259:
overlapping consensus includes disapproval of antisocial personality disorder, sadism, some kinds of moral cynicism, defective empathy, out-group prejudice, inability to face unpleasant realities, weak will, impulsivity, lack of nuance in moral understanding, and inability to compromise. Biomedically reducing these traits would, per DeGrazia’s reasoning, count as moral enhancement from these “reasonable moral perspectives.”
3509:
2865:
203:
Douglas argues, MBE can remove constraints on the ability to be moral. This does not take away anyone's freedom to be immoral. Instead, it simply grants them more freedom to be moral. Similarly, Persson and
Savulescu point out that increasing someone's motivation to act rightly for the right reasons makes them no less free than "the garden-variety virtuous person" who already has that motivation.
3943:
3521:
240:"The truth is that there is a political will to treat women as equals in the West that is apparently absent from countries governed by Islamic law. What Savulescu and Persson do is to similarly treat the will not to be moral on a larger scale as though it were an inevitable and natural part of human biology rather than a political and cultural choice."
174:, in which Milton reported God saying, 'Sufficient to have stood, though free to fall.' Harris believed that one should hang on to their freedom to fall. Without it, one is unable to discern right from wrong, taking away both freedom and virtue. Harris asserted that there is no virtue involved in performing activities that one is instructed to.
3067:
144:
are insufficient, MBE is needed at least as a supplementary method to solve these problems. Persson and
Savulescu's argument relies on the notion that it is much easier to cause great harm than it is to cause goodness to an equal extent. Because of the human population size there will inevitably be a
86:
is immoral even if it is feasible. He argues that enhancements to improve someone’s moral motivations would at least be morally permissible. For example, he cites enhancements to reduce "counter-moral" racist and aggressive emotional reactions as morally permissible because they remove impediments to
285:
Ram-Tiktin suggests that if MBE is more effective for enhancing people that are already moral, then it could further the gap between moral and immoral people, exacerbating social inequality. Also, if MBE makes some people morally better, it could unfairly raise the moral standards for everyone else.
107:
Walker argues for the GVP based on what he calls a ‘‘companions in innocence’’ strategy, which says that “any objection raised against the GVP has an analogue in socialization and educational efforts. Since such objections are not understood as decisive against nurturing attempts, they should not be
66:
has distinguished involuntary (such as for the unborn) from compulsory and voluntary MBE, claiming that compulsory MBE is not justifiable and proposing that "a combination of and might be the best option humans have to become better". Parker
Crutchfield has argued in favor of covert and compulsory
61:
Moral enhancement in general is sometimes distinguished from MBE specifically, such that ME includes any means of moral improvement while MBE only involves biomedical interventions. Some also distinguish invasive from non-invasive, intended from resultant, treatment-focused from enhancement-focused,
153:
Central issues debated in literature about MBE include whether there is an urgent need for it, if a sufficient consensus on the definition of morality is achievable, technically feasible and ethically permissible interventions to carry out MBE, the ability to ensure no violation of consent in those
249:
Since the nature of morality has historically caused wide disagreements, several authors have questioned whether it is possible to come up with a sufficiently widely accepted ethical basis for MBE, especially with respect to what qualities should be enhanced. Joao
Fabiano argues that attempting to
267:
MBE proponents have been accused of being too speculative, overstating the capabilities of future interventions and describing unrealistic scenarios like enhancing "all of humanity." One literature review assesses the evidence on seven interventions cited by MBE proponents, saying that none works
206:
Several MBE proponents have pointed out that Harris's "Freedom to Fall" assumes the controversial view that if someone's actions are fully determined by previous causes, then that person cannot act freely. If anyone can be free to act one way when they will certainly act another way, then MBE can
193:
Harris advocates science, innovation and knowledge — particularly in the form of education — as possible solutions to the possibility of mass destruction. Again, he refers to Milton, in particular the power of freedom and sense of justice installed within subjective selves. Most importantly, the
115:
as an example of socially accepted non-biomedical moral enhancement. For example, Douglas calls it “intuitively clear” that any given person has a reason to undergo moral self-enhancement by reducing counter-moral emotions through self-reflection. Douglas says that at least some of the intuitive
215:
Terri Murray disputes the claim by
Persson and Savulescu that political will and moral education are insufficient to ensure that people will behave responsibly, claiming that Persson and Savulescu unjustly reify moral dispositions in biology. Murray argues that political and social pressure are
202:
Harris's "Freedom to Fall" has been widely criticized by MBE proponents, who have argued that MBE is benign to freedom and can sometimes increase freedom. Freely chosen moral enhancement is no threat to freedom, as described by Vojin Rakić. By reducing biases that impair moral judgement, Thomas
281:
Other authors have suggested that unless MBE is based on an individual's choice, it cannot truly be called "moral" enhancement because personal choice is the basis of ethics. Murray argues that the idea that biological enhancement can make us morally good "undermines our understanding of moral
128:
can adapt through evolution, Persson and
Savulescu point out that humans' capability to cause large-scale destruction has increased exponentially. However, given that humans tend to care only about their immediate acquaintances and circumstances instead of thinking on a larger scale, they are
272:
highlighted that the way medical research is conducted and drugs approved impedes the development of enhancement drugs. A drug must demonstrably treat a specific disease to be approved, Bostrom said, but the traits or behaviors targeted for MBE arguably cannot be viewed as diseases. Bostrom
258:
Although there are a wide variety of disagreeing ethical systems, David DeGrazia argues, there are “points of overlapping consensus among competing, reasonable moral perspectives.” Traditional moral education generally teaches children to stay within that consensus. DeGrazia’s idea of this
165:
criticised moral enhancement on the grounds of 'The
Freedom to Fall'. His principal argument is that moral enhancement is wrong because it restricts one's freedom to do wrong, making it impossible to act immorally, thus undermining their autonomy. Harris referred to Book III of
250:
produce a full account of morality in order to enable moral enhancement would be "both impractical and arguably risky". Fabiano also suggests that "we seem to be far away from such an account" and notes that 'the inability for prior large-cooperation" plays a role in this.
