788:
2002) postulates that the intensity of the government crackdown on prostitution is due to outrage over deviation from the monogamous, heterosexual reproductive relationship norms which dominate
Dominican society. The verbal, physical and sexual abuse inflicted upon sex workers both nationally and regionally has been extensively documented, described by Erika Guevara-Rosas, directors of the Americas at Amnesty International, as an âepidemic across Latin America and the Caribbeanâ. In addition to government-inflicted violence, sex workers face scant protection from violence from third parties such as customers or intermediaries, which Amalia Lucia Cabezas attributes to the public perception of sex workers as âguiltyâ and unworthy of equal treatment under the law. The report also mentions further harassment towards more vulnerable members of the sex worker community, specifically transgender sex workers who are statistically more susceptible to state-sanctioned torture.
740:
of the
Dominican Republic, Danila Medina instituted Law 169/14 with the publicly stated intention of working to restore the nationality of the undocumented migrant families affected. However, the law was widely criticised for its failure to automatically reinstate Dominican nationality, which has currently left thousands in a condition of statelessness and vulnerability to the exploitation of their rights. In October 2016, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights ruled that the disproportionate deprivation of citizenship of black, ethnically Haitian Dominicans brought about by these laws and the government's ongoing failures to counteract the social harms violated the American Convention on Human Rights, and in April 2017 the court used the same rationale to justify their placement on their human rights âblack listâ.
813:
media attention. However, a
Constitutional Court decision the following year ruled the reform unconstitutional and reinstituted the total ban on abortions. The decision was widely criticised as a major blow to the progression of women's rights in the country, its impact described by Amnesty International as âcatastrophic for women and girlsâŠwho will continue to be criminalized, stigmatized and forced to seek out unsafe abortions because they are denied access to safe and legal medical treatmentâ. Several United Nations committees including the UN Committee against Torture have condemned the decision, accusing the administration of infringing basic rights to life and health and inflicting physical and mental suffering tantamount to torture by denying access to the services.
218:
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85:
797:
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90:
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carrying a one-year prison sentence and significant fines, though union workers have voiced doubt over the enforcement of the law in this regard. The
Ministry of Women works towards reducing gender-based violence and increasing substantial equality through the provision of awareness programs and industry training, as well as the operation of domestic violence shelters. However, women's rights groups operating in the region, such as the
511:, attacks on press freedoms and restrictions on the movement of migrants. Certain groups and minorities in Dominican society including the Haitian ethnic minority, women and LGBTQI+ citizens have been the victims of grave abuses of their human rights, attracting widespread condemnation from the international community. In particular, the government's treatment of Dominicans with Haitian parentage earned the country a place on the
547:
718:â....there is no feeling of humanity, nor political reason, nor any circumstantial convenience that can force us to look indifferently at the Haitian penetration. That type is frankly undesirableâŠthe Haitian that enters lives afflicted by numerous and capital vices and is necessarily affected by diseases and physiological deficiencies which are endemic at the lowest levels of that society.â
809:
circumstances of the impregnation. The
Minister of Public Health recognised that unsafe abortions and complications during pregnancy and delivery are major contributors to the maternal mortality rate, and an NGO Women's Link Worldwide reported a rate of one pregnancy-related mortality every two days during the first half of 2017, placing the blame on the dearth of adequate health services.
515:âs âblack listâ in April 2017, a list reserved for countries with the most serious violations of human rights. This was primarily due to the 2013 Constitutional Tribunal decision which deprived ethnically Haitian Dominicans of citizenship and the government's following inability to compensate for and correct the discriminatory treatment in the wake of international outcry.
651:
753:
The prevalence of gender-based violence in the
Dominican Republic has drawn the attention of various international human rights organisations. A 2018 report by the Prosecutor's General Office indicated that over 71,000 reports of gender-based violence had been filed in that year alone, and over 6,300
734:
In
September 2013, the highest court of constitutional appeal, the Dominican Constitutional Tribunal, issued the judgment TC 0168-13 which reinterpreted the country's citizenship laws to deprive a significant number of Haitian Dominicans of their natural citizenship. The resulting law, Migration Law
812:
In
December 2014, President Danilo Medina promoted a series of sweeping reforms to the Dominican Republic's penal code, with his contentious proposal to decriminalize abortion in instances of rape, incest and threat to the life of the mother receiving a significant amount of local and international
787:
Commercial sex work within the
Dominican Republic is currently a criminal offence, with sex workers receiving minimal protection from severe violations of their human rights, according to a 2019 report by Amnesty International. Research by Dan Danielsen and Karen Engle in 1995 (as cited in Cabezas.
