259:(HDR) is an annual publication released by the UNDP's Human Development Report Office and contains the Human Development Index. Within global HDR there are four main indexes: Human Development Index, Gender-related Development Index, Gender Empowerment Measure and the Human Poverty Index. There are not only a global Human Development Reports but there are also regional and national reports. The Regional, National and subnational (for portions of countries) HDRs take various approaches, according to the strategic thinking of the individual authorship groups that craft the individual reports. In the United States, for example,
290:
36:
180:, Raymond Apthorpe, Irene van Staveren, and Ananta Giri. Elson (1997) proposes that human development should move towards a more diverse approach to individual incentives. This will involve a shift from seeing people as agents in control of their choices selecting from a set of possibilities utilizing
502:
has emerged across the globe, due to the fact that a large proportion of students enrolled in school are not learning. A World Bank study found that "53 percent of children in low- and middle-income countries cannot read and understand a simple story by the end of primary school." While schooling has
184:
as one of many assets. Instead, theorists should see people as having more mutable choices influenced by social structures and changeable capacities and using a humanistic approach to theory including factors relating to an individual's culture, age, gender, and family roles. These extensions express
497:
Since 1909, the percentage of children in the developing world attending school has increased. Before then, a small minority of boys attended school. By the start of the twenty-first century, the majority of children in most regions of the world attended some form of school. By 2016, over 91 percent
429:
To reflect gaps in the Human
Development Index, the United Nations came out with the Human Poverty Index (HPI) in 1997. The HPI measures the deficiencies in the three indexes of the human development index: long and healthy life, knowledge and a decent standard of living. The HPI is meant to provide
525:
in the education sector as a major stumbling block to achieving
Universal Primary Education in Africa. Furthermore, demand in the developing world for improved educational access is not as high as foreigners have expected. Indigenous governments are reluctant to take on the ongoing costs involved.
113:
The United
Nations Development Programme defines human development as "the process of enlarging people's choices", said choices allowing them to "lead a long and healthy life, to be educated, to enjoy a decent standard of living", as well as "political freedom, other guaranteed human rights and
493:
initiative. In
September 2022, the Transformation Education Summit sounded the alarm on the need for global solutions. On this occasion, UNESCO published a report on a "new social contract for education", calling for a "peaceful, just and sustainable" future and underlining the importance of
533:
indicates that stronger capacities in educational planning and management may have an important spill-over effect on the system as a whole. Sustainable capacity development requires complex interventions at the institutional, organizational and individual levels that could be based on some
274:
is a way for people and nations to see the policy flaws of regions and countries. Although the releasing of this information is believed to encourage countries to alter their policies, there is no evidence demonstrating changes nor is there any motivation for countries to do so.
215:(MDGs) which ran from 2000–2015. The United Nations made a commitment to accomplish these goals by 2015 and thus make an attempt to promote human development. As the experience of this exercise was perceived successful, a follow-up program was developed and named as the
858:
Gasper, Des. Logos, pathos and ehtos in martha C. Nussbaum's capabilities approach to human development. in Comim, Flavio, and Martha C. Nussbaum, eds. Capabilities, Gender, Equality: towards fundamental entitlements. Cambridge
University Press, 2014.
464:
The 2030 Agenda for
Sustainable Development, adopted by the United Nations (UN) General Assembly in September 2015, calls for a new vision to address the environmental, social and economic concerns facing the world today. The Agenda includes 17
101:
have adopted human development as a holistic approach to evaluating a country’s progress that considers living conditions, social relations, individual freedoms and political institutions that contribute to freedom and
138:
and his Human
Capabilities perspective, which played a role in his receiving the 1998 Nobel Prize in Economics. Notable early active economists who formulated the modern concept of human development theory were
513:, towards which progress has been made in the past decade, though barriers still remain. Securing charitable funding from prospective donors is one particularly persistent problem. Researchers at the
211:
was compelled to develop something that existed in the private sector: setting out a long term plan, a mid term plan and a short term planning. This endeavour supports on Agenda21 and was named the
517:
have indicated that the main obstacles to funding for education include conflicting donor priorities, an immature aid architecture, and a lack of evidence and advocacy for the issue. Additionally,
1164:
481:, covering all aspects of education. Through initiatives, projects, conventions and events, UNESCO addresses issues related to education and shapes its future. The UN agency has established the
530:
237:
Productivity states the full participation of people in the process of income generation. This also means that the government needs more efficient social programs for its people.
