545:
2831:
455:. Male hybodonts had either one or two pairs of cephalic spines on their heads, a characteristic distinctive to hybodonts. These spines, while of variable placement, were always placed posterior to the eye socket, and were composed of a base divided into three lobes, with the main part of the spine being backwardly curved, most specimens of which had a barb near the apex. These spines, like the fin spines, were mineralised, with the base composed of osteodentine, while the main part of the spine was covered in enamel. Male hybodonts possessed fin
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527:
2872:
745:
transition between the distinctly different assemblages seen in the
Triassic â Early Jurassic and the Late Jurassic â Cretaceous. As neoselachians (group of modern sharks) diversified further during the Late Jurassic, hybodontiforms became less prevalent in open marine conditions but remained diverse in fluvial and restricted settings during the Cretaceous. By the end of the Cretaceous, hybodonts had declined to only a handful of species, including members of
509:
139:
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488:
369:
2838:
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566:
2850:
705:
591:
115:
661:
402:
622:, able to tolerate a wide range of salinities. Hybodonts inhabited freshwater environments from early in their evolutionary history, spanning from the Carboniferous onwards. Based on isotopic analysis, some species of hybodonts are likely to have permanently lived in freshwater environments, while others may have migrated between marine and freshwater environments. One genus of hybodont,
2844:
1561:
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of the same age from
Belgium. Although the first fossils of hybodonts are from the latest Devonian, they likely branched off from neoselachians (modern sharks) during the early Devonian. Carboniferous hybodonts include both durophagous and non-durophagous forms, while durophagous forms were dominant
423:
Hybodonts are recognized as having teeth with a prominent cusp which is higher than lateral cusplets. Hybodont teeth are often preserved as incomplete fossils because the base of the tooth is not well attached to the crown. Hybodonts were initially divided into two groups based on their tooth shape.
744:
only had a limited effect on hybodont diversity. Maximum hybodont diversity is observed during the
Triassic. During the Triassic and Early Jurassic, hybodontiforms were the dominant elasmobranchs in both marine and non-marine environments. A shift in hybodonts was seen during the Middle Jurassic, a
646:
indicate that at least some hybodonts laid their eggs in freshwater and brackish environments, with the eggs being attached to vegetation via a tendril. Laying of eggs in freshwater is not known in any living cartilaginous fish. At least some hybodonts are suggested to have utlilized specific sites
440:
Hybodonts are characterized by having two dorsal fins each preceded by a fin spine. The fin spine morphology is unique to each hybodont species. The fin spines are elongate and gently curved towards the rear, with the posterior part of the spine being covered in hooked denticles, typically in two
441:
parallel rows running along the length of the spine, sometimes with a ridge between them. Part of the front of the spines are often covered in a ribbed ornamentation, while in some other hybodonts this region is covered in rows of small bumps. The spines are mineralised, and primary composed of
2196:
Fischer, J. A. N., Voigt, S., Schneider, J. W., Buchwitz, M., and Voigt, S., 2011, A selachian freshwater fauna from the
Triassic of Kyrgyzstan and its implication for Mesozoic shark nurseries: Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, v. 31, no. 5, p.
692:. Hybodonts have a wide variety of tooth shapes. This variety suggests that they took advantage of multiple food sources. It is thought that some hybodonts which had wider, flatter, teeth specialized in crushing or grinding hard-shelled prey (
424:
One group had teeth with acuminate cusps that lacked a pulp cavity; these are called osteodont teeth. The other group had a different cusp arrangement and had a pulp cavity, these are called orthodont teeth. For example, the hybodont species
2345:
Hodnett, J-P., Elliott, D. K., and Olson, T. J. 2013. A new basal hybodont (Chondrichthyes, Hybodontiformes) from the Middle
Permian (Roadian) Kaibab Formation, of northern Arizona. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin,
276:. They are distinguished from other chondrichthyans by their distinctive fin spines and cephalic spines present on the heads of males. An ecologically diverse group, they were abundant in marine and freshwater environments during the late
385:
The largest hybodonts reached lengths of 2â3 metres (6.6â9.8 ft), while some other hybodonts were much smaller, with adult body lengths of around 25 centimetres (0.82 ft). Hybodonts had a generally robust bodyform. Due to their
1440:
Koot, M. B., Cuny, G., Tintori, A., and
Twitchett, R. J., 2013, A new diverse shark fauna from the Wordian (Middle Permian) Khuff Formation in the interior Haushi-Huqf area, Sultanate of Oman: Palaeontology, v. 56, no. 2, p.
544:
1394:
Lane, J. A., and Maisey, J. G., 2009, Pectoral
Anatomy of Tribodus limae (Elasmobranchii: Hybodontiformes) from the Lower Cretaceous of Northeastern Brazil: Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, v. 29, no. 1, p.
428:
have osteodont teeth with vascular canals of dentine which are arranged vertically parallel to each other, also called âtubular dentineâ. The crowns of these osteodont teeth are covered with a single layer of
2355:
Coates, M. I., and Gess, R. W., 2007, A new reconstruction of
Onychoselache Traquairi, comments on early Chondrichthyan pectoral girdles and hybodontiform phylogeny: Palaeontology, v. 50, no. 6, p. 1421-1446.
2082:"Stable isotope study of a new chondrichthyan fauna (Kimmeridgian, Porrentruy, Swiss Jura): an unusual freshwater-influenced isotopic composition for the hybodont shark <i>Asteracanthus</i>"
1769:"Dermal denticle patterning in the Cretaceous hybodont shark Tribodus limae (Euselachii, Hybodontiformes), and its implications for the evolution of patterning in the chondrichthyan dermal skeleton"
526:
636:
sharks such as bamboo and epaulette sharks, due to its well-developed pectoral fins. It has been suggested that male hybodonts used their cephalic spines to grip females during mating. Preserved
394:, hybodonts are generally described and identified based on teeth and fin spine fossils, which are more likely to be preserved. Rare partial or complete skeletons are known from areas of
1223:
Maisey, J. G., 2012, What is an âelasmobranchâ? The impact of palaeontology in understanding elasmobranch phylogeny and evolution: Journal of Fish
Biology, v. 80, no. 5, p. 918-951.
