556:
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466:. Male hybodonts had either one or two pairs of cephalic spines on their heads, a characteristic distinctive to hybodonts. These spines, while of variable placement, were always placed posterior to the eye socket, and were composed of a base divided into three lobes, with the main part of the spine being backwardly curved, most specimens of which had a barb near the apex. These spines, like the fin spines, were mineralised, with the base composed of osteodentine, while the main part of the spine was covered in enamel. Male hybodonts possessed fin
2890:
538:
2901:
595:
774:
transition between the distinctly different assemblages seen in the
Triassic â Early Jurassic and the Late Jurassic â Cretaceous. As neoselachians (group of modern sharks) diversified further during the Late Jurassic, hybodontiforms became less prevalent in open marine conditions but remained diverse in fluvial and restricted settings during the Cretaceous. By the end of the Cretaceous, hybodonts had declined to only a handful of species, including members of
520:
150:
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499:
380:
2867:
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577:
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734:
620:
126:
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413:
651:, able to tolerate a wide range of salinities. Hybodonts inhabited freshwater environments from early in their evolutionary history, spanning from the Carboniferous onwards. Based on isotopic analysis, some species of hybodonts are likely to have permanently lived in freshwater environments, while others may have migrated between marine and freshwater environments. One genus of hybodont,
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1590:
768:
of the same age from
Belgium. Although the first fossils of hybodonts are from the latest Devonian, they likely branched off from neoselachians (modern sharks) during the early Devonian. Carboniferous hybodonts include both durophagous and non-durophagous forms, while durophagous forms were dominant
434:
Hybodonts are recognized as having teeth with a prominent cusp which is higher than lateral cusplets. Hybodont teeth are often preserved as incomplete fossils because the base of the tooth is not well attached to the crown. Hybodonts were initially divided into two groups based on their tooth shape.
773:
only had a limited effect on hybodont diversity. Maximum hybodont diversity is observed during the
Triassic. During the Triassic and Early Jurassic, hybodontiforms were the dominant elasmobranchs in both marine and non-marine environments. A shift in hybodonts was seen during the Middle Jurassic, a
675:
indicate that at least some hybodonts laid their eggs in freshwater and brackish environments, with the eggs being attached to vegetation via a tendril. Laying of eggs in freshwater is not known in any living cartilaginous fish. At least some hybodonts are suggested to have utlilized specific sites
451:
Hybodonts are characterized by having two dorsal fins each preceded by a fin spine. The fin spine morphology is unique to each hybodont species. The fin spines are elongate and gently curved towards the rear, with the posterior part of the spine being covered in hooked denticles, typically in two
452:
parallel rows running along the length of the spine, sometimes with a ridge between them. Part of the front of the spines are often covered in a ribbed ornamentation, while in some other hybodonts this region is covered in rows of small bumps. The spines are mineralised, and primary composed of
2225:
Fischer, J. A. N., Voigt, S., Schneider, J. W., Buchwitz, M., and Voigt, S., 2011, A selachian freshwater fauna from the
Triassic of Kyrgyzstan and its implication for Mesozoic shark nurseries: Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, v. 31, no. 5, p.
721:. Hybodonts have a wide variety of tooth shapes. This variety suggests that they took advantage of multiple food sources. It is thought that some hybodonts which had wider, flatter, teeth specialized in crushing or grinding hard-shelled prey (
435:
One group had teeth with acuminate cusps that lacked a pulp cavity; these are called osteodont teeth. The other group had a different cusp arrangement and had a pulp cavity, these are called orthodont teeth. For example, the hybodont species
2374:
Hodnett, J-P., Elliott, D. K., and Olson, T. J. 2013. A new basal hybodont (Chondrichthyes, Hybodontiformes) from the Middle
Permian (Roadian) Kaibab Formation, of northern Arizona. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin,
287:. They are distinguished from other chondrichthyans by their distinctive fin spines and cephalic spines present on the heads of males. An ecologically diverse group, they were abundant in marine and freshwater environments during the late
396:
The largest hybodonts reached lengths of 2â3 metres (6.6â9.8 ft), while some other hybodonts were much smaller, with adult body lengths of around 25 centimetres (0.82 ft). Hybodonts had a generally robust bodyform. Due to their
1469:
Koot, M. B., Cuny, G., Tintori, A., and
Twitchett, R. J., 2013, A new diverse shark fauna from the Wordian (Middle Permian) Khuff Formation in the interior Haushi-Huqf area, Sultanate of Oman: Palaeontology, v. 56, no. 2, p.
555:
1423:
Lane, J. A., and Maisey, J. G., 2009, Pectoral
Anatomy of Tribodus limae (Elasmobranchii: Hybodontiformes) from the Lower Cretaceous of Northeastern Brazil: Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, v. 29, no. 1, p.
439:
have osteodont teeth with vascular canals of dentine which are arranged vertically parallel to each other, also called âtubular dentineâ. The crowns of these osteodont teeth are covered with a single layer of
2384:
Coates, M. I., and Gess, R. W., 2007, A new reconstruction of
Onychoselache Traquairi, comments on early Chondrichthyan pectoral girdles and hybodontiform phylogeny: Palaeontology, v. 50, no. 6, p. 1421-1446.
2111:"Stable isotope study of a new chondrichthyan fauna (Kimmeridgian, Porrentruy, Swiss Jura): an unusual freshwater-influenced isotopic composition for the hybodont shark <i>Asteracanthus</i>"
1798:"Dermal denticle patterning in the Cretaceous hybodont shark Tribodus limae (Euselachii, Hybodontiformes), and its implications for the evolution of patterning in the chondrichthyan dermal skeleton"
537:
665:
sharks such as bamboo and epaulette sharks, due to its well-developed pectoral fins. It has been suggested that male hybodonts used their cephalic spines to grip females during mating. Preserved
405:, hybodonts are generally described and identified based on teeth and fin spine fossils, which are more likely to be preserved. Rare partial or complete skeletons are known from areas of
1252:
Maisey, J. G., 2012, What is an âelasmobranchâ? The impact of palaeontology in understanding elasmobranch phylogeny and evolution: Journal of Fish
Biology, v. 80, no. 5, p. 918-951.
