940:. Mind uploading is the hypothetical process of "transferring"/"uploading" or copying a conscious mind from a brain to a non-biological substrate by scanning and mapping a biological brain in detail and copying its state into a computer system or another computational device. The exocortex can be defined as a theoretical artificial external information processing system that would augment a brain's biological high-level cognitive processes. Endogenous artificial nutrition can be similar to having a radioisotope generator that resynthesizes glucose (similarly to photosynthesis), amino acids and vitamins from their degradation products, theoretically availing for weeks without food if necessary.
1218:
technologies can increase the average individual life span, affecting the distribution of pension throughout the society. Increasing lifespan will affect human population, further dividing limited resources such as food, energy, monetary resources and habitat. Other critics of human enhancement fear that such capabilities would change, for the worse, the dynamic relations within a family. Given the choices of superior qualities, parents make their child as opposed to merely birthing it, and the newborn becomes a product of their will rather than a gift of nature to be loved unconditionally.
59:
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by affecting one's self-conception. The argument does not necessarily come from the idea of improving the individual but rather changing who they are and becoming someone new. Altering an individual identity affects their personal story, development and mental capabilities. The basis of this argument
1268:
The capability approach focuses on a normative framework that can be applied to how human enhancement technologies affects human capabilities. The ethics of this does not necessarily focus on the make up of the individual but rather what it allows individuals to do in today's society. This approach
976:
There are many substances that are purported to have promise in augmenting human cognition by various means. These substances are called nootropics and can potentially benefit individuals with cognitive decline and many different disorders, but may also be capable of yielding results in cognitively
1217:
has shown some concern that, within the century, humans may be required to merge with this technology in order to compete in the marketplace. Enhanced individuals have a better chance of being chosen for better opportunities in careers, entertainment and resources. For example, life extending
2040:
Dolotov, O. V.; Seredenina, T. S; Levitskaya, N. G; Kamensky, A. A.; Andreeva, L. A.; Alfeeva, L. Yu.; Nagaev, I. Yu.; Zolotarev, Yu. A.; Grivennikov, I. A.; Engele, Yu.; Myasoedov, N. F. (2003). "The
Heptapeptide SEMAX stimulates BDNF Expression in Different Areas of the Rat Brain in vivo".
808:
1053:
Much debate surrounds the topic of human enhancement and the means used to achieve one's enhancement goals. Ethical attitudes toward human enhancement can depend on many factors such as religious affiliation, age, gender, ethnicity, culture of origin, and nationality.
815:
Three forms of human enhancement currently exist: reproductive, physical, and mental. Reproductive enhancements include embryo selection by preimplantation genetic diagnosis, cytoplasmictransfer, and in vitro-generated gametes. Physical enhancements include cosmetics
1942:
Bobkova, NV; Gruden, MA; Samokhin, AN; Medvinskaia, NI; Morozova-Roch, L; Uudasheva, TA; Ostrovskaia, RU; Seredinin, SB (2005). "Noopept improves the spatial memory and stimulates prefibrillar beta-amyloid(25-35) antibody production in mice".
1273:, where he mainly focused on the objectives of the approach rather than the aim for those objectives which entail resources, technological processes, and economic arrangement. The central human capabilities include
1123:
of using human enhancement technologies on themselves and their children. Their common understanding of the world can be seen from a physicist perspective rather than a biological perspective. Based on the idea of
1785:
Smeland, Olav B.; Meisingset, Tore W.; Borges, Karin; Sonnewald, Ursula (2012). "Chronic acetyl-l-carnitine alters brain energy metabolism and increases noradrenaline and serotonin content in healthy mice".
977:
healthy persons. Generally speaking, nootropics are said to be effective for enhancing focus, learning, memory function, mood, and in some cases, physical brain development. Some examples of these include
1458:
1210:
A criticism of human enhancement is that it will create unfair physical or mental advantages, or unequal access to such enhancements, can and will further the gulf between the "haves" and "have-nots".
1686:"The use of citicoline for the treatment of cognitive decline and cognitive impairment: A meta-analysis of pharmacological literature • International Journal of Environmental Science & Technology"
1142:
and will face less resistance as a pathway of radical human enhancement. He also argues that the concept of "enablement" needs to be added to the debate over "therapy" versus "enhancement".
2829:
1712:"The effects of phosphatidylserine supplementation on memory function in older people: A review of clinical literature • International Journal of Environmental Science & Technology"
2235:
606:
1872:
Giesbrecht, T.; Rycroft, J.A.; Rowson, M.J.; De Bruin, E.A. (2010). "The combination of L-theanine and caffeine improves cognitive performance and increases subjective alertness".
2134:
Koucheryavy, Yevgeni; Kirichek, Ruslan; Glushakov, Ruslan; Pirmagomedov, Rustam (September 2, 2017). "Quo vadis, humanity? Ethics on the last mile toward cybernetic organism".
1970:
Radionova, K. S.; Belnik, A. P.; Ostrovskaya, R. U. (2008). "Original nootropic drug
Noopept prevents memory deficit in rats with muscarinic and nicotinic receptor blockade".
1293:, play, and control over one's environment. This normative framework recognizes that human capabilities are always changing and technology has already played a part in this.