463:
tail fin, where the upper lobe of the fin was much larger than the lower one due to the spine extending into it. Like living sharks and rays, the skin of hybodonts was covered with
2322:
Cappetta, H., Buffetaut, E., Cuny, G., and
Suteethorn, V., 2006, A new Elasmobranch assemblage from the Lower Cretaceous of Thailand Palaeontology, v. 49, no. 3, p. 547-555.
2258:"Fossilized leftover falls as sources of palaeoecological data: a 'pabulite' comprising a crustacean, a belemnite and a vertebrate from the Early Jurassic Posidonia Shale"
2447:"First occurrence of hybodontid teeth in the Luoping Biota (Middle Triassic, Anisian), emphasizing recovery of the marine ecosystem after the end-Permian mass extinction"
1925:"Hybodontiform shark remains (Chondrichthyes, Elasmobranchii) from the Lower Triassic of Yunnan Province, China, with comments on hybodontiform diversity across the PTB"
3540:
1482:
Cuny, G., Suteethorn, V., Buffetaut, E., and Philippe, M., 2003, Hybodont sharks from the Mesozoic Khorat Group of Thailand: Mahasarakham University Journal, v. 22.
478:
which tapers towards both ends, with one end having a tendril which attached to substrate, with the middle section being composed of at least three twisted bands.
3599:
3413:
2604:"Lonchidion derenzii , sp. nov., a new lonchidiid shark (Chondrichthyes, Hybodontiforms) from the Upper Triassic of Spain, with remarks on lonchidiid enameloid"
2445:
Wen, Wen; Zhang, Qiyue; Benton, Michael J.; Kriwet, JĂŒrgen; Hu, Shixue; Huang, Jinyuan; Zhou, Changyong; Cui, Xindong; Ma, Zhixin; Min, Xiao (February 2023).
1874:
Rees, J. A. N., and Underwood, C. J., 2008, Hybodont sharks of the English Bathonian and Callovian (Middle Jurassic): Palaeontology, v. 51, no. 1, p. 117-147.
288:, having been largely replaced by modern sharks, though they were still common in freshwater and marginal marine habitats. They survived until the end of the
565:
445:, while the ornamentation is formed of enamel. Similar fin spines are also found in many extinct chondrichthyan groups as well as in some modern sharks like
657:
are suggested to have been laid on the lakeshore or upriver areas, where the juveniles hatched and matured, before migrating deeper into the lake as adults.
2685:
1923:
Wen, Wen; Kriwet, JĂŒRgen; Zhang, Qiyue; Benton, Michael J.; Duffin, Christopher J.; Huang, Jingyuan; Zhou, Changyong; Hu, Shixue; Ma, Zhixin (2022-06-30).
3659:
1978:
Fischer, Jan; Schneider, Jörg W.; Voigt, Silke; Joachimski, Michael M.; Tichomirowa, Marion; TĂŒtken, Thomas; Götze, Jens; Berner, Ulrich (2013-03-29).
1609:"Durnonovariaodus maiseyi gen. et sp. nov., a new hybodontiform shark-like chondrichthyan from the Upper Jurassic Kimmeridge Clay Formation of England"
3664:
3649:
3634:
2331:
Hairapetian, V. and Ginter, M. 2009. Famennian chondrichthyan remains from the Chahriseh section, central Iran. Acta Geologica Polonica, 59, 173â200.
1299:
Stumpf, Sebastian; LĂłpez-Romero, Faviel A.; Kindlimann, RenĂ©; Lacombat, Frederic; Pohl, Burkhard; Kriwet, JĂŒrgen (August 2021). Cavin, Lionel (ed.).
508:
3644:
3629:
3604:
487:
2830:
3654:
3639:
3609:
3619:
760:
2563:"Diversity Patterns of Late Jurassic Chondrichthyans: New Insights from a Historically Collected Hybodontiform Tooth Assemblage from Poland"
3614:
3418:
2147:
Turmine-Juhel, Pernelle; Wilks, Richard; Brockhurst, David; Austen, Peter A.; Duffin, Christopher J.; Benton, Michael J. (December 2019).
2027:"A Late Jurassic freshwater shark assemblage (Chondrichthyes, Hybodontiformes) from the southern Junggar Basin, Xinjiang, Northwest China"
352:. Hybodontiformes and Neoselachii are grouped together in the clade Euselachii, to the exclusion of other total-group elasmobranchs like
3624:
1980:"Oxygen and strontium isotopes from fossil shark teeth: Environmental and ecological implications for Late Palaeozoic European basins"
684:
are thought to have been active predators capable of feeding on swiftly moving prey, with preserved stomach contents of a specimen of
741:
2860:
1671:"A New Reconstruction of Onychoselache Traquairi, Comments on Early Chondrichthyan Pectoral Girdles and Hybodontiform Phylogeny"
1211:
Zittel, K. von, 1911, Grunzuege der Palaontologie, 2 ed. II. Abt. Vertebrata, vii + 598 pp. R. Oldenburg Verlag, Muchen, Berlin.
2678:
771:
The taxonomy of hybodonts is considered poorly resolved, so the classification presented should not be taken as authoritative.
2406:
Cione, Alberto Luis; Gouiric-Cavalli, Soledad; Mennucci, Jorge Augusto; Cabrera, Daniel Alfredo; Freije, Rubén Hugo (2010).
1358:"Vertebrate remains from the Cenomanian (Late Cretaceous) plant-bearing LagerstÀtte of Puy-Puy (Charente-Maritime, France)"
1234:
138:
3423:
1507:"The spine-brush complex in symmoriiform sharks (Chondrichthyes; Symmoriiformes), with comments on dorsal fin modularity"
3430:
2367:"Freshwater fish faunas from two Permian rift valleys of Zambia, novel additions to the ichthyofauna of southern Pangea"
2871:
2710:
2671:
2865:
3398:
1562:"Shark fauna and depositional environment of the earliest Cretaceous VitabÀck Clays at Eriksdal, southern Sweden"
637:
468:
3594:
3408:
2209:"3D imaging of shark egg cases ( Palaeoxyris ) from Sweden with new insights into Early Jurassic shark ecology"
2855:
2837:
2149:"Microvertebrates from the Wadhurst Clay Formation (Lower Cretaceous) of Ashdown Brickworks, East Sussex, UK"
3456:
2849:
696:). Often multiple species of hybodonts with different prey preferences coexisted within the same ecosystem.
