1748:
431:
419:
476:
132:
387:
convexly curved. Podomeres 2 to 6 bore long downward pointing spines (ventral spines) with forward-curving tips. These ventral spines themselves bore up to 9 equally spaced forward-facing spines dubbed auxiliary spines, with podomeres 7 and 8 bearing shorter, smooth forward curving spines. The frontal appenages were used to bring food to its ring-shaped mouth (oral cone), in which four large plates are present, with inner rows of spines inside the main cone. Like other hurdiids,
452:
150:
464:
111:
386:
reached up to just 8.1 cm (3.2 in) long. Its head bore a pair of frontal appendages. These frontal appendages had 9 or more rarely 10 or 11 segments/podomeres, which were approximately rectangular and decreased in size towards the end of the appendage. The upper surface of the appendage was
430:
615:. Walcott's original specimens consisted only of H-elements of the frontal carapace, which he interpreted as being the carapace of an unidentified type of crustacean. P-elements of the carapace were described as a separate genus,
1001:
1231:
D. Collins, in North
American Paleontological Convention, Chicago, Abstracts with Programs, S. Lidgard, P. R. Crane, Eds. (The Paleontological Society, Special Publication 6, Chicago, IL, 1992), p. 66,
655:
was also a specimen of the species. He presented his ideas in informal articles, and it was not until 2009, after three years of painstaking research, that the complete organism was reconstructed.
395:: a central component known as the H-element and two lateral components known as P-elements. Originally, it is estimated that body flaps ran along the sides of the organisms, from which large
1747:
1840:
418:
1181:
Collins, Desmond (1996). "The "Evolution" of
Anomalocaris and Its Classification in the Arthropod Class Dinocarida (nov.) and Order Radiodonta (nov.)".
1359:
475:
1827:
1041:"Systematics, preservation and biogeography of radiodonts from the southern Great Basin, USA , during the upper Dyeran (Cambrian Series 2, Stage 4)"
1901:
1395:
500:
is either suggested to have used its frontal appendages to sift small prey from sediment, or to have used them as a trap to capture larger
1896:
1080:"A new middle Cambrian radiodont from North China: Implications for morphological disparity and spatial distribution of hurdiids"
675:
463:
451:
1881:
1268:
1142:
Daley, Allison C.; Budd, Graham E.; Caron, Jean-Bernard (2013). "Morphology and systematics of the anomalocaridid arthropod
1292:
Caron, Jean-Bernard; Jackson, Donald A. (October 2006). "Taphonomy of the
Greater Phyllopod Bed community, Burgess Shale".
1039:
Pates, Stephen; Daley, Allison C.; Edgecombe, Gregory D.; Cong, Peiyun; Lieberman, Bruce S. (2021). Zhang, XiβGuang (ed.).
771:"Morphology and systematics of the anomalocaridid arthropod Hurdia from the Middle Cambrian of British Columbia and Utah"
1886:
822:
Daley, A. C.; Budd, G. E.; Caron, J. B.; Edgecombe, G. D.; Collins, D. (2009). "The
Burgess Shale anomalocaridid
586:
240:
1388:
149:
1672:
1120:
Walcott, Charles D. (1912-03-13). "Middle
Cambrian Branchiopoda, Malacostraca, Trilobita, and Merostomata".
548:
1767:
1347:
1853:
651:
were based on different parts of the same animal, and recognized that a specimen previously assigned to
1280:
1079:
131:
1814:
1301:
1190:
890:
835:
708:
623:
556:
1891:
1728:
1381:
770:
1256:
1325:
1317:
1214:
1206:
1163:
922:
859:
799:
697:"New suspension-feeding radiodont suggests evolution of microplanktivory in Cambrian macronekton"
626:
567:
306:
144:
753:
1858:
1845:
1099:
1060:
1021:
979:
961:
914:
906:
851:
791:
744:
726:
436:
Interpretations of placements (A based on articulated specimens, B based on speculation from
1712:
1590:
1549:
1507:
1309:
1198:
1155:
1091:
1052:
1013:
969:
953:
898:
843:
783:
734:
716:
878:
1496:
528:
30:
942:"Three-dimensional modelling, disparity and ecology of the first Cambrian apex predators"
1305:
1194:
1040:
894:
879:"Anomalocaridid trunk limb homology revealed by a giant filter-feeder with paired flaps"
839:
712:
1482:
974:
941:
739:
696:
1875:
1693:
1565:
1558:
1466:
1428:
1218:
926:
863:
663:
536:
516:
68:
1329:
1167:
803:
1805:
1721:
1700:
1679:
1644:
1637:
1606:
1599:
1516:
1474:
631:
611:
532:
524:
501:
438:
401:
249:
194:
1159:
1095:
787:
515:
had cosmopolitan distribution; two described species has been recovered from the
1799:
1686:
1630:
1579:
1531:
1489:
367:
Period. Fossils have been found in North
America, China and the Czech Republic.