770:
3091:
1261:. Technologies threaten to alter the self fundamentally to the point where the result is, essentially, a different person entirely. For example, extreme changes in
901:
876:
Many different forms of human enhancing technologies are either on the way or are currently being tested and trialed. A few of these emerging technologies include:
1829:
Owen, Gail N.; Parnell, Holly; De Bruin, Eveline A.; Rycroft, Jane A. (2008). "The combined effects of L-theanine and caffeine on cognitive performance and mood".
1089:
3029:
1462:
868:
devices, including wearable electronics (e.g., augmented reality glasses, smart watches, smart textile), personal drones, on-body and in-body nanonetworks.
3664:
1037:, and N-Acetyl Semax. There are also nootropics related to naturally occurring substances but that are either modified in a lab or are analogs such as
3747:
1103:", a controversial ideology and movement which has emerged to support the recognition and protection of the right of citizens to either maintain or
3537:
763:
1093:
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2732:
2680:
2326:
2245:
2214:
2189:
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listed some additional capabilities that are expected to be physically possible in theory, given a sufficient technological level, such as:
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3743:
2297:
3694:
2936:
1668:
1344:
1324:
756:
105:
3704:
3022:
2892:"Human development or human enhancement? A methodological reflection on capabilities and the evaluation of information technologies"
2099:
1638:
250:
2013:
Amelin, AV; Iliukhina, AIu; Shmonin, AA (2011). "Noopept in the treatment of mild cognitive impairment in patients with stroke".
1428:
1231:
comes from two main points : the charge of inauthenticity and the charge of violating an individual's core characteristics.
635:
359:
328:
3712:
3255:
1915:
Nobre, Anna C.; Rao, Anling; Owen, Gail N. (2008). "L-theanine, a natural constituent in tea, and its effect on mental state".
3758:
3427:
2291:
300:
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aims to improve human life allowing for parents to decide via genetic information if they want to continue or terminate the
2796:
2427:
1149:. The main ethical question in the debate about human enhancement involves which legal restrictions, if any, should exist.
3733:
3728:
3474:
3390:
3376:
3046:
1602:
Akyildiz, Ian F.; Brunetti, Fernando; Blázquez, Cristina (August 22, 2008). "Nanonetworks: A new communication paradigm".
719:
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893:
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can also be used to enhance cognitive efficiency. Notable efforts in human augmentation are driven by the interconnected
431:
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3137:
3015:
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3364:
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3293:
3284:
3235:
3160:
3101:
1476:
Lanni C, Lenzken SC, Pascale A, et al. (March 2008). "Cognition enhancers between treating and doping the mind".
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terms this as a phase of "neugenics" suggesting that gene enhancements occurring now have already revived the idea of
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3301:
3196:
3068:
3059:
168:
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3354:
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3119:
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1092:) have risen to become advocates of the case for human enhancement while other academics (such as the members of
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1058:
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233:
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1404:
1045:. Some authors have explored nootropics as relationship enhancements to help couples maintain bonds over time.
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31:
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1711:
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has the ability to alter one’s mental capacity, and through this argument, has the ability to affect their
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917:
912:. Variants of human genetic engineering with so far limited usage include the artificial creation of
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840:) and organ replacements (e.g. bionic lenses)), and strength training (weights (e.g. barbells) and
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3403:
2983:"Ethics of Human Enhancement: 25 Questions & Answers" (an NSF-funded report), August 31, 2009
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2542:
2159:
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1995:
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may affect the individual's relationships because others can no longer relate to the new person.
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Arbitrary sensory inputs (e.g. generating subjective experience of taste without eating anything)
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2416:(2005). "The NeuroAge: Zack Lynch In Conversation With R.U. Sirius". Life Enhancement Products.
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1128:, human enhancement is merging with technological innovation that will advance post-humanism.
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which are all forms of dietary supplement. There are also nootropic drugs such as the common
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2318:
Citizen Cyborg: Why
Democratic Societies Must Respond to the Redesigned Human of the Future
1183:), and therefore can evoke negative reactions far beyond the specific meaning of the term.
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2266:"The Right to Human Enhancement: And also uplifting animals and the rapture of the nerds"
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Advocacy of the case for human enhancement is increasingly becoming synonymous with "
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2988:
NeoHumanitas: Thinking our Future. Think tank reflecting on enhancing technologies
2929:
Our
Grandchildren Redesigned: Life in the Bioengineered Society of the Near Future
2301:
2147:
2993:
The Case for
Perfection: Ethics in the Age of Human Enhancement (PeterLang, 2016)
1799:
1615:
1239:. An individual's core characteristics may include internal psychological style,
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3127:
2749:
2522:
2438:
1270:
1262:
1240:
1146:
1038:
1026:
982:
825:
562:
371:
333:
2589:
Selgelid, Michael (March 16, 2019). "Moderate
Eugenics and Human Enhancement".
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2602:
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In some circles the expression "human enhancement" is roughly synonymous with
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1991:
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1807:
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928:
Some other human enhancement technologies are still speculative, such as:
916:(where each cell has partly human and partly animal genetic contents) and
807:
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3774:
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1188:
1002:
861:
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Since the 1990s, several academics (such as some of the fellows of the
1014:
381:
205:
158:
3007:
2382:"Transhumanism Between Human Enhancement and Technological Innovation"
824:), Drug-induced (doping and performance-enhancing drugs), functional (
3240:
3178:
2644:
1252:
1248:
1116:
2381:
1639:"PRO-LIFE ACTIVITIES. Genetic Enhancement: Custom Kids and Chimeras"
1738:"Neuropharmacological Review of the Nootropic Herb Bacopa monnieri"
1555:
3557:
2672:
Our
Posthuman Future: Consequences of the Biotechnology Revolution
1278:
1061:, but most often it is referred to the general application of the
1034:
920:(where some cells are human and some cells are animal in origin).