471:, similar to those produced by living cartilaginous fish. Most hybodont egg cases are assigned to the genus
2602:
Manzanares, Esther; Pla, Cristina; MartĂnez-PĂ©rez, Carlos; FerrĂłn, Humberto; Botella, HĂ©ctor (2017-01-02).
3480:
356:. Hybodonts are divided into a number of families, but the higher level taxonomy of hybodonts, especially
1886:"A new species of Vectiselachos (Chondrichthyes, Selachii) from the Early Cretaceous of southern England"
1829:"First unequivocal record of the hybodont shark egg capsule Palaeoxyris in the Mesozoic of North America"
3566:
1450:
Agassiz, L., 1833-1844, Recherches sur les poisons fossils. Neuchatel, 5 vols. 1420 pp. with supplement.
328:
by Zittel (1911). Although historically argued to have a close relationship with the modern shark order
2514:"New sharks and other chondrichthyans from the latest Maastrichtian (Late Cretaceous) of North America"
2025:
Klug, Stefanie; TĂŒtken, Thomas; Wings, Oliver; Pfretzschner, Hans-Ulrich; Martin, Thomas (2010-09-01).
1406:
433:. Hybodont teeth served a variety of functions depending on the species, including grinding, crushing (
2256:
Klug, Christian; Schweigert, GĂŒnter; Hoffmann, RenĂ©; Weis, Robert; De Baets, Kenneth (December 2021).
1979:
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Peecook, Brandon R.; Bronson, Allison W.; Otoo, Benjamin K.A.; Sidor, Christian A. (November 2021).
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793:
624:
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1084:
884:
850:
3139:
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2483:"Neoselachian (Chondrichthyes, Elasmobranchii) diversity across the CretaceousâTertiary boundary"
2408:"First vertebrate body remains from the Permian of Argentina (Elasmobranchii and Actinopterygii)"
2407:
2176:
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2129:
2062:
1960:
1885:
1806:
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1720:"Anatomy and Evolution of Heterocercal Tail in Lamniform Sharks: CAUDAL FINS OF LAMNIFORM SHARKS"
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Leuzinger, L.; Kocsis, L.; Billon-Bruyat, J.-P.; Spezzaferri, S.; Vennemann, T. (2015-12-07).
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2007:
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1999:
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1320:
1254:
464:
353:
2843:
1301:"A unique hybodontiform skeleton provides novel insights into Mesozoic chondrichthyan life"
740:
during the Permian period. By the Permian period, hybodonts had a global distribution. The
632:
of Scotland, is suggested to have been capable of amphibious locomotion, similar to modern
3326:
3289:
3120:
2941:
2743:
1506:
1155:
937:
754:
257:
104:
320:
Hybodonts were first described in the nineteenth century based on isolated fossil teeth (
2619:
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2423:
2382:
2273:
2224:
2164:
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2042:
1995:
1940:
1901:
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590:
395:
391:
190:
180:
1607:
Stumpf, Sebastian; Etches, Steve; Underwood, Charlie J.; Kriwet, JĂŒrgen (2021-05-11).
670:
with other contemporary organisms from the Early Cretaceous (Valanginian-Hauterivian)
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387:
321:
124:
62:
1844:
1810:
1546:
1235:"The neurocranium of the Lower Carboniferous shark Tristychius arcuatus (Agassiz, )"
538:, showing the arrangement of the teeth in jaws. The teeth were designed for grasping
3362:
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633:
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341:
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114:
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2003:
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1021:
923:
689:
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378:
345:
333:
269:
37:
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Hybodont fossils are found in depositional environments ranging from marine to
3367:
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3111:
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2975:
2774:
2765:
2050:
1577:
1566:
Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
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Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
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47:
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2011:
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meaning tooth. This name was given based on their conical compressed teeth.
277:
150:
87:
31:
2309:
1745:
1652:
3497:
3284:
3229:
3186:
2981:
2780:
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1063:
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821:
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735:
719:
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265:
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170:
100:
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72:
57:
52:
42:
2538:
2513:
1625:
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2912:
2902:
2884:
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2116:
1407:"A new articulated hybodontoid from Late Permian of northwestern China"
930:
896:
680:
615:
552:
456:
416:
407:
245:
92:
67:
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from the Late Jurassic of Germany,which some studies have included in
2735:
2192:
2190:
1736:
1719:
442:
325:
160:
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2663:
759:
The last hybodonts disappeared, seemingly abruptly, as part of the
3191:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1862:
703:
659:
589:
419:
and cephalic spines present in males (above) but absent in females
400:
367:
261:
3532:
2705:
2512:
Gates, Terry A.; Gorscak, Eric; Makovicky, Peter J. (May 2019).
1219:
1217:
3478:
2667:
1718:
Kim, Sun H.; Shimada, Kenshu; Rigsby, Cynthia K. (March 2013).
2561:
Stumpf, Sebastian; Meng, Stefan; Kriwet, JĂŒrgen (2022-01-26).
1827:
Fischer, Jan; Axsmith, Brian J.; Ash, Sidney R. (2010-03-01).
1468:
The anatomy and interrelationships of Mesozoic hybodont sharks
1436:
1434:
1432:
1356:
Vullo, Romain; Néraudeau, Didier; Dépré, Eric (October 2013).
284:, but were rare in open marine environments by the end of the
1833:
Neues Jahrbuch fĂŒr Geologie und PalĂ€ontologie - Abhandlungen
714:
a primitive hybodont from the Carboniferous of North America
647:
as nurseries, such as in the Triassic lake deposits of the
618:(river deposits). Many hybodonts are thought to have been
459:
used in mating, like modern sharks. Hybodonts had a fully
1405:
Wang, N.-Z.; Zhang, X.; Zhu, M.; Zhao, W.-J. (May 2009).