1478:
958:
Elson, Diane. "Economic paradigms old and new: The case of human development." In Global
Development Fifty Years after Bretton Woods, pp. 50-71. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1997.
1445:
526:
There is also economic pressure from some parents, who prefer their children to earn money in the short term rather than work towards the long-term benefits of education.
896:
804:
1697:
1553:
176:
Anthropologists and sociologists have also challenged perspectives on Human
Development Theory that stem from neoclassical economics. Examples of scholars include,
1423:
1342:
482:
267:, which measures the same three basic dimensions but uses slightly different indicators to better reflect the U.S. context and to maximize use of available data.
114:
various ingredients of self-respect". Thus, human development is about much more than economic growth, which is only a means of enlarging people's choices.
406:
and thus human development. Although this index makes an effort to simplify human development, it is much more complex than any index or set of indicators.
204:
and more and more companies and organisations also align their strategic plan with the strategic plan of Agenda21. With the approaching of the year 2000,
1172:
439:
409:
The 2007 report showed a small increase in world HDI in comparison with the previous year's report. This rise was fueled by a general improvement in the
155:(UNDP) stems from this early research. In 2000, Sen and Sudhir Anand published a notable development of the theory to address issues in sustainability.
234:
Sustainability is the view that we all have the right to earn a living that can sustain our lives and have access to a more even distribution of goods.
1396:
1009:
869:
Cruz Ivonne, Stahel Andri, Max-Neef
Manfred (2009). "Towards a systemic development approach: Building on the Human-Scale Development paradigm".
185:
a dynamic approach to the theory, a dynamism that has been advocated by Ul Haq and Sen, in spite of the implicit criticism of those two figures.
165:
in the theory, and particularly to human emotion. A separate approach stems in part from needs theories of psychology which in part started with
1359:
1086:
1318:
1242:
1204:
645:
618:
243:
Cooperation stimulates participation and belonging to communities and groups as a means of mutual enrichment and a source of social meaning.
1534:
152:
246:
Security offers people development opportunities freely and safely with confidence that they will not disappear suddenly in the future.
2222:
456:
Leandro Prados de la Escosura has an alternative dataset for human development, which he calls the Augmented Human Development Index.
320:
57:
1482:
553:
a certain percentage of students should be removed for improvisation of academics (usually practiced in schools, after tenth grade).
995:
1453:
1043:
767:
Welzel Christian, Inglehart Ronald, Klikemann Hans Dieter (2003). "The theory of human development: A cross-cultural analysis".
227:
There are six basic pillars of human development: equity, sustainability, productivity, empowerment, cooperation and security.
2227:
1431:
514:
478:
470:
547:
partners should commit to a long-term investment in capacity development while working towards some short-term achievements;
231:
Equity is the idea of fairness for every person, between men and women; we each have the right to education and health care.
972:
200: – an agenda to make sure humanity will still be around after the year 2100. Thousands of cities now have a
173:
in the mid-to-late 1980s which addresses human needs and satisfiers which are more or less static across time and context.
2063:
466:
216:
544:
plans should employ an integrated set of complementary interventions, though implementation may need to proceed in steps;
1647:
1420:
510:
212:
48:
2172:
1712:
506:
1879:
518:
445:
2007:
1819:
1682:
1283:
568:
414:
82:
598:
1788:
1752:
1527:
256:
1284:"Transforming Education Summit, September 2022 | SDG4 Education 2030 - Global Education Cooperation Mechanism"
664:
126:
noted that "Wealth is evidently not the good we are seeking, for it is merely useful for something else", and
2152:
2046:
1582:
550:
outside intervention should be conditional on an impact assessment of national capacities at various levels;
284:
271:
148:
86:
2122:
2117:
2032:
2002:
1235:
Cracking the code: girls' and women's education in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM)
2182:
2157:
2142:
2073:
2058:
1893:
1859:
1782:
1767:
1652:
1567:
890:
798:
418:
240:
Empowerment is the freedom of the people to influence development and decisions that affect their lives.
1388:
1013:
430:
a broader view of human development and is adapted to developed countries to reveal social exclusion.
1799:
1762:
1637:
1602:
1367:
1090:
522:
490:
410:
205:
78:
402:
for countries worldwide. It is an improved standard means of measuring well-being, especially child
134:
were concerned with human capabilities. The theory grew in importance in the 1980s with the work of
2112:
2107:
1992:
1824:
1794:
1607:
1587:
1520:
448:. It combines indicators related to social welfare, equality, personal freedom and sustainability.