474:
tail fin, where the upper lobe of the fin was much larger than the lower one due to the spine extending into it. Like living sharks and rays, the skin of hybodonts was covered with
2351:
Cappetta, H., Buffetaut, E., Cuny, G., and
Suteethorn, V., 2006, A new Elasmobranch assemblage from the Lower Cretaceous of Thailand Palaeontology, v. 49, no. 3, p. 547-555.
2287:"Fossilized leftover falls as sources of palaeoecological data: a 'pabulite' comprising a crustacean, a belemnite and a vertebrate from the Early Jurassic Posidonia Shale"
2476:"First occurrence of hybodontid teeth in the Luoping Biota (Middle Triassic, Anisian), emphasizing recovery of the marine ecosystem after the end-Permian mass extinction"
1954:"Hybodontiform shark remains (Chondrichthyes, Elasmobranchii) from the Lower Triassic of Yunnan Province, China, with comments on hybodontiform diversity across the PTB"
594:
3569:
1511:
Cuny, G., Suteethorn, V., Buffetaut, E., and Philippe, M., 2003, Hybodont sharks from the Mesozoic Khorat Group of Thailand: Mahasarakham University Journal, v. 22.
489:
which tapers towards both ends, with one end having a tendril which attached to substrate, with the middle section being composed of at least three twisted bands.
3628:
3442:
2633:"Lonchidion derenzii , sp. nov., a new lonchidiid shark (Chondrichthyes, Hybodontiforms) from the Upper Triassic of Spain, with remarks on lonchidiid enameloid"
2474:
Wen, Wen; Zhang, Qiyue; Benton, Michael J.; Kriwet, JĂŒrgen; Hu, Shixue; Huang, Jinyuan; Zhou, Changyong; Cui, Xindong; Ma, Zhixin; Min, Xiao (February 2023).
1903:
Rees, J. A. N., and Underwood, C. J., 2008, Hybodont sharks of the English Bathonian and Callovian (Middle Jurassic): Palaeontology, v. 51, no. 1, p. 117-147.
299:, having been largely replaced by modern sharks, though they were still common in freshwater and marginal marine habitats. They survived until the end of the
576:
456:, while the ornamentation is formed of enamel. Similar fin spines are also found in many extinct chondrichthyan groups as well as in some modern sharks like
686:
are suggested to have been laid on the lakeshore or upriver areas, where the juveniles hatched and matured, before migrating deeper into the lake as adults.
2714:
1952:
Wen, Wen; Kriwet, JĂŒRgen; Zhang, Qiyue; Benton, Michael J.; Duffin, Christopher J.; Huang, Jingyuan; Zhou, Changyong; Hu, Shixue; Ma, Zhixin (2022-06-30).
3688:
2007:
Fischer, Jan; Schneider, Jörg W.; Voigt, Silke; Joachimski, Michael M.; Tichomirowa, Marion; TĂŒtken, Thomas; Götze, Jens; Berner, Ulrich (2013-03-29).
1638:"Durnonovariaodus maiseyi gen. et sp. nov., a new hybodontiform shark-like chondrichthyan from the Upper Jurassic Kimmeridge Clay Formation of England"
3693:
3678:
3663:
2360:
Hairapetian, V. and Ginter, M. 2009. Famennian chondrichthyan remains from the Chahriseh section, central Iran. Acta Geologica Polonica, 59, 173â200.
1328:
Stumpf, Sebastian; LĂłpez-Romero, Faviel A.; Kindlimann, RenĂ©; Lacombat, Frederic; Pohl, Burkhard; Kriwet, JĂŒrgen (August 2021). Cavin, Lionel (ed.).
519:
3673:
3658:
3633:
498:
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3683:
3668:
3638:
3648:
789:
2592:"Diversity Patterns of Late Jurassic Chondrichthyans: New Insights from a Historically Collected Hybodontiform Tooth Assemblage from Poland"
3643:
3447:
2176:
Turmine-Juhel, Pernelle; Wilks, Richard; Brockhurst, David; Austen, Peter A.; Duffin, Christopher J.; Benton, Michael J. (December 2019).
2056:"A Late Jurassic freshwater shark assemblage (Chondrichthyes, Hybodontiformes) from the southern Junggar Basin, Xinjiang, Northwest China"
363:. Hybodontiformes and Neoselachii are grouped together in the clade Euselachii, to the exclusion of other total-group elasmobranchs like
3653:
2009:"Oxygen and strontium isotopes from fossil shark teeth: Environmental and ecological implications for Late Palaeozoic European basins"
713:
are thought to have been active predators capable of feeding on swiftly moving prey, with preserved stomach contents of a specimen of
770:
2889:
1700:"A New Reconstruction of Onychoselache Traquairi, Comments on Early Chondrichthyan Pectoral Girdles and Hybodontiform Phylogeny"
1240:
Zittel, K. von, 1911, Grunzuege der Palaontologie, 2 ed. II. Abt. Vertebrata, vii + 598 pp. R. Oldenburg Verlag, Muchen, Berlin.
2707:
800:
The taxonomy of hybodonts is considered poorly resolved, so the classification presented should not be taken as authoritative.
2435:
Cione, Alberto Luis; Gouiric-Cavalli, Soledad; Mennucci, Jorge Augusto; Cabrera, Daniel Alfredo; Freije, Rubén Hugo (2010).
1387:"Vertebrate remains from the Cenomanian (Late Cretaceous) plant-bearing LagerstÀtte of Puy-Puy (Charente-Maritime, France)"
1263:
149:
3452:
1536:"The spine-brush complex in symmoriiform sharks (Chondrichthyes; Symmoriiformes), with comments on dorsal fin modularity"
3459:
2396:"Freshwater fish faunas from two Permian rift valleys of Zambia, novel additions to the ichthyofauna of southern Pangea"
2900:
2739:
2700:
2894:
3427:
1591:"Shark fauna and depositional environment of the earliest Cretaceous VitabÀck Clays at Eriksdal, southern Sweden"
666:
479:
3623:
3437:
2238:"3D imaging of shark egg cases ( Palaeoxyris ) from Sweden with new insights into Early Jurassic shark ecology"
2884:
2866:
2178:"Microvertebrates from the Wadhurst Clay Formation (Lower Cretaceous) of Ashdown Brickworks, East Sussex, UK"
3485:
2878:
725:). Often multiple species of hybodonts with different prey preferences coexisted within the same ecosystem.
