118:
1672:
326:
1585:
1346:
1142:
1479:
2600:
350:
1199:
1239:
1562:
1652:
1219:
982:
2073:
3664:
1323:
2216:
799:
3504:
857:
2431:
742:
3690:
3550:
2503:
1692:
1738:
3573:
3527:
2842:
1061:
3481:
3454:
3408:
3431:
5013:
495:
The best localities for exceptionally preserved fossils are in the communities of
Bundenbach and Gemünden. The slates were widely quarried in the past, mainly for roofing tiles from small pits, of which over 600 are known. Today, only a single quarry remains open in the main fossiliferous region of
410:
Mining of Hunsrück slate was important for the discovery of fossils. Although not rare, fossils can only be found through extensive mining of slate. Many of the fine fossils exhibited in museums today were originally found by the slate miners. The first scientific publication on these fossils comes
325:
483:
Pyritization is rare in the fossil record, and is believed to require not only rapid burial, but both burial in sediments low in organic matter, and high in concentrations of sulfur and iron. Such pyritization is also prevalent in the lower
Cambrian fossils from the
386:
of 1870-71 resulted in a renewed increase in slate production, where companies used more extensive pits. Production continued until the 1960s, when the competition from cheaper synthetic or imported slate resulted in production decline. Only a single pit in the
439:. He created high-resolution movies and stereoscopic images of unopened slates, which showed complex details of soft tissues that cannot be made visible with conventional methods. In the 1990s, Christoph Bartels and Günther Brassel have continued this work.
1084:
504:
More than 260 animal species have been described from the Hunsrück Slate. The deposits occur in a strip some 15 km wide and 150 km long running from northwest to southeast. In the main depositional basins of Kaub, Bundenbach, and Gemünden,
423:
fossils from
Bundenbach. German paleontologists such as R. Opitz, F. Broili, R. Judge, and W. M. Lehmann studied many fossils between 1920 and 1959. Lehmann's death in 1959 and the decline of the slate industry caused a decline in fossil research.
117:
1671:
471:
Hunsrück is one of the few marine
Devonian Lagerstätte having soft tissue preservation, and in many cases fossils are coated by a pyritic surface layer. Preservation of soft tissues as fossils normally requires rapid burial in an
374:
over several centuries. Archaeological finds in West
Germany show that the slate was used in Roman times. The first documented case of mining in this area dates from the 14th century. The production continued with the
4964:"Characterizing the branching architecture of drepanophycalean lycophytes (Lycopsida): an exceptional specimen from the Early Devonian Hunsrück Slate, southwest Germany, and its paleobiological implications"
496:
Bundenbach. There are also areas of the Hunsrück Slates where fossils are neither well preserved, nor pyritized, indicating that there also existed environments with shallow and fully oxygenated water.
4590:"Appendages, functional morphology and possible sexual dimorphism in a new ceratiocaridid (Malacostraca, Phyllocarida) from the Early Devonian Hunsrück Slate (south-western Germany)"
1584:
459:
of the Hunsrück Slate are commonly called "Bundenbach fossils" after the nearby German community of
Bundenbach. More formally, the Hunsruck Slate is properly designated as a
521:
with well-developed eyes and the rarity of plant fossils from the central basin areas suggest a shallow-water environment. Other animal fossils include
4491:"A three-dimensional placoderm (stem-group gnathostome) pharyngeal skeleton and its implications for primitive gnathostome pharyngeal architecture"
1345:
4538:
Südkamp, W.H.; Burrow, C.J. (2007). "The acanthodianMachaeracanthus from the Lower
Devonian Hunsrück Slate of the Hunsrück region (Germany)".
4389:
4716:
Pulsipher, Mikaela A.; Anderson, Evan P.; Wright, Lauren S.; Kluessendorf, Joanne; Mikulic, Donald G.; Schiffbauer, James D. (2022-12-31).
341:(ophiuroid) from the Hunsrück Lagerstätte. All five arms are bent in the same direction, indicating current direction before final burial
1141:
5017:
5067:
5032:
4765:"Magnoculocaris, A New Name for the Arthropod Magnoculus Briggs and Bartels, 2001 from the Lower Devonian Hunsruck Slate, Germany"
5062:
476:(i.e., with little or no oxygen) sedimentary layer where the decomposition of the organic matter is significantly slowed. The
4405:
von Roemer, Ferdinand (1862). "Neue
Asteriden und Crinoiden aus dem devonischen Dachschiefer von Bundenbach bei Birkenfeld".
379:
at the end of the 1700s, but in 1846–49, the industry fell into crisis, resulting in poverty and misery in the mining areas.
4671:"First record of eurypterids (Chelicerata, Eurypterida) from the Lower Devonian (Lower Emsian) Hunsrück Slate (SW Germany)"
4718:"Description of Acheronauta gen. nov., a possible mandibulate from the Silurian Waukesha Lagerstätte, Wisconsin, USA"
5052:
5037:
1478:
5057:
3503:
1125:
2599:
256:
5047:
1198:
3272:
286:
5042:
4935:
4928:"FINAL(?) IDENTIFICATION OF THE FALSE EDESTUS FROM THE HUNSRÜCK SLATE: PROTOVIRGULARIA (A TRACE FOSSIL)"
4348:
2787:
2024:
1238:
376:
349:
4814:"3D-Analysis of a non-planispiral ammonoid from the Hunsrück Slate: natural or pathological variation?"
2695:
1787:
1561:
290:
3011:
2714:
2343:
2239:
1651:
1183:
480:
found in
Bundenbach fossils facilitated preservation and enhanced the inherent beauty of the fossils.
260:
4468:
4316:
4087:
3602:
3302:
2648:
1813:
1623:
1372:
915:
412:
309:
267:
138:
4112:
3700:
3138:
2746:
2551:
2330:
2128:
2083:
2011:
1946:
1845:
1774:
1549:
1530:
1218:
1209:
981:
294:
4218:
3772:
3549:
3317:
3227:
2964:
2884:
2619:
2564:
2532:
2441:
2408:
2369:
2291:
2252:
2167:
2109:
2072:
1972:
1826:
1761:
1262:
383:
4629:"A crustacean with eumalacostracan affinities from the Early Devonian Hunsrück Slate (SW Germany)"
4047:
3963:
3858:
3791:
3663:
3360:
3151:
3125:
3103:
2570:
2480:
2395:
2382:
2317:
2304:
2278:
2154:
2096:
1927:
1914:
1862:
1702:
1322:
4991:
4908:
4861:
4794:
4745:
4698:
4648:
4627:
Haug, Joachim T.; Poschmann, Markus; Hörnig, Marie K.; Lutz, Herbert (2017). Korn, Dieter (ed.).