289:
2132:
1953:
1884:
1844:
1707:
1336:
941:
841:
713:
371:
260:
90:
1036:"About Human Development — Measure of America: A Program of the Social Science Research Council"
1064:
Srinivasan, T.N. (May 1994). "Human Development: A New Paradigm or Reinvention of the Wheel?".
2102:
1973:
1968:
1925:
1869:
1839:
1804:
1747:
1612:
1324:
1314:
1238:
1200:
1146:
641:
614:
403:
399:
264:
635:
2192:
2167:
2162:
2068:
1958:
1920:
1915:
1874:
1864:
1854:
1814:
1632:
1617:
1136:
931:
923:
878:
831:
784:
776:
749:
703:
606:
486:
170:
2187:
2177:
2147:
2053:
1687:
1597:
1427:
499:
391:
201:
161:'s publications in the late 1990s and 2000s pushed theorists to pay more attention to the
158:
107:
987:
35:
17:
1905:
1849:
1829:
1667:
1662:
1622:
1577:
1572:
708:
691:
563:
316:
312:
189:
166:
144:
94:
753:
169:(1968). Representative of these are the Human-Scale Development approach developed by
2216:
2137:
2012:
1930:
1834:
1702:
1672:
1642:
1035:
845:
717:
610:
578:
329:
193:
181:
140:
263:
has been publishing human development reports since 2008 with a modified index, the
2083:
2037:
2017:
1948:
1809:
1757:
1592:
945:
912:"Is Sen's capability approach an adequate basis for considering human development?"
882:
417:
group. This marked improvement at the bottom was offset with a decrease in HDI of
1194:
968:
2202:
1987:
1963:
1910:
1900:
1777:
1727:
1677:
1627:
927:
353:
177:
135:
538:
national leadership and ownership should be the touchstone of any intervention;
2022:
1997:
1935:
1722:
1543:
1328:
362:
208:
127:
103:
98:
1150:
503:
increased rapidly over the last few decades, learning has not followed suit.
122:
Human Development has roots in ancient philosophy and early economic theory.
2197:
2127:
2097:
2027:
1772:
1717:
1692:
1657:
780:
601:. In Vernengo, MatĂas; PĂ©rez-Caldentey, Esteban & Ghosh, Jayati (eds.).
395:
342:
333:
197:
131:
123:
1310:
Reimagining our futures together : a new social contract for education
1308:
836:
819:
730:
Yousif, Bassam. Human development in Iraq: 1950-1990. Routledge, 2013. p4-6
93:. Since the mid-twentieth century, international organisations such as the
740:
Anand S., Sen A. (2000). "Human development and economic sustainability".
1221:
Transforming our World: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development Goals
789:
573:
2078:
1940:
692:"The end of the human in the United Nations' human development concept"
1258:
1141:
1124:
936:
1732:
474:
475:
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
668:
667:. Human Development Reports (UNDP). 22 October 2009. Archived from
1507:
288:
498:
of children are enrolled in formal primary schooling. However, a
1104:
Streeten, Paul (May 1994). "Human Development: Means and Ends".
911:
303:
1516:
1196:
Human Development and the Path to Freedom: 1870 to the Present
29:
1512:
824:
AporĂa: Revista Internacional de Investigaciones FilosĂłficas
77:
The concept of human development expands upon the notion of
1125:"Augmented human development in the age of globalization†"
1446:"Poor governance jeopardises primary education in Africa"
541:
strategies must be context relevant and context specific;
444:
The Social Progress Index is published by the non-profit
988:"What is Human Development? - Human Development Reports"
265:
human development index American Human Development Index
531:
UNESCO International Institute for Educational Planning
53:
1087:"World Health Organization- Poverty and Development"
2091:
2045:
1981:
1892:
1741:
1560:
1415:
1413:
196:where UN members discuss a plan of action called
188:In an attempt to promote human development, the
1698:Perspectives on capitalism by school of thought
1421:What drives donor financing of basic education?
1419:Liesbet Steer and Geraldine Baudienville 2010.
820:"An aristotelian approach to human development"
483:Convention against Discrimination in Education
1528:
969:"United Nations Millennium Development Goals"
634:United Nations Development Programme (1997).