774:
Officially, the law of the
Dominican Republic punishes rape and other forms of gender-based violence, including incest and sexual aggression, with sentences for rape convictions extending to a fifteen-year prison sentence. The law also categories sexual harassment in the workplace as a misdemeanour
739:
estimated that over 200,000 undocumented people were affected by the court ruling. The decision was met with widespread condemnation from the international human rights community and resulted in calls to restore their citizenship and put an end to forced deportations. In 2014, the current President
554:
Article 8 of the Constitution details the human rights norms that dominate the current political climate, stating that âhe effective protection of the rights of the human person and the maintenance of the means for his progressive development within a system of individual liberty and social justice
689:
report on the 'elimination of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related forms of intolerance' claiming the existence of a 'profound and entrenched problem of racism and discrimination in Dominican societyâ. This systematic scapegoating has been attributed largely to historical colonial
534:
The current Constitution of the Dominican Republic, which came into effect on June 13, 2015, contains a limited description of the rights of its citizens indicative of the Republic's history of political oscillation between democratic and authoritarian administrations. The document as it currently
730:
by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights accused the Dominican government of infringing upon international law and its own domestic legislation in relation to refusing nationality and education to children born to Haitian families in the state on the basis that they were born to foreigners âin
816:
The treatment of women in the Dominican Republic received further scorn from the international community in August 2017, when the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights received a petition demanding justice for the death of Rosaura Almonte HernĂĄndez in 2012. Hernandez, a sixteen year old with
808:
in the Dominican Republic, according to article 37 of the current constitution which enshrines the right to life âfrom conception to deathâ. As a result, providers of abortions and women seeking them face criminal sanctions regardless of the health or financial implications to the mother or the
568:
Of particular significance are the provisions in the Constitution which elucidate the situations in which the government of the Dominican Republic has the authority to interfere with the limited human rights enshrined, including situations of extreme danger to the country's sovereignty, public
839:, nor does it recognize same sex unions in any form, whether it be marriage or partnerships. Household headed by same-sex couples are also not eligible for any of the same rights given to opposite-sex married couples, as same sex marriage is constitutionally banned in the country.
762:
suggests that the official numbers are but a small percentage of the real figures, citing the pervasive culture of sexual violence and torture in the Dominican police force and the small likelihood of officers facing justice due to its normalisation in Dominican society.
684:
The current wellbeing of Haitian migrants and ethnically Haitian citizens of the Dominican Republic is an ongoing issue. Historically, the political elite of the Dominican Republic have used the Haitian minority as a scapegoat for their national ills, with a
647:
639:
615:
504:, the Dominican Republic is party to myriad legal treaties and covenants which propagate the human rights standards of the international community and have integrated the majority of these human rights directives into their domestic legislation.
603:
735:
No. 285-04, denied undocumented Haitian migrants and their descendants a number of human rights including the ability to enrol in tertiary education, their capacity for employment or their access to an acceptable standard of health care. The
846:. As such, attitudes towards members of the LGBT community tend to reflect prevailing Catholic mores. Nevertheless, LGBT people have gained more and more visibility and acceptance in recent years, in line with worldwide trends. Support for
690:
relations between the colonists of Santo Domingo and the black Haitian population, and the anti-Haitian sentiment used to galvanise the ethnic Spanish population into supporting the independence of the Dominican Republic following Haiti's
577:
The Dominican Republic is a member of the United Nations, and is party to numerous human rights treaties and covenants. Many of these documents have been integrated into the national human rights framework by way of ratification.
597:
817:
leukaemia popularly known as âEsperancitaâ, was refused access to a therapeutic abortion contrary to numerous medical recommendations and died several days after being denied leukaemia treatment over concerns for the foetus.
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disorder or natural disasters. In addition, the document outlines the harsh consequences in the event that a government official interferes with or orders the interference with the civil rights and freedoms of its citizens.