43:
1790:
1313:
721:
1452:
1437:
1434:
1404:
1202:
598:
564:
207:
110:
88:
53:
1103:
1064:
1025:
965:
910:
795:
730:
1658:
1617:
1572:
1422:
847:
360:
357:
220:
181:
161:
93:
37:
983:
957:
918:
855:
748:
1784:
1538:
1523:
940:
De Vivo, Giacinto; Lautenschlager, Stephan; Vinther, Jakob (2021-07-28).
601:. It is possible that Walcott had described a specimen the year prior as
392:
391:
bore a large frontal carapace protruding from its head composed of three
364:
83:
78:
63:
58:
48:
1321:
1017:
902:
768:
Daley, Allison C.; Budd, Graham E.; Caron, Jean-Bernard (October 2013).
1832:
1665:
1242:
D. Collins (1999). "Dinocarids: the first monster predators on earth".
1210:
350:
98:
73:
1056:
382:
reached between 18.3β30.5 cm (7.2β12.0 in) in length, while
1416:
605:, but the specimen is too fragmentary to identify with certainty, so
409:
had both ventral and dorsal flaps, and gills were on trunk segments.
171:
1761:
1002:"Hurdiid radiodontans from the middle Cambrian (Series 3) of Utah"
396:
353:
1819:
1765:
1377:
1000:
Pates, Stephen; Daley, Allison C.; Lieberman, Bruce S. (2018).
877:
Van Roy, Peter; Daley, Allison C.; Briggs, Derek E. G. (2015).
1373:
1257:
Fossil fragments reveal 500-million-year-old monster predator
378:
was one of the largest organisms in the
Cambrian oceans,
1146:
from the Middle
Cambrian of British Columbia and Utah".
946:
Proceedings of the Royal
Society B: Biological Sciences
826:
and its significance for early euarthropod evolution".
1078:
Sun, Zhixin; Zeng, Han; Zhao, Fangchen (2020-11-15).
327:
315:
290:
279:
256:
1774:
1711:
1616:
1589:
1548:
1506:
1450:
695:Lerosey-Aubril, Rudy; Pates, Stephen (2018-09-14).
769:
1246:. Vol. 32. Royal Ontario Museum. p. 25.
1084:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
666:, where they comprise 0.13% of the community.
643:in the group. He subsequently recognized that
559:of the Czech Republic (which is identified as
442:) of the frontal appendages and mouthparts of
1389:
1115:
1113:
527:in Utah, USA. Unnamed species are known from
8:
1269:New animal discovered by Canadian researcher
1137:
1135:
363:that lived 505 million years ago during the
817:
815:
813:
635:and its close relatives, and included both
1762:
1622:
1458:
1447:
1396:
1382:
1374:
629:erected the taxon Radiodonta to encompass
519:in British Columbia, Canada. In addition,
130:
109:
20:
973:
738:
720:
563:in some papers), and unnamed fossil from
687:
424:Movement range of the frontal appendage
414:
1122:Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections
589:, with two species, the type species
7:
1281:Scientists identify T-Rex of the sea
995:
993:
763:
761:
399:were suspended. However, anatomy of
1148:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
776:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
1358:. Virtual Museum of Canada. 2011.
469:Size comparison of the two species
14:
1746:
474:
462:
450:
429:
417:
148:
1362:from the original on 2020-11-12
676:Paleobiota of the Burgess Shale
1:
1902:Fossil taxa described in 1912
622:In 1996, then-curator of the
1356:Burgess Shale Fossil Gallery
1160:10.1080/14772019.2012.732723
1096:10.1016/j.palaeo.2020.109947
788:10.1080/14772019.2012.732723
541:Huangshandongia yichangensis
320:Huangshandongia yichangensis
662:are known from the Greater
597:. The genus name refers to
570:could represent species of
457:Morphology of the oral cone
16:Extinct genus of radiodonts
1918:
1897:Cambrian genus extinctions
1314:10.2110/palo.2003.P05-070R
722:10.1038/s41467-018-06229-7
504:(seafloor dwelling) prey.