8:
1481:(Report). Paris: UNESCO-IIPE. Archived from
895:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
803:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1535:
1521:
1513:
1341:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
440:List of countries by Social Progress Index
1508:About Human Development on the HDR Office
1140:
935:
835:
788:
707:
640:. Human Development Report. p. 15.
603:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
494:education in profound societal changes.
1193:Escosura, Leandro Prados de la (2022).
1169:InvestigaciĂłn FundaciĂłn Rafael del Pino
1123:Escosura, Leandro Prados de la (2021).
589:
1334:
1081:
1079:
888:
796:
769:European Journal of Political Research
659:
657:
106:, in addition to standard measures of
1472:
1470:
1354:
1352:
7:
986:Nations, United (19 February 2015).
153:United Nations Development Programme
1237:. Paris: UNESCO. 2017. p. 14.
509:was one of the eight international
975:from the original on 19 June 2017.
709:10.21703/2735-6353.2020.19.02.0001
25:
1399:from the original on 15 July 2021
1089:. 22 October 2009. Archived from
452:Augmented Human Development Index
223:Measurements of human development
47:to comply with Knowledge (XXG)'s
1444:Addis Ababa (23 February 2010).
998:from the original on 2017-10-27.
611:10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_3152-1
34:
1479:Capacity development strategies
1165:"Human development - ArtĂculos"
1046:from the original on 2018-01-17
390:) is the normalized measure of
1432:Overseas Development Institute
1199:. Cambridge University Press.
883:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.02.004
515:Overseas Development Institute
1:
2064:Critique of political economy
818:Correa Mautz, Felipe (2023).
754:10.1016/s0305-750x(00)00071-1
690:Correa Mautz, Felipe (2020).
637:Human Development Report 1997
467:Sustainable Development Goals
294:
217:Sustainable Development Goals
1648:History of capitalist theory
1259:"Education transforms lives"
1010:"What is Human Development?"
511:Millennium Development Goals
213:Millennium Development Goals
1129:The Economic History Review
928:10.1080/0953825022000009898
916:Review of Political Economy
507:Universal Primary Education
2244:
1450:Transparency International
1360:"Primary school enrolment"
519:Transparency International
446:Social Progress Imperative
437:
347:
297:
282:
2223:International development
2008:Labour market flexibility
1683:Multinational corporation
1550:
1288:www.sdg4education2030.org
569:International development
534:foundational principles:
529:A study conducted by the
415:least developed countries
257:Human Development Reports
1426:2 September 2012 at the
1040:www.measureofamerica.org
251:Human Development Report
60:may contain suggestions.
45:may need to be rewritten
18:Human development theory
2153:Individualist anarchism
781:10.1111/1475-6765.00086
597:Correa, Felipe (2024).
489:Qualifications and the
460:Educational development
384:Human Development Index
285:Human Development Index
279:Human Development Index
272:Human Development Index
149:Human Development Index
147:, and Amartya Sen. The
2118:Collectivist anarchism
2033:Social venture capital
2003:Freedom of association
1477:de Grauwe, A. (2009).
1012:. UNDP. Archived from
837:10.7764/aporia.4.64463
605:. Palgrave Macmillan.
379:
2228:Development economics
2183:Post-scarcity economy
2158:Libertarian socialism
2143:Free-market socialism
2074:Market fundamentalism
2059:Capitalist propaganda
1653:Industrial Revolution
1568:Anarchy of production
1223:. New York: UN. 2016.
830:(especial): 102–117.
434:Social Progress Index
419:high income countries
292:
1638:Financial Revolution
1603:Economic development
871:Ecological Economics
696:Revista de FilosofĂa
491:Futures of Education
485:, the Convention on
413:, especially of the
206:UN Secretary General
79:economic development
27:Concept in economics
2113:Anarcho-syndicalism
2108:Anarcho-primitivism
1993:Economic inequality
1608:Economic liberalism
1093:on 22 October 2008.
971:. 22 October 2009.
910:Gasper Des (2002).
665:"Human Development"
599:"Human Development"
425:Human Poverty Index
192:supports decennial
2133:Economic democracy
1954:Private foundation
1389:"Learning Poverty"
469:(SDGs), including
380:
372:Sub-Saharan Africa
261:Measure of America
151:developed for the
91:ethical dimensions
2210:
2209:
2103:Anarcho-communism
1974:Spontaneous order
1969:Social alienation
1926:Economic mobility
1613:Economic planning
1364:Our World in Data
1320:978-92-3-100478-0
1313:. Unesco. Paris.