1581:
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Human rights groups insist that Haitian migrants and their Haitian descendants are protected under the Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities.
633:
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transitâ. The constitution introduced in January 2010 garnered further criticism when it expanded its exceptions for citizenships to include children born in the Dominican Republic to non-citizen parents.
559:
torture or any other penalty or procedure harmful to, or entailing the loss or diminution of, the physical integrity or health of the individual may in no circumstances be established, imposed or enforced
591:
106:
702:, kickstarting the development of violent Dominican nationalism and the retroactive historiographical endeavours of Dominican elites to demonise the Haitian minority. Notable Dominican intellectual
698:, underpinned the dictatorial regime of Rafael LeĂłnidas Trujillo Molina, with the 1937 massacre of between nine and twenty thousand Haitian labourers near the national border, commonly known as the
457:
915:"RACISM, RACIAL DISCRIMINATION, XENOPHOBIA AND RELATED FORMS OF INTOLERANCE: FOLLOW-UP TO AND IMPLEMENTATION OF THE DURBAN DECLARATION AND PROGRAMME OF ACTION: Mission to Dominican Republic"
128:
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to its modern state formation. The history of human rights in the state have also been marked by the oscillation between democratic administrations, such as the current presidency of
233:
543:, though its constant state of flux and the scarcity of constitutionalism as a prevailing ideology among the Dominican political elite contributes to wider doubt over its efficacy.
335:
1927:
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384:
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779:, have cast serious doubt on the Ministry's efficacy, criticising both the lack of funding to relevant services and the lack of coordination between national institutions.
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The various administrations of the Dominican Republic have historically come under fire for their poor human rights record, which includes extrajudicial killings, torture,
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and enforced by the government through common and statutory law. The majority of human rights disputes are presided over by the highest court of constitutional appeal, the
2340:
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2016:
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1283:"DOMINICAN REPUBLIC: "IF THEY CAN HAVE HER, WHY CAN'T WE?" : GENDER-BASED TORTURE AND OTHER ILL-TREATMENT OF WOMEN ENGAGED IN SEX WORK IN THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC"
3010:
1761:
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While the Dominican Criminal Code does not expressly prohibit homosexuality or cross-dressing, it also does not address discrimination or harassment on account of
758:
report in 2016 indicating that more than 1,300 deaths recorded between 2008 and 2014 were the result of gender-based violence. However, notable human rights group
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The Dominican Republic is also a member of the Organisation of American States, with a Dominican judge having served on the Inter-American Court of Human Rights.
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was 25% according to a 2013/2014 opinion poll, but had grown to 45% by 2018. Additionally, the Dominican Republic is legally bound to the January 2018
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484:. These rights and freedoms have developed over time in accordance with the Dominican Republic's expansion from the former Spanish colony of the
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ruling, which held that same-sex marriage and the recognition of one's gender identity on official documents are human rights protected by the
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El Estado promoverĂĄ y protegerĂĄ la organizaciĂłn de la familia sobre la base de la instituciĂłn del matrimonio entre un hombre y una mujer.
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1315:"DOMINICAN REPUBLIC A long way ahead: reproductive rights, discrimination of Dominicans of Haitian descent and the reform of the police"
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The citizenship status of ethnic Haitian migrants and descendants has been the source of major controversy. The 2005 ruling of
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compatible with public policy, the general well being and the rights of all are recognised as the principal aims of the state
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Peña Batlle, Manuel A (1954). PolĂtica de Trujillo. Ciudad Trujillo (Santo Domingo): Impresora Dominicana, pp. 67-68.
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International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families
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Cabezas, A. L. (2002). Tourism, Sex Work and Women's Rights in the Dominican Republic. In Brysk, A. (Eds.)
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Members of the regional feminist NGO 'Mujeres Latinoamericanas' gathering in the Dominican Republic
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stands contains narrow protections for civil and political rights and adheres to the principles of
1481:
832:
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472:
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1394:"ConstituciĂłn PolĂtica de la RepĂșblica Dominicana, proclamada el 26 de enero 2010, No. 10561"
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1067:
Pomares, Luis (March 2008). "The Dominican Republic and the UN Human Rights Treaty System".
