479:. By 2011, there were 820 employees. That year, eight exhaust chimneys, each over 90 m high and built in 1957, were demolished. These had become a symbol of the city, each of the ovens they served producing 400 tons of steel in one charge prior to 1990, but had become degraded. The chimney of blast furnace #4, itself demolished in 2004, remains standing. In the two years preceding this demolition, around 70% of the disused buildings were taken down, including a 1950s power plant that took seven years of attempts to destroy and was considered cursed.
322:, covering 8500 m and fitted with four special components. First, the four Siemens-Martin open-hearth furnaces, heated by six gas generators, could each fit 25 loads of tons, with a total capacity of 90,000 tons of steel ingots per year. The alloy loaded into the furnaces was 75% cast iron and 25% scrap iron, and the hall where they were located was fitted with a mixer for 200 tons of liquid cast iron, to be used during production. Second, the 5 ton-per-load electric furnace produced special steels for tools, including alloys of
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212:, but the technical and economic results were unsatisfactory. Experiments within the Hunedoara works had failed due to deficiencies in the craftsmanship of the improvised equipment, and this was purpose-rebuilt in 1887. However, once they started operating again, a fire destroyed them, after which the 1887 cast iron moulding hall and the experimental
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The works were officially opened on June 12, 1884. The following May, the second blast furnace went into operation, and it was in the years after that
Hunedoara became the area's steel-producing center. The factory administration moved there, and the old iron, forging and machine workshops gradually
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14.40 m high and 110 m in volume. The third furnace, with a capacity of 40–50 tons per day, started to be built in 1884; the fourth was started in 1885 and could produce 10–150 tons a day; and the fifth, which could generate 80–150 tons a day, in 1903. The first three burned charcoal, while the last
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In 2008, the number of employees had fallen to 1260, following a wave of compensated early retirements. For several months at the end of that year and into the next, the works entirely stopped production for the first time in 80 years: most of its output went abroad, due to a drop in orders during
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steel mills. The first had five 100-ton ovens with an annual capacity of 300,000 tons a year, and a rolling mill for up to 450,000 tons of light profiles a year, used for making special products. The second
Siemens-Martin steel mill had a production capacity of some 3.2 million tons per year and a
426:
was halted, then coking and finally on June 12, 115 years to the day after the works were inaugurated, the cast iron-producing furnaces. A further shutdown occurred in the spring of 2003, and some 5300 workers were laid off. The company became Mittal Steel
Hunedoara in September 2003 as part of a
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The plant's administrative headquarters, which functioned as a school for workers prior to the
Communist era, is considered a historic building, but once abandoned in the years after 1990, it entered a state of disrepair. Its stairs, cables, floors and furniture were stolen and sold by local
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The drastic production reduction was followed by a surge in unemployment—from 20,000 workers in 1993, only less than 700 were counted in 2011-because while some younger workers emigrated, the majority stayed in the city and by 2011 faced serious difficulties in finding new work or took early
370:'s rule in 1965, the process was completed earlier in Hunedoara, which by the 1960s already had the sense of a unified community, and by 1970 had reached the height of its urban and industrial development. Production reached its peak in 1982–84, stalling during the regime's last years.
458:; wire; and special profiles, including mine gallery supports. Later on, the focus was defined as remaining on steel products and long hot-rolled bars. In 2011, there were plans for the installation of a new rolling machine producing up to 400,000 tons of europrofile
366:. They spurred the city's growth from 4800 residents in 1930 to almost 90,000 in 1990, making it the country's largest city dependent on a single industry. Unlike other Romanian cities that were just starting to industrialize with the beginning of
129:; the aged and unprofitable methods used by the area's iron workshops; the building of a railroad; and the enlargement of the market due to increased metal consumption in Transylvania's mechanical plants. Building started in August 1882, with two
516:, its interior, sheltering stray dogs, strewn with documents and remaining furniture wrecked by those searching for valuables within, the attic ravaged and housing bats, the basement covered with crates and hundreds of gas masks once used by
330:, up to 6000 tons a year. Later, this was modernized and moved to the foundry. Third, the foundry room with pits for shaping steel into ingots. Fourth, seven sliding bridges: two 50-ton ones; one 3-ton one; one 7.5-ton bridge fitted with
422:, Siderurgica Hunedoara. The following year, steel plant #1, with a capacity of some 330,000 tons of steel a year, was shut down, as well as three furnaces at steel plant #2. In mid-1999, steel plant #2 was gradually shut down: first
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Starting in 1926, engineers and economists insisted, through proposals they made and carried out, on increased output up to the maximum level. For instance, one plan from that year, by the head mine inspector of the
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and two
Bessemer converters were installed. A fourth furnace, 288 m in volume and 3.3 m higher than the others, started production in August 1895, reaching its planned capacity of 109 tons per day within a month.