185:, harming another person can potentially be morally justifiable, as it might be the best compromise of welfare. Harris suggested that it is unclear whether MBE would be nuanced enough to take such situations into account. Second, he pointed out that there is an element of
67:
use of ME upon unsuspecting populations. Other thinkers have argued in favor of a partial or limited form of MBE such as 'indirect enhancement' or 'moral supplementation' while rejecting more comprehensive forms of MBE as undesirable or unachievable.
94:
proposed a "Genetic Virtue
Project" (GVP) to genetically enhance moral traits. Given that personality traits are heritable, and some traits are moral while others are immoral, he suggests increasing moral traits while reducing immoral ones through
108:
considered decisive against the GVP.” In other words, any objection to MBE which also applies to traditional moral education has reduced itself to absurdity, because few would argue that teaching someone to be moral is inherently objectionable.
277:
needs to be changed, otherwise enhancement drugs could not be researched well and introduced to the market. Along with this feasibility objection, he notes that public funding for enhancement drugs research projects is currently very limited.
207:
cause moral improvement without taking away any valuable freedom. Most philosophers believe that free will is compatible with determinism in this way. If they are right, then MBE can improve moral behavior without affecting anyone's freedom.
145:
fraction of humanity which is immoral enough to desire to inflict this great harm. Persson and
Savulescu conclude that the intervention of extensive human moral enhancement is a necessary component to address this threat.
872:
189:
when one makes a choice between 'right' and 'wrong', and he said that people are entitled to willingly make the wrong choices. This would not be possible with MBE, which compromises this 'freedom to fall.'
75:
The simplest argument for MBE is definitional: improving moral character is morally good, so all else being equal, any biomedical treatment that actually improves moral character does moral good.
2658:
282:
goodness." She argues that MBE allows for "paternalistic interventions" from medical experts to "redirect the individual's behaviour to conform to their or society's 'best interests."
1478:
Dubljević, V.; Racine, E. (2017). "Moral enhancement meets normative and empirical reality: Assessing the practical feasibility of moral enhancement neurotechnologies".
3677:
3559:
236:
or otherwise, exercising their ability to control their sexual urges. She explained that this is due to the deterrent effect of both laws and social pressure:
3429:
2634:
116:
reasons that anyone should become morally better through self-reflection, like increasing concern for others or good consequences, apply to voluntary MBE.
3974:
268:
well enough to be practically feasible. Furthermore, there is some doubt that any drugs for moral enhancement will soon be introduced to the market.
38:
as well as the neuroscience of ethics. After Thomas
Douglas introduced the concept of MBE in 2008, its merits have been widely debated in academic
2666:
3797:
2901:
551:
Persson, I.; Savulescu, J. (2008). "The perils of cognitive enhancement and the urgent imperative to enhance the moral character of humanity".
273:
concludes that any drug that has an enhancing effect "in healthy subjects is a serendipitous unintended benefit". He suggests that the current
50:
have been among the most vocal MBE supporters. Much of the debate over MBE has focused on Persson and Savulescu's 2012 book in support of it,
976:
1526:
Forthcoming in (Title-to-be-determined) Rathenau Institute in Collaboration with the UK Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology: 2008
3603:
3886:
3552:
2682:
3409:
1782:
1694:
3545:
2650:
1460:
3947:
3913:
3250:
2467:
1884:
3404:
3225:
2714:
2674:
2587:
3444:
2346:
3918:
3854:
2971:
2894:
2642:
3901:
3861:
3439:
3414:
3283:
2833:
194:
roles of freedom and autonomy entails that one cannot have the sufficiency to stand without the freedom to fall.
162:
26:(abbreviated MBE), is the use of biomedical technology to morally improve individuals. MBE is a growing topic in
3596:
3378:
3353:
3278:
3185:
3090:
2986:
2849:
2336:
1993:
1749:
1391:
3525:
3866:
3839:
3767:
3215:
2926:
2921:
3984:
3876:
3871:
3844:
3728:
3210:
3200:
3110:
2991:
2946:
2326:
1927:
1879:
130:
392:
3979:
3802:
3711:
3706:
3583:
3568:
3513:
3273:
3268:
3075:
2966:
2887:
2706:
2698:
2626:
2582:
1944:
1939:
1834:
305:
1584:"The possible effects of moral bioenhancement on political privileges and fair equality of opportunity"
3849:
3812:
3792:
3494:
3245:
3085:
3056:
2951:
2823:
2487:
1963:
1953:
1934:
1912:
1874:
1812:
1724:
1687:
1168:
43:
3906:
3881:
3650:
3388:
3288:
3165:
3135:
3120:
2793:
2754:
2730:
2597:
2517:
2497:
2472:
2442:
1854:
1734:
96:
3969:
3923:
3743:
3733:
3721:
3645:
3464:
3358:
3298:
3021:
3001:
2788:
2783:
2618:
2557:
2427:
2015:
1922:
1907:
1859:
1807:
1658:
1611:
1564:
1503:
1438:
1363:
1108:
1062:
1012:
957:
900:
853:
810:
760:
708:
455:
412:
134:
1144:
3750:
3738:
3716:
3699:
3383:
3318:
3293:
3145:
3105:
2843:
2828:
2818:
2798:
2547:
2378:
2281:
2271:
2000:
1958:
1650:
1603:
1556:
1495:
1430:
1324:
1276:
1224:
1100:
1054:
1004:
996:
949:
941:
892:
845:
802:
700:
665:
513:
447:
370:
300:
217:
141:
83:
1127:
1083:
Walker, M. (2009). "Enhancing genetic virtue: A project for twenty-first century humanity?".
