1974:
1960:
1959:
1955:
1933:
1932:
1928:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1892:
1891:
1887:
1877:
1875:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1839:
1838:
1834:
1820:
1819:
1815:
1803:
1799:
1798:
1791:
1773:
1772:
1768:
1732:
1731:
1727:
1709:
1708:
1704:
1690:
1689:
1685:
1671:
1670:
1666:
1644:
1643:
1636:
1618:
1617:
1613:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1573:
1572:
1563:
1545:
1544:
1540:
1533:
1525:. p. 265.
1513:
1512:
1508:
1493:Calkins, Hugh.
1492:
1491:
1487:
1473:
1472:
1465:
1460:
1456:
1451:
1447:
1437:
1436:
1425:
1421:
1389:
1372:Turner syndrome
1315:
1310:
1188:White Forelock
1158:Cystic fibrosis
898:High heart rate
876:
870:
830:Ocular albinism
787:High levels of
728:Fabry's disease
704:Hunter syndrome
623:clotting factor
586:Alport syndrome
551:X-linked traits
542:
536:
534:X-linked traits
524:homogametic sex
512:sex chromosomes
476:
470:
436:In addition to
434:
402:
396:
373:
367:
347:
341:
296:
248:
217:
177:
169:cystic fibrosis
152:
132:
109:
42:
39:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3304:
3302:
3294:
3293:
3291:Human genetics
3283:
3282:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3261:
3260:
3249:
3247:
3246:Related topics
3243:
3242:
3237:
3235:
3229:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3221:
3216:
3210:
3208:
3206:Sex chromosome
3202:
3201:
3199:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3087:
3085:
3076:
3074:Nuclear genome
3070:
3069:
3064:
3062:
3061:
3054:
3047:
3039:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3026:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3006:
3005:
3004:
2996:
2995:
2994:
2986:
2985:
2984:
2979:
2971:
2970:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2951:
2950:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2915:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2870:
2868:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2856:
2855:
2854:
2844:
2843:
2842:
2835:Southeast Asia
2832:
2831:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2810:
2809:
2808:
2798:
2797:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2761:
2760:
2759:
2749:
2748:
2747:
2737:
2736:
2735:
2725:
2724:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2706:Central Africa
2703:
2698:
2687:
2685:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2673:
2668:
2667:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2631:
2630:
2629:
2624:
2623:
2622:
2612:
2602:
2601:
2600:
2589:
2587:
2583:
2582:
2579:Human genetics
2577:
2575:
2574:
2567:
2560:
2552:
2546:
2545:
2540:
2530:
2525:
2518:
2517:External links
2515:
2514:
2513:
2507:
2494:
2493:
2492:
2454:
2441:
2435:
2422:
2416:
2399:
2398:
2397:
2385:(6): 656–657.
2363:
2346:
2333:
2317:
2311:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2282:
2256:
2249:
2228:
2202:
2176:
2148:
2145:on 2006-02-07.
2125:
2103:
2076:
2026:
2008:
1972:
1969:on 2012-02-23.
1953:
1942:(6): 240–246.
1926:
1908:
1885:
1855:
1852:on 2007-01-03.
1832:
1813:
1808:Human Genetics
1789:
1766:
1745:(2): 286–290.
1725:
1702:
1683:
1664:
1634:
1611:
1588:
1585:on 2003-09-25.