385:. The second, turning out up to 400,000 tons a year, had two 100-ton secondary treatment furnaces with a continuous turning mechanism and eccentric bottom tap-holes. There were also two
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288:; a number of coal depots manufacturing charcoal for the furnaces; a tall blast furnace at Govăjdia equipped with a cast iron mould and a Martin furnace; a 400-
125:: late 19th-century technological development that resulted in increased steel production through new techniques, spurred by the serious need of metal for the
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in 1918, with the works passing into the ownership of the
Romanian government the following year. After 1920, they were now known as the Hunedoara Ironworks (
276:; five tall furnaces producing 119,000 tons a year; a workshop for moulding cast iron pieces with a 1500 ton-a-year capacity; a forge equipped with two
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415:, and the transition to a market economy found the works ill-equipped to survive, with their technology not having been upgraded since the late 1970s.
377:. The first, with a capacity of 150,000 tons per year, two 50-ton furnaces and two 20-ton ones for alloyed steels shaped into ingots, featured vacuum
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of industrial land that is now city property remains contaminated. Since 2004, Mittal has taken steps to filter exhaust and to treat waste water.
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240:; UFH) and continued as a mining and steel-making center, with considerable holdings of raw materials and output capacity: iron ore mines at
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The opening of the third furnace in June 1890 led to a renewed decision to start producing steel; this happened in 1892 after two 12-ton
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As of 2010, hundreds of individuals were making a living by carting off and selling iron and copper from disused portions of the works.
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rolling plant for light profiles (440,000 tons a year), heavy profiles (1,130,000 tons a year) and wire (280,000 tons a year).
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privatization program completed the following April, when it was acquired from the
Romanian government by a subsidiary of the
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cast iron to a higher degree, first into steel and then into laminated products, by using upgraded equipment.
350:, an image that would endure through 1999. The plant, known during this period as the Hunedoara Steel Works (
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892:"Cum au fost puse la pământ 'turnurile gemene' din Hunedoara, ultimele simboluri ale măreţiei combinatului"
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Several factors led to the establishment of the works, which were located in an area that was then part of
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had led to a greater demand for iron ore, which in turn caused intense extraction of deep deposits in the
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from 1881. As the ropeway conveyor could no longer handle a significantly enlarged capacity, the 16-km
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into steel began at
Hunedoara, using new technologies. The cast iron was shipped to steel works at
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network for carrying materials; a mill; and workshops for agricultural and other types of tools.
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307:, called for high growth to be achieved both by using the plant to its fullest capacity; and by
993:"Incursiune în 'casa bântuită', vechea clădire istorică a arhivelor combinatului din Hunedoara"
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driven to settle in the city as part of the forced industrialization drive of the decade-old
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912:"Centrala blestemată din vechiul combinat siderurgic al Hunedoarei a fost dinamitată"
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431:. It took on the name of ArcelorMittal Hunedoara in 2006, following the takeover of
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By 1957, Hunedoara had more than 36,000 residents and was coming to be seen as a
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After the fall of communism, production and employment fell by a factor of ten.
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Hunedoara was the leading
Romanian producer of long steel profiles, made in two
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932:"Ruinele combinatului siderurgic din municipiul Hunedoara, aur pentru fierari"
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workshop putting out up to 1,200,000 bricks each year; a limestone quarry at
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was built between 1890 and 1900. Also in the same area were built the 18-km
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841:"15% din angajaţii ArcelorMittal Hunedoara, pe lista de plecări voluntare"
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80:, formally ArcelorMittal Hunedoara and formerly the Hunedoara Ironworks (
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819:"ArcelorMittal Hunedoara începe montajul unui laminor de 43 mil. euro"
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built at the same time as the first furnace. Increased production of
977:"Fostele platforme siderurgice din Hunedoara poluează şi acum solul"
876:"Activitatea de producţie a fost reluată la ArcelorMittal Hunedoara"
737:, p.6-7, at the Hunedoara City Hall site; accessed February 26, 2012
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remained active as late as 1918. In 1886, the practice of turning
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688:'s Hunedoara Engineering Faculty site; accessed February 26, 2012
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at the
ArcelorMittal Hunedoara site; accessed February 26, 2012
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at the ArcelorMittal Hunedoara site; accessed February 26, 2012
771:"ArcelorMittal Hunedoara a afişat venituri de 190 mil. euro"
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Financing request for 2007–2013 regional operational program
843:, wall-street.ro, 25 June 2008; accessed February 26, 2012
979:, Realitatea, 23 October 2009; accessed February 26, 2012
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Metallurgical activity caused substantial air, water and
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funicular for charcoal transport and the 14-km Govăjdia-
878:, Mediafax, 21 January 2009; accessed February 26, 2012
780:, money.ro, 1 November 2007; accessed February 26, 2012
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to protect themselves from the pollution of the plant.