27:
Natural, artificial, or technological alteration of the human body
3002:
1537:
Pirmagomedov, Rustam; Koucheryavy, Yevgeni (September 27, 2019).
1274:
3011:
1716:
International
Journal of Environmental Science & Technology
1690:
International
Journal of Environmental Science & Technology
2992:
2987:
1405:
Outline of transhumanism § Human enhancement technologies
30:
For the book edited by Julian
Savulescu and Nick Bostrom, see
2978:
Ethics + Emerging Sciences Group (Cal Poly, San Luis Obispo)
2977:
961:
Precise control of personality, mood, motivation, well-being
2997:
2962:
2565:"Modification, Consent, and Prosthetic Self-Determination"
2293:
Beyond Therapy: Biotechnology and the Pursuit of Happiness
1659:
Bostrom, Nick (March 27, 2024). "Technological maturity".
2523:"Untangling the Debate: The Ethics of Human Enhancement"
2435:
The Royal Society & the Royal Academy of Engineering
2290:
Members of the President's Council on Bioethics (2003).
1163:
overtones because it may imply the improvement of human
2973:
Human Enhancement Study (European Parliament STOA 2009)
2237:
Converging Technologies for Improving Human Performance
2207:
Enhancing Human Traits: Ethical and Social Implications
2725:
Better Humans?: Understanding the Enhancement Project,
2015:
Zhurnal Nevrologii I Psikhiatrii imeni S.s. Korsakova
1145:
The prospect of human enhancement has sparked public
794:
in order to enhance physical or mental capabilities.
3092:
List of varieties of genetically modified maize/corn
3767:
3721:
3703:
3650:
3620:
3588:
3525:
3518:
3488:
3435:
3426:
3389:
3342:
3292:
3283:
3213:
3195:
3177:
3159:
3136:
3118:
3100:
3067:
3058:
3045:
2750:"Ethics of Human Enhancement: An Executive Summary"
2957:
2719:
2717:
2464:"Technology Assessment on Converging Technologies"
1138:will have a more immediate effect on society than
2182:Liberal Eugenics: In Defence of Human Enhancement
852:, and supplements that improve mental functions.
2087:Love Drugs: The Chemical Future of Relationships
1945:Eksperimental'naia i Klinicheskaia Farmakologiia
1539:"IoT Technologies for Augmented Human: a Survey"
1226:Human enhancement technologies can impact human
2701:Institute on Biotechnology and the Human Future
2521:Lin, Patrick; Allhoff, Fritz (March 16, 2019).
1661:Deep Utopia: Life and Meaning in a Solved World
902:strategies for engineered negligible senescence
2958:Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies
2569:Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies
1433:Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies
1090:Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies
3023:
2830:"Enhancement Technologies and Human Identity"
2637:"Beyond Cloning: Making Well People "Better""
1972:Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine
764:
8:
1736:Aguiar, Sebastian; Borowski, Thomas (2013).
3665:Detection of genetically modified organisms
3522:
3432:
3289:
3064:
3055:
3030:
3016:
3008:
2428:"Nanoscience and nanotechnologies (Ch. 6)"
1917:Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition
771:
757:
726:Collapse of the therapy-enhancement divide
41:
3003:Augmented Human International Conferences
2907:
2397:
1761:
1554:
1167:traits to attain a universally accepted
844:)). Examples of mental enhancements are
806:
2084:Earp, Brian; Savulescu, Julian (2020).
1419:
811:Gene therapy using an adenovirus vector
49:
2998:Future-Human.Life (NeoHumanitas, 2017)
2375:
2373:
2371:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2823:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2748:Allhoff, Fritz; Lin, Patrick (2011).
2743:
2741:
1429:"Ethical Issues of Human Enhancement"
1094:President Bush's Council on Bioethics
7:
2591:Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy
1155:wrote that "human enhancement" is a
1277:, bodily health, bodily integrity,
3695:Genetic use restriction technology
2837:Journal of Medicine and Philosophy
1345:Directed evolution (transhumanism)
1325:Assisted reproductive technologies
1175:(at the possible expense of human
1134:consultant Zack Lynch argues that
25:
2896:Ethics and Information Technology
2117:"The Ethics of Human Enhancement"
1511:Landau, Elizabeth (May 7, 2012).
1096:) have become outspoken critics.
1033:) along with the neuroprotective
2890:Coeckelbergh, Mark (June 2010).
2298:President's Council on Bioethics
2136:Russian Journal of Communication
1886:10.1179/147683010X12611460764840
1513:"So you're a cyborg – now what?"
1303:
57:
3713:Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety
2760:(2). Jesse Steinberg: 201–212.
2209:. Georgetown University Press.
1710:Tardner, P. (August 28, 2020).
1684:Tardner, P. (August 30, 2020).
938:endogenous artificial nutrition
786:is the natural, artificial, or
743:Therapy-enhancement distinction
2953:Enhancement Technologies Group
2754:Science and Engineering Ethics
2675:. Farrar Straus & Giroux.
2342:Ford, Alyssa (May–June 2005).
