325:. The virus has been successfully cultured by Pyrc and coworkers in the ex vivo model of human respiratory epithelium. Additional research has revealed that the virus attaches itself to O-acetylated sialic acids on the cell surface, which instigates a conformational shift in the S protein, facilitating interaction with the entry receptor. Intriguingly, the enzyme kallikrein 13 has been identified as an activating factor responsible for the spike protein processing by the Pyrc's team. This could potentially specify the virus's tissue and cellular preference, and might also govern the regulation of interspecies transmission.
49:
2619:
1395:
31:
445:
who were curious to discover if HCoV-HKU1 was in their area. They conducted a study of specimens collected in a 7-week period (December 2001 – February 2002) in 851 infants and children. Specimens of nine children had human coronavirus HKU1. These children had respiratory tract infections at the time
969:
Pronker, Matti F.; Creutznacher, Robert; Drulyte, Ieva; Hulswit, Ruben J.G.; Li, Zeshi; Van
Kuppeveld, Frank J.M.; Snijder, Joost; Lang, Yifei; Bosch, Berend-Jan; Boons, Geert-Jan; Frank, Martin; Groot, Raoul J. de; Hurdiss, Daniel L. (2023). "Sialoglycan binding triggers spike opening in a human
991:
Milewska, Aleksandra; Falkowski, Katherine; Kulczycka, Magdalena; Bielecka, Ewa; Naskalska, Antonina; Mak, Pawel; Lesner, Adam; Ochman, Marek; Urlik, Maciej; Diamandis, Elftherios; Prassas, Ioannis; Potempa, Jan; Kantyka, Tomasz; Pyrc, Krzysztof (2020-11-24).
785:
In all members of
Betacoronavirus subgroup A, a haemagglutinin esterase (HE) gene, which encodes a glycoprotein with neuraminate O-acetyl-esterase activity and the active site FGDS, is present downstream to ORF1ab and upstream to S gene (Figure
426:
A trace-back analysis of SARS negative nasopharyngeal aspirates from patients with respiratory illness during the SARS period in 2003, identified the presence of CoV-HKU1 RNA in the sample from a 35-year-old woman with pneumonia.
478:(RT-PCR). The researchers reported that the strains identified in New Haven were similar to the strain found in Hong Kong and suggested a worldwide distribution. These strains found in New Haven is not to be confused with
911:
Huang, Xingchuan; Dong, Wenjuan; Milewska, Aleksandra; Golda, Anna; Qi, Yonghe; Zhu, Quan K.; Marasco, Wayne A.; Baric, Ralph S.; Sims, Amy C.; Pyrc, Krzysztof; Li, Wenhui; Sui, Jianhua (2015-07-15). Perlman, S. (ed.).
1121:
Kirchdoerfer, Robert N.; Cottrell, Christopher A.; Wang, Nianshuang; Pallesen, Jesper; Yassine, Hadi M.; Turner, Hannah L.; Corbett, Kizzmekia S.; Graham, Barney S.; McLellan, Jason S.; Ward, Andrew B. (March 2016).
1091:
434:. Respiratory samples were collected between May and August (winter in Australia). Investigators found that most of the HCoV-HKU1–positive samples originated from children in the later winter months.
616:
Woo, P. C. Y.; Lau, S. K. P.; Chu, C.-m.; Chan, K.-h.; Tsoi, H.-w.; Huang, Y.; Wong, B. H. L.; Poon, R. W. S.; Cai, J. J.; Luk, W.-k.; Poon, L. L. M.; Wong, S. S. Y.; Guan, Y.; Peiris, J. S. M.;
854:
Pyrc, Krzysztof; Sims, Amy C.; Dijkman, Ronald; Jebbink, Maarten; Long, Casey; Deming, Damon; Donaldson, Eric; Vabret, Astrid; Baric, Ralph; van der Hoek, Lia; Pickles, Raymond (November 2010).
489:
In July 2005, six cases were reported in France. In these cases, French investigators utilized improved techniques for recovering the virus from nasopharyngeal aspirates and from stool samples.