1561:
1548:"Widow's Peak"
1538:
1531:
1515:Campbell, Neil
1506:
1485:
1463:
1454:
1445:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1388:
1385:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1332:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1295:
1294:Normal height
1291:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1279:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1260:
1256:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1241:
1236:
1232:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1219:
1218:
1216:
1211:
1207:
1206:
1204:
1199:
1195:
1194:
1192:
1191:Dark Forelock
1189:
1185:
1184:
1182:
1181:Receding chin
1179:
1175:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1160:
1155:
1151:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1127:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:Webbed fingers
1103:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1091:
1090:
1088:
1083:
1079:
1078:
1076:
1070:
1063:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1051:
1050:
1048:
1043:
1041:Straight Thumb
1037:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1025:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1015:
1014:
1012:
1007:
1003:
1002:
1000:
997:
991:
990:
988:
985:
979:
978:
976:
971:
967:
966:
964:
961:
957:Able to taste
954:
953:
951:
948:
945:Facial dimples
941:
940:
938:
936:POLIP syndrome
933:
929:
928:
926:
921:
915:
914:
912:
909:
903:
902:
900:
895:
893:Low heart rate
889:
888:
885:
882:
872:Main article:
869:
862:
859:
858:
856:
853:
847:
846:
844:
841:
835:
834:
832:
827:
823:
822:
820:
817:
811:
810:
808:
803:
799:
798:
796:
794:Menkes disease
791:
784:
783:
781:
776:
772:Production of
769:
768:
766:
763:
757:
756:
754:
752:Dent's disease
749:
745:
744:
742:
737:
733:
732:
730:
725:
721:
720:
718:
713:
709:
708:
706:
701:
697:Production of
694:
693:
691:
688:
682:
681:
679:
674:
670:
669:
667:
664:
658:
657:
655:
652:
646:
645:
643:
638:
634:
633:
631:
625:
618:
617:
615:
610:
609:Colour vision
606:
605:
603:
600:
594:
593:
591:
588:
582:
581:
578:
575:
555:X-linked genes
538:Main article:
535:
532:
472:Main article:
469:
466:
463:XY Chromosomes
433:
430:
398:Main article:
395:
392:
369:Main article:
366:
363:
343:Main article:
340:
337:
329:translocations
284:sex chromosome
278:. It shows 22
247:
244:
216:
213:
193:X inactivation
176:
173:
151:
148:
144:achondroplasia
131:
128:
108:
105:
45:Human genetics
40:
24:
18:Human Genetics
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3303:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3234:
3230:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3207:
3203:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3060:
3055:
3053:
3048:
3046:
3041:
3040:
3037:
3025:
3024:
3015:
3014:
3011:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2848:
2845:
2841:
2838:
2837:
2836:
2833:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2814:
2811:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2802:
2799:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2779:British Isles
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2765:
2762:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2753:
2750:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2741:
2738:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2729:
2726:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2701:West Africa‎‎
2699:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2672:
2669:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2635:
2632:
2628:
2625:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2606:
2603:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2573:
2568:
2566:
2561:
2559:
2554:
2553:
2550:
2544:
2541:
2538:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2516:
2510:
2504:
2500:
2495:
2488:
2483:
2480:(1): 91–105.
2479:
2475:
2471:
2469:
2461:
2460:
2457:
2451:
2447:
2442:
2438:
2432:
2428:
2423:
2419:
2413:
2408:
2407:
2400:
2393:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2370:
2369:
2366:
2360:
2355:
2354:
2347:
2336:
2330:
2326:
2325:
2318:
2314:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2291:
2290:
2286:
2270:
2266:
2260:
2257:
2252:
2250:0-262-20116-X
2246:
2242:
2238:
2232:
2229:
2216:
2212:
2206:
2203:
2190:
2186:
2180:
2177:
2164:
2163:
2158:
2152:
2149:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2129:
2126:
2121:
2114:
2107:
2104:
2091:
2087:
2080:
2077:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2037:
2030:
2027:
2022:
2018:
2012:
2009:
1998:on 2016-03-03
1994:
1990:
1983:
1982:"Leukonychia"
1976:
1973:
1968:
1964:
1957:
1954:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1930:
1927:
1922:
1918:
1912:
1909:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1889:
1886:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1859:
1856:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1836:
1833:
1828:
1824:
1817:
1814:
1809:
1802:
1796:
1794:
1790:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1770:
1767:
1762:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1729:
1726:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1706:
1703:
1698:
1694:
1687:
1684:
1679:
1675:
1668:
1665:
1660:
1656:
1653:(4): 247–54.
1652:
1648:
1641:
1639:
1635:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1615:
1612:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1592:
1589:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1542:
1539:
1534:
1532:0-07-366175-9
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1510:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1489:
1486:
1481:
1477:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1458:
1455:
1449:
1446:
1441:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1424:
1418:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1384:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1336:Down syndrome
1334:
1333:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1314:
1307:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1026:
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254:Micrographic
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30:
19:
3253:Human genome
3066:Human genome
3021:
2919:Azerbaijanis
2801:Central Asia
2696:North Africa
2593:Human genome
2578:
2498:
2477:
2473:
2467:
2445:
2426:
2405:
2382:
2378:
2352:
2338:. Retrieved
2323:
2294:
2275:27 September
2273:. Retrieved
2268:
2259:
2240:
2231:
2221:27 September
2219:. Retrieved
2214:
2205:
2195:27 September
2193:. Retrieved
2188:
2179:
2169:27 September
2167:. Retrieved
2160:
2151:
2143:the original
2138:
2128:
2119:
2106:
2094:. Retrieved
2090:the original
2079:
2049:(2): 96–98.