1244:978-92-3-100233-5
1206:978-1-108-47734-5
1142:10.1111/ehr.13064
1106:Human Development
1066:Human Development
748:(12): 2029–2049.
742:World Development
647:978-0-19-511996-1
620:978-1-349-95121-5
400:per capita income
378:
377:
75:
74:
49:quality standards
16:(Redirected from
2235:
2193:Social anarchism
2168:Market socialism
2163:Market anarchism
2069:Critique of work
1959:Private property
1921:Economic freedom
1916:Decentralization
1894:Cultural aspects
1855:Regulated market
1633:Financial crisis
1618:Entrepreneurship
1537:
1530:
1523:
1514:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1474:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1461:
1452:. Archived from
1441:
1435:
1417:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1404:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1375:
1366:. Archived from
1356:
1347:
1346:
1340:
1332:
1304:
1298:
1297:
1295:
1294:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1255:
1249:
1248:
1231:
1225:
1224:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1190:
1184:
1183:
1181:
1180:
1171:. Archived from
1161:
1155:
1154:
1144:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1083:
1074:
1073:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1052:
1051:
1032:
1026:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1006:
1000:
999:
983:
977:
976:
965:
959:
956:
950:
949:
939:
907:
901:
900:
894:
886:
877:(7): 2021–2030.
866:
860:
856:
850:
849:
839:
815:
809:
808:
802:
794:
792:
764:
758:
757:
737:
731:
728:
722:
721:
711:
687:
681:
680:
678:
676:
671:on 15 April 2012
661:
652:
651:
631:
625:
624:
594:
487:Higher Education
411:developing world
369:
360:
351:
340:
327:
310:
301:
295:
171:Manfred Max-Neef
70:
67:
61:
38:
30:
21:
2243:
2242:
2238:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2233:
2232:
2213:
2212:
2211:
2206:
2188:Sharing economy
2178:Post-capitalism
2148:Green anarchism
2087:
2054:Anti-capitalism
2041:
1977:
1888:
1880:State-sponsored
1737:
1713:Property rights
1688:Nationalization
1598:Economic bubble
1556:
1546:
1541:
1504:
1499:
1488:
1486:
1476:
1475:
1468:
1459:
1457:
1456:on 27 June 2010
1443:
1442:
1438:
1428:Wayback Machine
1418:
1411:
1402:
1400:
1387:
1386:
1382:
1373:
1371:
1370:on 13 June 2021
1358:
1357:
1350:
1333:
1321:
1307:Unesco (2021).
1306:
1305:
1301:
1292:
1290:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1267:
1265:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1245:
1233:
1232:
1228:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1207:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1178:
1176:
1163:
1162:
1158:
1122:
1121:
1117:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1085:
1084:
1077:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1049:
1047:
1034:
1033:
1029:
1019:
1017:
1008:
1007:
1003:
985:
984:
980:
967:
966:
962:
957:
953:
909:
908:
904:
887:
868:
867:
863:
857:
853:
817:
816:
812:
795:
766:
765:
761:
739:
738:
734:
729:
725:
689:
688:
684:
674:
672:
663:
662:
655:
648:
633:
632:
628:
621:
596:
595:
591:
587:
560:
521:has identified
500:learning crisis
462:
454:
442:
436:
427:
392:life expectancy
374:
367:
365:
358:
356:
349:
345:
338:
336:
325:
323:
308:
306:
299:
287:
281:
253:
225:
202:local Agenda 21
159:Martha Nussbaum
120:
71:
65:
62:
52:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2241:
2239:
2231:
2230:
2225:
2215:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2093:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1983:
1982:Social aspects
1979:
1978:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1906:American Dream
1903:
1898:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1743:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1668:Market failure
1665:
1663:Market economy
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1623:Ecopreneurship
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1578:Centralization
1575:
1573:Business cycle
1570:
1564:
1562:
1558:
1557:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1542:
1540:
1539:
1532:
1525:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1503:
1502:External links
1500:
1498:
1497:
1466:
1436:
1409:
1380:
1348:
1319:
1299:
1275:
1250:
1243:
1226:
1212:
1205:
1185:
1156:
1135:(4): 946–975.
1115:
1096:
1075:
1056:
1027:
1016:on 1 June 2012
1001:
978:
960:
951:
922:(4): 435–461.