298:Chlupach and Kordule, 2002
1744:
1625:
1461:
1446:
1411:
1203:10.1017/S0022336000023362
335:Shicheng and Zhilin, 1990
323:Shicheng and Zhilin, 1990
312:
305:
276:
271:
255:
248:
145:Scientific classification
143:
138:
129:
117:
108:
23:
658:Sixty-nine specimens of
593:and a referred species,
1183:Journal of Paleontology
1045:Papers in Palaeontology
1006:Journal of Paleontology
848:10.1126/science.1169514
523:is also known from the
139:Disarticulated fossils
958:10.1098/rspb.2021.1176
1882:Burgess Shale fossils
1854:Paleobiology Database
701:Nature Communications
585:was named in 1912 by
551:in Hubei, China, and
549:Shuijingtuo Formation
624:Royal Ontario Museum
553:Proboscicaris hospes
535:in Nevada, USA, and
1887:Cambrian arthropods
1729:Pseudoangustidontus
1306:2006Palai..21..451C
1195:1996JPal...70..280C
1018:10.1017/jpa.2017.11
903:10.1038/nature14256
895:2015Natur.522...77V
840:2009Sci...323.1597D
834:(5921): 1597β1600.
713:2018NatCo...9.3774L
952:(1955): 20211176.
627:Desmond H. Collins
568:Fezouata Formation
118:Reconstruction of
1869:
1868:
1768:Taxon identifiers
1759:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1742:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1057:10.1002/spp2.1277
578:Taxonomic history
545:Liantuoia inflata
531:in Hubei, China,
484:frontal appendage
342:
341:
336:
332:Liantuoia inflata
324:
299:
287:
244:
1909:
1862:
1861:
1849:
1848:
1836:
1835:
1823:
1822:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1795:
1794:
1793:
1763:
1750:
1713:Aegirocassisinae
1623:
1591:Tamisiocarididae
1550:Amplectobeluidae
1508:Anomalocarididae
1459:
1448:
1398:
1391:
1384:
1375:
1370:
1368:
1367:
1334:
1333:
1289:
1283:
1278:
1272:
1266:
1260:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1239:
1233:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1139:
1130:
1129:
1117:
1108:
1107:
1075:
1069:
1068:
1036:
1030:
1029:
997:
988:
987:
977:
937:
931:
930:
874:
868:
867:
819:
808:
807:
773:
765:
756:
752:
742:
724:
692:
478:
466:
454:
433:
421:
334:
329:
322:
317:
297:
292:
285:
281:
258:
239:
232:
219:
206:
193:
153:
152:
134:
113:
103:
40:
29:Temporal range:
21:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1907:
1906:
1872:
1871:
1870:
1865:
1857:
1852:
1844:
1839:
1831:
1826:
1818:
1813:
1804:
1803:
1798:
1789:
1788:
1783:
1770:
1760:
1751:
1734:
1707:
1612:
1585:
1544:
1502:
1497:Paranomalocaris
1455:
1442:
1407:
1402:
1365:
1363:
1350:Hurdia victoria
1346:
1343:
1338:
1337:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1279:
1275:
1267:
1263:
1255:
1251:
1241:
1240:
1236:
1230:
1226:
1180:
1179:
1175:
1141:
1140:
1133:
1119:
1118:
1111:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1038:
1037:
1033:
999:
998:
991:
939:
938:
934:
889:(7554): 77β80.