3891:
3807:
3635:
3613:
3424:
3308:
3235:
3150:
3031:
2981:
2813:
2738:
2722:
2552:
2537:
2482:
2261:
2043:
2010:
2005:
1902:
1802:
1739:
1719:
1711:
1642:
1595:
1548:
1487:
1422:
1355:
1314:
1266:
1258:
1214:
1206:
1129:
We Have Always Been Cyborgs: Digital Data, Gene Technologies, and an Ethics of Transhumanism
1092:
1046:
988:
931:
884:
837:
794:
750:
742:
692:
655:
647:
560:
503:
493:
439:
404:
360:
352:
125:
91:
47:
154:
interventions, and the ability to ensure no harmful social side-effects that they produce.
3760:
3662:
3623:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3363:
3303:
3240:
3155:
3115:
3100:
3051:
3041:
2996:
2868:
2602:
2341:
2296:
2256:
2204:
2149:
2139:
2063:
2038:
2020:
1973:
1864:
1797:
1792:
1680:
186:
112:
79:
828:
Rakić, V (2014b). "Voluntary moral bioenhancement is a solution to Sparrow's concerns".
612:
62:
capability-improving from behavior-improving, and passive from active ME interventions.
3896:
3672:
3667:
3630:
3618:
3591:
3449:
3419:
3348:
3323:
3313:
3160:
3140:
3130:
3016:
2936:
2838:
2592:
2492:
2477:
2452:
2447:
2331:
2221:
2159:
2078:
2068:
2058:
1968:
1849:
1844:
1829:
1769:
1754:
1729:
1271:
1246:
1219:
1194:
660:
635:
508:
481:
365:
340:
63:
177:
There are two further criticisms of moral enhancement. First, the distinction between
3963:
3928:
3694:
3640:
3373:
3368:
3333:
3230:
3220:
3180:
3026:
2961:
2956:
2522:
2462:
2412:
2251:
2189:
2174:
2073:
1988:
1917:
1869:
1777:
1759:
1662:
1539:
Melo-Martin, I.; Salles, A. (2015). "Moral bioenhancement: much ado about nothing?".
1367:
1262:
1210:
1066:
564:
416:
356:
310:
229:
171:
1615:
1442:
1112:
1016:
961:
904:
857:
814:
764:
683:
Persson, I.; Savulescu, J. (2014). "Reply to commentators on Unfit for the Future".
3832:
3684:
3655:
3459:
3454:
3338:
3170:
3095:
3046:
3036:
3011:
3006:
2976:
2910:
2803:
2746:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2542:
2512:
2246:
2119:
2053:
2048:
1983:
1839:
1824:
1568:
1507:
785:
Rakić, V (2014a). "Voluntary moral enhancement and the survival-at-any-cost bias".
712:
459:
269:
225:
182:
124:
Based on the fact that human technological progress has advanced faster than human
35:
1319:
1302:
1050:
798:
696:
1599:
1524:
Bostrom, N (2007). "Smart Policy: Cognitive Enhancement in the Public Interest".
841:
3827:
3822:
3755:
3328:
3175:
2502:
2306:
2083:
1744:
295:
167:
27:
3787:
3689:
3489:
3190:
2562:
2532:
2527:
2507:
2457:
2368:
2226:
2169:
2129:
2124:
1894:
1817:
1359:
888:
746:
730:
408:
1058:
1000:
945:
3817:
3434:
3125:
2778:
2690:
2422:
2402:
2301:
2211:
2184:
2164:
2109:
1978:
1787:
1031:
651:
534:
498:
78:
Douglas originally suggested MBE as a counter-example to what he calls the "
39:
1654:
1607:
1560:
1499:
1434:
1328:
1303:"Moral Enhancement, Freedom, and What We (Should) Value in Moral Behaviour"
1280:
1228:
1104:
1008:
953:
896:
849:
806:
755:
704:
669:
535:
How (not) to argue for moral enhancement: reflections on a decade of debate
517:
451:
374:
133:
like climate change and to technologies like nuclear weapons which pose an
1413:
Beck, B (2015). "Conceptual and practical problems of moral enhancement".
992:
430:
Rakić, V.; Wiseman, H. (2018). "Different games of moral bioenhancement".
3608:
3343:
2808:
2773:
2407:
2392:
2316:
2311:
2276:
2266:
2179:
2114:
2088:
1247:"Moral Enhancement via Direct Emotion Modulation: A Reply to John Harris"
178:
3537:
1032:"Supplementing Virtue: The Case for a Limited Theological Transhumanism"
729:
Raus, K.; Focquaert, F.; Schermer, M.; Specker, J.; Sterckx, S. (2014).
480:
Specker, J.; Focquaert, F.; Raus, K.; Sterckx, S.; Schermer, M. (2014).
2432:
2321:
2286:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2144:
2134:
1646:
1552:
1491:
1426:
936:
919:
482:"The ethical desirability of moral bioenhancement: a review of reasons"
443:
233:
2417:
2358:
2291:
2216:
2093:
1703:
1583:
31:
1630:
1343:
1096:
3066:
2397:
2387:
221:
216:
sufficient to improve behavior, explaining that although certain
2437:
2353:
2199:
2194:
2154:
3541:
2883:
2879:
1676:
2363:
393:"Enharrisment: A reply to John Harris about moral enhancement"
386:
384:
2659:
An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation
1672:
731:"On defining moral enhancement: a clarificatory taxonomy"
181:
is highly context-dependent. For example, in the case of
1132:. Bristol University Press and Policy Press. p. 96.
606:
604:
602:
600:
592:
Unfit for the future: The need for moral enhancement.
586:
584:
582:
580:
578:
576:
574:
52:
Unfit for the Future? The Need for Moral Enhancement.