4609:
4555:
4005:
3950:
3537:
3287:
3242:
3212:
3166:
2916:
2629:
2610:
2590:
2513:
2454:
2356:
2226:
2206:
2193:
2180:
2141:
1959:
1888:
1854:
1835:
1800:
1748:
1715:
1662:
1514:
867:
485:
4067:
3937:
3890:
3720:
3257:
2980:
2948:
2825:
2762:
2467:
2265:
2215:
1998:
1901:
1728:
1682:
1388:
1249:
856:
798:
4248:
3826:
3807:
2900:
2430:
2050:
1985:
899:
840:
4983:
4900:
4853:
4835:
4786:
4737:
4690:
4520:
4447:
4385:
4339:
Mittmeyer, H.G. (1980). "Zur
Geologie des Hunsrückschiefers". Kl. Senckenberg R. (in German).
3043:
2931:
2730:
2421:
2037:
741:
477:
331:
200:
2852:
1404:
4975:
4962:
Poschmann, Markus; Gossmann, Rolf; Matsunaga, Kelly K. S.; Tomescu, Alexandru M. F. (2020).
4892:
4843:
4825:
4776:
4729:
4682:
4640:
4601:
4547:
4510:
4502:
4437:
3648:
3526:
3473:
2841:
1572:
1466:
473:
4948:
4361:
4178:
3689:
3674:
3583:
3514:
3480:
3453:
456:
363:, with soft-tissue webbing well-preserved between the arms. An exceptional Hunsrück fossil
189:
4628:
4589:
2502:
1691:
4848:
4813:
4515:
4490:
4233:
3746:
3491:
2868:
593:
576:
jawless fishes are the most commonly preserved vertebrates, particularly the flattened
460:
275:
271:
264:
240:
220:
4963:
4588:
Poschmann, Markus; Bergmann, Alexandra; Kühl, Gabriele (2018). Zhang, Xi-Guang (ed.).
1737:
5026:
4995:
4927:
4912:
4798:
4749:
4702:
4559:
4192:
3845:
3756:
3441:
2638:
1875:
1053:
1020:
965:
542:
76:
38:
4865:
4652:
4613:
568:
Many types of fishes have been described from the Hunsruck slate. Several genera of
4291:
3917:
3903:
3709:
3572:
2778:
2657:
1632:
1356:
1229:
883:
792:
783:
760:
558:
431:, developed a new method to examine the Hunsrück slate fossils using medium energy
338:
4733:
4299:
A fungus that grew in thick, tree-like trunks, washed in from terrestrial sources
1060:
4717:
4203:
3867:
3464:
3395:
3112:
2063:
1503:
1498:
1333:
1083:
993:
942:
849:
735:
726:
703:
660:
578:
572:
armoured fish have been recorded, including some preserved in three dimensions.
530:
510:
506:
212:
168:
51:
4979:
3407:
17:
4880:
4686:
4027:
4015:
3927:
3835:
3816:
3683:
3657:
3610:
3560:
3430:
3379:
3115:
3059:
2704:
2493:
1489:
1421:
1283:
1192:
1160:
1071:
1043:
974:
924:
817:
646:
589:
538:
534:
526:
522:
388:
298:
96:
61:
4987:
4904:
4839:
4790:
4741:
4694:
4781:
4764:
4670:
4187:
4132:
3737:
3369:
1642:
1315:
1306:
1135:
1102:
584:
569:
546:
518:
400:
279:
252:
244:
124:
101:
45:
4857:
4524:
4451:
4442:
4425:
4384:(2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 86–88.
5012:
3781:
3592:
3418:
3196:
3027:
2834:
2541:
2522:
1936:
573:
562:
554:
550:
489:
451:
located mostly south of the River Mosel and west of the Rhine in western
416:
396:
197:
91:
86:
71:
66:
56:
4896:
4830:
4812:
Stilkerich, Julia; Smrecak, Trisha A.; Baets, Kenneth De (2017-06-30).
4551:
4506:
4099:
3877:
2580:
2118:
653:
452:
428:
420:
360:
302:
208:
204:
106:
81:
4644:
4605:
3688:
3662:
3571:
3548:
3525:
3502:
3479:
3452:
3429:
3406:
2840:
2598:
2501:
2429:
2214:
2071:
1736:
1690:
1670:
1650:
1583:
1560:
1477:
1344:
1321:
1237:
1217:
1197:
1140:
1082:
1059:
980:
855:
797:
740:
4669:
Poschmann, Markus; Bergmann, Alexandra; Kühl, Gabriele (2017-06-01).
3181:
448:
432:
306:
236:
224:
216:
619:
4881:"An atypical fauna in the Lower Devonian Hunsrück Slate of Germany"
463:
due to the many fossils that exhibit preservation of soft tissues.
263:. All these metasedimentary rocks were originally deposited in the
624:
514:
509:
are concentrated in the southwestern area around Bundenbach, with
427:
In 1970, Wilhelm Stürmer, a chemical physicist and radiologist at
404:
392:
371:
248:
153:
557:
are the predominant representatives of the echinoderms, although
391:
region was worked in the 1990s. Since 1999, slate imports from
4382:
The fossils of the Hunsruck slate: Marine life in the Devonian
561:(sea cucumbers) are also represented. More than 60 species of
436:
4190:, washed into the basin from terrestrial sources, similar to
259:. Stratigraphically below the Hunsrück Slates is the (older)
4426:"Exceptional Fossil Preservation and the Cambrian Explosion"
582:, notable for its upwards-facing mouth, and the streamlined
4097:
Ichnotaxon, including fossils originally misidentified as
1538:
An arthropod of uncertain affinities, originally named as
549:
and echinoderms are relatively abundant in some horizons.
488:
of Chengjiang, China, the oldest Konservat Lagerstätte of
223:
famous for exceptional preservation of a highly diverse
4469:"Bundenbach - Lower Devonian Hunsrück Slate of Germany"
174:
164:
159:
149:
144:
134:
32:
4763:Briggs, Derek E. G.; Bartels, Christoph (2002).
513:predominating in the northeast. The presence of
4463:
4461:
337:Stürtz, 1886 (8.5 centimeters long), a fossil
1003:Probably misidentified remains of trilobites
8:
370:The Hunsrück slate was a source for Rhenish
4267:
4155:
3980:
3624:
3336:
3079:
2801:
2671:
1599:
1442:
1279:
1156:
1098:
1016:
938:
813:
756:
699:
116:
29:
4847:
4829:
4780:
4514:
4489:Brazeau; Friedman; Jerve; Atwood (2017).