1115:; so as to guarantee them the
670:Treating executive dysfunction
18:Human enhancement technologies
1:
3475:Somatic cell nuclear transfer
2968:RTÉ's Big Science Debate 2007
2797:"The Case Against Perfection"
2148:10.1080/19409419.2017.1376561
2115:Miah, Andy (September 2016).
1459:"Dorlands Medical Dictionary"
1247:, necessity to sleep, normal
1191:in our society. Practices of
720:Pontifical and Promethean man
563:Undesirability of immortality
2380:Iuga, Ion (March 16, 2019).
1800:10.1016/j.neuint.2012.04.008
1788:Neurochemistry International
1616:10.1016/j.comnet.2008.04.001
2795:Sandel, Michael J. (2004).
2043:Doklady Biological Sciences
3865:
1490:10.1016/j.phrs.2008.02.004
969:
169:Intelligence amplification
29:
3798:
3533:Genetically modified food
2909:10.1007/s10676-010-9231-9
2849:10.1080/03605310590960166
2766:10.1007/s11948-009-9191-9
2603:10.1007/s11019-013-9485-1
2539:10.1007/s11569-008-0046-7
2092:Stanford University Press
2090:. Palo Alto, California:
1984:10.1007/s10517-008-0209-0
1573:10.1016/j.iot.2019.100120
1395:Technological singularity
1126:technological singularity
1083:improve human performance
1059:human genetic engineering
894:brain–computer interfaces
878:human genetic engineering
2828:DeGrazia, David (2005).
2399:10.5840/symposion2016315
2232:Bainbridge, William Sims
1874:Nutritional Neuroscience
1843:10.1179/147683008X301513
1831:Nutritional Neuroscience
1637:Marilyn E. Coors, Ph.D.
924:Speculative technologies
866:Internet of Things (IoT)
432:Brain–computer interface
2055:10.1023/A:1025177812262
1350:Evidence-based learning
702:Young blood transfusion
2437:. 2004. Archived from
2315:Hughes, James (2004).
2230:Roco, Mihail C. &
1201:in-vitro fertilization
1075:information technology
955:Cures for all diseases
812:
607:Religious response to
558:Against life extension
542:Frankenstein's monster
443:Man-Computer Symbiosis
437:Deep brain stimulation
301:"Nobelist sperm banks"
266:Polygenic (risk) score
200:germline interventions
3146:Roundup ready soybean
2927:Michael Bess (2015).
2697:"Human "Enhancement""
2344:"Humanity: The Remix"
2205:Parens, Erik (2000).
2121:MIT Technology Review
1754:10.1089/rej.2013.1431
1742:Rejuvenation Research
1289:, affiliation, other
999:Uridine monophosphate
918:human-animal chimeras
872:Emerging technologies
810:
803:Existing technologies
676:Evolutionary humanism
591:That Hideous Strength
527:Stem cell controversy
313:Somatic interventions
3685:Reverse transfection
3460:Genetic transduction
2723:Michael Hauskeller,
2641:World Watch Magazine
2356:on December 30, 2006
2304:on February 2, 2007.
1465:on January 30, 2008.
1365:Grinder (biohacking)
1269:was first termed by
914:human-animal hybrids
830:powered exoskeletons
617:Wisdom of repugnance
581:The Abolition of Man
508:Our Posthuman Future
406:Xanthine derivatives
351:Fetal tissue implant
324:Somatic gene therapy
3675:Genetics in fiction
3607:Genetic enhancement
3409:Hepatitis B vaccine
3039:Genetic engineering
2500:European Parliament
2493:"Human Enhancement"
2471:European Parliament
2444:on February 5, 2018
1565:2019arXiv190911191P
1370:Human-animal hybrid
1360:Genetic engineering
1320:Anti-aging movement
1222:Effects on identity
687:Anti-aging movement
517:Cloning prohibition
329:for color blindness
269:(technical article)
239:Genetic engineering
234:Genetic enhancement
45:Part of a series on
3785:Stem cell research
3404:Ice-minus bacteria
2321:. Westview Press.
1923:(Suppl 1): 167–8.
1543:Internet of Things
1237:narrative identity
1197:selective abortion
1193:prenatal diagnosis
1173:biological fitness
995:Acetyl-L-carnitine
987:Phosphatidylserine
842:dietary supplement
813:
790:alteration of the
660:Augmented learning
3826:
3825:
3790:Synthetic biology
3680:Human enhancement
3670:Genetic pollution
3646:
3645:
3514:
3513:
3422:
3421:
3385:
3384:
3279:
3278:
2733:978-1-84465-557-1
2682:978-0-374-23643-4
2667:Fukuyama, Francis
2328:978-0-8133-4198-9
2247:978-1-4020-1254-9
2216:978-0-87840-780-4
2191:978-1-4051-2390-7
2021:(10 Pt 1): 44–6.
1610:(12): 2260–2279.
1604:Computer Networks
1427:Buchanan, Allen.
1380:Moral enhancement
1335:Body modification
1136:neurotechnologies
1117:freedom of choice
1079:cognitive science
951:Reversal of aging
784:Human enhancement
781:
780:
570:Nikolas Kompridis
548:He Jiankui affair
341:Stem-cell therapy
244:Epigenome editing
174:Moral enhancement
51:Human enhancement
33:Human Enhancement
16:(Redirected from
3856:
3563:Dow AgroSciences
3523:
3433:
3290:
3065:
3056:
3032:
3025:
3018:
3009:
2942:
2931:. Beacon Press.