2207:
KrĂŒger, Ashley; Slater, Sam; Vajda, Vivi (2021-07-03).
390:
skeletons usually disintegrating upon death like other
260:. Hybodonts share a close common ancestry with modern
577:, a hybodontid, whose teeth were designed for tearing
3354:
3309:
3276:
3258:
3108:
3030:
2957:
2924:
2812:
2801:
2792:
2785:
2770:
2748:
2731:
2481:
Kriwet, JĂŒrgen; Benton, Michael J. (November 2004).
324:, 1837). Hybodonts were first separated from living
3487:
3439:
3391:
3300:
3249:
3240:
3148:
3107:
3029:
3020:
2956:
2923:
2893:
2883:
2719:
1233:Coates, Michael I.; Tietjen, Kristen (March 2017).
1767:Maisey, John G.; Denton, John S. S. (2016-09-02).
718:The earliest hybodont remains are from the latest
2487:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
2451:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
1478:
1476:
1192:(genus used for the egg capsules of hybodonts)
252:(chondrichthyans) which existed from the late
2679:
332:, this has been refuted. Hybodontiformes are
8:
1669:Coates, Michael I.; Gess, Robert W. (2007).
1493:Growth and form of spines in hybodont sharks
300:The term hybodont comes from the Greek word
3475:
3246:
3026:
2890:
2686:
2672:
2664:
2412:Proceedings of the Geologists' Association
2153:Proceedings of the Geologists' Association
1890:Proceedings of the Geologists' Association
1495:: Palaeontology, v. 21, no. 3, p. 657-666.
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20:
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2031:Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments
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1694:
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1624:
1324:
437:), tearing, clutching, and even cutting.
1884:Batchelor, Trevor John (December 2013).
1204:
556:, which had low, rounded teeth used in
483:
550:Preserved dentition of the acrodontid
3600:Prehistoric cartilaginous fish orders
2476:
2474:
2341:
2339:
2337:
1822:
1820:
1664:
1662:
1470:: American Museum Novitates, v. 2724.
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1460:
1458:
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761:Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event
7:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1284:
610:environment. Art by Michael Rothman
348:, which includes modern sharks and
128:, from the Late Jurassic of Europe
2608:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1929:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1773:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1511:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
726:) of Iran, belonging to the genus
520:a specialised durophagous hybodont
14:
3660:Early Cretaceous taxonomic orders
2371:Journal of African Earth Sciences
742:Permian-Triassic extinction event
3665:Late Cretaceous taxonomic orders
3650:Middle Jurassic taxonomic orders
3635:Middle Triassic taxonomic orders
2870:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2848:
2842:
2836:
2829:
2392:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2021.104325
1696:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2007.00719.x
1423:10.1111/j.1463-6395.2008.00382.x
564:
543:
525:
507:
486:
308:meaning hump or hump-backed and
137:
16:Extinct order of chondrichthyans
3645:Early Jurassic taxonomic orders
3630:Early Triassic taxonomic orders
3605:Carboniferous first appearances
733:as well as remains assigned to
122:Fossil and life restoration of
3655:Late Jurassic taxonomic orders
3640:Late Triassic taxonomic orders
3610:Pennsylvanian taxonomic orders
2262:Swiss Journal of Palaeontology
1505:Maisey, John G. (2009-03-12).
1:
2628:10.1080/02724634.2017.1253585
2234:10.1080/11035897.2021.1907442
2004:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2013.01.022
1949:10.1080/02724634.2022.2108712
1794:10.1080/02724634.2016.1179200
1382:10.1016/j.cretres.2013.06.002
651:of Kyrgyzstan, where eggs of
3620:Guadalupian taxonomic orders
3431:List of transitional fossils
2499:10.1016/j.palaeo.2004.02.049
2464:10.1016/j.palaeo.2023.111471
2432:10.1016/j.pgeola.2010.04.003
2173:10.1016/j.pgeola.2019.08.003
1910:10.1016/j.pgeola.2013.05.001
688:indicating that they fed on
3615:Cisuralian taxonomic orders
1845:10.1127/0077-7749/2009/0028
3681:
3625:Lopingian taxonomic orders
2711:Timeline of fish evolution
2283:10.1186/s13358-021-00225-z
775:Lonchidiidae Herman, 1977
426:Heterophychodus steinmanni
360:taxa, is poorly resolved.
3465:
3399:Lists of prehistoric fish
2827:
2701:
2051:10.1007/s12549-010-0032-2
1578:10.1017/S0263593300000328
1259:10.1017/S1755691018000130
640:of hybodonts assigned to
499:, a member of the family
228:
223:
134:Scientific classification
132:
121:
112:
23:
1560:Rees, Jan (March 2002).
396:exceptional preservation
3457:Vertebrate paleontology
2518:Journal of Paleontology
2107:10.5194/bg-12-6945-2015
1305:Papers in Palaeontology
292:, before going extinct.