3230:
914:"Human Coronavirus HKU1 Spike Protein Uses O -Acetylated Sialic Acid as an Attachment Receptor Determinant and Employs Hemagglutinin-Esterase Protein as a Receptor-Destroying Enzyme"
2122:
370:
801:
Lau, S. K. P.; Woo, P. C. Y.; Yip, C. C. Y.; Tse, H.; Tsoi, H.-w.; Cheng, V. C. C.; Lee, P.; Tang, B. S. F.; Cheung, C. H. Y.; Lee, R. A.; So, L.-y.; Lau, Y.-l.; Chan, K.-h.;
1571:
340:(N) genes were analyzed, incompatible phylogenetic relationships were discovered. Complete genome sequencing of 22 strains of HCoV-HKU1 confirmed this was due to natural
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2228:
1859:
475:
380:
2613:
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3244:
375:
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2741:
856:"Culturing the Unculturable: Human Coronavirus HKU1 Infects, Replicates, and Produces Progeny Virions in Human Ciliated Airway Epithelial Cell Cultures"
2781:
1429:
522:
2646:
2874:
1757:
1183:"Cryo-EM structure of coronavirus-HKU1 haemagglutinin esterase reveals architectural changes arising from prolonged circulation in humans"
446:
the specimens were collected (in one girl so severe that mechanical ventilation was needed), while testing negative for other causes like
309:
Woo and coworkers were unsuccessful in their attempts to grow a HCoV-HKU1 isolate but were able to obtain the complete genomic sequence.
2931:
1964:
284:
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2141:
498:
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The first known cases in the
Western hemisphere were discovered in 2005 after analysing older specimens by clinical virologists at
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1959:
329:
1181:
Hurdiss DL, Drulyte I, Lang Y, Shamorkina TM, Pronker MF, van
Kuppeveld FJ, Snijder J, de Groot RJ (16 November 2020).
430:
Following the initial reports of the discovery of HCoV-HKU1, the virus was identified that same year in 10 patients in
3403:
3329:
3323:
2996:
2494:
1422:
622:"Characterization and Complete Genome Sequence of a Novel Coronavirus, Coronavirus HKU1, from Patients with Pneumonia"
48:
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domain. This domain is shielded from recognition by the immune system via size changes and glycosylation.
387:
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414:) differs from conventional ones (such as the one in OC43) by having a much smaller vestigial
43:
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451:
288:
3129:
2885:
2043:
2016:
1954:
1949:
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180:
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283:
HCoV-HKU1 was first detected in
January 2004, in a 71-year-old man who was hospitalized due to
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883:
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748:
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641:
633:
578:
560:
994:"Kallikrein 13 serves as a priming protease during infection by the human coronavirus HKU1"
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3397:
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2708:
2049:
1985:
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318:
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145:
109:
1291:
Esper, Frank; Weibel, Carla; Ferguson, David; Landry, Marie L.; Kahn, Jeffrey S. (2006).
1198:
1139:
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298:
In 2023 according to the 2021 new binomial naming proposal, HCoV-HKU1 was renamed to
230:
133:
85:
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3584:
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3112:
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2510:
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2101:
1838:
1810:
1736:
1708:
1615:
1464:
1340:
Vabret, A.; Dina, J.; Gouarin, S.; Petitjean, J.; Corbet, S.; Freymuth, F. (2006).
351:
HCoV-HKU1 is one of seven known coronaviruses to infect humans. The other six are:
221:
in humans and animals. It causes an upper respiratory disease with symptoms of the
97:
637:
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1996:
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1522:
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1407:
271:
237:. Subsequent research revealed it has global distribution and earlier genesis.
222:
218:
157:
121:
1394:
1292:
1242:"Evidence of human coronavirus HKU1 and human bocavirus in Australian children"
1207:
30:
3474:
3258:
3015:
2365:
2275:
2233:
1258:
1009:
976:
669:
Lim, Yvonne Xinyi; Ng, Yan Ling; Tam, James P.; Liu, Ding Xiang (2016-07-25).
547:
Lim, Yvonne Xinyi; Ng, Yan Ling; Tam, James P.; Liu, Ding Xiang (2016-07-25).
459:
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937:
879:
762:
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1452:
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Sloots, T; McErlean, P; Speicher, D; Arden, K; Nissen, M; MacKay, I (2006).