2914:
2913:
2911:
2887:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2865:
2859:. Archived from
2834:
2825:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2792:
2786:
2785:
2745:
2736:
2721:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2693:
2687:
2686:
2663:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2647:on April 2, 2019
2643:. Archived from
2629:
2623:
2622:
2586:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2557:
2551:
2550:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2497:
2489:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2468:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2443:
2432:
2424:
2418:
2417:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2377:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2352:. Archived from
2339:
2333:
2332:
2312:
2306:
2305:
2300:. Archived from
2287:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2264:(June 2, 2006).
2258:
2252:
2251:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2202:
2196:
2195:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2010:
2004:
2003:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1782:
1776:
1775:
1765:
1733:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1558:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1461:. Archived from
1455:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1439:on April 3, 2019
1435:. Archived from
1424:
1390:Posthumanization
1313:
1308:
1307:
1287:practical reason
1185:Michael Selgelid
1121:informed consent
850:neurostimulation
773:
766:
759:
596:
586:
513:
502:Francis Fukuyama
477:Appeal to nature
448:
334:in sports doping
274:Prenatal testing
270:
261:Oocyte selection
199:
61:
42:
21:
3864:
3863:
3859:
3858:
3857:
3855:
3854:
3853:
3844:Human evolution
3829:
3828:
3827:
3822:
3794:
3763:
3717:
3699:
3652:
3642:
3616:
3612:Genetic testing
3594:
3584:
3510:
3496:Recombinant DNA
3484:
3455:Electroporation
3418:
3414:Oncolytic virus
3393:
3381:
3338:
3324:Herman the Bull
3275:
3209:
3191:
3173:
3155:
3132:
3114:
3096:
3050:
3048:
3041:
3036:
2949:
2939:
2926:
2923:
2921:Further reading
2918:
2917:
2889:
2888:
2879:
2869:
2867:
2866:on May 17, 2016
2863:
2832:
2827:
2826:
2815:
2805:
2803:
2794:
2793:
2789:
2747:
2746:
2739:
2722:
2715:
2705:
2703:
2695:
2694:
2690:
2683:
2665:
2664:
2660:
2650:
2648:
2633:Mooney, Pat Roy
2631:
2630:
2626:
2588:
2587:
2583:
2573:
2571:
2559:
2558:
2554:
2520:
2519:
2515:
2505:
2503:
2495:
2491:
2490:
2486:
2476:
2474:
2466:
2462:
2461:
2457:
2447:
2445:
2441:
2430:
2426:
2425:
2421:
2412:
2411:
2407:
2379:
2378:
2369:
2359:
2357:
2341:
2340:
2336:
2329:
2314:
2313:
2309:
2289:
2288:
2284:
2274:
2272:
2270:Reason Magazine
2260:
2259:
2255:
2248:
2234:, eds. (2004).
2229:
2228:
2224:
2217:
2204:
2203:
2199:
2192:
2176:
2175:
2171:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2114:
2113:
2109:
2102:
2083:
2082:
2078:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2012:
2011:
2007:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1941:
1940:
1936:
1914:
1913:
1909:
1871:
1870:
1866:
1828:
1827:
1823:
1784:
1783:
1779:
1735:
1734:
1730:
1720:
1718:
1709:
1708:
1704:
1694:
1692:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1671:
1658:
1657:
1653:
1643:
1641:
1636:
1635:
1631:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1521:
1519:
1510:
1509:
1505:
1475:
1474:
1470:
1457:
1456:
1452:
1442:
1440:
1426:
1425:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1309:
1302:
1299:
1224:
1159:term which has
1051:
991:Bacopa monnieri
974:
968:
926:
890:neural implants
886:neurotechnology
874:
818:plastic surgery
805:
800:
777:
748:
747:
714:Natura naturans
631:
623:
622:
594:
584:
511:
489:Brave New World
482:Bioconservatism
472:
464:
463:
446:
377:Methamphetamine
346:Embryonic cells
314:
306:
305:
268:
201:
193:
186:
185:
140:Transhumanistic
69:
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3862:
3860:
3852:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3831:
3830:
3824:
3823:
3821:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3799:
3796:
3795:
3793:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3771:
3769:
3768:Similar fields
3765:
3764:
3762:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3725:
3723:
3719:
3718:
3716:
3715:
3709:
3707:
3701:
3700:
3698:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3656:
3654:
3648:
3647:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3640:
3638:Gene targeting
3635:
3633:Gene knockdown
3630:
3624:
3622:
3618:
3617:
3615:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3598:
3596:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3582:
3581:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3568:DuPont Pioneer
3565:
3560:
3555:
3547:
3542:
3541:
3540:
3529:
3527:
3526:In agriculture
3520:
3516:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3492:
3490:
3486:
3485:
3483:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3470:Microinjection
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3441:
3439:
3430:
3424:
3423:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3400:
3398:
3387:
3386:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3368:
3367:
3362:
3352:
3346:
3344:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3315:
3314:
3309:
3307:Knockout mouse
3298:
3296:
3287:
3281:
3280:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3217:
3215:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3207:
3201:
3199:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3189:
3183:
3181:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3171:
3165:
3163:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3153:
3148:
3142:
3140:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3130:
3124:
3122:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3112:
3106:
3104:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3073:
3071:
3062:
3053:
3043:
3042:
3037:
3035:
3034:
3027:
3020:
3012:
3006:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2948:
2947:External links
2945:
2944:
2943:
2938:978-0807052174
2937:
2922:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2877:
2843:(3): 261–283.