272:) as part of the clade
715:
675:
611:
420:
382:
3567:Paleobiology Database
1724:The Anatomical Record
1491:Maisey, J. G., 1978,
1466:Maisey, J. G., 1982,
707:
672:Rosa Blanca Formation
663:
593:
404:
371:
3452:Transitional fossils
3091:Pseudopetalichthyida
1531:10.1671/039.029.0130
700:Evolutionary history
678:Some hybodonts like
664:Life restoration of
594:Hybodont egg cases (
248:group of shark-like
2620:2017JVPal..37E3585M
2539:10.1017/jpa.2018.92
2530:2019JPal...93..512G
2424:2010PrGA..121..301C
2383:2021JAfES.18304325P
2274:2021SwJP..140...10K
2225:2021GFF...143..229K
2165:2019PrGA..130..752T
2098:2015BGeo...12.6945L
2043:2010PdPe...90..241K
1996:2013ChGeo.342...44F
1941:2022JVPal..42E8712W
1902:2013PrGA..124..967B
1785:2016JVPal..36E9200M
1687:2007Palgy..50.1421C
1626:10.7717/peerj.11362
1523:2009JVPal..29...14M
1374:2013CrRes..45..314V
1362:Cretaceous Research
1317:2021PPal....7.1479S
1251:2017EESTR.108...19C
767:Families and genera
3140:Ischnacanthiformes
2988:Cephalaspidomorphi
716:
686:Hybodus hauffianus
676:
667:Strophodus rebecae
612:
421:
408:Hybodus hauffianus
383:
250:cartilaginous fish
240:, commonly called
3582:
3581:
3554:Open Tree of Life
3481:Taxon identifiers
3472:
3471:
3387:
3386:
3383:
3382:
3314:Palaeonisciformes
3262:Onychodontiformes
3219:Petalodontiformes
3213:Iniopterygiformes
3176:Phoebodontiformes
3164:Ctenacanthiformes
3134:Diplacanthiformes
3016:
3015:
2789:Myllokunmingiidae
2695:Evolution of fish
2580:10.3390/d14020085
2092:(23): 6945â6954.
1326:10.1002/spp2.1350
649:Madygen Formation
467:. Hybodonts laid
413:sexual dimorphism
330:Heterodontiformes
316:Taxonomic history
235:
234:
219:
107:
3672:
3575:
3574:
3562:
3561:
3549:
3548:
3536:
3535:
3523:
3522:
3521:
3508:
3507:
3506:
3476:
3447:Prehistoric life
3358:Pycnodontiformes
3356:
3341:Acipenseriformes
3311:
3278:
3260:
3247:
3110:
3055:Brindabellaspida
3032:
3027:
2970:Pteraspidomorphi
2959:
2926:
2891:
2875:
2874:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2852:
2846:
2841:
2840:
2833:
2814:
2803:
2794:
2787:
2772:
2750:
2733:
2688:
2681:
2674:
2665:
2658:
2657:
2639:
2599:
2593:
2592:
2582:
2558:
2552:
2551:
2541:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2478:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2442:
2436:
2435:
2403:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2362:
2356:
2353:
2347:
2343:
2332:
2329:
2323:
2320:
2314:
2313:
2303:
2285:
2253:
2247:
2246:
2236:
2219:(2â3): 229â247.
2204:
2198:
2194:
2185:
2184:
2144:
2138:
2137:
2119:
2109:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2022:
2016:
2015:
1984:Chemical Geology
1975:
1969:
1968:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1881:
1875:
1872:
1857:
1856:
1824:
1815:
1814:
1796:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1739:
1737:10.1002/ar.22647
1715:
1709:
1708:
1698:
1681:(6): 1421â1446.
1666:
1657:
1656:
1646:
1628:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1502:
1496:
1489:
1483:
1480:
1471:
1464:
1451:
1448:
1442:
1438:
1427:
1426:
1402:
1396:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1353:
1347:
1346:
1328:
1311:(3): 1479â1505.
1296:
1279:
1278:
1230:
1224:
1221:
1212:
1209:
966:Durnonovariaodus
600:) attached to a
568:
547:
529:
514:Jaw fragment of
511:
490:
465:dermal denticles
354:Xenacanthiformes
217:
212:
142:
141:
117:
98:
97:
34:
27:Temporal range:
21:
3680:
3679:
3675:
3674:
3673:
3671:
3670:
3669:
3595:Hybodontiformes
3585:
3584:
3583:
3578:
3570:
3565:
3557:
3552:
3544:
3539:
3531:
3526:
3519:Hybodontiformes
3517:
3516:
3511:
3502:
3501:
3496:
3489:Hybodontiformes
3483:
3473:
3468:
3461:
3435:
3379:
3327:Polypteriformes
3296:
3290:Tetrapodomorpha
3236:
3170:Hybodontiformes
3144:
3121:Acanthodiformes
3103:
3012:
2952:
2942:Paraconodontida
2919:
2887:
2879:
2878:
2877:
2869:
2847:
2835:
2825:
2744:Cephalochordate
2715:
2697:
2692:
2662:
2661:
2614:(1): e1253585.
2601:
2600:
2596:
2560:
2559:
2555:
2511:
2510:
2506:
2480:
2479:
2472:
2444:
2443:
2439:
2405:
2404:
2400:
2364:
2363:
2359:
2354:
2350:
2344:
2335:
2330:
2326:
2321:
2317:
2255:
2254:
2250:
2206:
2205:
2201:
2195:
2188:
2146:
2145:
2141:
2079:
2078:
2074:
2024:
2023:
2019:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1883:
1882:
1878:
1873:
1860:
1826:
1825:
1818:
1779:(5): e1179200.