2046:
2042:
2029:
2020:
2011:
2000:. Retrieved
1993:the original
1988:
1975:
1967:the original
1956:
1939:
1935:
1929:
1911:
1898:
1888:
1878:28 September
1876:. Retrieved
1872:the original
1867:
1858:
1850:the original
1845:
1835:
1829:. WebMD LLC.
1826:
1816:
1807:
1784:the original
1779:
1769:
1742:
1738:
1728:
1720:the original
1715:
1712:"Cleft Chin"
1705:
1696:
1693:"Hair Whorl"
1686:
1677:
1667:
1650:
1646:
1624:
1614:
1606:the original
1601:
1591:
1583:the original
1578:
1556:the original
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1509:
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1488:
1479:
1457:
1448:
1439:
1403:Human genome
1383:
1316:
1312:
1311:
1214:Galactosemia
1178:Forged chin
1059:No freckles
999:smooth chin
924:Hypotelorism
907:Widow's peak
559:
554:
543:
515:
511:
501:
495:
479:
477:
450:Mitochondria
435:
403:
375:
374:
355:human genome
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314:
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234:
226:
205:
190:
182:
178:
161:
133:
121:
89:
57:cytogenetics
49:human beings
44:
43:
2977:Han Chinese
2953:South Asia
2740:Middle East
2474:Behav Anal.
2340:4 September
2139:Sage Advice
1919:. EdQuest.
1330:References
1317:Chromosomal
887:References
851:Synesthesia
628:Haemophilia
580:References
540:Sex linkage
438:nuclear DNA
3002:Hutu/Tutsi
2973:East Asia
2887:Bulgarians
2728:South Asia
2586:Sub-topics
2476:(Review).
2381:(Review).
2265:"Etiology"
2021:genome.gov
2002:2012-03-03
1419:References
1283:Acne prone
1119:Roman nose
995:Cleft chin
884:Recessive
630:A & B
520:chromosome
497:Drosophila
442:eukaryotes
325:insertions
310:aneuploidy
266:Schematic
240:Inbreeding
97:DNA repair
2992:Filipinos
2962:Sinhalese
2957:Gujaratis
2947:Moroccans
2942:Egyptians
2897:Romanians
2813:East Asia
2684:by region
1072:Dry-type
1066:Wet-type
881:Dominant
545:than the
516:gonosomes
486:found in
418:gene flow
321:deletions
317:g-banding
306:metaphase
302:karyotype
294:Karyotype
276:G banding
268:karyogram
256:karyogram
246:Karyotype
197:trisomy X
3285:Category
3083:Autosome
3023:Category
2982:Japanese
2902:Russians
2882:Bosniaks
2867:by group
2840:Thailand
2752:Caucasus
2627:Timeline
2239:(1999).
2071:37824317
2063:12720093
1921:Archived
1903:Archived
1827:Medscape
1761:15009706
1629:Archived
1480:SciTable
1387:See also
1055:Freckles
868:patterns
414:mutation
380:medicine
345:Genomics
339:Genomics
229:pedigree
165:albinism
136:dominant
69:genomics
2877:Basques
2873:Europe
2847:America
2487:2223161
2271:. Wiley
2217:. Wiley
2191:. Wiley
1948:5173168
1659:7187238
1519:Biology
1327:Source
1324:Effect
1313:Genetic
621:Normal
492:mammals
482:is the
444:) have
2892:Croats
2784:Iberia
2764:Europe
2691:Africa
2505:
2484:
2452:
2433:
2414:
2361:
2331:
2309:
2247:
2096:31 May
2069:
2061:
1946:
1759:
1657:
1529:
1074:earwax
1068:earwax
789:copper
503:Ginkgo
488:humans
351:genome
83:, and
2937:Arabs
2933:MENA
2929:Turks
2912:Serbs
2828:China
2789:Italy
2733:India
2116:(PDF)
2067:S2CID
2039:(PDF)
1996:(PDF)
1985:(PDF)
1804:(PDF)
774:HGPRT
2924:Jews
2907:Sami
2503:ISBN
2450:ISBN
2431:ISBN
2412:ISBN
2359:ISBN
2342:2013
2329:ISBN
2307:ISBN
2277:2013
2245:ISBN
2223:2013
2197:2013
2171:2013
2098:2012
2059:PMID
1944:PMID
1880:2011
1757:PMID
1655:PMID
1527:ISBN
699:GAGs
478:The
142:and
2482:PMC
2387:doi
2383:168
2299:doi
2051:doi
1747:doi
1743:122
959:PTC
508:sex
3287::
3196:22
3191:21
3186:20
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