2813:
2787:
2737:
2727:Acumen, 2013,
2713:
2688:
2681:
2658:
2624:
2581:
2552:
2533:(3): 251–264.
2513:
2484:
2455:
2419:
2405:
2367:
2334:
2327:
2307:
2282:
2262:Bailey, Ronald
2253:
2246:
2222:
2215:
2197:
2190:
2178:Agar, Nicholas
2169:
2142:(3): 287–293.
2126:
2107:
2100:
2076:
2032:
2005:
1962:
1934:
1907:
1864:
1821:
1777:
1748:(4): 313–326.
1728:
1702:
1676:
1670:978-1646871643
1669:
1651:
1629:
1594:
1529:
1503:
1484:(3): 196–213.
1478:Pharmacol. Res
1468:
1450:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1409:
1408:
1407:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1375:Life extension
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1316:
1315:
1314:
1311:Biology portal
1298:
1295:
1223:
1220:
1181:neurodiversity
1132:Neuromarketing
1067:nanotechnology
1050:
1047:
1007:Rhodiola rosea
970:Main article:
967:
964:
963:
962:
959:
956:
953:
930:mind uploading
925:
922:
910:3D bioprinting
873:
870:
804:
801:
799:
796:
779:
778:
776:
775:
768:
761:
753:
750:
749:
746:
745:
740:
735:
732:Promethean gap
728:
723:
716:
711:
706:
705:
704:
699:
694:
692:Life extension
689:
679:
672:
667:
662:
657:
656:
655:
648:
632:
629:
628:
625:
624:
621:
620:
613:
604:
599:
598:
597:
587:
572:
567:
566:
565:
555:
550:
545:
538:
531:
530:
529:
524:
519:
514:
499:
494:
484:
479:
473:
470:
469:
466:
465:
462:
461:
456:
455:
454:
449:
439:
434:
416:
415:
414:
413:
403:
402:
401:
396:
386:
385:
384:
379:
374:
356:
355:
354:
353:
348:
338:
337:
336:
331:
321:
315:
312:
311:
308:
307:
304:
303:
297:
296:
295:
294:
289:
284:
276:
271:
263:
258:
256:Embryo quality
248:
247:
246:
241:
231:
230:
229:
227:Pre-conception
224:
219:
211:
202:
192:
191:
188:
187:
184:
183:
182:
181:
176:
171:
166:
161:
156:
145:
144:
143:
142:
137:
132:
125:
123:Posthumanistic
120:
117:Metahumanistic
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
70:
67:
66:
63:
62:
54:
53:
47:
46:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3861:
3850:
3849:Transhumanism
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3836:
3834:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3813:Biotechnology
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3797:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3772:
3770:
3766:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3754:South America
3752:
3749:
3745:
3744:North America
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3726:
3724:
3720:
3714:
3711:
3710:
3708:
3706:
3702:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3690:Transhumanism
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3657:
3655:
3649:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3628:Gene knockout
3626:
3625:
3623:
3619:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3599:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3550:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3539:
3538:Controversies
3536:
3535:
3534:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3524:
3521:
3517:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3487:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3438:
3437:Inserting DNA
3434:
3431:
3429:
3425:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3397:
3392:
3388:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3343:Other animals
3341:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3303:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3295:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3282:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3212:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3198:
3194:
3188:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3180:
3176:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3162:
3158:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3135:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3121:
3117:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3103:
3099:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3070:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3044:
3040:
3033:
3028:
3026:
3021:
3019:
3014:
3013:
3010:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2946:
2940:
2934:
2930:
2925:
2924:
2920:
2910:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2878:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2831:
2824:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2814:
2802:
2798:
2791:
2788:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2744:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2720:
2718:
2714:
2702:
2698:
2692:
2689:
2684:
2678:
2674:
2673:
2668:
2662:
2659:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2628:
2625:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2585:
2582:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2561:Carrico, Dale
2556:
2553:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2517:
2514:
2501:
2494:
2488:
2485:
2472:
2465:
2459:
2456:
2440:
2436:
2429:
2423:
2420:
2415:
2409:
2406:
2400:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2355:
2351:
2350:
2349:Utne Magazine
2345:
2338:
2335:
2330:
2324:
2320:
2319:
2311:
2308:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2294:
2286:
2283:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2257:
2254:
2249:
2243:
2239:
2238:
2233:
2226:
2223:
2218:
2212:
2208:
2201:
2198:
2193:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2173:
2170:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2130:
2127:
2122:
2118:
2111:
2108:
2103:
2101:9780804798198
2097:
2093:
2089:
2088:
2080:
2077:
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2048:
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2036:
2033:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2009:
2006:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
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1981:
1977:
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1966:
1963:
1958:
1954:
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1930:
1926:
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1918:
1911:
1908:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1880:(6): 283–90.
1879:
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1691:
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1677:
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1666:
1663:. Ideapress.