902:
861:
851:
810:
775:(3): 341–379.
759:
732:
723:
682:
653:
646:
626:
619:
588:
586:
583:
582:
581:
576:
571:
566:
564:Human security
559:
556:
555:
554:
551:
548:
545:
542:
539:
473:on education.
461:
458:
453:
450:
438:Main article:
435:
432:
426:
423:
376:
375:
366:
357:
348:
346:
337:
324:
317:Eastern Europe
307:
298:
283:Main article:
280:
277:
252:
249:
248:
247:
244:
241:
238:
235:
232:
224:
221:
190:United Nations
167:Abraham Maslow
119:
116:
95:United Nations
73:
72:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2240:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2138:Eco-socialism
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2013:Labour supply
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1980:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1931:Individualism
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1891:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1790:
1789:Laissez-faire
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1753:Authoritarian
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1740:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1703:Privatization
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1673:Merchantilism
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1643:Globalization
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1549:
1545:
1538:
1533:
1531:
1526:
1524:
1519:
1518:
1515:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1501:
1485:on 5 May 2010
1484:
1480:
1473:
1471:
1467:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1440:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1422:
1416:
1414:
1410:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1384:
1381:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1355:
1353:
1349:
1344:
1338:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1316:
1312:
1311:
1303:
1300:
1289:
1285:
1279:
1276:
1264:
1260:
1254:
1251:
1246:
1240:
1236:
1230:
1227:
1222:
1216:
1213:
1208:
1202:
1198:
1197:
1189:
1186:
1175:on 2023-04-30
1174:
1170:
1166:
1160:
1157:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1119:
1116:
1111:
1107:
1100:
1097:
1092:
1088:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1067:
1060:
1057:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1031:
1028:
1015:
1011:
1005:
1002:
997:
993:
989:
982:
979:
974:
970:
964:
961:
955:
952:
947:
943:
938:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
906:
903:
898:
892:
884:
880:
876:
872:
865:
862:
855:
852:
847:
843:
838:
833:
829:
825:
821:
814:
811:
806:
800:
791:
790:2027.42/74505
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
763:
760:
755:
751:
747:
743:
736:
733:
727:
724:
719:
715:
710:
705:
701:
697:
693:
686:
683:
670:
666:
660:
658:
654:
649:
643:
639:
638:
630:
627:
622:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
593:
590:
584:
580:
579:Social change
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
561:
557:
552:
549:
546:
543:
540:
537:
536:
535:
532:
527:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
501:
495:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
459:
457:
451:
449:
447:
441:
433:
431:
424:
422:
420:
416:
412:
407:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
373:
364:
355:
344:
335:
331:
330:Latin America
322:
318:
314:
305:
296:
291:
286:
278:
276:
273:
268:
266:
262:
258:
250:
245:
242:
239:
236:
233:
230:
229:
228:
222:
220:
218:
214:
210:
207:
203:
199:
195:
194:Earth Summits
191:
186:
183:
182:human capital
179:
174:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
154:
150:
146:
142:
141:Mahbub ul Haq
137:
133:
129:
125:
117:
115:
111:
109:
108:income growth
105:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
69:
59:
55:
50:
46:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
2084:Wage slavery
2038:Unemployment
2018:Productivity
1949:Philanthropy
1810:Mercantilist
1787:
1758:Conservative
1593:Deregulation
1554:perspectives
1552:Aspects and
1487:. Retrieved
1483:the original
1458:. Retrieved
1454:the original
1449:
1439:
1401:. Retrieved
1392:
1383:
1372:. Retrieved
1368:the original
1363:
1309:
1302:
1291:. Retrieved
1287:
1278:
1266:. Retrieved
1262:
1253:
1234:
1229:
1220:
1215:
1195:
1188:
1177:. Retrieved
1173:the original
1168:
1159:
1132:
1128:
1118:
1112:(2): 232–37.
1109:
1105:
1099:
1091:the original
1072:(2): 238–43.
1069:
1065:
1059:
1048:. Retrieved
1039:
1030:
1018:. Retrieved
1014:the original
1004:
992:hdr.undp.org
991:
981:
963:
954:
919:
915:
905:
891:cite journal
874:
870:
864:
854:
827:
823:
813:
799:cite journal
772:
768:
762:
745:
741:
735:
726:
702:(2): 11–29.