475:
473:
471:
469:
3780:
3582:
3575:
3397:
3259:
3199:
3074:
2935:
2766:
2611:
2377:
2102:
2031:
1893:
1768:
1710:
920:"Compulsory moral bioenhancement should be covert"
873:"Genome Editing for Involuntary Moral Enhancement"
724:
722:
529:
527:
224:and stay indoors because men cannot control their
1296:
1294:
1292:
1290:
636:"Moral enhancement, freedom and the God machine"
3678:Strategies for engineered negligible senescence
1240:
1238:
238:
16:Use of biotechnology to improve one's character
1461:"A Fundamental Problem with Moral Enhancement"
1385:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1078:
1076:
780:
778:
776:
774:
334:
332:
330:
328:
326:
220:state that women should be forced to wear the
3553:
2895:
1688:
8:
3430:Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring
2635:Fifteen Sermons Preached at the Rolls Chapel
3942:
3579:
3560:
3546:
3538:
2902:
2888:
2880:
1695:
1681:
1673:
590:Persson, I., & Savulescu, J. (2012a).
1631:"Moral enhancement and those left behind"
1392:"The incoherence of moral bioenhancement"
1318:
1270:
1218:
935:
754:
659:
507:
497:
364:
1342:Bourget, David; Chalmers, David (2014).
877:Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics
111:Several other MBE proponents have cited
2667:Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals
977:"Direct vs. Indirect Moral Enhancement"
322:
3798:Differential technological development
533:Paulo, N. & Bublitz, J.C. (2017).
228:, this is shown to be false by men in
1519:
1517:
1465:University of Oxford Practical Ethics
1454:
1452:
1146:Paradise Lost; A Poem in Twelve Books
541:, 1-15. doi:10.1007/s11245-017-9492-6
211:Sufficiency of non-biomedical methods
7:
3604:Aldehyde-stabilized cryopreservation
3520:
918:Crutchfield, Parker (January 2019).
634:Savulescu, J.; Persson, I. (2012c).
611:Savulescu, J.; Persson, I. (2012b).
57:Different kinds of moral enhancement
3887:Future-oriented technology analysis
2683:Elements of the Philosophy of Right
981:Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal
391:Persson, I.; Savulescu, J. (2016).
1459:Fabiano, Joao (October 13, 2017).
594:New York: Oxford University Press.
245:Ethical basis of moral enhancement
14:
3410:Development of the nervous system
1588:The American Journal of Bioethics
1149:(II ed.). London: S. Simmons
830:The American Journal of Bioethics
3975:Ethics of science and technology
3941:
3519:
3508:
3507:
3065:
2864:
2863:
1263:10.1111/j.1467-8519.2011.01919.x
1211:10.1111/j.1467-8519.2010.01854.x
565:10.1111/j.1468-5930.2008.00410.x
357:10.1111/j.1468-5930.2008.00412.x
1344:"What Do Philosophers Believe?"
1195:"Moral Enhancement and Freedom"
1030:Willows, Adam M. (2017-04-03).
140:Given that moral education and
2651:The Theory of Moral Sentiments
2021:Value monism – Value pluralism
1085:Politics and the Life Sciences
22:(abbreviated ME), also called
1:
3914:Technology in science fiction
3251:Social cognitive neuroscience
1320:10.1136/medethics-2012-101157
1169:"Paradise Lost: Introduction"
1157:– via Internet Archive.
1051:10.1080/14746700.2017.1299375
799:10.1136/medethics-2012-100700
697:10.1136/medethics-2013-101796
553:Journal of Applied Philosophy
345:Journal of Applied Philosophy
275:disease-focused medical model
3226:Molecular cellular cognition
2715:On the Genealogy of Morality
2675:Critique of Practical Reason
1600:10.1080/15265161.2014.889246
842:10.1080/15265161.2014.889249
3445:Neurodevelopmental disorder
3420:Neural network (biological)
3415:Neural network (artificial)
1354:(3) (3 ed.): 465–500.
82:thesis," which claims that
4001:
3919:Technology readiness level
3855:Technological unemployment
2972:Computational neuroscience
2643:A Treatise of Human Nature
975:Schaefer, G. Owen (2015).
3937:
3902:Technological singularity
3862:Technological convergence
3503:
3440:Neurodegenerative disease
3284:Evolutionary neuroscience
3063:
2917:
2859:
1360:10.1007/s11098-013-0259-7
1307:Journal of Medical Ethics
889:10.1017/S0963180118000373
787:Journal of Medical Ethics
747:10.1007/s12152-014-9205-4
685:Journal of Medical Ethics
409:10.1007/s12152-016-9274-7
296:Key issues in neuroethics
30:, a field developing the
3597:Microgravity bioprinting
3405:Brain–computer interface
3354:Neuromorphic engineering
3279:Educational neuroscience
3186:Nutritional neuroscience
3091:Clinical neurophysiology
2987:Integrative neuroscience
1994:Universal prescriptivism
1301:DeGrazia, David (2014).
1245:Douglas, Thomas (2013).
1126:Sorgner, Stefan (2021).
131:tragedies of the commons
42:literature. Since then,
3867:Technological evolution
3840:Exploratory engineering
3768:Whole genome sequencing
3216:Behavioral neuroscience
1783:Artificial intelligence
652:10.5840/monist201295321
499:10.1186/1472-6939-15-67
103:Companions in innocence
3877:Technology forecasting
3872:Technological paradigm
3845:Proactionary principle
3729:Robot-assisted surgery
3211:Affective neuroscience
2992:Molecular neuroscience
2947:Behavioral epigenetics
1582:Ram-Tiktin, E (2014).
242:
3803:Disruptive innovation
3712:Regenerative medicine
3707:Personalized medicine
3569:Emerging technologies
3274:Cultural neuroscience
3269:Consumer neuroscience
3111:Neurogastroenterology
2967:Cellular neuroscience
2707:The Methods of Ethics
1945:Divine command theory
1940:Ideal observer theory
1348:Philosophical Studies
1193:Harris, John (2011).
1143:Milton, John (1674).
993:10.1353/ken.2015.0016
871:Rakić, Vojin (2019).