687:
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292:
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400:
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753:
415:
345:
3643:
1358:
3630:
3389:
3021:
1342:"Detection of the New Human Coronavirus HKU1: A Report of 6 Cases"
60:
3714:
807:"Coronavirus HKU1 and Other Coronavirus Infections in Hong Kong"
3647:
2635:
2548:
1498:
1411:
371:
Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (MERS-CoV)
2856:
249:
317:(MHV), and is distinct in that regard from other known human
404:) has been noted for its large size. The HE protein (
381:
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)
1124:"Pre-fusion structure of a human coronavirus spike protein"
263:(HE) gene, which distinguishes it as a member of the genus
671:"Human Coronaviruses: A Review of Virus–Host Interactions"
549:"Human Coronaviruses: A Review of Virus–Host Interactions"
376:
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-1)
233:. It was first discovered in January 2004 from one man in
527:
International
Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)
2123:
Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus
3656:
3607:
3583:
3491:
3414:
3369:
3358:
3187:
3149:
3128:
3096:
3051:
3005:
2884:
2873:
2846:
2673:
2572:
2563:
2508:
2450:
2422:
2411:
2363:
2333:
2305:
2294:
2206:
2162:
2099:
2071:
1994:
1983:
1929:
1901:
1873:
1836:
1808:
1771:
1734:
1706:
1669:
1641:
1613:
1585:
1572:
Rhinolophus ferrumequinum alphacoronavirus HuB-2013
1548:
1520:
1509:
1098:. Decision Support in Medicine, LLC. Archived from
796:
794:
731:Woo, Patrick C. Y.; Huang, Yi; Lau, Susanna K. P.;
737:"Coronavirus Genomics and Bioinformatics Analysis"
291:. The man had recently returned to Hong Kong from
1293:"Coronavirus HKU1 Infection in the United States"
313:showed that HKU1 is most closely related to the
1860:NL63-related bat coronavirus strain BtKYNL63-9b
476:reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction
394:in 2016 and 2020, respectively. The S protein (
1051:"Human Coronavirus: Host-Pathogen Interaction"
482:(New Haven coronavirus), which is a strain of
2647:
1423:
255:which enters its host cell by binding to the
8:
1751:Nyctalus velutinus alphacoronavirus SC-2013
257:N-acetyl-9-O-acetylneuraminic acid receptor
3644:
3366:
3146:
2911:Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
2881:
2654:
2640:
2632:
2578:
2569:
2560:
2545:
2516:
2458:
2430:
2419:
2371:
2341:
2313:
2302:
2214:
2170:
2107:
2079:
2002:
1991:
1937:
1909:
1881:
1844:
1816:
1779:
1742:
1714:
1677:
1649:
1621:
1593:
1556:
1528:
1517:
1495:
1430:
1416:
1408:
386:The structures of HCoV-HKU1 spike (S) and
29:
18:
2782:Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type
1722:Myotis ricketti alphacoronavirus Sax-2011
1367:
1357:
1316:
1267:
1257:
1216:
1206:
1157:
1147:
1066:
1025:
975:
945:
887:
830:
770:
752:
704:
686:
645:
582:
564:
1049:Fung, To Sing; Liu, Ding Xiang (2019).
514:
7:
1758:Pipistrellus kuhlii coronavirus 3398
611:
609:
607:
605:
390:(HE) proteins have been resolved by
2932:Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
2087:Bat Hp-betacoronavirus Zhejiang2013
1965:Transmissible gastroenteritis virus
1068:10.1146/annurev-micro-020518-115759
344:. HCoV-HKU1 likely originated from
285:acute respiratory distress syndrome
366:Human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43)
361:Human coronavirus NL63 (HCoV-NL63)
356:Human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E)
14:
3251:Severe acute respiratory syndrome
2777:Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma
2149:Tylonycteris bat coronavirus HKU4
2142:Pipistrellus bat coronavirus HKU5
1090:Leung, Daniel (20 January 2019).