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1282:
1196:
557:â. This article includes, among others, the specific prohibition of torture, stating that â
1587:
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843:
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International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance
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1950:
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Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
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Optional Protocol on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography
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constitute the civil and political rights and freedoms legally protected under the
492:, and authoritarian administrations, most significantly the dictatorial regime of
604:
International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
1314:
1658:
1450:
2041:
1027:
881:"The Dominican Republic's Tortured Relationship With Its Haitian Minority"
598:
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women
754:
reports of sexual offences. The National Police provided statistics in a
1372:"A Giant Step Backward: The Dominican Republic Reforms Its Constitution"
650:. Two significant treaties that the country has yet to sign include the
1527:
1607:
1428:
800:
Dominican mother with three daughters rides motorcycle in Jarabacoa.
642:
involving the abolition of the death penalty (ratified 21 Sep 2016).
1139:"A Case of Mistaken Identity: Antihaitianismo in Dominican Culture"
561:â and freedom of religious practice in the event that is not done â
795:
765:
708:
634:
Optional Protocol on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict
545:
1041:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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The floor of the Chamber of the Senate of the Dominican Republic.
2045:
1454:
1258:"Dominican police routinely rape and torture women sex workers"
592:
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
496:
between 16 August 1930 and 16 August 1938. As a member of the
1094:
United Nations Human Rights: Office of the High Commissioner
646:
The Dominican Republic has signed but is yet to ratify the
581:
Treaties ratified by the Dominican administration include:
1228:"World Report 2016: Rights Trends in Dominican Republic"
1347:"Dominican Republic takes women's rights back to 1884"
622:
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
728:
Dilcia Yean and Violeta Bosico v. Dominican Republic
586:
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
1936:
1879:
1813:
1711:
1630:
1489:
1114:"Dominican Republic: Justifying the unjustifiable"
1419:"Inter-American Court endorses same-sex marriage"
713:At the Border of Haiti and the Dominican Republic
1026:Jonathan Hartlyn. "Constitutional Development".
1165:"The massacre that marked Haiti-Dominican ties"
2057:
1466:
1400:(in Spanish). 26 January 2010. Archived from
948:"DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 2017 HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT"
737:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
665:Treatment of particular groups and minorities
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8:
842:A majority of Dominicans affiliate with the
656:Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness
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919:United Nations Human Rights Council (2008)
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628:United Nations Convention against Torture
513:Inter-American Commission on Human Rights
182:Vice President of the Dominican Republic
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225:Supreme Court of the Dominican Republic
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3011:Human rights in the Dominican Republic
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1292:
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530:Constitution of the Dominican Republic
524:Constitution of the Dominican Republic
478:Constitution of the Dominican Republic
1281:Amnesty International (28 Mar 2019).
1222:
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1191:
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1069:Journal of Race, Gender and Ethnicity
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827:LGBT rights in the Dominican Republic
610:Convention on the Rights of the Child
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694:This sentiment, also referred to as
1029:Dominican Republic: A country study
856:American Convention on Human Rights
806:abortion remains a criminal offence
687:United Nations Human Rights Council
158:President of the Dominican Republic
1572:Spanish occupation 1861–1865
680:Haitians in the Dominican Republic
486:Captaincy General of Santo Domingo
234:National Council of the Magistracy
77:Congress of the Dominican Republic
23:Politics of the Dominican Republic
14:
1011:Dominican Republic: Constitutions
692:1822 annexation of Santo Domingo.
482:Dominican Constitutional Tribunal
2766:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
2276:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1621:
1431:. 9 January 2018. Archived from
418:
216:
149:
88:
83:
30:
1582:U.S. occupation 1916–1924
1304:University of California Press.
1302:Globalization and Human Rights.
573:International legal obligations
498:Organization of American States
239:Council of the Judiciary Branch
2341:Federated States of Micronesia
984:"Dominican Republic 2017/2018"
749:Sexual harassment and violence
563:improperly and disrespectfully
509:arbitrary arrest and detention
1:
3016:Human rights in the Caribbean
425:Dominican Republic portal
1032:(Richard A. Haggerty, ed.).
367:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
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1163:Davis, Nick (2012-10-13).