306:Cognitive enhancement
3850:Technological change
3793:Collingridge dilemma
3246:Sensory neuroscience
3086:Behavioral neurology
3057:Systems neuroscience
2824:Political philosophy
1039:Theology and Science
120:Unfit for the Future
24:moral bioenhancement
3907:Technology scouting
3882:Accelerating change
3651:Genetic engineering
3389:Social neuroscience
3289:Global neurosurgery
3166:Neurorehabilitation
3136:Neuro-ophthalmology
3121:Neurointensive care
2952:Behavioral genetics
2794:Evolutionary ethics
2755:Reasons and Persons
2731:A Theory of Justice
1885:Uncertain sentience
613:"Moral enhancement"
341:"Moral enhancement"
339:Douglas, T (2008).
158:The Freedom to Fall
97:genetic engineering
71:Arguments in favour
3924:Technology roadmap
3744:Synthetic genomics
3734:Relational biology
3722:Tissue engineering
3646:Generative biology
3465:Neuroimmune system
3359:Neurophenomenology
3299:Neural engineering
3022:Neuroendocrinology
3002:Neural engineering
2789:Ethics in religion
2784:Descriptive ethics
2619:Nicomachean Ethics
1647:10.1111/bioe.12251
1629:Archer, A (2016).
1553:10.1111/bioe.12100
1492:10.1111/bioe.12355
1427:10.1111/bioe.12090
1390:Murray, T (2012).
937:10.1111/bioe.12496
486:BMC Medical Ethics
444:10.1111/bioe.12415
135:existential threat
3957:
3956:
3776:
3775:
3739:Synthetic biology
3717:Stem-cell therapy
3700:engineered uterus
3614:Artificial organs
3535:
3534:
3384:Paleoneurobiology
3319:Neuroepistemology
3294:Neuroanthropology
3260:Interdisciplinary
3146:Neuropharmacology
3106:Neuroepidemiology
2877:
2876:
2844:Social philosophy
2829:Population ethics
2819:Philosophy of law
2799:History of ethics
2282:Political freedom
1959:Euthyphro dilemma
1750:Suffering-focused
1173:Dartmouth College
301:Human enhancement
230:Western countries
218:Islamic countries
142:liberal democracy
84:human enhancement
20:Moral enhancement
3992:
3945:
3944:
3892:Horizon scanning
3808:Ephemeralization
3636:Brain transplant
3580:
3562:
3555:
3548:
3539:
3523:
3522:
3511:
3510:
3425:Detection theory
3309:Neurocriminology
3236:Neurolinguistics
3151:Neuroprosthetics
3069:
3032:Neuroinformatics
2982:Imaging genetics
2904:
2897:
2890:
2881:
2867:
2866:
2814:Moral psychology
2759:
2751:
2743:
2739:Practical Ethics
2735:
2727:
2723:Principia Ethica
2719:
2711:
2703:
2695:
2687:
2679:
2671:
2663:
2655:
2647:
2639:
2631:
2627:Ethics (Spinoza)
2623:
2262:Moral imperative
1720:Consequentialism
1697:
1690:
1683:
1674:
1667:
1666:
1626:
1620:
1619:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1521:
1512:
1511:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1456:
1447:
1446:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1387:
1372:
1371:
1339:
1333:
1332:
1322:
1298:
1285:
1284:
1274:
1242:
1233:
1232:
1222:
1190:
1184:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1140:
1134:
1133:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1080:
1071:
1070:
1036:
1027:
1021:
1020:
972:
966:
965:
939:
915:
909:
908:
868:
862:
861:
825:
819:
818:
782:
769:
768:
758:
726:
717:
716:
680:
674:
673:
663:
631:
625:
624:
608:
595:
588:
569:
568:
548:
542:
531:
522:
521:
511:
501:
477:
464:
463:
427:
421:
420:
388:
379:
378:
368:
336:
126:moral psychology
92:Mark Alan Walker
48:Julian Savulescu
4000:
3999:
3995:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3990:
3989:
3960:
3959:
3958:
3953:
3933:
3772:
3761:Oncolytic virus
3663:Head transplant
3571:
3566:
3536:
3531:
3499:
3485:Neurotechnology
3480:Neuroplasticity
3475:Neuromodulation
3470:Neuromanagement
3393:
3364:Neurophilosophy
3261:
3255:
3241:Neuropsychology
3202:
3195:
3156:Neuropsychiatry
3116:Neuroimmunology
3101:Neurocardiology
3077:
3070:
3061:
3052:Neurophysiology
3042:Neuromorphology
2997:Neural decoding
2938:
2931:
2913:
2908:
2878:
2873:
2855:
2762:
2757:
2749:
2741:
2733:
2725:
2717:
2709:
2701:
2693:
2685:
2677:
2669:
2661:
2653:
2645:
2637:
2629:
2621:
2607:
2380:
2373:
2297:Self-discipline
2257:Moral hierarchy
2205:Problem of evil
2150:Double standard
2140:Culture of life
2098:
2027:
1974:Non-cognitivism
1889:
1764:
1706:
1701:
1671:
1670:
1628:
1627:
1623:
1581:
1580:
1576:
1538:
1537:
1533:
1523:
1522:
1515:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1458:
1457:
1450:
1412:
1411:
1407:
1389:
1388:
1375:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1300:
1299:
1288:
1244:
1243:
1236:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1177:
1175:
1167:
1166:
1162:
1152:
1150:
1142:
1141:
1137:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1097:10.2990/28_2_27
1082:
1081:
1074:
1034:
1029:
1028:
1024:
974:
973:
969:
917:
916:
912:
870:
869:
865:
827:
826:
822:
784:
783:
772:
756:1854/LU-4323993
728:
727:
720:
682:
681:
677:
633:
632:
628:
610:
609:
598:
589:
572:
550:
549:
545:
532:
525:
479:
478:
467:
429:
428:
424:
390:
389:
382:
338:
337:
324:
319:
292:
265:
256:
247:
213:
200:
187:value judgement
179:right and wrong
160:
151:
122:
113:moral education
105:
80:bioconservative
73:
59:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3998:
3996:
3988:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3962:
3961:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3951:
3938:
3935:
3934:
3932:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3910:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3858:
3857:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3836:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3784:
3782:
3778:
3777:
3774:
3773:
3771:
3770:
3765:
3764:
3763:
3753:
3748:
3747:
3746:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3725:
3724:
3719:
3709:
3704:
3703:
3702:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3681:
3680:
3673:Life extension
3670:
3668:Isolated brain
3665:
3660:
3659:
3658:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3631:Biofabrication
3628:
3627:
3626:
3621:
3619:Organ printing
3611:
3606:
3601:
3600:
3599:
3592:3D bioprinting
3588:
3586:
3577:
3573:
3572:
3567:
3565:
3564:
3557:
3550:
3542:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3529:
3517:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3497:
3495:Self-awareness
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3450:Neurodiversity
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3401:
3399:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3349:Neuromarketing
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3324:Neuroesthetics
3321:
3316:
3314:Neuroeconomics
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3265:
3263:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3207:
3205:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3161:Neuroradiology