4441:
4375:
4373:
4371:
285:The Hunsrück Slate roughly comprises the
251:of the Hunsrück-Schiefer and the younger
4270:
4158:
3983:
3627:
3339:
3082:
2804:
2674:
1602:
1446:Other arthropods of the Hunsrück Slate.
1445:
1282:
1159:
1101:
1019:
941:
816:
759:
702:
407:caused the abandonment of local mining.
129:, a common trilobite from Hunsrück Slate
4331:
565:are described from the Hunsrück Slate.
4944:
4933:
4357:
4346:
1318:, most common trilobite and arthropod
1056:, most common non-trilobite arthropod
4664:
4662:
1580:An arthropod of uncertain affinities
1522:An arthropod of uncertain affinities
1474:An arthropod of uncertain affinities
7:
301:old, making them part of the Latest
4722:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
4430:Integrative and Comparative Biology
676:Uncertain or tentative taxa are in
4573:Selden, Paul; Nudds, John (2012).
596:lobe-fin specimen are also known.
447:The various fossil localities are
25:
4424:Butterfield, Nicholas J. (2003).
636:Taxon falsely reported as present
41:: latest Pragian to early Emsian
5011:
348:
324:
4577:. Elsevier Science. p. 68.
3499:A pteraspidomorph jawless fish
641:Dubious taxon or junior synonym
27:Geological formation in Germany
4575:Evolution of Fossil Ecosystems
382:The economic upturn after the
122:X-ray photograph of fossil of
1:
4734:10.1080/14772019.2022.2109216
239:stratigraphy of the southern
4885:Paläontologische Zeitschrift
4879:Südkamp, Wouter H. (2007).
4380:Bartels, Christoph (2009).
4343:. Frankfurt am Main: 26–33.
603:
5084:
4980:10.1007/s12542-018-00443-w
2116:
1934:
1630:
592:spiny sharks and a single
467:Preservation and taphonomy
5033:Devonian System of Europe
4687:10.1007/s12542-017-0348-6
3925:
3865:
3833:
3110:
2578:
2539:
1852:
1190:
977:, probably allochthonous
907:A phyllocarid crustacean
891:A phyllocarid crustacean
875:A phyllocarid crustacean
610:
606:
115:
37:
608:
357:Euzonosoma tischbeiniana
243:can be divided into two
5063:Paleontology in Germany
4782:10.1111/1475-4983.00243
4633:Papers in Palaeontology
4594:Papers in Palaeontology
2908:An ammonoid cephalopod
2892:An ammonoid cephalopod
2876:An ammonoid cephalopod
2860:An ammonoid cephalopod
1286:of the Hunsrück Slate.
1163:of the Hunsrück Slate.
1105:of the Hunsrück Slate.
1023:of the Hunsrück Slate.
945:of the Hunsrück Slate.
820:of the Hunsrück Slate.
763:of the Hunsrück Slate.
706:of the Hunsrück Slate.
525:, corals, brachiopods,
359:Bundenbach, an extinct
5068:Hunsrück Slate fossils
4943:Cite journal requires
4356:Cite journal requires
3693:
3667:
3576:
3553:
3530:
3507:
3484:
3457:
3434:
3411:
2845:
2603:
2506:
2434:
2219:
2076:
1741:
1695:
1675:
1655:
1588:
1565:
1482:
1349:
1326:
1242:
1222:
1202:
1145:
1087:
1064:
985:
860:
802:
745:
684:taxa are discredited.
415:(1862), who described
193:
5020:at Wikimedia Commons
4926:Itano, Wayne (2020).
4495:Journal of Morphology
4320:(with link directory)
4037:Worm-like ichnotaxon
3692:
3666:
3575:
3552:
3529:
3506:
3483:
3456:
3433:
3410:
2844:
2602:
2505:
2433:
2218:
2075:
1740:
1694:
1674:
1654:
1587:
1564:
1557:A primitive scorpion
1481:
1348:
1325:
1241:
1221:
1201:
1144:
1086:
1063:
984:
859:
801:
744:
461:Konservat Lagerstätte
377:Industrial Revolution
335:Furcaster paleozoicus
257:Singhofener Schichten
5018:Hunsrück Lagerstätte
4443:10.1093/icb/43.1.166
4317:List of fossil sites
413:Ferdinand von Roemer
297:. These are 408–400
268:Rhenohercynian Basin
139:Geological formation
3273:Oligoptycherhynchus
384:Franco-Prussian War
287:Sauerthal-Schichten
39:Stratigraphic range
4897:10.1007/BF02988392
4831:10.7717/peerj.3526
4552:10.1007/BF02988383
4507:10.1002/jmor.20706
4471:. Fossilmuseum.net
3694:
3668:
3577:
3554:
3538:Pseudopetalichthys
3531:
3508:
3485:
3458:
3435:
3412:
2846:
2604:
2507:
2435:
2220:
2077:
2025:Protasteracanthion
1742:
1696:
1676:
1656:
1589:
1566:
1483:
1350:
1327:
1243:
1223:
1203:
1146:
1088:
1065:
986:
861:
803:
746:
631:Reclassified taxon
500:Diversity of fauna
486:Maotianshan shales
227:fauna assemblage.
201:lithostratigraphic
5016:Media related to
4645:10.1002/spp2.1070
4606:10.1002/spp2.1106
4407:Palaeontographica
4391:978-0-521-44190-2
4305:
4304:
4261:
4260:
4149:
4148:
3974:
3973:
3764:A tabulate coral
3618:
3617:
3330:
3329:
3073:
3072:
2795:
2794:
2696:Bundenbachochaeta
2665:
2664:
2422:Parisangulocrinus
1593:
1592:
1436:
1435:
1273:
1272:
1150:
1149:
1092:
1091:
1010:
1009:
932:
931:
807:
806:
750:
749:
688:
687:
679:
667:
666:
663:
656:
649:
642:
637:
632:
627:
316:History of mining
312:of the Devonian.
291:Bornich-Schichten
247:units: the older
194:Hunsrück-Schiefer
182:
181:
16:(Redirected from
5075:
5053:Slate formations
5038:Devonian Germany
5015:
5000:
4999:
4959:
4953:
4952:
4946:
4941:
4939:
4931:
4923:
4917:
4916:
4876:
4870:
4869:
4851:
4833:
4809:
4803:
4802:
4784:
4760:
4754:
4753:
4713:
4707:
4706:
4666:
4657:
4656:
4624:
4618:
4617:
4585:
4579:
4578:
4570:
4564:
4563:
4535:
4529:
4528:
4518:
4501:(9): 1220–1228.