499:Tylonycteris bat coronavirus HKU4
452:parainfluenza viruses (types 1–3)
448:Human respiratory syncytial virus
3237:Middle East respiratory syndrome
2617:
2474:Common moorhen coronavirus HKU21
2186:Rousettus bat coronavirus GCCDC1
1824:Rhinolophus bat coronavirus HKU2
1693:Miniopterus bat coronavirus HKU8
1393:
1092:"Coronaviruses (including SARS)"
811:Journal of Clinical Microbiology
47:
1795:Scotophilus bat coronavirus 512
1788:Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus
464:direct immunofluorescence assay
287:and radiographically confirmed
2836:Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma
2822:Splenic marginal zone lymphoma
2251:Bat SARS-like coronavirus WIV1
2193:Rousettus bat coronavirus HKU9
2030:China Rattus coronavirus HKU24
1917:Suncus murinus coronavirus X74
504:Rousettus bat coronavirus HKU9
1:
2524:Night heron coronavirus HKU19
1889:Sorex araneus coronavirus T14
1686:Miniopterus bat coronavirus 1
1055:Annual Review of Microbiology
638:10.1128/JVI.79.2.884-895.2005
3041:Tropical spastic paraparesis
2946:Lymphocytic choriomeningitis
2350:Beluga whale coronavirus SW1
2179:Eidolon bat coronavirus C704
1960:Canine coronavirus HuPn-2018
1346:Clinical Infectious Diseases
1297:Emerging Infectious Diseases
1246:Journal of Clinical Virology
330:RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
3404:Cytomegalovirus esophagitis
3324:Human parainfluenza viruses
2997:Ramsay Hunt syndrome type 2
2495:White-eye coronavirus HKU16
300:Betacoronavirus hongkonense
202:Betacoronavirus hongkonense
172:Betacoronavirus hongkonense
23:Betacoronavirus hongkonense
3780:
1629:Lucheng Rn rat coronavirus
1208:10.1038/s41467-020-18440-6
1096:Infectious Disease Advisor
3068:Cytomegalovirus retinitis
2610:
2581:
2559:
2544:
2519:
2461:
2433:
2374:
2344:
2316:
2217:
2173:
2134:MERS coronavirus EMC/2012
2110:
2082:
2005:
1940:
1912:
1884:
1847:
1819:
1782:
1745:
1717:
1680:
1652:
1624:
1596:
1559:
1531:
1494:
1448:
1259:10.1016/j.jcv.2005.09.008
1010:10.1126/scisignal.aba9902
977:10.1101/2023.04.20.536837
456:influenza A and B viruses
186:
179:
42:
37:
28:
21:
3170:Infectious mononucleosis
2987:Chandipura vesiculovirus
2817:Hepatocellular carcinoma
2762:Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
2695:Hepatocellular carcinoma
2467:Bulbul coronavirus HKU11
2438:Wigeon coronavirus HKU20
2223:SARS-related coronavirus
2058:Myodes coronavirus 2JL14
38:Formation of HcoV-HKU1.
2966:Encephalitis lethargica
2667:viral systemic diseases
2488:Munia coronavirus HKU13
1536:Bat coronavirus CDPHE15
688:10.3390/diseases4030026
566:10.3390/diseases4030026
439:Yale-New Haven Hospital
3688:Human coronavirus HKU1
3658:Human coronavirus HKU1
3338:Human orthopneumovirus
2992:Herpesviral meningitis
2953:Arbovirus encephalitis
2387:Avian coronavirus 9203
2321:Goose coronavirus CB17
2129:London1_novel CoV/2012
2116:Hedgehog coronavirus 1
2037:Human coronavirus HKU1
2022:Human coronavirus OC43
1853:Human coronavirus NL63
1601:Human coronavirus 229E
1401:Human coronavirus HKU1
1309:10.3201/eid1205.051316
523:"Taxon Details | ICTV"
484:Human coronavirus NL63
443:New Haven, Connecticut
388:hemagglutinin esterase
261:Hemagglutinin esterase
208:Human coronavirus HKU1
189:Human coronavirus HKU1
2796:Merkel-cell carcinoma
2586:Microhyla letovirus 1
2394:Duck coronavirus 2714
1565:Bat coronavirus HKU10
1187:Nature Communications
468:human metapneumovirus
315:mouse hepatitis virus
311:Phylogenetic analysis
225:, but can advance to
3441:Adenovirus infection
2905:Human polyomavirus 2
2734:Oropharyngeal cancer
930:10.1128/JVI.00854-15
872:10.1128/JVI.00947-10
823:10.1128/JCM.02614-05
44:Virus classification
3027:Post-polio syndrome
2663:Infectious diseases
1199:2020NatCo..11.4646H
1149:10.1038/nature17200
1140:2016Natur.531..118K
918:Journal of Virology
866:(21): 11255–11263.