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3141:Neuropathology
3138:
3133:
3131:Neuro-oncology
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3082:
3080:
3072:
3071:
3064:
3062:
3060:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3017:Neurochemistry
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2943:
2941:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2929:
2924:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2909:
2907:
2906:
2899:
2892:
2884:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2871:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2853:
2846:
2841:
2839:Secular ethics
2836:
2834:Rehabilitation
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2770:
2768:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2760:
2752:
2744:
2736:
2728:
2720:
2712:
2704:
2699:Utilitarianism
2696:
2688:
2680:
2672:
2664:
2656:
2648:
2640:
2632:
2624:
2615:
2613:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2384:
2382:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2350:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2059:Existentialist
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2035:
2033:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2025:
2024:
2023:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1997:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1954:Constructivism
1951:
1950:
1949:
1948:
1947:
1942:
1932:
1931:
1930:
1928:Non-naturalism
1925:
1910:
1905:
1899:
1897:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1821:
1820:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1774:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1762:
1757:
1755:Utilitarianism
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1716:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1702:
1700:
1699:
1692:
1685:
1677:
1669:
1668:
1641:(7): 500–510.
1621:
1574:
1547:(4): 223–232.
1531:
1513:
1486:(5): 338–348.
1470:
1448:
1421:(4): 233–240.
1405:
1396:Philosophy Now
1373:
1334:
1313:(6): 361–368.
1286:
1257:(3): 160–168.
1234:
1185:
1160:
1135:
1118:
1072:
1045:(2): 177–187.
1022:
987:(3): 261–289.
967:
930:(1): 112–121.
910:
863:
820:
793:(4): 246–250.
770:
741:(3): 263–273.
718:
691:(4): 348–352.
675:
646:(3): 399–421.
626:
617:Philosophy Now
596:
570:
559:(3): 162–177.
543:
523:
465:
438:(2): 103–110.
422:
403:(3): 275–277.
380:
351:(3): 228–245.
321:
320:
318:
315:
314:
313:
308:
303:
298:
291:
288:
264:
261:
255:
252:
246:
243:
212:
209:
199:
196:
159:
156:
150:
147:
129:vulnerable to
121:
118:
104:
101:
72:
69:
58:
55:
44:Ingmar Persson
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3997:
3986:
3985:Transhumanism
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3950:
3949:
3940:
3939:
3936:
3930:
3929:Transhumanism
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3879:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3856:
3853:
3852:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3815:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3785:
3783:
3779:
3769:
3766:
3762:
3759:
3758:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3745:
3742:
3741:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3714:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3701:
3698:
3697:
3696:
3695:Organ culture
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3679:
3676:
3675:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3657:
3654:
3653:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3641:De-extinction
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3616:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3598:
3595:
3594:
3593:
3590:
3589:
3587:
3585:
3581:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3563:
3558:
3556:
3551:
3549:
3544:
3543:
3540:
3528:
3527:
3518:
3516:
3515:
3506:
3505:
3502:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3396:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3379:Neurotheology
3377:
3375:
3374:Neurorobotics
3372:
3370:
3369:Neuropolitics
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3334:Neuroethology
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3258:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3231:Motor control
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3221:Chronobiology
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3204:
3198:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3181:Neurovirology
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3073:
3068:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3027:Neurogenetics
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2962:Brain-reading
2960:
2958:
2957:Brain mapping
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2940:
2934:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2919:
2916:
2912:
2905:
2900:
2898:
2893:
2891:
2886:
2885:
2882:
2870:
2862:
2861:
2858:
2852:
2851:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2765:
2756:
2753:
2748:
2745:
2740:
2737:
2732:
2729:
2724:
2721:
2716:
2713:
2708:
2705:
2700:
2697:
2692:
2689:
2684:
2681:
2676:
2673:
2668:
2665:
2660:
2657:
2652:
2649:
2644:
2641:
2636:
2633:
2628:
2625:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2610:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2376:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2334:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2252:Moral courage
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2191:
2190:Good and evil
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2175:Family values
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2030:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1989:Quasi-realism
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1936:
1933:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1892:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1814:
1813:Environmental
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1735:Particularism
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1698:
1693:
1691:
1686:
1684:
1679:
1678:
1675:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1625:
1622:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1578:
1575:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1535:
1532:
1527:
1520:
1518:
1514:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1474:
1471:
1466:
1462:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1409:
1406:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1338:
1335:
1330:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1282:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1230:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1205:(2): 102–11.