482:, similar to those produced by living cartilaginous fish. Most hybodont egg cases are assigned to the genus
2631:
Manzanares, Esther; Pla, Cristina; MartĂnez-PĂ©rez, Carlos; FerrĂłn, Humberto; Botella, HĂ©ctor (2017-01-02).
3509:
367:. Hybodonts are divided into a number of families, but the higher level taxonomy of hybodonts, especially
1915:"A new species of Vectiselachos (Chondrichthyes, Selachii) from the Early Cretaceous of southern England"
1858:"First unequivocal record of the hybodont shark egg capsule Palaeoxyris in the Mesozoic of North America"
3595:
1479:
Agassiz, L., 1833-1844, Recherches sur les poisons fossils. Neuchatel, 5 vols. 1420 pp. with supplement.
339:
by Zittel (1911). Although historically argued to have a close relationship with the modern shark order
2543:"New sharks and other chondrichthyans from the latest Maastrichtian (Late Cretaceous) of North America"
2054:
Klug, Stefanie; TĂŒtken, Thomas; Wings, Oliver; Pfretzschner, Hans-Ulrich; Martin, Thomas (2010-09-01).
1435:
444:. Hybodont teeth served a variety of functions depending on the species, including grinding, crushing (
2285:
Klug, Christian; Schweigert, GĂŒnter; Hoffmann, RenĂ©; Weis, Robert; De Baets, Kenneth (December 2021).
2008:
994:
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Peecook, Brandon R.; Bronson, Allison W.; Otoo, Benjamin K.A.; Sidor, Christian A. (November 2021).
865:
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822:
653:
1169:
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1113:
913:
879:
3168:
3016:
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2512:"Neoselachian (Chondrichthyes, Elasmobranchii) diversity across the CretaceousâTertiary boundary"
2437:"First vertebrate body remains from the Permian of Argentina (Elasmobranchii and Actinopterygii)"
2436:
2205:
2177:
2158:
2091:
1989:
1914:
1835:
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1749:"Anatomy and Evolution of Heterocercal Tail in Lamniform Sharks: CAUDAL FINS OF LAMNIFORM SHARKS"
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Leuzinger, L.; Kocsis, L.; Billon-Bruyat, J.-P.; Spezzaferri, S.; Vennemann, T. (2015-12-07).
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1981:
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1602:
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1406:
1349:
1283:
475:
364:
2872:
1330:"A unique hybodontiform skeleton provides novel insights into Mesozoic chondrichthyan life"
769:
during the Permian period. By the Permian period, hybodonts had a global distribution. The
661:
of Scotland, is suggested to have been capable of amphibious locomotion, similar to modern
3355:
3318:
3149:
2970:
2772:
1535:
1184:
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783:
268:
115:
331:
Hybodonts were first described in the nineteenth century based on isolated fossil teeth (
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2452:
2411:
2302:
2253:
2193:
2126:
2071:
2024:
1969:
1930:
1813:
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1402:
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379:
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733:
619:
406:
402:
201:
191:
1636:
Stumpf, Sebastian; Etches, Steve; Underwood, Charlie J.; Kriwet, JĂŒrgen (2021-05-11).
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with other contemporary organisms from the Early Cretaceous (Valanginian-Hauterivian)
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1205:
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1029:
658:
545:
398:
332:
135:
73:
1873:
1839:
1575:
1264:"The neurocranium of the Lower Carboniferous shark Tristychius arcuatus (Agassiz, )"
549:, showing the arrangement of the teeth in jaws. The teeth were designed for grasping
3391:
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2110:
1148:
1085:
1071:
973:
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352:
348:
125:
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1977:
1822:
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689:
412:
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1938:
1857:
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718:
671:
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484:
389:
356:
344:
280:
48:
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1496:
643:
Hybodont fossils are found in depositional environments ranging from marine to
3396:
3295:
3140:
3077:
3022:
3004:
2803:
2794:
2079:
1606:
1595:
Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
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1268:
Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
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211:
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58:
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1985:
1881:
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2976:
2135:
2055:
1057:
752:
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636:
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463:
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323:
meaning tooth. This name was given based on their conical compressed teeth.
288:
161:
98:
42:
2338:
1774:
1681:
3526:
3313:
3258:
3215:
3010:
2809:
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1559:
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843:
764:
748:
368:
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264:
181:
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83:
68:
63:
53:
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2542:
1654:
17:
3401:
2941:
2931:
2913:
2665:
2145:
1436:"A new articulated hybodontoid from Late Permian of northwestern China"
959:
925:
709:
644:
563:
467:
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418:
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103:
78:
2608:
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1354:
1329:
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from the Late Jurassic of Germany,which some studies have included in
2764:
2221:
2219:
1765:
1748:
453:
336:
171:
3503:
2692:
788:
The last hybodonts disappeared, seemingly abruptly, as part of the
3220:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1891:
732:
688:
618:
430:
and cephalic spines present in males (above) but absent in females
411:
378:
272:
3561:
2734:
2541:
Gates, Terry A.; Gorscak, Eric; Makovicky, Peter J. (May 2019).
1248:
1246:
3507:
2696:
1747:
Kim, Sun H.; Shimada, Kenshu; Rigsby, Cynthia K. (March 2013).
2590:
Stumpf, Sebastian; Meng, Stefan; Kriwet, JĂŒrgen (2022-01-26).
1856:
Fischer, Jan; Axsmith, Brian J.; Ash, Sidney R. (2010-03-01).
1497:
The anatomy and interrelationships of Mesozoic hybodont sharks
1465:
1463:
1461:
1385:
Vullo, Romain; Néraudeau, Didier; Dépré, Eric (October 2013).