1766:
1765:
1761:
1717:
1716:
1712:
1668:
1667:
1660:
1606:
1605:
1601:
1559:
1558:
1554:
1504:
1503:
1499:
1490:
1486:
1481:
1474:
1465:
1454:
1449:
1445:
1439:
1430:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1393:
1389:
1355:
1354:
1350:
1298:
1297:
1282:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1215:
1210:
1206:
1201:
1156:Heteroptychodus
1113:Hamiltonichthys
938:Meristodonoides
787:Diplolonchidion
769:
755:Meristodonoides
711:Hamiltonichthys
702:
588:
583:
582:
581:
578:
569:
560:
548:
539:
530:
521:
512:
503:
491:
405:Restoration of
392:chondrichthyans
374:Hybodus" fraasi
366:
318:
298:
258:Late Cretaceous
238:Hybodontiformes
218:Patterson, 1966
216:
214:Hybodontiformes
210:
136:
108:
105:Late Cretaceous
96:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
40:
29:
28:
25:
24:Hybodontiformes
17:
12:
11:
5:
3678:
3676:
3668:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3587:
3586:
3580:
3579:
3577:
3576:
3563:
3550:
3537:
3524:
3509:
3493:
3491:
3485:
3484:
3479:
3470:
3469:
3466:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3443:
3441:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3433:
3428:
3427:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3395:
3393:
3389:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3377:
3376:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3346:
3345:
3344:
3343:
3332:
3331:
3330:
3329:
3318:
3317:
3306:
3304:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3294:
3293:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3280:Porolepiformes
3269:
3264:
3255:
3253:
3244:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3234:
3233:
3232:
3227:
3225:Symmoriiformes
3221:
3215:
3209:
3207:Eugeneodontida
3197:
3196:
3195:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3178:
3172:
3166:
3158:Elasmobranchii
3154:
3152:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3142:
3136:
3130:
3127:Climatiiformes
3123:
3116:
3114:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3101:
3094:
3087:
3085:Acanthothoraci
3081:
3075:
3069:
3063:
3061:Petalichthyida
3057:
3051:
3045:
3038:
3036:
3024:
3018:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3010:
3009:
3008:
3002:
2996:
2984:
2978:
2972:
2965:
2963:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2950:
2944:
2938:
2935:Protoconodonta
2930:
2928:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2917:
2916:
2915:
2905:
2899:
2897:
2888:
2881:
2880:
2828:
2826:
2824:
2823:
2822:
2821:
2810:
2806:Myllokunmingia
2783:
2778:
2763:
2762:
2761:
2756:
2741:
2740:
2739:
2725:
2723:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2713:
2708:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2693:
2691:
2690:
2683:
2676:
2668:
2660:
2659:
2594:
2553:
2524:(3): 512â530.
2504:
2493:(3): 181â194.
2470:
2437:
2418:(3): 301â312.
2398:
2357:
2348:
2333:
2324:
2315:
2248:
2199:
2186:
2159:(6): 752â769.
2139:
2086:Biogeosciences
2072:
2037:(3): 241â257.
2017:
1970:
1915:
1896:(6): 967â972.
1876:
1858:
1839:(3): 327â344.
1816:
1759:
1730:(3): 433â442.
1710:
1658:
1599:
1552:
1497:
1484:
1472:
1452:
1443:
1428:
1411:Acta Zoologica
1397:
1387:
1348:
1280:
1225:
1213:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1195:
1194:
1193:
1182:
1181:
1180:
1173:
1166:
1159:
1152:
1144:
1137:
1130:
1123:
1116:
1109:
1102:
1095:
1088:
1081:
1074:
1067:
1060:
1053:
1046:
1039:
1032:
1025:
1018:
1011:
1004:
997:
990:
981:Incertae sedis
978:
977:
976:
969:
962:
955:
948:
941:
934:
927:
920:
910:
909:
908:
900:
890:
889:
888:
881:
873:
866:
856:
855:
854:
847:
840:
837:Luopingselache
833:
826:
818:
811:
804:
797:
790:
783:
768:
765:
701:
698:
634:orectolobiform
587:
584:
580:
579:
570:
563:
561:
549:
542:
540:
531:
524:
522:
513:
506:
504:
496:Durnovariaodus
492:
485:
482:
481:
480:
365:
362:
317:
314:
297:
294:
233:
232:
226:
225:
221:
220:
208:
204:
203:
198:
194:
193:
191:Elasmobranchii
188:
184:
183:
181:Chondrichthyes
178:
174:
173:
168:
164:
163:
158:
154:
153:
148:
144:
143:
130:
129:
119:
118:
110:
109:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
41:
36:
35:
30:360.7â66
26:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3677:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3592:
3590:
3573:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3529:
3525:
3520:
3514:
3510:
3505:
3499:
3495:
3494:
3492:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3477:
3464:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3444:
3442:
3438:
3432:
3429:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3414:cartilaginous
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3401:
3400:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3390:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3353:
3352:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3342:
3339:
3338:
3337:
3334:
3333:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3315:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3303:
3299:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3275:
3274:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3252:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3239:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3214:
3210:
3208:
3204:
3203:
3202:
3199:
3198:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3179:
3177:
3173:
3171:
3167:
3165:
3161:
3160:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3151:
3150:Cartilaginous
3147:
3141:
3137:
3135:
3131:
3128:
3124:
3122:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3113:
3106:
3099:
3098:Stensioellida
3095:
3092:
3088:
3086:
3082:
3080:
3076:
3074:
3073:Ptyctodontida
3070:
3068:
3064:
3062:
3058:
3056:
3052:
3050:
3046:
3044:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3019:
3007:
3003:
3001:
2997:
2995:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2985:
2983:
2979:
2977:
2973:
2971:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2962:
2955:
2949:
2945:
2943:
2939:
2936:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2922:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2892:
2889:
2886:
2882:
2876:
2873:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2851:
2845:
2839:
2832:
2819:
2818:
2817:Zhongxiniscus
2811:
2808:
2807:
2799:
2798:
2797:Haikouichthys
2790:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2776:
2769:
2768:
2767:
2764:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2754:
2747:
2746:
2745:
2742:
2738:
2737:
2730:
2729:
2728:Basal member
2727:
2726:
2724:
2722:
2718:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2700:
2696:
2689:
2684:
2682:
2677:
2675:
2670:
2669:
2666:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2598:
2595:
2590:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2557:
2554:
2549:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2508:
2505:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2477:
2475:
2471:
2465:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2441:
2438:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2402:
2399:
2393:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2361:
2358:
2352:
2349:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2334:
2328:
2325:
2319:
2316:
2311:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2252:
2249:
2244:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2203:
2200:
2193:
2191:
2187:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2143:
2140:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2076:
2073:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2021:
2018:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1974:
1971:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1919:
1916:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1880:
1877:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1859:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1823:
1821:
1817:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1763:
1760:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1714:
1711:
1706:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1675:Palaeontology
1672:
1665:
1663:
1659:
1654:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1603:
1600:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1556:
1553:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1501:
1498:
1494:
1488:
1485:
1479:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1453:
1447:
1444:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1429:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1401:
1398:
1391:
1388:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1352:
1349:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1281:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1229:
1226:
1220:
1218:
1214:
1208:
1205:
1198:
1191:
1190:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1178:
1177:Carinacanthus
1174:
1172:
1171:
1167:
1165:
1164:
1160:
1158:
1157:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1145:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1136:
1135:
1131:
1129:
1128:
1127:Dabasacanthus
1124:
1122:
1121:
1117:
1115:
1114:
1110:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1094:
1093:
1089:
1087:
1086:
1082:
1080:
1079:
1078:Onychoselache
1075:
1073:
1072:
1071:Steinbachodus
1068:
1066:
1065:
1061:
1059:
1058:
1054:
1052:
1051:
1047:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1038:
1037:
1033:
1031:
1030:
1026:
1024:
1023:
1019:
1017:
1016:
1012:
1010:
1009:
1005:
1003:
1002:
1001:Asteracanthus
998:
996:
995:
991:
989:
988:
984:
983:
982:
979:
975:
974:
970:
968:
967:
963:
961:
960:
956:
954:
953:
949:
947:
946:
942:
940:
939:
935:
933:
932:
928:
926:
925:
921:
919:
918:
914:
913:
912:Hybodontidae
911:
907:
905:
901:
899:
898:
894:
893:
892:Acrodontidae
891:
887:
886:
882:
880:
878:
874:
872:
871:
867:
865:
864:
860:
859:
858:Distobatidae
857:
853:
852:
848:
846:
845:
841:
839:
838:
834:
832:
831:
827:
824:
823:
819:
817:
816:
812:
810:
809:
805:
803:
802:
798:
796:
795:
794:Vectiselachos
791:
789:
788:
784:
782:
781:
777:
776:
774:
773:
772:
766:
764:
762:
758:
756:
751:
748:
743:
738:
737:
732:
730:
725:
721:
713:
712:
706:
699:
697:
695:
691:
687:
683:
682:
673:
669:
668:
662:
658:
656:
655:
650:
645:
644:
639:
635:
631:
630:Carboniferous
628:of the lower
627:
626:
625:Onychoselache
621:
617:
609:
605:
604:
599:
598:
592:
585:
576:
575:
567:
562:
559:
555:
554:
546:
541:
537:
536:
535:Asteracanthus
528:
523:
519:
518:
510:
505:
502:
498:
497:
489:
484:
479:
477:
475:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
449:
444:
438:
436:
432:
427:
418:
414:
410:
409:
403:
399:
397:
393:
389:
388:cartilaginous
381:
380:
375:
372:Specimen of "
370:
363:
361:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
338:elasmobranchs
335:
331:
327:
323:
315:
313:
311:
307:
303:
295:
293:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
231:
227:
222:
215:
209:
206:
205:
202:
199:
196:
195:
192:
189:
186:
185:
182:
179:
176:
175:
172:
169:
166:
165:
162:
159:
156:
155:
152:
149:
146:
145:
140:
135:
131:
127:
126:
125:Asteracanthus
120:
116:
111:
106:
102:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
39:
33:
22:
19:
3488:
3404:spiny sharks
3363:Halecomorphi
3182:Xenacanthida
3169:
3067:Phyllolepida
3000:Pituriaspida
2961:Ostracoderms
2895:Cyclostomata
2885:Jawless fish
2834:
2815:
2804:
2795:
2773:
2751:
2734:
2611:
2607:
2597:
2570:
2566:
2556:
2521:
2517:
2507:
2490:
2486:
2454:
2450:
2440:
2415:
2411:
2401:
2374:
2370:
2360:
2351:
2327:
2318:
2265:
2261:
2251:
2216:
2212:
2202:
2156:
2152:
2142:
2089:
2085:
2075:
2034:
2030:
2020:
1987:
1983:
1973:
1932:
1928:
1918:
1893:
1889:
1879:
1836:
1832:
1776:
1772:
1762:
1727:
1723:
1713:
1678:
1674:
1616:
1612:
1602:
1572:(1): 59â71.
1569:
1565:
1555:
1517:(1): 14â24.
1514:
1510:
1500:
1487:
1446:
1414:
1410:
1400:
1390:
1365:
1361:
1351:
1308:
1304:
1245:(1): 19â35.
1242:
1238:
1228:
1207:
1187:
1184:Form genera
1175:
1168:
1161:
1154:
1146:
1141:Diablodontus
1139:
1132:
1125:
1120:Gansuselache
1118:
1111:
1104:
1099:Mukdahanodus
1097:
1090:
1085:Omanoselache
1083:
1076:
1069:
1062:
1057:Arctacanthus
1055:
1048:
1043:Acrorhizodus
1041:
1034:
1027:
1020:
1013:
1006:
999:
992:
985:
980:
971:
964:
957:
950:
945:Planohybodus
943:
936:
929:
922:
915:
902:
895:
885:Aegyptobatus
883:
875:
868:
861:
851:Pristrisodus
849:
842:
835:
828:
820:
813:
806:
799:
792:
785:
778:
770:
753:
749:
746:
734:
727:
717:
709:
685:
679:
677:
665:
652:
641:
623:
613:
603:Neocalamites
601:
595:
574:Planohybodus
572:
551:
533:
515:
501:Hybodontidae
494:
472:
461:heterocercal
448:Heterodontus
446:
443:osteodentine
439:
425:
422:
417:fin claspers
406:
384:
377:
373:
342:sister group
319:
310:áœÎŽÎżÏÏ, áœÎŽÎżÎœÏ
309:
305:
301:
299:
241:
237:
236:
229:
213:
197:Infraclass:
123:
18:
3513:Wikispecies
3424:lobe-finned
3350:Neopterygii
3336:Chondrostei
3272:Rhipidistia
3251:Lobe-finned
3201:Holocephali
3006:Osteostraci
2908:Hyperoartia
2753:Cathaymyrus
2721:Forerunners
2637:10550/85565
2346:60:103â108.
2117:11336/80921
1417:: 159â170.
1368:: 314â320.