699:
695:
685:
673:. Retrieved
669:the original
636:
629:
602:
592:
528:
505:
496:
463:
455:
443:
428:
408:
387:
383:
381:
269:
254:
226:
187:
175:
162:
157:
121:
112:
76:
63:
54:You can help
44:
2203:Syndicalism
2123:Communalism
1988:Corporatism
1964:Rule of law
1911:Consumerism
1901:Advertising
1800:Libertarian
1778:Free-market
1748:Anglo-Saxon
1728:Wage labour
1678:Meritocracy
1628:Externality
1583:Competition
477:is leading
354:Arab States
293:HDI trends
255:The Global
178:Diane Elson
145:Ăśner Kirdar
136:Amartya Sen
81:to include
66:August 2018
2217:Categories
2092:Antithesis
2023:Prosperity
1998:Employment
1945:Mainstream
1936:Liberalism
1860:Regulatory
1835:Neoliberal
1783:Humanistic
1768:Democratic
1723:Regulation
1588:Depression
1544:Capitalism
1460:2011-10-21
1403:2021-07-15
1393:World Bank
1374:2021-07-15
1329:1291877996
1293:2023-03-30
1179:2021-04-14
1050:2018-01-12
937:1765/50674
585:References
523:corruption
363:South Asia
319:, and the
209:Kofi Annan
128:Adam Smith
104:well-being
99:World Bank
2198:Socialism
2173:Mutualism
2128:Communism
2098:Anarchism
2047:Criticism
2028:Syndicate
1763:Corporate
1718:Recession
1693:Oligopoly
1658:Invention
1489:1 October
1337:cite book
1151:1468-0289
846:260179528
718:249967967
396:education
343:East Asia
334:Caribbean
198:Agenda 21
132:Karl Marx
124:Aristotle
89:and even
87:political
58:talk page
1825:National
1820:Monopoly
1773:Dirigist
1742:Ideology
1430:London:
1424:Archived
1397:Archived
1268:30 March
1044:Archived
996:Archived
973:Archived
675:17 March
574:Progress
558:See also
332:and the
219:(SDGs).
97:and the
2079:Marxism
1941:Liberty
1885:Welfare
1845:Private
1795:Liberal
1561:General
946:1981416
404:welfare
313:Central
118:History
1870:Social
1840:Nordic
1805:Market
1733:Wealth
1708:Profit
1327:
1317:
1263:UNESCO
1241:
1203:
1149:
1020:3 June
944:
844:
716:
644:
617:
370:
368:
361:
359:
352:
350:
341:
339:
328:
326:
311:
309:
302:
300:
83:social
56:. The
1875:State
1865:Rhine
1815:Mixed
942:S2CID
842:S2CID
714:S2CID
479:SDG 4
471:SDG 4
163:human
1491:2010
1343:link
1325:OCLC
1315:ISBN
1270:2023
1239:ISBN
1201:ISBN
1147:ISSN
1022:2012
897:link
805:link
677:2009
642:ISBN
615:ISBN
398:and
382:The
315:and
304:OECD
270:The
130:and
1850:Raw
1830:Neo
1137:doi
932:hdl
924:doi
879:doi
859:p97
832:doi
785:hdl
777:doi
750:doi
704:doi
607:doi
388:HDI
321:CIS
2219::
1469:^
1448:.
1412:^
1395:.
1391:.
1362:.
1351:^
1339:}}
1335:{{
1323:.
1286:.
1261:.
1167:.
1145:.
1133:74
1131:.
1127:.
1110:84
1108:.
1078:^
1070:84
1068:.
1042:.
1038:.
994:.
990:.
940:.
930:.
920:14
918:.
914:.
893:}}
889:{{
875:68
873:.
840:.
826:.
822:.
801:}}
797:{{
783:.
773:42
771:.
746:28
744:.
712:.
700:19
698:.
694:.
656:^
613:.
421:.
394:,
143:,
110:.
85:,
1536:e
1529:t
1522:v
1495:.
1493:.
1463:.
1434:.
1406:.
1377:.
1345:)
1331:.
1296:.
1272:.
1247:.
1209:.
1182:.
1153:.
1139::
1053:.
1024:.
948:.
934::
926::
899:)
885:.
881::
848:.
834::
828:4
807:)
793:.
787::
779::
756:.
752::
720:.
706::
679:.
650:.
623:.
609::
386:(
68:)
64:(
51:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