1662:
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1640:
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1403:
1402:
1401:
1400:Transhumanism
1398:
1396:
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1143:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1127:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1101:transhumanism
1097:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1071:biotechnology
1068:
1064:
1060:
1055:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
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1008:
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1000:
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984:
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931:
923:
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911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
871:
869:
867:
863:
859:
858:mobile phones
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
809:
802:
797:
795:
793:
789:
788:technological
785:
774:
769:
767:
762:
760:
755:
754:
752:
751:
744:
741:
739:
736:
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729:
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724:
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712:
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645:
641:
640:
639:
638:
634:
633:
627:
626:
618:
614:
612:
610:
605:
603:
602:"Playing God"
600:
593:
592:
588:
583:
582:
578:
577:
576:
573:
571:
568:
564:
561:
560:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
543:
539:
536:
535:Designer baby
532:
528:
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518:
515:
510:
509:
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468:
467:
460:
457:
453:
450:
444:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
429:
428:
427:Brain implant
425:
424:
423:
422:
421:
412:
409:
408:
407:
404:
400:
397:
395:
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391:
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327:
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310:
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302:
299:
298:
293:
292:Sperm sorting
290:
288:
287:Sex selection
285:
283:
281:
277:
275:
272:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
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121:
118:
114:
112:
109:
107:
104:
102:
99:
97:
94:
92:
89:
87:
86:"Beneficient"
84:
82:
81:
77:
76:
75:
72:
71:
65:
64:
60:
56:
55:
52:
48:
44:
43:
40:
36:
34:
19:
3679:
3602:Gene therapy
3501:Transgenesis
3480:Transfection
3445:Agrobacteria
3329:Knockout rat
3151:Vistive Gold
3047:Genetically
2928:
2902:(2): 81–92.
2899:
2895:
2868:. Retrieved
2861:the original
2840:
2836:
2804:. Retrieved
2801:The Atlantic
2800:
2790:
2757:
2753:
2724:
2704:. Retrieved
2700:
2691:
2671:
2661:
2649:. Retrieved
2645:the original
2640:
2627:
2594:
2590:
2584:
2572:. Retrieved
2568:
2555:
2530:
2526:
2516:
2504:. Retrieved
2499:
2487:
2475:. Retrieved
2470:
2458:
2446:. Retrieved
2439:the original
2434:
2422:
2414:R. U. Sirius
2408:
2389:
2385:
2358:. Retrieved
2354:the original
2347:
2337:
2317:
2310:
2302:the original
2292:
2285:
2273:. Retrieved
2269:
2256:
2240:. Springer.
2236:
2225:
2206:
2200:
2181:
2172:
2139:
2135:
2129:
2120:
2110:
2086:
2079:
2046:
2042:
2035:
2018:
2014:
2008:
1978:(1): 59–62.
1975:
1971:
1965:
1948:
1944:
1937:
1920:
1916:
1910:
1877:
1873:
1867:
1837:(4): 193–8.
1834:
1830:
1824:
1794:(1): 100–7.
1791:
1787:
1780:
1745:
1741:
1731:
1719:. Retrieved
1715:
1705:
1693:. Retrieved
1689:
1679:
1660:
1654:
1642:. Retrieved
1632:
1607:
1603:
1597:
1546:
1542:
1532:
1520:. Retrieved
1516:
1506:
1481:
1477:
1471:
1463:the original
1453:
1441:. Retrieved
1437:the original
1432:
1422:
1355:Gene therapy
1330:Biohappiness
1267:
1258:Homo sapiens
1256:
1245:intelligence
1233:Gene therapy
1225:
1215:Ray Kurzweil
1212:
1209:
1177:biodiversity
1153:Dale Carrico
1151:
1144:
1140:gene therapy
1130:
1098:
1087:
1056:
1052:
1043:Sulbutiamine
1030:
1022:
975:
944:Nick Bostrom
942:
927:
906:nanomedicine
882:gene therapy
875:
832:), Medical (
822:orthodontics
814:
798:Technologies
783:
782:
738:Technophobia
730:
718:
697:Rejuvenation
675:
665:Deep ecology
651:
643:
636:
608:
589:
579:
553:Hwang affair
506:
488:
459:Neurohacking
420:Neurological
418:
417:
358:
357:
319:Body hacking
279:
206:
195:
154:Biohappiness
148:
135:Preventative
96:Compensatory
91:Emancipatory
79:
73:
50:
39:
32:
3621:In research
3595:diagnostics
3465:Lipofection
3226:Arabidopsis
3128:Golden rice
2806:January 21,
2706:February 2,
2651:February 2,
2597:(1): 3–12.
2506:January 12,
2477:January 12,
2448:December 5,
2049:: 292–295.
1951:(5): 11–5.
1271:Amartya Sen
1263:personality
1241:personality
1147:controversy
1063:convergence
1039:Vinpocetine
1027:omberacetam
983:Huperzine A
826:prosthetics
372:Amphetamine
213:Counseling
129:Prometheist
111:Libertarian
106:"Directive"
80:Adaptionist
3833:Categories
3705:Regulation
3549:Companies
3506:Cisgenesis
3450:Biolistics
3256:Sugar beet
3169:Flavr Savr
3069:Maize/corn
2527:NanoEthics
1721:August 31,
1695:August 31,
1644:January 8,
1556:1909.11191
1549:: 100120.