860:Journal of Virology
626:Journal of Virology
289:bilateral pneumonia
3160:Epstein–Barr virus
3130:Respiratory system
2767:Burkitt's lymphoma
2044:Murine coronavirus
2017:Bovine coronavirus
1955:Canine coronavirus
1950:Feline coronavirus
1945:Alphacoronavirus 1
1657:Mink coronavirus 1
1502:Orthocoronavirinae
432:northern Australia
217:) is a species of
205:( commonly called
3764:Betacoronaviruses
3751:
3750:
3650:Taxon identifiers
3641:
3640:
3603:
3602:
3354:
3353:
3285:Influenza virus A
3202:Human coronavirus
3092:
3091:
3082:Herpes of the eye
2629:
2628:
2606:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2540:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2504:
2503:
2481:Coronavirus HKU15
2446:
2445:
2407:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2380:Avian coronavirus
2359:
2358:
2329:
2328:
2290:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2202:
2201:
2158:
2157:
2095:
2094:
2067:
2066:
2011:Betacoronavirus 1
1979:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1925:
1924:
1897:
1896:
1869:
1868:
1832:
1831:
1804:
1803:
1767:
1766:
1730:
1729:
1702:
1701:
1665:
1664:
1637:
1636:
1609:
1608:
1581:
1580:
1544:
1543:
1450:Higher taxonomy:
1134:(7592): 118–121.
998:Science Signaling
924:(14): 7202–7213.
319:betacoronaviruses
198:
197:
3771:
3744:
3743:
3731:
3730:
3718:
3717:
3705:
3704:
3692:
3691:
3690:
3677:
3676:
3675:
3645:
3367:
3362:digestive system
3279:Orthomyxoviridae
3245:SARS coronavirus
3231:MERS coronavirus
3147:
2959:Orthomyxoviridae
2882:
2848:Immune disorders
2772:Hodgkin lymphoma
2748:Kaposi's sarcoma
2656:
2649:
2642:
2633:
2621:
2579:
2570:
2561:
2546:
2517:
2459:
2431:
2420:
2414:Deltacoronavirus
2372:
2342:
2314:
2303:
2297:Gammacoronavirus
2215:
2171:
2108:
2080:
2003:
1992:
1938:
1910:
1882:
1845:
1817:
1780:
1743:
1715:
1678:
1650:
1622:
1594:
1557:
1529:
1518:
1512:Alphacoronavirus
1496:
1438:Taxonomy of the
1432:
1425:
1418:
1409:
1398:Data related to
1397:
1382:
1381:
1371:
1361:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1320:
1288:
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1102:on 16 April 2021
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754:10.3390/v2081803
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568:
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413:
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240:The virus is an
52:
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16:Species of virus
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3642:
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3461:Gastroenteritis
3419:
3416:Gastroenteritis
3410:
3398:Cytomegalovirus
3361:
3350:
3318:Paramyxoviridae
3307:Avian influenza
3183:
3178:Cytomegalovirus
3142:viral pneumonia
3140:
3137:nasopharyngitis
3136:
3133:
3124:
3088:
3062:Cytomegalovirus
3047:
3001:
2889:
2876:
2869:
2842:
2709:Cervical cancer
2669:
2660:
2630:
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2528:
2500:
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2355:
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2050:Rat coronavirus
1986:Betacoronavirus
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1828:
1800:
1763:
1726:
1698:
1661:
1633:
1605:
1577:
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1483:Cornidovirineae
1471:Pisoniviricetes
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512:
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424:
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395:
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293:Shenzhen, China
281:
266:Betacoronavirus
250:single-stranded
211:abbreviated as
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147:Betacoronavirus
111:Pisoniviricetes
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3098:Cardiovascular
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2565:Alphaletovirus
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1404:at Wikispecies
1389:
1388:External links
1386:
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1383:
1359:10.1086/500136
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1113:
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970:coronavirus".
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817:(6): 2063–71.
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735:(2010-08-24).
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2308:Brangacovirus
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1588:Duvinacovirus
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1504:
1503:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1488:Coronaviridae
1485:
1484:
1479:
1478:
1473:
1472:
1467:
1466:
1461:
1460:
1459:Orthornavirae
1455:
1454:
1447:
1443:
1442:
1441:Coronaviridae
1433:
1428:
1426:
1421:
1419:
1414:
1413:
1410:
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1402:
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1302:
1298:
1294:
1287:
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1279:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1252:(1): 99–102.
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694:
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676:
672:
665:
662:
657:
653:
648:
643:
639:
635:
632:(2): 884–95.