4486:
4480:
4479:
4477:
4476:
4465:
4456:
4455:
4445:
4421:
4415:
4414:
4402:
4396:
4395:
4377:
4366:
4365:
4359:
4354:
4352:
4344:
4336:
4268:
4156:
3981:
3649:Archaeocydippida
3625:
3337:
3080:
3012:Palaeozygopleura
2802:
2715:Hunsrueckochaeta
2672:
2344:Calycanthocrinus
2240:Propoteriocrinus
1600:
1573:Wingertshellicus
1467:Bundenbachiellus
1443:
1439:Other Arthropods
1280:
1184:Flagellopantopus
1157:
1099:
1079:A marrellomorph
1017:
939:
814:
757:
700:
677:
659:
652:
645:
640:
635:
630:
623:
620:
604:
352:
328:
261:Taunus quartzite
203:unit, a type of
120:
111:
48:
30:
21:
5083:
5082:
5078:
5077:
5076:
5074:
5073:
5072:
5023:
5022:
5009:
5004:
5003:
4961:
4960:
4956:
4942:
4932:
4925:
4924:
4920:
4878:
4877:
4873:
4811:
4810:
4806:
4762:
4761:
4757:
4715:
4714:
4710:
4668:
4667:
4660:
4626:
4625:
4621:
4587:
4586:
4582:
4572:
4571:
4567:
4537:
4536:
4532:
4488:
4487:
4483:
4474:
4472:
4467:
4466:
4459:
4423:
4422:
4418:
4404:
4403:
4399:
4392:
4379:
4378:
4369:
4355:
4345:
4338:
4337:
4333:
4328:
4313:
4307:
4266:
4179:Drepanophycales
4154:
4088:Protovirgularia
3979:
3729:A rugose coral
3675:Paleoctenophora
3623:
3603:Machaeracanthus
3584:Westollrhynchus
3515:Paraplesiobatis
3474:pteraspidomorph
3335:
3303:Plebejochonetes
3078:
2800:
2670:
2649:Palaeocucumaria
1814:Kentrospondylus
1624:Cheiropteraster
1598:
1497:Possible early
1441:
1373:Parahomalonotus
1278:
1155:
1097:
1015:
1013:Marrellomorphia
937:
916:Hohensteiniella
812:
755:
698:
693:
675:
618:
602:
502:
469:
445:
368:
367:
366:
365:
364:
353:
344:
343:
342:
329:
318:
233:
211:regions of the
130:
110:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
43:
42:
28:
23:
22:
18:Hunsrück Slates
15:
12:
11:
5:
5081:
5079:
5071:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5025:
5024:
5008:
5007:External links
5005:
5002:
5001:
4954:
4945:|journal=
4918:
4891:(2): 181–204.
4871:
4804:
4755:
4708:
4681:(2): 163–169.
4658:
4639:(2): 151–159.
4619:
4600:(2): 277–292.
4580:
4565:
4530:
4481:
4457:
4436:(1): 166–177.
4416:
4397:
4390:
4367:
4358:|journal=
4330:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4323:
4322:
4312:
4309:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4287:
4286:
4283:
4280:
4277:
4273:
4272:
4265:
4262:
4259:
4258:
4256:
4254:
4252:
4244:
4243:
4241:
4239:
4237:
4234:Receptaculites
4229:
4228:
4226:
4224:
4222:
4214:
4213:
4211:
4209:
4207:
4199:
4198:
4196:
4184:
4182:
4181:indeterminate
4175:
4174:
4171:
4168:
4165:
4161:
4160:
4153:
4150:
4147:
4146:
4144:
4139:
4137:
4127:
4126:
4124:
4119:
4117:
4113:Pteridichnites
4107:
4106:
4104:
4094:
4092:
4082:
4081:
4079:
4074:
4072:
4062:
4061:
4059:
4054:
4052:
4042:
4041:
4039:
4034:
4032:
4022:
4021:
4019:
4012:
4010:
4000:
3999:
3996:
3993:
3990:
3986:
3985:
3978:
3975:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3967:
3959:
3958:
3956:
3954:
3946:
3945:
3943:
3941:
3933:
3932:
3930:
3924:
3922:
3912:
3911:
3909:
3907:
3899:
3898:
3896:
3894:
3886:
3885:
3883:
3881:
3873:
3872:
3870:
3864:
3862:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3849:
3841:
3840:
3838:
3832:
3830:
3822:
3821:
3819:
3813:
3811:
3803:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3787:
3786:
3784:
3778:
3776:
3768:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3752:
3751:
3749:
3747:tabulate coral
3743:
3741:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3715:
3714:
3712:
3706:
3704:
3701:Volgerophyllum
3696:
3695:
3686:
3680:
3678:
3670:
3669:
3660:
3654:
3652:
3644:
3643:
3640:
3637:
3634:
3630:
3629:
3628:Other animals
3622:
3619:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3608:
3606:
3598:
3597:
3595:
3589:
3587:
3579:
3578:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3556:
3555:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3533:
3532:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3510:
3509:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:Rhinopteraspis
3487:
3486:
3477:
3470:
3468:
3460:
3459:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3437:
3436:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3414:
3413:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3366:
3364:
3356:
3355:
3352:
3349:
3346:
3342:
3341:
3334:
3331:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3323:
3321:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3293:
3291:
3283:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3276:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3263:
3261:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3248:
3246:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3233:
3231:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3218:
3216:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3202:
3200:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3187:
3185:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3170:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3157:
3155:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3139:Brachyspirifer
3134:
3133:
3131:
3129:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3109:
3107:
3099:
3098:
3095:
3092:
3089:
3085:
3084:
3077:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3055:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:Mimagoniatites
2864:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2848:
2847:
2838:
2831:
2829:
2821:
2820:
2817:
2814:
2811:
2807:
2806:
2799:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2784:
2782:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:Crocancistrius
2742:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2701:
2699:
2691:
2690:
2687:
2684:
2681:
2677:
2676:
2669:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2654:
2652:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2635:
2633:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2616:
2614:
2606:
2605:
2596:
2594:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2577:
2575:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2552:Schizotremites
2547:
2546:
2544:
2538:
2536:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2519:
2517:
2509:
2508:
2499:
2497:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2437:
2436:
2427:
2425:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2331:Antihomocrinus
2326:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2222:
2221:
2212:
2210:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2129:Bactrocrinites
2124:
2123:
2121:
2115:
2113:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2084:Hunsrueckaster
2079:
2078:
2069:
2067:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2012:Schlueteraster
2007:
2006:
2004:
2002:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1947:Palaeosolaster
1942:
1941:
1939:
1933:
1931:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1871:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1858:
1857:
1851:
1849:
1846:Echinasterella
1841:
1840:
1838:
1832:
1830:
1822:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1775:Palaeophiomyxa
1770:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1744:
1743:
1734:
1732:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1698:
1697:
1688:
1686:
1678:
1677:
1668:
1666:
1658:
1657:
1648:
1646:
1638:
1637:
1635:
1629:
1627:
1619:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1605:
1604:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1568:
1567:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:Palaeoscorpius
1545:
1544:
1542:
1536:
1534:
1531:Magnoculocaris
1526:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1495:
1493:
1485:
1484:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1462:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1448:
1447:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1352:
1351:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1329:
1328:
1319:
1312:
1310:
1302:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1288:
1287:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1258:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1245:
1244:
1235:
1233:
1225:
1224:
1215:
1213:
1210:Palaeopantopus
1205:
1204:
1195:
1189:
1187:
1179:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1165:
1164:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1138:
1132:
1129:
1126:Schinderhannes
1121:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1107:
1106:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1067:
1066:
1057:
1050:
1049:123 specimens
1047:
1039:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1025:
1024:
1021:Marrellomorphs
1014:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1005:
1000:
998:
988:
987:
978:
971:
969:
961:
960:
957:
954:
951:
947:
946:
936:
933:
930:
929:
927:
921:
919:
911:
910:
908:
905:
903:
895:
894:
892:
889:
887:
879:
878:
876:
873:
871:
863:
862:
853:
846:
844:
836:
835:
832:
829:
826:
822:
821:
811:
808:
805:
804:
795:
789:
787:
779:
778:
775:
772:
769:
765:
764:
754:
751:
748:
747:
738:
732:
730:
722:
721:
718:
715:
712:
708:
707:
697:
694:
692:
689:
686:
685:
670:
668:
665:
664:
657:
650:
643:
638:
633:
628:
612:
611:
609:
607:
601:
598:
594:sarcopterygian
588:. Spines from
501:
498:
468:
465:
444:
441:
354:
347:
346:
345:
330:
323:
322:
321:
320:
319:
317:
314:
295:Kaub-Schichten
276:paleocontinent
272:back-arc basin
241:Rhenish Massif
232:
229:
186:Hunsrück Slate
180:
179:
176:
172:
171:
166:
162:
161:
157:
156:
151:
147:
146:
142:
141:
136:
132:
131:
121:
113:
112:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
49:
35:
34:
33:Hunsrück Slate
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5080:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5048:Pragian Stage
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5030:
5028:
5021:
5019:
5014:
5006:
4997:
4993:
4989:
4985:
4981:
4977:
4973:
4969:
4965:
4958:
4955:
4950:
4937:
4929:
4922:
4919:
4914:
4910:
4906:
4902:
4898:
4894:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4875:
4872:
4867:
4863:
4859:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4841:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4823:
4819:
4815:
4808:
4805:
4800:
4796:
4792:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4774:
4770:
4769:Palaeontology
4766:
4759:
4756:
4751:
4747:
4743:
4739:
4735:
4731:
4727:
4723:
4719:
4712:
4709:
4704:
4700:
4696:
4692:
4688:
4684:
4680:
4676:
4672:
4665:
4663:
4659:
4654:
4650:
4646:
4642:
4638:
4634:
4630:
4623:
4620:
4615:
4611:
4607:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4591:
4584:
4581:
4576:
4569:
4566:
4561:
4557:
4553:
4549:
4545:
4541:
4534:
4531:
4526:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4508:
4504:
4500:
4496:
4492:
4485:
4482:
4470:
4464:
4462:
4458:
4453:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4435:
4431:
4427:
4420:
4417:
4412:
4409:(in German).
4408:
4401:
4398:
4393:
4387:
4383:
4376:
4374:
4372:
4368:
4363:
4350:
4342:
4335:
4332:
4325:
4321:
4318:
4315:
4314:
4310:
4308:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4294:
4293:
4289:
4288:
4284:
4281:
4278:
4275:
4274:
4269:
4263:
4257:
4255:
4253:
4251:
4250:
4246:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4238:
4236:
4235:
4231:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4223:
4221:
4220:
4219:Trimerophyton
4216:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4208:
4206:
4205:
4201:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4194:
4193:Drepanophycus
4189:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4177:
4176:
4172:
4169:
4166:
4163:
4162:
4157:
4151:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4136:
4135:
4134:
4129:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4116:
4115:
4114:
4109:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4102:
4101:
4095:
4093:
4091:
4090:
4089:
4084:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4071:
4070:
4069:
4064:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4051:
4050:
4049:
4044:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4031:
4030:
4029:
4024:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4017:
4013:
4011:
4009:
4008:
4007:
4002:
4001:
3997:
3994:
3991:
3988:
3987:
3982:
3976:
3970:
3968:
3966:
3965:
3961:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3953:
3952:
3948:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3940:
3939:
3935:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3923:
3921:
3919:
3914:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3906:
3905:
3901:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3893:
3892:
3888:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3880:
3879:
3875:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3868:tentaculitoid
3863:
3861:
3860:
3856:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3848:
3847:
3846:Sphenothallus
3843:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3831:
3829:
3828:
3824:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3814:
3812:
3810:
3809:
3805:
3804:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3794:
3793:
3789:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3779:
3777:
3775:
3774:
3773:Palaeonectris
3770:
3769:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3759:
3758:
3757:Pleurodictyum
3754:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3744:
3742:
3740:
3739:
3735:
3734:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3722:
3717:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3707:
3705:
3703:
3702:
3698:
3697:
3691:
3687:
3685:
3681:
3679:
3677:
3676:
3672:
3671:
3665:
3661:
3659:
3655:
3653:
3651:
3650:
3646:
3645:
3641:
3638:
3635:
3632:
3631:
3626:
3621:Other animals
3620:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3605:
3604:
3600:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3590:
3588:
3586:
3585:
3581:
3580:
3574:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3563:
3562:
3558:
3557:
3551:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3540:
3539:
3535:
3534:
3528:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3517:
3516:
3512:
3511:
3505:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3494:
3493:
3489:
3488:
3482:
3478:
3476:jawless fish
3475:
3471:
3469:
3467:
3466:
3462:
3461:
3455:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3444:
3443:
3442:Nessariostoma
3439:
3438:
3432:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3420:
3416:
3415:
3409:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3398:
3397:
3393:
3392:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3382:
3381:
3377:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3362:
3358:
3357:
3353:
3350:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3338:
3332:
3326:
3324:
3322:
3320:
3319:
3318:Tropidoleptus
3315:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3307:
3305:
3304:
3300:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3292:
3290:
3289:
3285:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3277:
3275:
3274:
3270:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3262:
3260:
3259:
3255:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3247:
3245:
3244:
3240:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3232:
3230:
3229:
3228:Leptostrophia