295:, but were rare in open marine environments by the end of the
1862:
Neues Jahrbuch fĂŒr Geologie und PalĂ€ontologie - Abhandlungen
743:
a primitive hybodont from the Carboniferous of North America
676:
as nurseries, such as in the Triassic lake deposits of the
647:(river deposits). Many hybodonts are thought to have been
470:
used in mating, like modern sharks. Hybodonts had a fully
1434:
Wang, N.-Z.; Zhang, X.; Zhu, M.; Zhao, W.-J. (May 2009).
2236:
KrĂŒger, Ashley; Slater, Sam; Vajda, Vivi (2021-07-03).
401:
skeletons usually disintegrating upon death like other
271:. Hybodonts share a close common ancestry with modern
606:
egg cases, thought to have been produced by hybodonts
588:, a hybodontid, whose teeth were designed for tearing
3383:
3338:
3305:
3287:
3137:
3059:
2986:
2953:
2841:
2830:
2821:
2814:
2799:
2777:
2760:
2510:
Kriwet, JĂŒrgen; Benton, Michael J. (November 2004).
335:, 1837). Hybodonts were first separated from living
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3468:
3420:
3329:
3278:
3269:
3177:
3136:
3058:
3049:
2985:
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2922:
2912:
2748:
1262:Coates, Michael I.; Tietjen, Kristen (March 2017).
1796:Maisey, John G.; Denton, John S. S. (2016-09-02).
747:The earliest hybodont remains are from the latest
2516:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
2480:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
1507:
1505:
1221:(genus used for the egg capsules of hybodonts)
263:(chondrichthyans) which existed from the late
2708:
343:, this has been refuted. Hybodontiformes are
8:
1698:Coates, Michael I.; Gess, Robert W. (2007).
1522:Growth and form of spines in hybodont sharks
311:The term hybodont comes from the Greek word
3504:
3275:
3055:
2919:
2715:
2701:
2693:
2441:Proceedings of the Geologists' Association
2182:Proceedings of the Geologists' Association
1919:Proceedings of the Geologists' Association
1524:: Palaeontology, v. 21, no. 3, p. 657-666.
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31:
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2060:Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments
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1353:
448:), tearing, clutching, and even cutting.
1913:Batchelor, Trevor John (December 2013).
1233:
567:, which had low, rounded teeth used in
494:
561:Preserved dentition of the acrodontid
3629:Prehistoric cartilaginous fish orders
2505:
2503:
2370:
2368:
2366:
1851:
1849:
1693:
1691:
1499:: American Museum Novitates, v. 2724.
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790:Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event
7:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1317:
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1313:
639:environment. Art by Michael Rothman
359:, which includes modern sharks and
139:, from the Late Jurassic of Europe
2637:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1958:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1802:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1540:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
755:) of Iran, belonging to the genus
531:a specialised durophagous hybodont
25:
3689:Early Cretaceous taxonomic orders
2400:Journal of African Earth Sciences
771:Permian-Triassic extinction event
3694:Late Cretaceous taxonomic orders
3679:Middle Jurassic taxonomic orders
3664:Middle Triassic taxonomic orders
2899:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2877:
2871:
2865:
2858:
2421:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2021.104325
1725:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2007.00719.x
1452:10.1111/j.1463-6395.2008.00382.x
593:
575:
554:
536:
518:
497:
319:meaning hump or hump-backed and
148:
27:Extinct order of chondrichthyans
3674:Early Jurassic taxonomic orders
3659:Early Triassic taxonomic orders
3634:Carboniferous first appearances
762:as well as remains assigned to
133:Fossil and life restoration of
3684:Late Jurassic taxonomic orders
3669:Late Triassic taxonomic orders
3639:Pennsylvanian taxonomic orders
2291:Swiss Journal of Palaeontology
1534:Maisey, John G. (2009-03-12).
1:
2657:10.1080/02724634.2017.1253585
2263:10.1080/11035897.2021.1907442
2033:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2013.01.022
1978:10.1080/02724634.2022.2108712
1823:10.1080/02724634.2016.1179200
1411:10.1016/j.cretres.2013.06.002
680:of Kyrgyzstan, where eggs of
3649:Guadalupian taxonomic orders
3460:List of transitional fossils
2528:10.1016/j.palaeo.2004.02.049
2493:10.1016/j.palaeo.2023.111471
2461:10.1016/j.pgeola.2010.04.003
2202:10.1016/j.pgeola.2019.08.003
1939:10.1016/j.pgeola.2013.05.001
717:indicating that they fed on
3644:Cisuralian taxonomic orders
1874:10.1127/0077-7749/2009/0028
3710:
3654:Lopingian taxonomic orders
2740:Timeline of fish evolution
2312:10.1186/s13358-021-00225-z
804:Lonchidiidae Herman, 1977
437:Heterophychodus steinmanni
371:taxa, is poorly resolved.
3494:
3428:Lists of prehistoric fish
2856:
2730:
2080:10.1007/s12549-010-0032-2
1607:10.1017/S0263593300000328
1288:10.1017/S1755691018000130
669:of hybodonts assigned to
510:, a member of the family
239:
234:
145:Scientific classification
143:
132:
123:
34:
1589:Rees, Jan (March 2002).
407:exceptional preservation
3486:Vertebrate paleontology
2547:Journal of Paleontology
2136:10.5194/bg-12-6945-2015
1334:Papers in Palaeontology
303:, before going extinct.