876:
875:
871:
821:
820:
811:
767:
766:
759:
694:
693:
689:
684:
672:
587:Charles Walcott
580:
557:Jince Formation
529:Qingjiang biota
510:
495:
490:
489:
488:
485:
479:
470:
467:
458:
455:
446:
434:
425:
422:
405:clarified that
373:
267:
264:
261:Hurdia victoria
238:
230:
217:
204:
191:
147:
104:
102:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
35:
34:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1915:
1913:
1905:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1874:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1863:
1850:
1837:
1824:
1811:
1796:
1780:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1766:
1757:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1732:
1725:
1717:
1715:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1705:
1697:
1690:
1683:
1676:
1673:Schinderhannes
1669:
1662:
1655:
1648:
1641:
1634:
1626:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1610:
1603:
1595:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1583:
1576:
1569:
1562:
1554:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1543:
1542:
1535:
1528:
1520:
1512:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1500:
1493:
1486:
1483:Innovatiocaris
1479:
1471:
1462:
1456:
1451:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1440:
1431:
1425:
1419:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1403:
1401:
1400:
1393:
1386:
1378:
1372:
1371:
1342:
1341:External links
1339:
1336:
1335:
1284:
1273:
1261:
1249:
1234:
1224:
1189:(2): 280β293.
1173:
1154:(7): 743β787.
1131:
1109:
1070:
1051:(1): 235β262.
1031:
989:
932:
869:
809:
782:(7): 743β787.
757:
686:
685:
683:
680:
679:
678:
671:
668:
595:H. triangulata
579:
576:
539:in Utah, USA.
509:
506:
494:
491:
487:
486:
480:
473:
471:
468:
461:
459:
456:
449:
447:
435:
428:
426:
423:
416:
413:
412:
411:
384:H. triangulata
372:
369:
340:
339:
338:
337:
325:
310:
309:
303:
302:
301:
300:
288:
283:H. triangulata
274:
273:
272:Other species
269:
268:
265:
253:
252:
246:
245:
228:
224:
223:
215:
211:
210:
202:
198:
197:
189:
185:
184:
179:
175:
174:
169:
165:
164:
159:
155:
154:
141:
140:
136:
135:
127:
126:
124:H. triangulata
115:
114:
106:
105:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
42:
41:
28:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1914:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1860:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1816:
1812:
1807:
1801:
1797:
1792:
1786:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1764:
1749:
1731:
1730:
1726:
1724:
1723:
1719:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1710:
1703:
1702:
1698:
1696:
1695:
1694:Ursulinacaris
1691:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1682:
1681:
1677:
1675:
1674:
1670:
1668:
1667:
1663:
1661:
1660:
1656:
1654:
1653:
1649:
1647:
1646:
1642:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1633:
1632:
1628:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1604:
1602:
1601:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1588:
1582:
1581:
1577:
1575:
1574:
1570:
1568:
1567:
1566:Guanshancaris
1563:
1561:
1560:
1559:Amplectobelua
1556:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1534:
1533:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1519:
1518:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1494:
1492:
1491:
1487:
1485:
1484:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1467:Caryosyntrips
1464:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1449:
1445:
1439:
1436:
1432:
1430:
1429:Panarthropoda
1426:
1424:
1421:Superphylum:
1420:
1418:
1414:
1413:
1410:
1406:
1399:
1394:
1392:
1387:
1385:
1380:
1379:
1376:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1340:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1300:(5): 451β65.
1299:
1295:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1277:
1274:
1270:
1265:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1250:
1245:
1238:
1235:
1228:
1225:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1177:
1174:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1127:
1123:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1074:
1071:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1035:
1032:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1012:(1): 99β113.
1011:
1007:
1003:
996:
994:
990:
985:
981:
976:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
936:
933:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
873:
870:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
818:
816:
814:
810:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
772:
764:
762:
758:
755:
750:
746:
741:
736:
732:
728:
723:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
691:
688:
681:
677:
674:
673:
669:
667:
665:
664:Phyllopod bed
661:
656:
654:
650:
646:
645:Proboscicaris
642:
641:Proboscicaris
638:
634:
633:
628:
625:
620:
618:
617:Proboscicaris
614:
613:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
577:
575:
573:
569:
566:
562:
561:Hurdia hospes
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
537:Wheeler Shale
534:
530:
526:
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518:
517:Burgess Shale
514:
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477:
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36:518β505
32:
26:
22:
19:
1775:
1727:
1722:Aegirocassis
1720:
1701:Zhenghecaris
1699:
1692:
1685:
1680:Stanleycaris
1678:
1671:
1664:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1645:Cordaticaris
1643:
1638:Cambroraster
1636:
1629:
1607:Tamisiocaris
1605:
1600:Echidnacaris
1598:
1578:
1571:
1564:
1557:
1537:
1530:
1522:
1517:Anomalocaris
1515:
1495:
1488:
1481:
1475:Cucumericrus
1473:
1465:
1364:. Retrieved
1355:
1349:
1297:
1293:
1287:
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1264:
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1237:
1227:
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827:
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632:Anomalocaris
630:
621:
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612:nomen dubium
610:
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594:
590:
582:
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571:
560:
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544:
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533:Pioche Shale
525:Spence Shale
520:
512:
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508:Distribution
497:
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481:
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439:Cambroraster
437:
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402:Aegirocassis
400:
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250:Type species
234:
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195:Dinocaridida
123:
119:
31:Mid Cambrian
24:
18:
1800:Wikispecies
1687:Titanokorys
1631:Buccaspinea
1580:Ramskoeldia
1532:Lenisicaris
1490:Laminacaris
707:(1): 3774.