631:
627:
623:
619:
612:
610:
608:
606:
602:
598:
594:
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505:
502:
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377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
353:
352:
349:
347:
343:
342:recombination
339:
335:
331:
326:
324:
320:
316:
312:
304:
302:
301:
296:
294:
290:
286:
278:
276:
274:
273:
269:and subgenus
268:
267:
262:
259:. It has the
258:
254:
251:
247:
243:
238:
236:
232:
231:bronchiolitis
228:
224:
220:
216:
215:
210:
209:
204:
203:
191:
188:
187:
185:
182:
178:
174:
173:
168:
165:
164:
161:
160:
156:
153:
152:
149:
148:
144:
141:
140:
137:
136:
135:Coronaviridae
132:
129:
128:
125:
124:
120:
117:
116:
113:
112:
108:
105:
104:
101:
100:
96:
93:
92:
89:
88:
87:Orthornavirae
84:
81:
80:
77:
76:
72:
69:
66:
65:
62:
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55:
50:
45:
41:
36:
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24:
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3623:
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3585:Pancreatitis
3567:
3555:
3543:
3531:
3524:
3505:
3480:
3473:
3466:
3454:
3433:
3396:
3382:
3343:
3336:
3322:
3316:
3283:
3277:
3257:
3243:
3229:
3212:
3200:
3176:
3158:
3113:Pericarditis
3105:
3074:
3060:
3033:
3014:
2972:
2957:
2938:
2924:
2903:
2886:Encephalitis
2855:
2828:
2809:
2788:
2754:
2740:
2701:
2687:
2585:
2573:
2564:
2550:
2523:
2511:Herdecovirus
2509:
2493:
2486:
2479:
2472:
2465:
2453:Buldecovirus
2451:
2437:
2423:
2412:
2392:
2385:
2378:
2364:
2348:
2334:
2320:
2306:
2295:
2221:
2209:Sarbecovirus
2207:
2191:
2184:
2177:
2163:
2147:
2140:
2121:
2114:
2102:Merbecovirus
2100:
2086:
2072:
2056:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2028:
2009:
1995:
1984:
1944:
1930:
1916:
1902:
1888:
1874:
1858:
1851:
1839:Setracovirus
1837:
1823:
1811:Rhinacovirus
1809:
1793:
1786:
1772:
1756:
1749:
1737:Nyctacovirus
1735:
1721:
1709:Myotacovirus
1707:
1691:
1684:
1670:
1656:
1642:
1628:
1616:Luchacovirus
1614:
1600:
1586:
1570:
1563:
1549:
1535:
1521:
1510:
1500:
1487:
1481:
1475:
1469:
1465:Pisuviricota
1463:
1457:
1451:
1439:
1400:
1352:(5): 634–9.
1349:
1345:
1335:
1303:(5): 775–9.
1300:
1296:
1286:
1249:
1245:
1235:
1190:
1186:
1176:
1131:
1127:
1116:
1104:. Retrieved
1100:the original
1095:
1085:
1058:
1054:
1044:
1001:
997:
986:
964:
921:
917:
906:
863:
859:
849:
814:
810:
784:
744:
740:
726:
719:See Table 1.
718:
678:
674:
664:
629:
625:
597:See Table 1.
596:
556:
552:
542:
530:. Retrieved
526:
517:
488:
479:
436:
429:
425:
422:Epidemiology
385:
350:
338:nucleocapsid
327:
308:
299:
297:
282:
270:
264:
239:
213:
212:
207:
206:
201:
200:
199:
171:
170:
158:
146:
134:
122:
110:
99:Pisuviricota
98:
86:
74:
67:
57:(unranked):
22:
3682:Wikispecies
3482:Coronavirus
3223:Common cold
3135:acute viral
3118:Myocarditis
2962:(probable)
2714:Anal cancer
2623:Wikispecies
2574:Milecovirus
2552:Letovirinae
2425:Andecovirus
2336:Cegacovirus
2165:Nobecovirus
2074:Hibecovirus
1997:Embecovirus
1932:Tegacovirus
1904:Sunacovirus
1876:Soracovirus
1774:Pedacovirus
1644:Minacovirus
1551:Decacovirus
1523:Colacovirus
1477:Nidovirales
1193:(1): 4646.
1061:: 529–557.
803:Yuen, K.-y.
618:Yuen, K.-y.