283:) as part of the clade
744:
704:
640:
431:
393:
3596:Paleobiology Database
1753:The Anatomical Record
1520:Maisey, J. G., 1978,
1495:Maisey, J. G., 1982,
736:
701:Rosa Blanca Formation
692:
622:
415:
382:
3481:Transitional fossils
3120:Pseudopetalichthyida
1560:10.1671/039.029.0130
729:Evolutionary history
707:Some hybodonts like
693:Life restoration of
623:Hybodont egg cases (
259:group of shark-like
2649:2017JVPal..37E3585M
2568:10.1017/jpa.2018.92
2559:2019JPal...93..512G
2453:2010PrGA..121..301C
2412:2021JAfES.18304325P
2303:2021SwJP..140...10K
2254:2021GFF...143..229K
2194:2019PrGA..130..752T
2127:2015BGeo...12.6945L
2072:2010PdPe...90..241K
2025:2013ChGeo.342...44F
1970:2022JVPal..42E8712W
1931:2013PrGA..124..967B
1814:2016JVPal..36E9200M
1716:2007Palgy..50.1421C
1655:10.7717/peerj.11362
1552:2009JVPal..29...14M
1403:2013CrRes..45..314V
1391:Cretaceous Research
1346:2021PPal....7.1479S
1280:2017EESTR.108...19C
796:Families and genera
3169:Ischnacanthiformes
3017:Cephalaspidomorphi
745:
715:Hybodus hauffianus
705:
696:Strophodus rebecae
641:
432:
419:Hybodus hauffianus
394:
261:cartilaginous fish
251:, commonly called
3611:
3610:
3583:Open Tree of Life
3510:Taxon identifiers
3501:
3500:
3416:
3415:
3412:
3411:
3343:Palaeonisciformes
3291:Onychodontiformes
3248:Petalodontiformes
3242:Iniopterygiformes
3205:Phoebodontiformes
3193:Ctenacanthiformes
3163:Diplacanthiformes
3045:
3044:
2818:Myllokunmingiidae
2724:Evolution of fish
2609:10.3390/d14020085
2121:(23): 6945â6954.
1355:10.1002/spp2.1350
678:Madygen Formation
478:. Hybodonts laid
424:sexual dimorphism
341:Heterodontiformes
327:Taxonomic history
246:
245:
230:
118:
16:(Redirected from
3701:
3604:
3603:
3591:
3590:
3578:
3577:
3565:
3564:
3552:
3551:
3550:
3537:
3536:
3535:
3505:
3476:Prehistoric life
3387:Pycnodontiformes
3385:
3370:Acipenseriformes
3340:
3307:
3289:
3276:
3139:
3084:Brindabellaspida
3061:
3056:
2999:Pteraspidomorphi
2988:
2955:
2920:
2904:
2903:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2881:
2875:
2870:
2869:
2862:
2843:
2832:
2823:
2816:
2801:
2779:
2762:
2717:
2710:
2703:
2694:
2687:
2686:
2668:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2611:
2587:
2581:
2580:
2570:
2538:
2532:
2531:
2507:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2471:
2465:
2464:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2391:
2385:
2382:
2376:
2372:
2361:
2358:
2352:
2349:
2343:
2342:
2332:
2314:
2282:
2276:
2275:
2265:
2248:(2â3): 229â247.
2233:
2227:
2223:
2214:
2213:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2148:
2138:
2106:
2100:
2099:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2013:Chemical Geology
2004:
1998:
1997:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1910:
1904:
1901:
1886:
1885:
1853:
1844:
1843:
1825:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1768:
1766:10.1002/ar.22647
1744:
1738:
1737:
1727:
1710:(6): 1421â1446.
1695:
1686:
1685:
1675:
1657:
1633:
1627:
1626:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1531:
1525:
1518:
1512:
1509:
1500:
1493:
1480:
1477:
1471:
1467:
1456:
1455:
1431:
1425:
1421:
1415:
1414:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1357:
1340:(3): 1479â1505.
1325:
1308:
1307:
1259:
1253:
1250:
1241:
1238:
995:Durnonovariaodus
629:) attached to a
597:
579:
558:
540:
525:Jaw fragment of
522:
501:
476:dermal denticles
365:Xenacanthiformes
228:
223:
153:
152:
128:
109:
108:
45:
38:Temporal range:
32:
21:
3709:
3708:
3704:
3703:
3702:
3700:
3699:
3698:
3624:Hybodontiformes
3614:
3613:
3612:
3607:
3599:
3594:
3586:
3581:
3573:
3568:
3560:
3555:
3548:Hybodontiformes
3546:
3545:
3540:
3531:
3530:
3525:
3518:Hybodontiformes
3512:
3502:
3497:
3490:
3464:
3408:
3356:Polypteriformes
3325:
3319:Tetrapodomorpha
3265:
3199:Hybodontiformes
3173:
3150:Acanthodiformes
3132:
3041:
2981:
2971:Paraconodontida
2948:
2916:
2908:
2907:
2906:
2898:
2876:
2864:
2854:
2773:Cephalochordate
2744:
2726:
2721:
2691:
2690:
2643:(1): e1253585.
2630:
2629:
2625:
2589:
2588:
2584:
2540:
2539:
2535:
2509:
2508:
2501:
2473:
2472:
2468:
2434:
2433:
2429:
2393:
2392:
2388:
2383:
2379:
2373:
2364:
2359:
2355:
2350:
2346:
2284:
2283:
2279:
2235:
2234:
2230:
2224:
2217:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2108:
2107:
2103:
2053:
2052:
2048:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1951:
1950:
1946:
1912:
1911:
1907:
1902:
1889:
1855:
1854:
1847:
1808:(5): e1179200.
1795:
1794:
1790:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1697:
1696:
1689:
1635:
1634:
1630:
1588:
1587:
1583:
1533:
1532:
1528:
1519:
1515:
1510:
1503:
1494:
1483:
1478:
1474:
1468:
1459:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1422:
1418:
1384:
1383:
1379:
1327:
1326:
1311:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1251:
1244:
1239:
1235:
1230:
1185:Heteroptychodus
1142:Hamiltonichthys
967:Meristodonoides
816:Diplolonchidion
798:
784:Meristodonoides
740:Hamiltonichthys
731:
617:
612:
611:
610:
607:
598:
589:
580:
571:
559:
550:
541:
532:
523:
514:
502:
416:Restoration of
403:chondrichthyans
385:Hybodus" fraasi
377:
329:
309:
269:Late Cretaceous
249:Hybodontiformes
229:Patterson, 1966
227:
225:Hybodontiformes
221:
147:
119:
116:Late Cretaceous
107:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
40:
39:
36:
35:Hybodontiformes
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3707:
3705:
3697:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3616:
3615:
3609:
3608:
3606:
3605:
3592:
3579:
3566:
3553:
3538:
3522:
3520:
3514:
3513:
3508:
3499:
3498:
3495:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3472:
3470:
3466:
3465:
3463:
3462:
3457:
3456:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3424:
3422:
3418:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3410:
3409:
3407:
3406:
3405:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3375:
3374:
3373:
3372:
3361:
3360:
3359:
3358:
3347:
3346:
3335:
3333:
3327:
3326:
3324:
3323:
3322:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3309:Porolepiformes
3298:
3293:
3284:
3282:
3273:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3263:
3262:
3261:
3256:
3254:Symmoriiformes
3250:
3244:
3238:
3236:Eugeneodontida
3226:
3225:
3224:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3207:
3201:
3195:
3187:Elasmobranchii
3183:
3181:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3171:
3165:
3159:
3156:Climatiiformes
3152:
3145:
3143:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3130:
3123:
3116:
3114:Acanthothoraci
3110:
3104:
3098:
3092:
3090:Petalichthyida
3086:
3080:
3074:
3067:
3065:
3053:
3047:
3046:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3039:
3038:
3037:
3031:
3025:
3013:
3007:
3001:
2994:
2992:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2979:
2973:
2967:
2964:Protoconodonta
2959:
2957:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2946:
2945:
2944:
2934:
2928:
2926:
2917:
2910:
2909:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2852:
2851:
2850:
2839:
2835:Myllokunmingia
2812:
2807:
2792:
2791:
2790:
2785:
2770:
2769:
2768:
2754:
2752:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2742:
2737:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2722:
2720:
2719:
2712:
2705:
2697:
2689:
2688:
2623:
2582:
2553:(3): 512â530.