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plant some 16 km away, and was brought there on a
828:, money.ro, 12 August 2011; accessed February 26, 2012
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Between 1937 and 1940, a modern steel production and
499:in Hunedoara, especially before 1990. Close to 140
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318:section was built, with machinery imported from
92:), Siderurgica Hunedoara and Mittal Steel, is a
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863:, 12 November 2008; accessed February 26, 2012
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803:, 26 January 2011; accessed February 28, 2012
454:for pipes; heavy, medium and light profiles;
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1048:Buildings and structures in Hunedoara County
1038:Manufacturing companies established in 1884
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418:In 1991, the works became a state-owned
216:were rebuilt, operating for six months.
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1043:1884 establishments in Austria-Hungary
938:, 30 March 2010; accessed July 1, 2012
607:1963 postage stamp featuring the works
170:Ghelari-Hunedoara narrow gauge railway
164:began at Ghelari in 1863, followed by
144:was extracted from the mine near the
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192:lost their importance, although the
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16:Steel mill in Hunedoara, Romania
450:As of 2007, the works produced
352:Combinatul Siderurgic Hunedoara
90:Combinatul Siderurgic Hunedoara
855:Georgiana Anghel, Dan Străuţ,
675:Istoria Metalurgiei Hunedorene
184:one for bringing charcoal and
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1053:Companies of Hunedoara County
857:"Criza globală loveşte local"
117:Beginnings in Austria-Hungary
407:Privatization and aftermath
221:Martin open hearth furnaces
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1033:Steel companies of Romania
595:visiting the works in 1977
462:a year, starting in 2012.
88:), Hunedoara Steel Works (
238:Uzinele de Fier Hunedoara
86:Uzinele de Fier Hunedoara
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252:; mining concessions at
532:Administration building
544:Metalworkers' monument
383:electro-slag remelting
194:Govăjdia Blast Furnace
158:Poiana Ruscă Mountains
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507:Heritage preservation
411:The Communist regime
375:electric arc furnaces
127:Austro-Hungarian Army
78:Hunedoara steel works
22:Hunedoara steel works
1023:Iron and steel mills
429:Mittal Steel Company
402:Evolution after 1990
456:reinforced concrete
420:joint-stock company
398:was also produced.
387:open hearth furnace
254:Lunca Cernii de Jos
234:united with Romania
160:. Industrial-scale
956:2014-02-26 at the
733:2015-09-24 at the
680:2015-09-24 at the
624:Galați steel works
435:by Mittal to form
336:cantilever bridges
214:Bessemer converter
593:Nicolae Ceauşescu
568:In 1970, exterior
556:The works in 1896
368:Nicolae Ceauşescu
274:Odorheiu Secuiesc
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1012:Categories
630:References
466:Employment
443:Production
305:Jiu Valley
293:hydropower
206:Podbrezová
94:steel mill
1018:Hunedoara
684:, at the
491:Pollution
486:The plant
424:sintering
297:funicular
295:plant; a
198:cast iron
186:limestone
162:quarrying
154:cast iron
102:Hunedoara
55:Hunedoara
997:Adevărul
954:Archived
936:Adevărul
916:Adevărul
896:Adevărul
861:Adevărul
822:Archived
774:Archived
753:About Us
731:Archived
678:Archived
613:See also
580:Interior
396:bearings
360:Muntenia
356:Moldavia
328:tungsten
324:chromium
309:refining
210:Diósgyőr
174:Govăjdia
142:Iron ore
100:city of
82:Romanian
65:Industry
51:Location
704:History
452:billets
433:Arcelor
316:rolling
266:Trascău
246:Arănieş
242:Ghelari
146:Ghelari
112:History
106:Romania
96:in the
59:Romania
43:1884-06
41: (
286:Bunila
182:Bunila
202:Cugir
69:Steel
36:Built
514:Roma
475:the
394:for
381:and
358:and
326:and
270:Runc
258:Alun
248:and
208:and
136:coke
76:The
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176:-
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