466:as well as
272:Embecovirus
223:common cold
219:coronavirus
159:Embecovirus
123:Nidovirales
3609:Urogenital
3475:Astrovirus
3435:Adenovirus
3259:SARS-CoV-2
3016:Poliovirus
2891:meningitis
2366:Igacovirus
2276:SHC014-CoV
2234:SARS-CoV-2
2229:SARS-CoV-1
510:References
460:adenovirus
321:, such as
154:Subgenus:
3673:Q16983360
3520:RNA virus
3501:DNA virus
3493:Hepatitis
3468:Norovirus
3456:Rotavirus
3450:RNA virus
3429:DNA virus
3375:Esophagus
3303:Influenza
3189:RNA virus
3151:DNA virus
2920:RNA virus
2899:DNA virus
2805:RNA virus
2683:DNA virus
2675:Oncovirus
1453:Riboviria
1018:1945-0877
938:0022-538X
880:0022-538X
763:1999-4915
697:2079-9721
681:(3): 26.
575:2079-9721
559:(3): 26.
336:(S), and
328:When the
323:HCoV-OC43
253:RNA virus
242:enveloped
235:Hong Kong
227:pneumonia
214:HCoV-HKU1
192:HCoV-HKU1
166:Species:
82:Kingdom:
75:Riboviria
3758:Category
3728:11459993
3667:Wikidata
3618:BK virus
3421:diarrhea
3265:COVID-19
3007:Myelitis
2612:Source:
2256:RacCS203
2246:BANAL-52
2239:Variants
1378:16447108
1327:16704837
1278:16257260
1227:32938911
1168:26935699
1106:1 August
1077:31226023
1036:33234691
956:25926653
898:20719951
841:16757599
805:(2006).
781:21994708
715:28933406
675:Diseases
656:15613317
620:(2004).
593:28933406
553:Diseases
493:See also
332:(RdRp),
305:Virology
181:Synonyms
130:Family:
94:Phylum:
3715:8615515
3371:Pharynx
2875:Central
1369:7107802
1318:3374449
1269:7108338
1218:7495468
1195:Bibcode
1159:4860016
1136:Bibcode
1027:7857416
1004:(659).
972:bioRxiv
947:4473545
889:2953148
832:1489438
772:3185738
741:Viruses
706:5456285
584:5456285
532:25 July
480:HCoV-NH
472:HCoV-NH
450:(RSV),
392:Cryo-EM
346:rodents
279:History
142:Genus:
118:Order:
106:Class:
3741:290028
3035:HTLV-I
2980:Rabies
2830:HTLV-I
2271:RpYN06
2266:RmYN02
2261:RaTG13
1376:
1366:
1325:
1315:
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1128:Nature
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644:
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458:, and
416:lectin
3723:IRMNG
3702:3MT7Y
3631:Mumps
3390:Mumps
3360:Human
2790:MCPyV
1486:>
1480:>
1474:>
1468:>
1462:>
1456:>
334:spike
68:Realm
61:Virus
3736:NCBI
3345:hMPV
3217:OC43
3213:HKU1
3209:NL63
3205:229E
2863:AIDS
2742:KSHV
2614:ICTV
1374:PMID
1323:PMID
1274:PMID
1223:PMID
1164:PMID
1108:2020
1073:PMID
1032:PMID
1014:ISSN
952:PMID
934:ISSN
894:PMID
876:ISSN
837:PMID
777:PMID
759:ISSN
711:PMID
693:ISSN
652:PMID
589:PMID
571:ISSN
534:2024
470:and
411:6Y3Y
401:5I08
229:and
3710:EoL
3697:CoL
3625:MuV
3594:CBV
3569:HEV
3557:HDV
3545:HCV
3533:HAV
3526:CBV
3507:HBV
3384:MuV
3315:V,
3107:CBV
3076:HSV
3053:Eye
2940:LCV
2926:MeV
2857:HIV
2811:HCV
2756:EBV
2703:HPV
2689:HBV
2616:––
1364:PMC
1354:doi
1313:PMC
1305:doi
1264:PMC
1254:doi
1213:PMC
1203:doi
1154:PMC
1144:doi
1132:531
1063:doi
1022:PMC
1006:doi
942:PMC
926:doi
884:PMC
868:doi
827:PMC
819:doi
786:1).
767:PMC
749:doi
701:PMC
683:doi
642:PMC
634:doi
579:PMC
561:doi
474:by
462:by
441:in
407:PDB
397:PDB
3760::
3738::
3725::
3712::
3699::
3684::
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3197:IV
2974:RV
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