1189:Palaeoxyris
1170:Columnaodus
1148:Gunnellodus
1022:Palaeobates
1015:Polyacrodus
959:Sphenonchus
952:Priohybodus
924:Egertonodus
870:Reticulodus
801:Hylaeobatis
674:of Colombia
643:Palaeoxyris
606:stem in an
597:Palaeoxyris
474:Palaeoxyris
379:Egertonodus
364:Description
346:Neoselachii
334:total group
270:Neoselachii
3589:Categories
3409:placoderms
3368:Ginglymodi
3302:Ray-finned
3267:Coelacanth
3112:Acanthodii
3049:Arthrodira
3034:Placoderms
3022:Jawed fish
2994:Galeaspida
2976:Thelodonti
2775:Haikouella
2766:Olfactores
2457:: 111471.
2377:: 104325.
1619:: e11362.
1199:References
1050:Khoratodus
994:Strophodus
917:Dicrenodus
904:Strophodus
863:Distobatus
844:Jiaodontus
830:Lonchidion
780:Baharyodon
747:Lonchidion
708:Fossil of
690:belemnites
654:Lonchidion
620:euryhaline
517:Strophodus
290:Cretaceous
280:and early
274:Euselachii
201:Euselachii
187:Subclass:
3467:â extinct
3322:Cladistia
3079:Rhenanida
3043:Antiarchi
2948:Conodonta
2927:Conodonts
2654:132467956
2646:0272-4634
2589:1424-2818
2573:(2): 85.
2567:Diversity
2548:0022-3360
2292:1664-2376
2268:(1): 10.
2243:1103-5897
2181:202904040
2134:129044300
2126:1726-4189
2067:129236098
2059:1867-1608
2012:0009-2541
1990:: 44â62.
1965:252136919
1957:0272-4634
1853:0077-7749
1803:0272-4634
1754:205411092
1705:140556654
1635:2167-8359
1594:130984933
1586:1473-7116
1539:0272-4634
1343:234204226
1335:2056-2799
1275:135297534
1267:1755-6910
1134:Teresodus
1106:Secarodus
1092:Pororhiza
1029:Bdellodus
1008:Roongodus
973:Crassodus
729:Roongodus
724:Famennian
694:durophagy
638:egg cases
608:estuarine
571:Teeth of
558:durophagy
493:Teeth of
469:egg cases
435:durophagy
431:enameloid
296:Etymology
278:Paleozoic
244:, are an
242:hybodonts
230:See text
224:Families
157:Kingdom:
151:Eukaryota
3498:Wikidata
3285:Lungfish
3230:Chimaera
2982:Anaspida
2781:Tunicate
2759:Lancelet
2310:34721282
2197:937-953.
1811:88591830
1746:23381874
1653:34026354
1547:86408226
1441:303-343.
1163:Lissodus
1064:Reesodus
1036:Thaiodus
987:Tribodus
877:Tribodus
822:Lissodus
815:Parvodus
808:Isanodus
736:Lissodus
720:Devonian
532:Jaws of
457:claspers
453:squalids
411:showing
358:Mesozoic
340:and the
286:Jurassic
282:Mesozoic
254:Devonian
171:Chordata
167:Phylum:
161:Animalia
147:Domain:
101:Devonian
3559:5307778
3533:4655372
3504:Q139011
3440:Related
3373:Teleost
2913:Lamprey
2903:Hagfish
2616:Bibcode
2526:Bibcode
2420:Bibcode
2379:Bibcode
2301:8549986
2270:Bibcode
2221:Bibcode
2161:Bibcode
2094:Bibcode
2039:Bibcode
1992:Bibcode
1937:Bibcode
1898:Bibcode
1781:Bibcode
1683:Bibcode
1644:8121075
1519:Bibcode
1370:Bibcode
1313:Bibcode
1247:Bibcode
931:Hybodus
897:Acrodus
681:Hybodus
616:fluvial
586:Ecology
553:Acrodus
322:Agassiz
256:to the
246:extinct
207:Order:
177:Class:
3572:218948
2736:Pikaia
2652:
2644:
2587:
2546:
2308:
2298:
2290:
2241:
2179:
2132:
2124:
2065:
2057:
2010:
1963:
1955:
1851:
1809:
1801:
1752:
1744:
1703:
1651:
1641:
1633:
1592:
1584:
1545:
1537:
1395:25-38.
1341:
1333:
1273:
1265:
326:sharks
262:sharks
3546:12130
3541:IRMNG
3392:Lists
3192:Shark
2650:S2CID
2177:S2CID
2130:S2CID
2063:S2CID
1961:S2CID
1935:(1).
1807:S2CID
1750:S2CID
1701:S2CID
1613:PeerJ
1590:S2CID
1543:S2CID
1339:S2CID
1271:S2CID
415:with
99:Late
3419:bony
3242:Bony
2706:Fish
2642:ISSN
2585:ISSN
2544:ISSN
2306:PMID
2288:ISSN
2239:ISSN
2122:ISSN
2055:ISSN
2008:ISSN
1953:ISSN
1849:ISSN
1799:ISSN
1742:PMID
1649:PMID
1631:ISSN
1582:ISSN
1535:ISSN
1331:ISSN
1263:ISSN
752:and
451:and
350:rays
306:áœÎČÏÏ
302:áœÎČÎżÏ
266:rays
264:and
38:Preê
3528:EoL
3187:Ray
2791:? (
2632:hdl
2624:doi
2575:doi
2534:doi
2495:doi
2491:214
2459:doi
2455:617
2428:doi
2416:121
2387:doi
2375:183
2296:PMC
2278:doi
2266:140
2229:doi
2217:143
2213:GFF
2169:doi
2157:130
2112:hdl
2102:doi
2047:doi
2000:doi
1988:342
1945:doi
1906:doi
1894:124
1841:doi
1837:255
1789:doi
1732:doi
1728:296
1691:doi
1639:PMC
1621:doi
1574:doi
1527:doi
1419:doi
1378:doi
1321:doi
1255:doi
1243:108
344:to
304:or
103:to
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2035:90
2033:.
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2006:.
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1986:.
1982:.
1959:.
1951:.
1943:.
1933:42
1931:.
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1835:.
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1787:.
1777:36
1775:.
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1748:.
1740:.
1726:.
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1699:.
1689:.
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88:Pg
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