619:, in 1962.
591:H. victoria
521:H. victoria
380:H. victoria
371:Description
120:H. victoria
1892:Radiodonta
1876:Categories
1453:Radiodonta
1438:Arthropoda
1435:Stem-group
1405:Radiodonta
1366:2023-01-21
1090:: 109947.
754:Dryad Data
682:References
599:Mount Hurd
565:Ordovician
208:Radiodonta
182:Arthropoda
122:(top) and
1659:Pahvantia
1618:Hurdiidae
1573:Lyrarapax
1423:Ecdysozoa
1415:Kingdom:
1219:131622496
1104:0031-0182
1065:2056-2799
1026:0022-3360
966:0962-8452
927:205242881
911:1476-4687
864:206517995
796:1477-2019
731:2041-1723
574:as well.
555:from the
547:from the
393:sclerites
361:radiodont
295:H. hospes
221:Hurdiidae
168:Kingdom:
162:Eukaryota
1820:11593162
1791:Q1931926
1785:Wikidata
1539:Shucaris
1524:Houcaris
1433:Phylum:
1417:Animalia
1360:Archived
1330:53646959
1322:20173022
1168:86465719
984:34284622
919:25762145
856:19299617
804:86465719
749:30218075
670:See also
365:Cambrian
307:Synonyms
214:Family:
178:Phylum:
172:Animalia
158:Domain:
1846:1371156
1833:4666719
1666:Peytoia
1427:Clade:
1302:Bibcode
1294:PALAIOS
1244:Rotunda
1211:1306391
1191:Bibcode
975:8292756
891:Bibcode
836:Bibcode
828:Science
740:6138677
709:Bibcode
653:Peytoia
607:Amiella
603:Amiella
502:benthic
493:Ecology
358:hurdiid
351:extinct
241:Walcott
227:Genus:
201:Order:
188:Class:
1806:Hurdia
1776:Hurdia
1652:Hurdia
1328:
1320:
1217:
1209:
1166:
1144:Hurdia
1102:
1063:
1024:
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972:
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917:
909:
883:Nature
862:
854:
824:Hurdia
802:
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737:
729:
660:Hurdia
649:Hurdia
637:Hurdia
583:Hurdia
572:Hurdia
513:Hurdia
498:Hurdia
482:Hurdia
444:Hurdia
407:Hurdia
389:Hurdia
376:Hurdia
349:is an
346:Hurdia
243:, 1912
235:Hurdia
25:Hurdia
1841:IRMNG
1326:S2CID
1318:JSTOR
1215:S2CID
1207:JSTOR
1164:S2CID
923:S2CID
860:S2CID
800:S2CID
609:is a
397:gills
354:genus
1859:7373
1828:GBIF
1128:(6).
1100:ISSN
1061:ISSN
1022:ISSN
980:PMID
962:ISSN
915:PMID
907:ISSN
852:PMID
792:ISSN
745:PMID
727:ISSN
647:and
639:and
543:and
44:Preκ
1815:EoL
1310:doi
1232:11.
1199:doi
1156:doi
1092:doi
1088:558
1053:doi
1014:doi
970:PMC
954:doi
950:288
899:doi
887:522
844:doi
832:323
784:doi
735:PMC
717:doi
356:of
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1134:^
1126:57
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1010:92
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790:.
780:11
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760:^
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733:.
725:.
715:.
703:.
699:.
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1704:?
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1478:?
1470:?
1397:e
1390:t
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328:β
318:?
316:β
293:?
291:β
280:β
257:β
231:β
218:β
205:β
192:β
99:N
89:K
84:J
79:T
74:P
69:C
64:D
59:S
54:O
49:κ
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