824:
673:
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2003:
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1822:
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1557:Unification of Hispaniola
1201:Amnesty International USA
1037:Federal Research Division
704:Manuel Arturo Peña Batlle
389:in the Dominican Republic
244:National Judicial College
2221:Central African Republic
1017:. Retrieved May 7, 2019.
777:Mujeres Latinoamericanas
612:(ratified June 11, 1991)
324:Administrative divisions
107:President of the Chamber
2072:Human rights by country
670:Haitian racial minority
606:(ratified May 25, 1983)
600:(ratified Sept 2, 1982)
129:President of the Senate
2166:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1518:Devastations of Osorio
801:
771:
714:
636:(ratified 14 Oct 2014)
630:(ratified 24 Jan 2012)
624:(ratified 18 Aug 2009)
594:(ratified Jan 4, 1978)
588:(ratified Jan 4, 1978)
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385:Diplomatic missions of
2866:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
2746:Republic of the Congo
1404:on 21 November 2012.
1322:Amnesty International
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769:
760:Amnesty International
712:
618:(ratified 6 Dec 2006)
549:
2936:United Arab Emirates
1928:Water and sanitation
1424:Agence France-Presse
1197:"Dominican Republic"
537:separation of powers
471:Human rights in the
134:Reinaldo Pared PĂ©rez
53:Constitutional Court
2901:Trinidad and Tobago
1740:Chamber of Deputies
1603:Dominican Civil War
1567:War of Independence
1034:Library of Congress
1015:Pdba.georgetown.edu
792:Reproductive rights
541:checks and balances
99:Chamber of Deputies
2291:Dominican Republic
1857:Telecommunications
1540:Spanish reconquest
1511:Colonial governors
1482:Dominican Republic
1232:Human Rights Watch
1143:Webster University
885:Human Rights Watch
833:sexual orientation
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756:Human Rights Watch
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473:Dominican Republic
348:Geographic Regions
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2316:Equatorial Guinea
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1999:
1998:
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1796:Political parties
1757:Foreign relations
1707:
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1613:COVID-19 pandemic
1435:on 9 January 2018
1118:www.aljazeera.com
1039:(December 1989).
848:same-sex marriage
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402:Visa requirements
361:Foreign relations
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2711:Papua New Guinea
2586:Marshall Islands
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1137:SagĂĄs, Ernesto.
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1128:
1127:
1125:
1124:
1109:
1098:
1097:
1086:
1077:
1076:
1064:
1047:
1024:
1018:
1007:
998:
997:
995:
994:
980:
969:
968:
966:
965:
959:
953:. Archived from
952:
944:
929:
928:
926:
925:
911:
896:
895:
893:
892:
877:
700:Parsley massacre
460:
453:
446:
423:
422:
421:
220:
167:
153:
112:Radhamés Camacho
92:
87:
34:
18:
3031:
3030:
3026:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3021:
3020:
3001:
3000:
2999:
2994:
2806:Solomon Islands
2681:North Macedonia
2073:
2070:
2040:
2035:
2022:
2015:
2008:
1995:
1932:
1918:Public holidays
1871:
1828:
1805:
1703:
1679:Protected areas
1654:Ciudad Colonial
1626:
1617:
1592:HĂ©ctor Trujillo
1577:Restoration War
1485:
1479:
1449:
1448:
1438:
1436:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1377:
1375:
1370:Kurtz, Reed M.
1369:
1368:
1364:
1355:
1353:
1351:www.amnesty.org
1345:
1344:
1335:
1326:
1324:
1317:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1299:
1290:
1280:
1279:
1275:
1266:
1264:
1262:www.amnesty.org
1256:
1255:
1246:
1237:
1235:
1226:
1225:
1214:
1205:
1203:
1195:
1194:
1187:
1182:
1178:
1169:
1167:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1147:
1145:
1136:
1135:
1131:
1122:
1120:
1112:Flegel, Peter.