1414:References
1255:and being
1243:, general
1165:hereditary
1107:their own
1081:(NBIC) to
1011:Pycnogenol
1003:L-theanine
979:Citicoline
966:Nootropics
846:nootropics
792:human body
575:C.S. Lewis
497:Chesterton
471:Opposition
389:Nootropics
367:Stimulants
179:Prostheses
101:Democratic
3839:Bioethics
3818:Bioethics
3722:Geography
3660:Transgene
3428:Processes
3319:Enviropig
3312:Oncomouse
3251:SmartStax
3187:Bt cotton
3051:organisms
2963:Humanity+
2392:: 79–88.
2386:Symposion
2184:. Wiley.
2164:158049143
2156:1940-9419
1624:1389-1286
1589:202750140
1581:2542-6605
1522:March 22,
1443:April 26,
1385:Posthuman
1213:Futurist
1205:pregnancy
1023:Nootropil
1019:piracetam
972:Nootropic
934:exocortex
898:cyberware
854:Computers
838:pacemaker
682:Longevity
522:Leon Kass
452:Neuralink
399:Piracetam
394:Modafinil
280:Selective
207:Selective
74:Rationale
3808:Genetics
3775:Eugenics
3653:articles
3578:Syngenta
3573:Monsanto
3545:Pharming
3391:Bacteria
3087:StarLink
3049:modified
2857:16036459
2782:11143329
2774:20094921
2669:(2002).
2635:(2002).
2611:23728949
2574:April 3,
2563:(2007).
2547:18817470
2360:March 3,
2275:March 3,
2180:(2004).
2071:41400991
2063:14556513
2027:22500312
2000:11773065
1992:19145351
1957:16277202
1929:18296328
1902:29075809
1894:21040626
1859:46326744
1851:18681988
1808:22549035
1772:23772955
1498:18353672
1297:See also
1283:emotions
1228:identity
1189:eugenics
1015:racetams
862:Internet
834:implants
709:Natalism
491:Argument
411:Caffeine
360:Chemical
282:abortion
222:Genomic
217:Genetic
196:De facto
164:Eugenics
149:Paradigm
68:Advocacy
3803:Biology
3780:Cloning
3759:Oceania
3651:Related
3396:viruses
3360:GloFish
3350:Insects
3294:Mammals
3285:Animals
3271:Mustard
3261:Tobacco
3231:Brinjal
3138:Soybean
3110:Amflora
3082:MON 863
3077:MON 810
2870:May 12,
2619:3579504
1816:1859924
1763:3746283
1561:Bibcode
1340:Cloning
1291:species
1161:eugenic
1031:Noopept
1017:, e.g.
630:Related
382:Ritalin
209:Cloning
159:Cyborgs
3734:Africa
3729:Europe
3591:humans
3365:Salmon
3334:Rabbit
3241:Papaya
3236:Canola
3179:Cotton
3161:Tomato
3102:Potato
2935:
2855:
2780:
2772:
2731:
2679:
2617:
2609:
2545:
2502:. 2009
2473:. 2006
2325:
2244:
2213:
2188:
2162:
2154:
2098:
2069:
2061:
2025:
1998:
1990:
1955:
1927:
1900:
1892:
1857:
1849:
1814:
1806:
1770:
1760:
1667:
1622:
1587:
1579:
1496:
1253:gender
1157:loaded
1113:bodies
1105:modify
1049:Ethics
1025:) and
1009:, and
936:, and
908:, and
860:, and
836:(e.g.
595:(1945)
585:(1943)
512:(2002)
447:(1960)
35:(book)
3558:Bayer
3489:Types
3377:Frogs
3372:Birds
3302:Mouse
3266:Trees
3221:Apple
3214:Other
3197:Wheat
3060:Crops
2864:(PDF)
2833:(PDF)
2778:S2CID
2615:S2CID
2543:S2CID
2496:(PDF)
2467:(PDF)
2442:(PDF)
2431:(PDF)
2160:S2CID
2067:S2CID
1996:S2CID
1898:S2CID
1855:S2CID
1812:S2CID
1585:S2CID
1551:arXiv
1279:sense
1249:aging
1109:minds
1035:Semax
646:wombs
3739:Asia
3553:BASF
3519:Uses
3394:and
3355:Fish
3246:Rose
3120:Rice
2933:ISBN
2872:2013
2853:PMID
2808:2016
2770:PMID
2729:ISBN
2708:2007
2677:ISBN
2653:2007
2607:PMID
2576:2007
2508:2015
2479:2015
2450:2006
2362:2007
2323:ISBN
2277:2007
2242:ISBN
2211:ISBN
2186:ISBN
2152:ISSN
2096:ISBN
2059:PMID
2023:PMID
1988:PMID
1953:PMID
1925:PMID
1890:PMID
1847:PMID
1804:PMID
1768:PMID
1723:2020
1697:2020
1665:ISBN
1646:2023
1620:ISSN
1577:ISSN
1524:2013
1494:PMID
1445:2019
1275:life
1199:and
1179:and
1169:norm
1119:and
1111:and
1077:and
1041:and
892:and
828:and
820:and
3593:and
3589:In
3205:HB4
2904:doi
2845:doi
2762:doi
2599:doi
2535:doi
2394:doi
2144:doi
2051:doi
2047:391
2019:111
1980:doi
1976:146
1882:doi
1839:doi
1796:doi
1758:PMC
1750:doi
1612:doi
1569:doi
1517:CNN
1486:doi
1171:of
1065:of
896:),
884:),
652:IVG
644:Exo
637:ART
609:ART
251:PGD
3835::
3748:US
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1986:.
1974:.
1949:68
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