81:(1919), nationalist groups of Korean rebels, many of whom were former soldiers in the Korean Army, organized into various pro-independence factions in Manchuria. Its strategic location across the Korean border allowed guerilla fighters to launch effective raids on Japanese consular police stations and then to retreat to the Chinese side of the boundary. For example, Hong Pomdo, a previous
138:
Ch'ang-chiang-hao, who had been bribed by the
Japanese to carry out the attack with several bandits to incriminate the Koreans. The sources maintain that Chang went further than the Japanese had requested him in the scale of his attack. Other South Korean scholars even maintain that the entire incident was a complete Japanese fabrication.
89:. Additionally, the Northern Route Military Headquarters was established under the leadership of So Il, with Kim Chwajin commanding more than four hundred independence fighters at its officer training school. Separately, Yi Tonghwi also trained over 3,000 independence fighters in Hunchun and armed them with weapons provided by the
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In reaction to the
Hunchun incident, the Japanese punitive Jiandao Expedition was accordingly sent to Manchuria, and used search-and-destroy patrols to suppress the guerrilla fighters by carrying out numerous arrests and executions. By December 1920, a Korean Commission report described that Japanese
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is likewise skeptical about the
Japanese narrative of the incident, with official sources recently asserting that "the Japanese imperialists cooked up the 'Hunchun incident' in which they hurled mounted bandits into attacking their consulate and kicked up a wholesale whirlwind of suppression against
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Province was attacked and burned to the ground, purportedly, according to
Japanese sources, by the Korean Independence Army and killed thirteen Japanese. It was further reported that the "bandits" carrying out the attack "committed indiscriminate acts of murder and pillage" and "looted local shops."
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As the momentum behind Korean independence movements in
Manchuria increased, the Japanese consular police chief Suematsu Kichiji became increasingly concerned about increasing radical Bolshevism among Koreans. To try to suppress those movements, he ordered numerous illegal police raids on suspected
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Responding to the March 1st
Movement's failure to secure independence and arouse international sentiments toward the Koreans' plight under Japanese colonial rule, disaffected Koreans came together on 13 April 1919 in Shanghai to form a republican Korean provisional government in the hope of working
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It is difficult for historians to determine who was behind the attack or whether the incident actually took place, the controversial event is historically significant because Japan used it to justify its escalated military intervention in
Manchuria. Japan petitioned and received permission from
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Many South Korean historians maintain, however, that the attack on
Hunchun was not carried out by the Korean rebels but rather was staged by the Japanese to justify incursion into Manchuria. Some South Korean sources further believe that the attack was coordinated with the Chinese bandit leader
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Angered by the
Japanese suppression of the 1 March Movement, Korean independence fighters in Manchuria began increasing their raids against Japanese border posts, killing numerous Japanese guards, and had the eventual goal of advancing into Korea to remove the Japanese. During the early summer
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In early 1921, after a series of skirmishes and retreats on both sides, as well as criticism from local
Chinese authorities and the international community, most members of the 19th Division withdrew from eastern Manchuria. Some of the socialist-leaning Korean rebels were then recruited by the
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in which about 400 Korean rebels defeated the better-trained Japanese for four days of intense combat. In the battle, the Koreans killed about 1,200 Japanese soldiers and lost only 60 of their own. However, according to Japanese records, 11 soldiers were
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Korean independence forces in Manchuria were never effectively organized under the leadership of the Shanghai Provisional Government, but they achieved notable military victories against the Japanese brigades. The most significant one was the
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months of 1920, Korean rebels fought with Japanese troops in 32 battles along the border. After one particular Japanese counterattack, Hong Pomdo's forces had surrounded and killed 120 Japanese soldiers and wounded more than 200.
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radical Jiandao base camps, which were protested by local Chinese leaders. It is clear that some of the Korean guerrilla fighters in Manchuria were influenced by leftist ideologies, the major factions primarily supported the
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soldiers had burned down 32 villages and killed "all the male inhabitants of the district, and massacred 145 peaceful inhabitants." One house was reportedly burned down with "women and children inside."
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consulate in Manchuria. It reportedly resulted in the death of thirteen Japanese. The Japanese government used this incident to justify sending thousands of Imperial Japanese troops into
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and the Chinese government to help but received little assistance. On 2 October 1920, a Japanese consulate in the Chinese city of
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Esselstrom, Erik W. (2005). "Rethinking the Colonial Conquest of Manchuria: The Japanese Consular Police in Jiandao, 1909-1937".
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Michael E. Robinson, 2007, Korea’s Twentieth-Century Odyssey: A Short History (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press).
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together with the independence factions in Manchuria and eventually obtaining freedom from Japan.
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Kang Man-gil, 1994, A History of Contemporary Korea (United Kingdom: Global Oriental) pp. 33-34.
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leader)l, created the Korean Independence Army and trained so-called independence fighters in
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Kang Man-gil, 1994, A History of Contemporary Korea (United Kingdom: Global Oriental) p. 37.
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Kang Man-gil, 1994, A History of Contemporary Korea (United Kingdom: Global Oriental) p. 36.
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Kang Man-gil, 1994, A History of Contemporary Korea (United Kingdom: Global Oriental) p. 35.
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In an effort to contain the Korean rebels, Japan petitioned both
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of Japan to contain the Korean rebel armies in Jilin province.
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China to send 15,000 troops from the 19th Division of the
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on 5 October 1920. These escalations culminated with the
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395:陸軍第十九師團司令部 「間島事件鮮支人死傷者調」 大正十年二月二十五日
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69:rebels fought Japanese soldiers.
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57:( 21–26 October 1920) between
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340:BBC Monitoring Asia Pacific
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232:10.1017/S0026749X04001398
63:Korean Independence Army
421:International incidents
175:, and 24 were wounded.
117:Attack and controversy
416:False flag operations
220:Modern Asian Studies
168:Battle of Qingshanli
55:Battle of Qingshanli
431:October 1920 events
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405:Categories
191:References
73:Background
348:460755521
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157:Aftermath
65:, where
51:Manchuria
344:ProQuest
61:and the
47:Japanese
311:13 June
240:3876506
127:Hunchun
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67:Korean
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27:Korean
301:(PDF)
244:S2CID
236:JSTOR
131:Jilin
123:Tokyo
87:Yanji
59:Japan
37:Hanja
32:훈춘 사건
313:2018
42:琿春事件
21:The
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.