1111:
1110:
1101:
1088:
1087:
1080:
1066:
1065:
1050:
1025:
1021:
1008:
1001:
992:
990:
988:www.amnesty.org
982:
981:
972:
963:
961:
957:
950:
946:
945:
932:
923:
921:
913:
912:
899:
890:
888:
879:
878:
869:
864:
844:Catholic Church
837:gender identity
829:
823:
794:
785:
751:
746:
696:antihaitianismo
682:
676:Antihaitianismo
672:
667:
575:
532:
526:
521:
519:Legal framework
494:Rafael Trujillo
464:
435:
431:Other countries
419:
417:
412:
411:
393:
381:
363:
353:
352:
326:
316:
315:
312:
295:
284:Parliamentary:
278:
260:
249:
248:
230:
214:
204:
203:
195:
161:
147:
139:
138:
116:
94:
71:
63:
62:
48:
25:
12:
11:
5:
3029:
3027:
3019:
3018:
3013:
3003:
3002:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2976:Western Sahara
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2941:United Kingdom
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
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2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
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2278:
2273:
2271:Czech Republic
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
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2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
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2074:
2071:
2069:
2068:
2061:
2054:
2046:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2033:
2028:
2021:
2020:
2013:
2005:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1942:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1930:
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1920:
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1895:
1889:
1883:
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1754:
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1737:
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1715:
1709:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1702:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1674:Municipalities
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1640:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1620:
1618:
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1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1586:Trujillo Era (
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1542:
1537:
1534:Era de Francia
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1514:
1513:
1503:
1495:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1484: articles
1480:
1478:
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1463:
1455:
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1446:
1410:
1398:Gaceta Oficial
1385:
1362:
1333:
1306:
1288:
1273:
1244:
1212:
1185:
1176:
1155:
1129:
1099:
1078:
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1019:
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930:
897:
866:
865:
863:
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825:Main article:
822:
819:
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784:
781:
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745:
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671:
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528:Main article:
525:
522:
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502:United Nations
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343:Municipalities
340:
339:
338:
327:
322:
321:
318:
317:
314:
313:
311:
310:
305:
298:
296:
294:
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288:
281:
279:
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271:
267:Presidential:
264:
261:
255:
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229:
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215:
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81:
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72:
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60:
55:
49:
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40:
39:
36:
35:
27:
26:
21:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3028:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3006:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
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2979:
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2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
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2952:
2949:
2947:
2946:United States
2944:
2942:
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2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
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2914:
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2899:
2897:
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2884:
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2837:
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2827:
2824:
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2819:
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2812:
2809:
2807:
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2802:
2799:
2797:
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2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
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2759:
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2749:
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2729:
2727:
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2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2551:Liechtenstein
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
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2492:
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2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2406:Guinea-Bissau
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
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2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
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2189:
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2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
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2159:
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2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
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2129:
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2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2076:
2067:
2062:
2060:
2055:
2053:
2048:
2047:
2044:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2018:
2014:
2011:
2007:
2006:
2002:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1935:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
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1890:
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1802:
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1589:
1585:
1583:
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1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1562:La Trinitaria
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1552:Spanish Haiti
1550:
1548:
1547:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
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1509:
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1506:Santo Domingo
1504:
1502:
1501:
1497:
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1494:
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1488:
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1471:
1469:
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1223:
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1219:
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1202:
1198:
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1186:
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1177:
1166:
1159:
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1144:
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1115:
1108:
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1100:
1095:
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1079:
1074:
1070:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1043:public domain
1038:
1035:
1031:
1030:
1023:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1006:
1004:
1000:
989:
985:
979:
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971:
960:on 2019-03-07
956:
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748:
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732:
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724:
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719:
711:
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706:once stated:
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490:Danilo Medina
487:
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375:Miguel Vargas
372:
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173:Luis Abinader
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1961:Coat of arms
1898:Demographics
1840:Central Bank
1762:Human rights
1747:Constitution
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407:Visa policy
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1327:2021-12-07
1267:2019-05-21
1238:2019-05-07
1206:2019-05-07
1170:2019-05-07
1123:2019-05-07
1090:"Treaties"
993:2019-05-14
964:2022-09-27
924:2022-09-27
891:2019-05-07
862:References
674:See also:
2966:Venezuela
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2706:Palestine
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2846:Suriname
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2010:Outline
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1881:Society
1862:Tourism
1815:Economy
1725:Cabinet
1689:Regions
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1528:Maroons
1491:History
1374:. NACLA
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