1204:
1200:
1196:
1189:
1186:
1174:
1170:
1164:
1161:
1148:
1147:
1139:
1136:
1131:
1130:
1122:
1119:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1079:
1077:
1073:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1033:
1026:
1023:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
971:
968:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
938:
933:
929:
925:
921:
914:
911:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
867:
864:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
824:
821:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
781:
779:
777:
775:
771:
766:
762:
757:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
725:
723:
719:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
679:
676:
671:
667:
662:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
630:
627:
622:
618:
614:
607:
605:
603:
601:
597:
593:
587:
585:
583:
581:
579:
577:
575:
571:
566:
562:
558:
554:
547:
544:
540:
536:
530:
528:
524:
519:
515:
510:
505:
500:
495:
491:
487:
483:
476:
474:
472:
470:
466:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
426:
423:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
387:
385:
381:
376:
372:
367:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
335:
333:
331:
329:
327:
323:
316:
312:
311:Transhumanism
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
293:
289:
287:
283:
279:
276:
271:
262:
260:
253:
251:
244:
241:
237:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
210:
208:
204:
197:
195:
191:
188:
184:
180:
175:
173:
172:Paradise Lost
169:
164:
157:
155:
148:
146:
143:
138:
137:to humanity.
136:
132:
127:
119:
117:
114:
109:
102:
100:
98:
93:
88:
85:
81:
76:
70:
68:
65:
56:
54:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
3980:Neuroscience
3946:
3833:Robot ethics
3685:Nanomedicine
3656:Gene therapy
3524:
3512:
3460:Neuroimaging
3455:Neurogenesis
3339:Neurohistory
3304:Neurobiotics
3203:neuroscience
3171:Neurosurgery
3096:Epileptology
3078:neuroscience
3047:Neurophysics
3037:Neurometrics
3012:Neurobiology
3007:Neuroanatomy
2977:Connectomics
2911:Neuroscience
2848:
2804:Human rights
2747:After Virtue
2473:Schopenhauer
2247:Moral agency
2120:Common sense
2016:Universalism
1984:Expressivism
1964:Intuitionism
1935:Subjectivism
1880:Terraforming
1855:Professional
1638:
1634:
1624:
1594:(4): 43–44.
1591:
1587:
1577:
1544:
1540:
1534:
1525:
1483:
1479:
1473:
1464:
1418:
1414:
1408:
1399:
1395:
1351:
1347:
1337:
1310:
1306:
1254:
1250:
1202:
1198:
1188:
1176:. Retrieved
1172:
1163:
1151:. Retrieved
1145:
1138:
1128:
1121:
1091:(2): 27–47.
1088:
1084:
1042:
1038:
1025:
984:
980:
970:
927:
923:
913:
883:(1): 46–54.
880:
876:
866:
836:(4): 37–38.
833:
829:
823:
790:
786:
738:
734:
688:
684:
678:
643:
639:
629:
620:
616:
591:
556:
552:
546:
538:
489:
485:
435:
431:
425:
400:
396:
348:
344:
284:
280:
274:
270:Nick Bostrom
266:
263:Other issues
257:
248:
239:
226:sexual urges
214:
205:
201:
192:
183:self-defense
176:
161:
152:
139:
123:
110:
106:
89:
77:
74:
60:
51:
36:neuroscience
23:
19:
18:
3897:Moore's law
3828:Neuroethics
3823:Cyberethics
3756:Virotherapy
3690:Nanosensors
3329:Neuroethics
3176:Neurotology
2622:(c. 322 BC)
2488:Kierkegaard
2307:Stewardship
2084:Rousseauian
2001:Rationalism
1913:Cognitivism
1860:Programming
1835:Meat eating
1808:Engineering
735:Neuroethics
397:Neuroethics
163:John Harris
64:Vojin Rakić
28:neuroethics
3964:Categories
3788:Automation
3584:Biomedical
3490:Neurotoxin
3191:Psychiatry
2518:Bonhoeffer
2227:Immorality
2170:Eudaimonia
2130:Conscience
2125:Compassion
2011:Skepticism
2006:Relativism
1923:Naturalism
1903:Absolutism
1875:Technology
1725:Deontology
640:The Monist
317:References
87:morality.
3970:Bioethics
3818:Bioethics
3751:Tricorder
3435:Neurochip
3201:Cognitive
3126:Neurology
2779:Casuistry
2691:Either/Or
2598:Korsgaard
2593:Azurmendi
2558:MacIntyre
2498:Nietzsche
2428:Augustine
2423:Confucius
2403:Aristotle
2379:Ethicists
2337:Intrinsic
2302:Suffering
2212:Happiness
2185:Free will
2165:Etiquette
2110:Authority
2054:Epicurean
2049:Confucian
2044:Christian
1979:Emotivism
1803:Discourse
1740:Pragmatic
1712:Normative
1663:207066718
1635:Bioethics
1541:Bioethics
1480:Bioethics
1415:Bioethics
1368:170254281
1251:Bioethics
1199:Bioethics
1153:8 January
1067:152151008
1059:1474-6700
1001:1086-3249
946:1467-8519
924:Bioethics
432:Bioethics
417:148280154
149:Criticism
90:In 2009,
40:bioethics
3609:Ampakine
3514:Category
3398:Concepts
3344:Neurolaw
3076:Clinical
2869:Category
2809:Ideology
2774:Axiology
2603:Nussbaum
2553:Frankena
2548:Anscombe
2538:Williams
2493:Sidgwick
2413:Valluvar
2408:Diogenes
2393:Socrates
2317:Theodicy
2312:Sympathy
2277:Pacifism
2267:Morality
2180:Fidelity
2160:Equality
2115:Autonomy
2103:Concepts
2064:Feminist
2039:Buddhist
1969:Nihilism
1908:Axiology
1865:Research
1798:Computer
1793:Business
1655:26833687
1616:29808792
1608:24730492
1561:24909343
1500:28503833
1443:25637842
1435:24654942
1402:: 19–21.