3225:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3217:
3215:
3214:
3209:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3201:
3199:
3198:
3194:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3186:
3184:
3183:
3179:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3171:
3169:
3168:
3164:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3156:
3154:
3153:
3149:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3140:
3136:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3128:
3127:
3123:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3108:
3106:
3105:
3101:
3100:
3096:
3093:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3081:
3075:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3062:
3061:
3057:
3056:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3046:
3045:
3041:
3040:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3030:
3029:
3025:
3024:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3014:
3013:
3009:
3008:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2994:
2993:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2983:
2982:
2978:
2977:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2966:
2965:Cypricardella
2962:
2961:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2951:
2950:
2946:
2945:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2935:
2934:
2930:
2929:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2919:
2918:
2914:
2913:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2902:
2898:
2897:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2886:
2885:Mimosphinctes
2882:
2881:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2870:
2866:
2865:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2854:
2850:
2849:
2843:
2839:
2836:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2827:
2823:
2822:
2818:
2815:
2812:
2809:
2808:
2803:
2797:
2791:
2789:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2780:
2776:
2775:
2772:
2770:A polychaete
2769:
2767:
2765:
2764:
2760:
2759:
2756:
2754:A polychaete
2753:
2751:
2749:
2748:
2744:
2743:
2740:
2738:A polychaete
2737:
2735:
2733:
2732:
2728:
2727:
2724:
2722:A polychaete
2721:
2719:
2717:
2716:
2712:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2697:
2693:
2692:
2688:
2685:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2673:
2667:
2661:
2659:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2650:
2646:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2639:edrioasteroid
2636:
2634:
2632:
2631:
2627:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2612:
2608:
2607:
2601:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2592:
2588:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2567:
2566:
2565:Mitrocystites
2562:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2553:
2549:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2537:
2535:
2534:
2533:Pentremitidea
2530:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2515:
2511:
2510:
2504:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2495:
2491:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2482:
2478:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2469:
2465:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2456:
2452:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2443:
2442:Rhadinocrinus
2439:
2438:
2432:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2423:
2419:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2410:
2409:Imitatocrinus
2406:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2384:
2383:Dictenocrinus
2380:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2371:
2370:Dicirrocrinus
2367:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2358:
2354:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2345:
2341:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2332:
2328:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2319:
2315:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2306:
2302:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2293:
2292:Pterinocrinus
2289:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2280:
2276:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2267:
2263:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2254:
2253:Senariocrinus
2250:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2241:
2237:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2228:
2224:
2223:
2217:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2195:
2191:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2182:
2178:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2169:
2168:Diamenocrinus
2165:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2156:
2152:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2143:
2139:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2130:
2126:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2114:
2112:
2111:
2110:Acanthocrinus
2107:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2085:
2081:
2080:
2074:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2065:
2061:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2052:
2048:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2013:
2009:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2001:
2000:
1996:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1974:
1973:Helianthaster
1970:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1948:
1944:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1932:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1903:
1899:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1877:
1876:Palasteriscus
1873:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1859:
1856:
1850:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1828:
1827:Regulaecystis
1824:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1815:
1811:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1802:
1798:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1789:
1785:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1776:
1772:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1763:
1762:Mastigophiura
1759:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1745:
1739:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1730:
1726:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1717:
1713:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1704:
1700:
1699:
1693:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1684:
1680:
1679:
1673:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1664:
1660:
1659:
1653:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1644:
1640:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1628:
1626:
1625:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1601:
1595:
1586:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1574:
1570:
1569:
1563:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1551:
1547:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1532:
1528:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1516:
1512:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1505:
1500:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1491:
1487:
1486:
1480:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1468:
1464:
1463:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1444:
1438:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1418:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1406:
1402:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1358:
1354:
1353:
1347:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1335:
1331:
1330:
1324:
1320:
1317:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1303:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1275:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1264:
1263:Pentapantopus
1260:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1251:
1247:
1246:
1240:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1226:
1220:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1211:
1207:
1206:
1200:
1196:
1194:
1188:
1186:
1185:
1181:
1180:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1152:
1143:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1127:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1094:
1085:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1068:
1062:
1058:
1055:
1054:marrellomorph
1051:
1048:
1046:
1045:
1041:
1040:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1012:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
997:
996:
995:
990:
989:
983:
979:
976:
972:
970:
968:
967:
966:Jaekelopterus
963:
962:
958:
955:
952:
949:
948:
944:
940:
934:
928:
926:
922:
920:
918:
917:
913:
912:
909:
906:
904:
902:
901:
897:
896:
893:
890:
888:
886:
885:
881:
880:
877:
874:
872:
870:
869:
865:
864:
858:
854:
851:
847:
845:
843:
842:
838:
837:
833:
830:
827:
824:
823:
819:
815:
809:
800:
796:
794:
790:
788:
786:
785:
781:
780:
776:
773:
770:
767:
766:
762:
761:Cheloniellids
758:
753:Cheloniellids
752:
743:
739:
737:
733:
731:
729:
728:
724:
723:
719:
716:
713:
710:
709:
705:
701:
695:
690:
683:
674:
671:
669:
662:
658:
655:
651:
648:
644:
639:
634:
629:
626:
622:
621:
617:
614:
613:
605:
599:
597:
595:
591:
587:
586:
581:
580:
575:
571:
566:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
543:trace fossils
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
499:
497:
493:
491:
487:
481:
479:
475:
466:
464:
462:
458:
454:
450:
442:
440:
438:
434:
430:
425:
422:
418:
414:
408:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
385:
380:
378:
373:
362:
358:
351:
340:
336:
333:
327:
315:
313:
311:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
283:
281:
277:
274:south of the
273:
269:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
230:
228:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
199:
196:) is a Lower
195:
191:
187:
177:
173:
170:
167:
163:
158:
155:
152:
148:
143:
140:
137:
133:
128:
126:
119:
114:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
47:
44:408–400
40:
36:
31:
19:
5058:Lagerstätten
5043:Emsian Stage
5010:
4971:
4967:
4957:
4936:cite journal
4921:
4888:
4884:
4874:
4821:
4817:
4807:
4772:
4768:
4758:
4725:
4721:
4711:
4678:
4674:
4636:
4632:
4622:
4597:
4593:
4583:
4574:
4568:
4543:
4539:
4533:
4498:
4494:
4484:
4473:. Retrieved
4433:
4429:
4419:
4410:
4406:
4400:
4381:
4349:cite journal
4340:
4334:
4319:
4306:
4292:Prototaxites
4290:
4247:
4232:
4217:
4202:
4191:
4141:
4131:
4130:
4121:
4111:
4110:
4098:
4096:
4086:
4085:
4076:
4066:
4065:
4056:
4048:Ctenopholeus
4046:
4045:
4036:
4026:
4025:
4014:
4004:
4003:
3964:Clionolithes
3962:
3949:
3936:
3918:Protospongia
3916:
3904:Tentaculites
3902:
3889:
3876:
3859:Viriatellina
3857:
3844:
3825:
3806:
3799:A hydrozoan
3792:Plectodiscus
3790:
3771:
3755:
3736:
3719:
3710:rugose coral
3699:
3673:
3647:
3601:
3582:
3568:A placoderm
3559:
3545:A placoderm
3536:
3522:A placoderm
3513:
3490:
3463:
3449:A placoderm
3440:
3426:A placoderm
3417:
3403:A placoderm
3394:
3387:A placoderm
3378:
3361:Stuertzaspis
3359:
3340:Vertebrates
3316:
3301:
3286:
3271:
3256:
3241:
3226:
3211:
3195:
3180:
3165:
3152:Orbiculoidea
3150:
3137:
3126:Euryspirifer
3124:
3104:Arduspirifer
3102:
3083:Brachiopods
3067:A gastropod
3058:
3051:A gastropod
3042:
3035:A gastropod
3026:
3019:A gastropod
3010:
2996:
2979:
2963:
2947:
2932:
2915:
2899:
2883:
2867:
2851:
2824:
2788:machaeridian
2779:Lepidocoleus
2777:
2761:
2745:
2729:
2713:
2694:
2658:sea cucumber
2647:
2628:
2609:
2589:
2571:Dalejocystis
2569:
2563:
2550:
2531:
2512:
2492:
2481:Eutaxocrinus
2479:
2466:
2453:
2440:
2420:
2407:
2396:Gastrocrinus
2394:
2381:
2368:
2355:
2342:
2329:
2318:Thallocrinus
2316:
2305:Hapalocrinus
2303:
2290:
2279:Macarocrinus
2277:
2264:
2251:
2238:
2225:
2205:
2192:
2179:
2166:
2155:Culicocrinus
2153:
2140:
2127:
2108:
2097:Palaeostella
2095:
2082:
2062:
2049:
2036:
2023:
2010:
1997:
1984:
1971:
1958:
1945:
1928:Archasterina
1926:
1915:Erinaceaster
1913:
1900:
1887:
1874:
1863:Hystrigaster
1861:
1844:
1825:
1812:
1799:
1786:
1773:
1760:
1747:
1727:
1714:
1703:Bundenbachia
1701:
1681:
1661:
1641:
1633:brittle star
1622:
1603:Echinoderms
1571:
1548:
1539:
1529:
1513:
1502:
1488:
1465:
1430:A trilobite
1420:
1412:A trilobite
1403:
1396:A trilobite
1387:
1380:A trilobite
1371:
1364:A trilobite
1357:Cornuproetus
1355:
1341:A trilobite
1332:
1305:
1261:
1248:
1230:Palaeoisopus
1228:
1208:
1182:
1124:
1070:
1042:
1002:
992:
991:
964:
914:
898:
884:Ceratiocaris
882:
866:
839:
793:cheloniellid
784:Cheloniellon
782:
725:
704:Chelicerates
696:Chelicerates
681:
672:
615:
583:
577:
567:
559:holothurians
503:
494:
482:
478:pyritization
470:
446:
443:Paleontology
426:
409:
381:
369:
356:
339:brittle star
334:
284:
245:lithological
234:
185:
183:
123:
4974:(1): 1–16.
4728:(1): 1–24.
4540:Paläontol Z
4204:Psilophyton
4142:Ichnotaxon
4122:Ichnotaxon
4077:Ichnotaxon
4057:Ichnotaxon
3984:Ichnotaxon
3951:Olkenbachia
3611:Acanthodian
3465:Drepanaspis
3396:Stensioella
3333:Vertebrates
3288:Platyorthis
3243:Loreleiella
3213:Cryptonella
3167:Anoplotheca
3076:Brachiopods
2917:Praecardium
2837:cephalopod
2630:Pyrgocystis
2611:Dehmicystis
2591:Rhenocystis
2514:Rhenechinus
2455:Rhenocrinus
2357:Codiacrinus
2227:Gissocrinus
2207:Follicrinus
2194:Lasiocrinus
2181:Orthocrinus
2142:Ctenocrinus
2064:Urasterella
1960:Palasterina
1889:Sturtzaster
1836:rhombiferan
1801:Eospondylus
1749:Lapworthura
1716:Encrinaster
1663:Loriolaster
1596:Echinoderms
1515:Cambronatus
1504:Acheronauta
1501:related to
1499:mandibulate
1334:Odontochile
1284:Trilobitess
1161:Sea spiders
1153:Sea spiders
1131:1 Specimen
994:Rhenopterus
943:Eurypterids
935:Eurypterids
868:Oryctocaris
852:crustacean
850:phyllocarid
818:Crustaceans
810:Crustaceans
736:chelicerate
727:Weinbergina
682:crossed out
661:Morphotaxon
579:Drepanaspis
541:, and worm
531:ctenophores
527:cephalopods
511:brachiopods
507:echinoderms
221:lagerstätte
205:rock strata
127:ferdianandi
5027:Categories
4775:(2): 419.
4546:: 97–104.
4475:2010-11-27
4326:References
4279:Abundance
4167:Abundance
4068:Heliochone
4028:Planolites
4016:Ichnotaxon
4006:Chondrites
3992:Abundance
3977:Ichnotaxon
3938:Retifungus
3891:Styliolina
3836:conulariid
3817:hederellid
3721:Zaphrentis
3684:ctenophore
3658:Ctenophore
3636:Abundance
3561:Gemuendina
3380:Tityosteus
3348:Abundance
3258:Meganteris
3116:brachiopod
3113:spiriferid
3091:Abundance
3060:Platyceras
3003:A bivalve
2988:A bivalve
2981:Ctenodonta
2972:A bivalve
2956:A bivalve
2949:Ctenodonta
2940:A bivalve
2924:A bivalve
2826:Anetoceras
2813:Abundance
2763:Scopyrites
2705:polychaete
2683:Abundance
2494:Taxocrinus
2468:Triacrinus
2266:Iteacrinus
1999:Compsaster
1902:Medusaster
1729:Euzonosoma
1683:Taeniaster
1611:Abundance
1540:Magnoculus
1490:Captopodus
1454:Abundance
1422:Asteropyge
1389:Wenndorfia
1294:Abundance
1276:Trilobites
1250:Palaeothea
1193:sea spider
1171:Abundance
1113:Abundance
1103:Radiodonts
1095:Radiodonts
1072:Vachonisia
1044:Mimetaster
1031:Abundance
975:eurypterid
953:Abundance
925:crustacean
828:Abundance
771:Abundance
714:Abundance
691:Arthropods
678:small text
647:Ichnotaxon
600:Paleobiota
590:acanthodii
547:Trilobites
539:gastropods
535:cnidarians
519:trilobites
389:Bundenbach
355:Pyritized
253:sandstones
219:. It is a
4996:135090137
4988:0031-0220
4913:129466762
4905:0031-0220
4840:2167-8359
4824:: e3526.