2533:
2522:(3): 181â194.
2499:
2466:
2447:(3): 301â312.
2427:
2386:
2377:
2362:
2353:
2344:
2277:
2228:
2215:
2188:(6): 752â769.
2168:
2115:Biogeosciences
2101:
2066:(3): 241â257.
2046:
1999:
1944:
1925:(6): 967â972.
1905:
1887:
1868:(3): 327â344.
1845:
1788:
1759:(3): 433â442.
1739:
1687:
1628:
1581:
1526:
1513:
1501:
1481:
1472:
1457:
1440:Acta Zoologica
1426:
1416:
1377:
1309:
1254:
1242:
1232:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1224:
1223:
1222:
1211:
1210:
1209:
1202:
1195:
1188:
1181:
1173:
1166:
1159:
1152:
1145:
1138:
1131:
1124:
1117:
1110:
1103:
1096:
1089:
1082:
1075:
1068:
1061:
1054:
1047:
1040:
1033:
1026:
1019:
1010:Incertae sedis
1007:
1006:
1005:
998:
991:
984:
977:
970:
963:
956:
949:
939:
938:
937:
929:
919:
918:
917:
910:
902:
895:
885:
884:
883:
876:
869:
866:Luopingselache
862:
855:
847:
840:
833:
826:
819:
812:
797:
794:
730:
727:
663:orectolobiform
616:
613:
609:
608:
599:
592:
590:
581:
574:
572:
560:
553:
551:
542:
535:
533:
524:
517:
515:
507:Durnovariaodus
503:
496:
493:
492:
491:
376:
373:
328:
325:
308:
305:
244:
243:
237:
236:
232:
231:
219:
215:
214:
209:
205:
204:
202:Elasmobranchii
199:
195:
194:
192:Chondrichthyes
189:
185:
184:
179:
175:
174:
169:
165:
164:
159:
155:
154:
141:
140:
130:
129:
121:
120:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
46:
41:360.7â66
37:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3706:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3621:
3619:
3602:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3558:
3554:
3549:
3543:
3539:
3534:
3528:
3524:
3523:
3521:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3506:
3493:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3473:
3471:
3467:
3461:
3458:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3443:cartilaginous
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3430:
3429:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3419:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3382:
3381:
3380:
3377:
3376:
3371:
3368:
3367:
3366:
3363:
3362:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3352:
3349:
3348:
3344:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3328:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3304:
3303:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3281:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3268:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3251:
3249:
3245:
3243:
3239:
3237:
3233:
3232:
3231:
3228:
3227:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3208:
3206:
3202:
3200:
3196:
3194:
3190:
3189:
3188:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3180:
3179:Cartilaginous
3176:
3170:
3166:
3164:
3160:
3157:
3153:
3151:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3135:
3128:
3127:Stensioellida
3124:
3121:
3117:
3115:
3111:
3109:
3105:
3103:
3102:Ptyctodontida
3099:
3097:
3093:
3091:
3087:
3085:
3081:
3079:
3075:
3073:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3048:
3036:
3032:
3030:
3026:
3024:
3020:
3019:
3018:
3014:
3012:
3008:
3006:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2984:
2978:
2974:
2972:
2968:
2965:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2951:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2921:
2918:
2915:
2911:
2905:
2902:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2880:
2874:
2868:
2861:
2848:
2847:
2846:Zhongxiniscus
2840:
2837:
2836:
2828:
2827:
2826:Haikouichthys
2819:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2805:
2798:
2797:
2796:
2793:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2783:
2776:
2775:
2774:
2771:
2767:
2766:
2759:
2758:
2757:Basal member
2756:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2747:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2729:
2725:
2718:
2713:
2711:
2706:
2704:
2699:
2698:
2695:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2627:
2624:
2619:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2586:
2583:
2578:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2537:
2534:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2506:
2504:
2500:
2494:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2470:
2467:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2431:
2428:
2422:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2390:
2387:
2381:
2378:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2363:
2357:
2354:
2348:
2345:
2340:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2281:
2278:
2273:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2232:
2229:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2172:
2169:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2105:
2102:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2050:
2047:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2003:
2000:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1948:
1945:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1909:
1906:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1888:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1852:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1792:
1789:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1743:
1740:
1735:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1704:Palaeontology
1701:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1683:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1632:
1629:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1585:
1582:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1530:
1527:
1523:
1517:
1514:
1508:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1476:
1473:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1458:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1430:
1427:
1420:
1417:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1381:
1378:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1258:
1255:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1237:
1234:
1227:
1220:
1219:
1215:
1214:
1212:
1208:
1207:
1206:Carinacanthus
1203:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1194:
1193:
1189:
1187:
1186:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1172:
1171:
1167:
1165:
1164:
1160:
1158:
1157:
1156:Dabasacanthus
1153:
1151:
1150:
1146:
1144:
1143:
1139:
1137:
1136:
1132:
1130:
1129:
1125:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1116:
1115:
1111:
1109:
1108:
1107:Onychoselache
1104:
1102:
1101:
1100:Steinbachodus
1097:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1088:
1087:
1083:
1081:
1080:
1076:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1060:
1059:
1055:
1053:
1052:
1048:
1046:
1045:
1041:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1032:
1031:
1030:Asteracanthus
1027:
1025:
1024:
1020:
1018:
1017:
1013:
1012:
1011:
1008:
1004:
1003:
999:
997:
996:
992:
990:
989:
985:
983:
982:
978:
976:
975:
971:
969:
968:
964:
962:
961:
957:
955:
954:
950:
948:
947:
943:
942:
941:Hybodontidae
940:
936:
934:
930:
928:
927:
923:
922:
921:Acrodontidae
920:
916:
915:
911:
909:
907:
903:
901:
900:
896:
894:
893:
889:
888:
887:Distobatidae
886:
882:
881:
877:
875:
874:
870:
868:
867:
863:
861:
860:
856:
853:
852:
848:
846:
845:
841:
839:
838:
834:
832:
831:
827:
825:
824:
823:Vectiselachos
820:
818:
817:
813:
811:
810:
806:
805:
803:
802:
801:
795:
793:
791:
787:
785:
780:
777:
772:
767:
766:
761:
759:
754:
750:
742:
741:
735:
728:
726:
724:
720:
716:
712:
711:
702:
698:
697:
691:
687:
685:
684:
679:
674:
673:
668:
664:
660:
659:Carboniferous
657:of the lower
656:
655:
654:Onychoselache
650:
646:
638:
634:
633:
628:
627:
621:
614:
605:
604:
596:
591:
587:
586:
578:
573:
570:
566:
565:
557:
552:
548:
547:
546:Asteracanthus
539:
534:
530:
529:
521:
516:
513:
509:
508:
500:
495:
490:
488:
486:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
460:
455:
449:
447:
443:
438:
429:
425:
421:
420:
414:
410:
408:
404:
400:
399:cartilaginous
392:
391:
386:
383:Specimen of "
381:
374:
372:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
349:elasmobranchs
346:
342:
338:
334:
326:
324:
322:
318:
314:
306:
304:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
242:
238:
233:
226:
220:
217:
216:
213:
210:
207:
206:
203:
200:
197:
196:
193:
190:
187:
186:
183:
180:
177:
176:
173:
170:
167:
166:
163:
160:
157:
156:
151:
146:
142:
138:
137:
136:Asteracanthus
131:
127:
122:
117:
113:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
44:
33:
30:
19:
3517:
3433:spiny sharks
3392:Halecomorphi
3211:Xenacanthida
3198:
3096:Phyllolepida
3029:Pituriaspida
2990:Ostracoderms
2924:Cyclostomata
2914:Jawless fish
2863:
2844:
2833:
2824:
2802:
2780:
2763:
2640:
2636:
2626:
2599:
2595:
2585:
2550:
2546:
2536:
2519:
2515:
2483:
2479:
2469:
2444:
2440:
2430:
2403:
2399:
2389:
2380:
2356:
2347:
2294:
2290:
2280:
2245:
2241:
2231:
2185:
2181:
2171:
2118:
2114:
2104:
2063:
2059:
2049:
2016:
2012:
2002:
1961:
1957:
1947:
1922:
1918:
1908:
1865:
1861:
1805:
1801:
1791:
1756:
1752:
1742:
1707:
1703:
1645:
1641:
1631:
1601:(1): 59â71.
1598:
1594:
1584:
1546:(1): 14â24.
1543:
1539:
1529:
1516:
1475:
1443:
1439:
1429:
1419:
1394:
1390:
1380:
1337:
1333:
1274:(1): 19â35.
1271:
1267:
1257:
1236:
1216:
1213:Form genera
1204:
1197:
1190:
1183:
1175:
1170:Diablodontus
1168:
1161:
1154:
1149:Gansuselache
1147:
1140:
1133:
1128:Mukdahanodus
1126:
1119:
1114:Omanoselache
1112:
1105:
1098:
1091:
1086:Arctacanthus
1084:
1077:
1072:Acrorhizodus
1070:
1063:
1056:
1049:
1042:
1035:
1028:
1021:
1014:
1009:
1000:
993:
986:
979:
974:Planohybodus
972:
965:
958:
951:
944:
931:
924:
914:Aegyptobatus
912:
904:
897:
890:
880:Pristrisodus
878:
871:
864:
857:
849:
842:
835:
828:
821:
814:
807:
799:
782:
778:
775:
763:
756:
746:
738:
714:
708:
706:
694:
681:
670:
652:
642:
632:Neocalamites
630:
624:
601:
585:Planohybodus
583:
562:
544:
526:
512:Hybodontidae
505:
483:
472:heterocercal
459:Heterodontus
457:
454:osteodentine
450:
436:
433:
428:fin claspers
417:
395:
388:
384:
353:sister group
330:
321:áœÎŽÎżÏÏ, áœÎŽÎżÎœÏ
320:
316:
312:
310:
252:
248:
247:
240:
224:
208:Infraclass:
134:
29:
3542:Wikispecies
3453:lobe-finned
3379:Neopterygii
3365:Chondrostei
3301:Rhipidistia
3280:Lobe-finned
3230:Holocephali
3035:Osteostraci
2937:Hyperoartia
2782:Cathaymyrus
2750:Forerunners
2666:10550/85565
2375:60:103â108.
2146:11336/80921
1446:: 159â170.
1397:: 314â320.
1218:Palaeoxyris
1199:Columnaodus
1177:Gunnellodus
1051:Palaeobates
1044:Polyacrodus
988:Sphenonchus
981:Priohybodus
953:Egertonodus
899:Reticulodus
830:Hylaeobatis
703:of Colombia
672:Palaeoxyris
635:stem in an
626:Palaeoxyris
603:Palaeoxyris
600:Diagram of
485:Palaeoxyris
390:Egertonodus
375:Description
357:Neoselachii
345:total group
281:Neoselachii
3618:Categories
3438:placoderms
3397:Ginglymodi
3331:Ray-finned
3296:Coelacanth
3141:Acanthodii
3078:Arthrodira
3063:Placoderms
3051:Jawed fish
3023:Galeaspida
3005:Thelodonti
2804:Haikouella
2795:Olfactores
2486:: 111471.