1329:23355049
1281:22092503
1229:21133978
1178:26 March
1113:41544138
1105:20205521
1017:35532005
1009:26412738
962:52122178
954:30157295
905:58548473
897:30570463
858:42768609
850:24730490
815:33619158
807:23412695
765:53124507
705:24413582
670:22942461
518:25227512
452:29205423
375:19132138
290:See also
3526:Commons
2939:science
2927:History
2922:Outline
2767:Related
2513:Tillich
2478:Bentham
2453:Spinoza
2448:Aquinas
2433:Mencius
2347:Western
2322:Torture
2287:Precept
2242:Loyalty
2237:Liberty
2232:Justice
2145:Dignity
2135:Consent
2079:Kantian
2069:Islamic
2032:Schools
1918:Realism
1850:Nursing
1845:Medical
1830:Machine
1770:Applied
1569:2661124
1508:5219014
1272:3378474
1220:3660783
713:2629575
661:3431130
509:4274726
460:3765284
366:2614680
254:Replies
232:, both
198:Replies
3813:Ethics
3781:Topics
3576:Fields
3262:fields
2758:(1984)
2750:(1981)
2742:(1979)
2734:(1971)
2726:(1903)
2718:(1887)
2710:(1874)
2702:(1861)
2694:(1843)
2686:(1820)
2678:(1788)
2670:(1785)
2662:(1780)
2654:(1759)
2646:(1740)
2638:(1726)
2630:(1677)
2588:Taylor
2573:Parfit
2568:Singer
2543:Mackie
2418:Cicero
2359:Virtue
2292:Rights
2217:Honour
2074:Jewish
1870:Sexual
1778:Animal
1760:Virtue
1704:Ethics
1661:
1653:
1614:
1606:
1567:
1559:
1506:
1498:
1441:
1433:
1366:
1327:
1279:
1269:
1227:
1217:
1111:
1103:
1065:
1057:
1015:
1007:
999:
960:
952:
944:
903:
895:
856:
848:
813:
805:
763:
711:
703:
668:
658:
623:: 6–8.
516:
506:
492:: 67.
458:
450:
415:
373:
363:
234:Muslim
168:Milton
32:ethics
2937:Basic
2850:Index
2612:Works
2583:Adams
2578:Nagel
2533:Dewey
2528:Rawls
2508:Barth
2503:Moore
2468:Hegel
2443:Xunzi
2398:Plato
2388:Laozi
2369:Wrong
2342:Japan
2332:Value
2327:Trust
2222:Ideal
2089:Stoic
1840:Media
1825:Legal
1659:S2CID
1612:S2CID
1565:S2CID
1504:S2CID
1439:S2CID
1364:S2CID
1109:S2CID
1063:S2CID
1035:(PDF)
1013:S2CID
958:S2CID
901:S2CID
854:S2CID
811:S2CID
761:S2CID
709:S2CID
539:Topoi
456:S2CID
413:S2CID
222:burka
3948:List
3624:Womb
2563:Hare
2523:Foot
2483:Mill
2463:Kant
2458:Hume
2438:Mozi
2354:Vice
2272:Norm
2200:Evil
2195:Good
2155:Duty
1895:Meta
1818:Land
1745:Role
1730:Care
1651:PMID
1604:PMID
1557:PMID
1528:: 4.
1496:PMID
1431:PMID
1325:PMID
1277:PMID
1225:PMID
1180:2010
1155:2017
1101:PMID
1055:ISSN
1005:PMID
997:ISSN
950:PMID
942:ISSN
893:PMID
846:PMID
803:PMID
701:PMID
666:PMID
514:PMID
448:PMID
371:PMID
46:and
2364:Vow
2094:Tao
1788:Bio
1643:doi
1596:doi
1549:doi
1488:doi
1423:doi
1356:doi
1352:170
1315:doi
1267:PMC
1259:doi
1215:PMC
1207:doi
1093:doi
1047:doi
989:doi
932:doi
885:doi
838:doi
795:doi
751:hdl
743:doi
693:doi
656:PMC
648:doi
561:doi
504:PMC
494:doi
440:doi
405:doi
361:PMC
353:doi
170:'s
34:of
3966::
1657:.
1649:.
1639:30
1637:.
1633:.
1610:.
1602:.
1592:14
1590:.
1586:.
1563:.
1555:.
1545:29
1543:.
1516:^
1502:.
1494:.
1484:31
1482:.
1463:.
1451:^
1437:.
1429:.
1419:29
1417:.
1400:93
1398:.
1394:.
1376:^
1362:.
1350:.
1346:.
1323:.
1311:40
1309:.
1305:.
1289:^
1275:.
1265:.
1255:27
1253:.
1249:.
1237:^
1223:.
1213:.
1203:25
1201:.
1197:.
1171:.
1107:.
1099:.
1089:28
1087:.
1075:^
1061:.
1053:.
1043:15
1041:.
1037:.
1011:.
1003:.
995:.
985:25
983:.
979:.
956:.
948:.
940:.
928:33
926:.
922:.
899:.
891:.
881:28
879:.
875:.
852:.
844:.
834:14
832:.
809:.
801:.
791:40
789:.
773:^
759:.
749:.
737:.
733:.
721:^
707:.
699:.
689:41
687:.
664:.
654:.
644:95
642:.
638:.
621:91
619:.
615:.
599:^
573:^
557:25
555:.
537:.
526:^
512:.
502:.
490:15
488:.
484:.
468:^
454:.
446:.
436:32
434:.
411:.
399:.
395:.
383:^
369:.
359:.
349:25
347:.
343:.
325:^
99:.
3561:e
3554:t
3547:v
2903:e
2896:t
2889:v
1696:e
1689:t
1682:v
1665:.
1645::
1618:.
1598::
1571:.
1551::
1510:.
1490::
1467:.
1445:.
1425::
1370:.
1358::
1331:.
1317::
1283:.
1261::
1231:.
1209::
1182:.
1115:.
1095::
1069:.
1049::
1019:.
991::
964:.
934::
907:.
887::
860:.
840::
817:.
797::
767:.
753::
745::
739:7
715:.
695::
672:.
650::
567:.
563::
520:.
496::
462:.
442::
419:.
407::
401:9
377:.
355::
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.