4799:129700543
4791:0031-0239
4750:252839113
4742:1477-2019
4703:132287510
4695:1867-6812
4560:129936048
4413:: 143–52.
4249:Maucheria
4188:lycophyte
4133:Endichnia
3920:" rhenana
3827:Conularia
3808:Hederella
3782:hydrozoan
3738:Favosites
3370:placoderm
2901:Chebbites
2805:Annelids
2675:Annelids
2051:Baliactis
1986:Leioactis
1855:stenuroid
1788:Ophiurina
1643:Furcaster
1316:trilobite
1307:Chotecops
1136:radiodont
900:Heroldina
841:Nahecaris
616:Color key
585:Pteraspis
570:placoderm
435:of 25-40
401:Argentina
332:Pyritized
305:to Early
280:Laurussia
207:, in the
145:Lithology
125:Chotecops
4866:23907662
4858:28674668
4653:88601890
4614:91024583
4525:28543631
4452:21680421
4311:See also
4186:A large
3593:lungfish
3419:Lunaspis
3197:Chonetes
3044:Loxonema
3028:Bembexia
2835:ammonoid
2798:Molluscs
2731:Ewaldips
2668:Annelids
2542:blastoid
2523:echinoid
2038:Kyraster
1937:sea star
973:A giant
574:Agnathan
563:crinoids
555:starfish
551:Crinoids
490:Cambrian
449:quarries
417:starfish
397:Portugal
213:Hunsrück
198:Devonian
169:Hunsrück
160:Location
4849:5494166
4516:5575467
4285:Images
4173:Images
4100:Edestus
3998:Images
3878:Nowakia
3642:Images
3354:Images
3097:Images
2933:Panenka
2853:Ivoites
2819:Images
2689:Images
2581:mitrate
2119:crinoid
1617:Images
1460:Images
1405:Rhenops
1300:Images
1177:Images
1119:Images
1037:Images
959:Images
834:Images
777:Images
720:Images
654:Ootaxon
523:sponges
453:Germany
429:Siemens
421:crinoid
361:seastar
303:Pragian
255:of the
231:Geology
178:Germany
175:Country
150:Primary
4994:
4986:
4911:
4903:
4864:
4856:
4846:
4838:
4797:
4789:
4748:
4740:
4701:
4693:
4651:
4612:
4558:
4523:
4513:
4450:
4388:
4282:Notes
4276:Genus
4271:Fungi
4170:Notes
4164:Genus
4159:Flora
4152:Plants
3995:Notes
3989:Genus
3928:sponge
3639:Notes
3633:Genus
3351:Notes
3345:Genus
3182:Atrypa
3094:Notes
3088:Genus
2997:Puella
2816:Notes
2810:Genus
2686:Notes
2680:Genus
2620:solute
1614:Notes
1608:Genus
1457:Notes
1451:Genus
1297:Notes
1291:Genus
1174:Notes
1168:Genus
1116:Notes
1110:Genus
1034:Notes
1028:Genus
956:Notes
950:Genus
923:Early
831:Notes
825:Genus
774:Notes
768:Genus
717:Notes
711:Genus
515:corals
492:time.
474:anoxic
455:. The
433:X-rays
310:stages
307:Emsian
265:marine
249:slates
237:Emsian
225:fossil
217:Taunus
209:German
190:German
165:Region
4992:S2CID
4909:S2CID
4862:S2CID
4818:PeerJ
4795:S2CID
4746:S2CID
4699:S2CID
4649:S2CID
4610:S2CID
4556:S2CID
4264:Fungi
673:Notes
625:Taxon
457:biota
411:from
405:China
393:Spain
372:slate
154:Slate
4984:ISSN
4968:PalZ
4949:help
4901:ISSN
4854:PMID
4836:ISSN
4787:ISSN
4738:ISSN
4691:ISSN
4675:PalZ
4521:PMID
4448:PMID
4386:ISBN
4362:help
553:and
517:and
419:and
403:and
293:and
270:, a
235:The
215:and
184:The
135:Type
52:PreꞒ
4976:doi
4893:doi
4844:PMC
4826:doi
4777:doi
4730:doi
4683:doi
4641:doi
4602:doi
4548:doi
4511:PMC
4503:doi
4499:278
4438:doi
2833:An
437:keV
299:Mya
278:of
5029::
4990:.
4982:.
4972:94
4970:.
4966:.
4940::
4938:}}
4934:{{
4907:.
4899:.
4889:81
4887:.
4883:.
4860:.
4852:.
4842:.
4834:.
4820:.
4816:.
4793:.
4785:.
4773:45
4771:.
4767:.
4744:.
4736:.
4726:20
4724:.
4720:.
4697:.
4689:.
4679:91
4677:.
4673:.
4661:^
4647:.
4635:.
4631:.
4608:.
4596:.
4592:.
4554:.
4544:81
4542:.
4519:.
4509:.
4497:.
4493:.
4460:^
4446:.
4434:43
4432:.
4428:.
4370:^
4353::
4351:}}
4347:{{
4341:11
3926:A
3866:A
3834:A
3815:A
3780:A
3745:A
3724:"
3708:A
3682:A
3656:A
3591:A
3472:A
3368:A
3111:A
2786:A
2703:A
2656:A
2637:A
2618:A
2579:A
2574:)
2540:A
2521:A
2117:A
1935:A
1853:A
1834:A
1631:A
1425:"
1314:A
1191:A
1134:A
1052:A
848:A
791:A
734:A
680:;
545:.
537:,
533:,
529:,
399:,
395:,
289:,
282:.
192::
102:Pg
46:Ma
4998:.
4978::
4951:)
4947:(
4930:.
4915:.
4895::
4868:.
4828::
4822:5
4801:.
4779::
4752:.
4732::
4705:.
4685::
4655:.
4643::
4637:3
4616:.
4604::
4598:4
4562:.
4550::
4527:.
4505::
4478:.
4454:.
4440::
4411:9
4394:.
4364:)
4360:(
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3718:"
3210:?
2995:?
2568:(
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188:(
107:N
97:K
92:J
87:T
82:P
77:C
72:D
67:S
62:O
57:Ꞓ
20:)
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