2406:: 104325.
1648:: e11362.
1228:References
1079:Khoratodus
1023:Strophodus
946:Dicrenodus
933:Strophodus
892:Distobatus
873:Jiaodontus
859:Lonchidion
809:Baharyodon
776:Lonchidion
737:Fossil of
719:belemnites
683:Lonchidion
649:euryhaline
528:Strophodus
301:Cretaceous
291:and early
285:Euselachii
212:Euselachii
198:Subclass:
3496:â extinct
3351:Cladistia
3108:Rhenanida
3072:Antiarchi
2977:Conodonta
2956:Conodonts
2683:132467956
2675:0272-4634
2618:1424-2818
2602:(2): 85.
2596:Diversity
2577:0022-3360
2321:1664-2376
2297:(1): 10.
2272:1103-5897
2210:202904040
2163:129044300
2155:1726-4189
2096:129236098
2088:1867-1608
2041:0009-2541
2019:: 44â62.
1994:252136919
1986:0272-4634
1882:0077-7749
1832:0272-4634
1783:205411092
1734:140556654
1664:2167-8359
1623:130984933
1615:1473-7116
1568:0272-4634
1372:234204226
1364:2056-2799
1304:135297534
1296:1755-6910
1163:Teresodus
1135:Secarodus
1121:Pororhiza
1058:Bdellodus
1037:Roongodus
1002:Crassodus
758:Roongodus
753:Famennian
723:durophagy
667:egg cases
637:estuarine
582:Teeth of
569:durophagy
504:Teeth of
480:egg cases
446:durophagy
442:enameloid
307:Etymology
289:Paleozoic
255:, are an
253:hybodonts
241:See text
235:Families
168:Kingdom:
162:Eukaryota
3527:Wikidata
3314:Lungfish
3259:Chimaera
3011:Anaspida
2810:Tunicate
2788:Lancelet
2339:34721282
2226:937-953.
1840:88591830
1775:23381874
1682:34026354
1576:86408226
1470:303-343.
1192:Lissodus
1093:Reesodus
1065:Thaiodus
1016:Tribodus
906:Tribodus
851:Lissodus
844:Parvodus
837:Isanodus
765:Lissodus
749:Devonian
543:Jaws of
468:claspers
464:squalids
422:showing
369:Mesozoic
351:and the
297:Jurassic
293:Mesozoic
265:Devonian
182:Chordata
178:Phylum:
172:Animalia
158:Domain:
112:Devonian
18:Hybodont
3588:5307778
3562:4655372
3533:Q139011
3469:Related
3402:Teleost
2942:Lamprey
2932:Hagfish
2645:Bibcode
2555:Bibcode
2449:Bibcode
2408:Bibcode
2330:8549986
2299:Bibcode
2250:Bibcode
2190:Bibcode
2123:Bibcode
2068:Bibcode
2021:Bibcode
1966:Bibcode
1927:Bibcode
1810:Bibcode
1712:Bibcode
1673:8121075
1548:Bibcode
1399:Bibcode
1342:Bibcode
1276:Bibcode
960:Hybodus
926:Acrodus
710:Hybodus
645:fluvial
615:Ecology
564:Acrodus
333:Agassiz
267:to the
257:extinct
218:Order:
188:Class:
3601:218948
2765:Pikaia
2681:
2673:
2616:
2575:
2337:
2327:
2319:
2270:
2208:
2161:
2153:
2094:
2086:
2039:
1992:
1984:
1880:
1838:
1830:
1781:
1773:
1732:
1680:
1670:
1662:
1621:
1613:
1574:
1566:
1424:25-38.
1370:
1362:
1302:
1294:
337:sharks
273:sharks
3575:12130
3570:IRMNG
3421:Lists
3221:Shark
2679:S2CID
2206:S2CID
2159:S2CID
2092:S2CID
1990:S2CID
1964:(1).
1836:S2CID
1779:S2CID
1730:S2CID
1642:PeerJ
1619:S2CID
1572:S2CID
1368:S2CID
1300:S2CID
426:with
110:Late
3448:bony
3271:Bony
2735:Fish
2671:ISSN
2614:ISSN
2573:ISSN
2335:PMID
2317:ISSN
2268:ISSN
2151:ISSN
2084:ISSN
2037:ISSN
1982:ISSN
1878:ISSN
1828:ISSN
1771:PMID
1678:PMID
1660:ISSN
1611:ISSN
1564:ISSN
1360:ISSN
1292:ISSN
781:and
462:and
361:rays
317:áœÎČÏÏ
313:áœÎČÎżÏ
277:rays
275:and
49:Preê
3557:EoL
3216:Ray
2820:? (
2661:hdl
2653:doi
2604:doi
2563:doi
2524:doi
2520:214
2488:doi
2484:617
2457:doi
2445:121
2416:doi
2404:183
2325:PMC
2307:doi
2295:140
2258:doi
2246:143
2242:GFF
2198:doi
2186:130
2141:hdl
2131:doi
2076:doi
2029:doi
2017:342
1974:doi
1935:doi
1923:124
1870:doi
1866:255
1818:doi
1761:doi
1757:296
1720:doi
1668:PMC
1650:doi
1603:doi
1556:doi
1448:doi
1407:doi
1350:doi
1284:doi
1272:108
355:to
315:or
114:to
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3598::
3585::
3572::
3559::
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3154:â "
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2669:.
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2074:.
2064:90
2062:.
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2015:.
2011:.
1988:.
1980:.
1972:.
1962:42
1960:.
1956:.
1933:.
1921:.
1917:.
1890:^
1876:.
1864:.
1860:.
1848:^
1834:.
1826:.
1816:.
1806:36
1804:.
1800:.
1777:.
1769:.
1755:.
1751:.
1728:.
1718:.
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1706:.
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1609:.
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1460:^
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99:Pg
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