Automatic transmission

947: 1015: 490:. The patent described the workings of such a transmission as "...having a series of clutches disposed intermediate the engine shaft and the differential shaft and in which the clutches are arranged to selectively engage and drive the differential shaft dependent upon the speed at which the differential shaft rotates". However, it would be over a decade later until automatic transmissions were produced in significant quantities. In the meantime, several European and British manufacturers would use 240: 43: 374: 1112: 31: 399: 305:(ATF), which is pressurized by a pump and then directed to the appropriate bands/clutches to obtain the required gear ratio. The ATF provides lubrication, corrosion prevention, and a hydraulic medium to transmit the power required to operate the transmission. Made from petroleum with various refinements and additives, ATF is one of the few parts of the automatic transmission that needs routine service as the vehicle ages. 3132: 3122: 182: 1280:-operated clutch system, with three different gear shifting modes, at the touch of a button; manual shifting and manual clutch operation (fully manual), manual shifting with automated clutch operation (semi-automatic), and automatic shifting with automatic clutch operation (fully automatic). Another early example of this transmission system was introduced in the 1955 1059:(CVT) can change seamlessly through a continuous (infinite) range of gear ratios, compared with other automatic transmissions that provide a limited number of gear ratios in fixed steps. The flexibility of a CVT with suitable control may allow the engine to operate at a constant angular velocity while the vehicle moves at varying speeds. 962:. These positions are often labelled "L" (low gear), "S" (second gear) or the number of the highest gear used in that position (eg 3, 2 or 1). If these positions are engaged at a time when it would result in excessive engine speed, many modern transmissions disregard the selector position and remain in the higher gear. 988:(also labelled "L"): Restricts the transmission to 1st gear only, also known as a "low gear". This is useful when a large torque is required at the wheels (for example, when accelerating up a steep incline); however use at higher speeds can run the engine at an excessive speed, risking overheating or damage. 276:

A hydraulic automatic transmission uses planetary gearsets instead of the manual transmission's design of gears lined up along input, output and intermediate shafts. To change gears, the hydraulic automatic uses a combination of internal clutches, friction bands or brake packs. These devices are used

167:

of course worsens with lower efficiency. Real-world tests reported in 2022 found that in typical driving manual transmissions achieved 2 to 5% better fuel economy than automatics, increasing to 20% with an expert driver. Some laboratory tests show automatics in a better light due to the tests using a

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The efficiency, power output as a percentage of input, of conventional automatic transmissions ranges from 86 to 94%. Manual transmissions are more fuel efficient than all but the newest automatic transmissions due to their inherently low parasitic losses, typically of about 4%, in addition to being

145:

In the United Kingdom, a majority of new cars have had automatic transmissions since 2020. Several manufacturers including Mercedes and Volvo no longer sell cars with manual transmissions. The growing prevalence of automatic transmissions is attributed to the increasing number of electric and hybrid

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In 1957 over 80% of new cars in the United States had automatic transmissions. Automatic transmissions have been standard in large cars since at least 1974. By 2020 only 2.4% of new cars had manual transmissions. Historically, automatic transmissions were less efficient, but lower fuel prices in the

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automobile. This transmission was built in the United Kingdom and used two epicyclic gears to provide four gear ratios. A foot clutch was used for standing starts, gear selection was using a hand lever, helical gears were used (to reduce noise) and the gears used a constant-mesh design. A planetary

507:

semi-automatic transmission, which automatically shifted between two forward gears in the "Forward" mode (or between two shorter gear ratios in the "Emergency low" mode). Driver involvement was still required during normal driving, since standing starts required the driver to use the clutch pedal.

748:

The gear selector is the input by which the driver selects the operating mode of an automatic transmission. Traditionally the gear selector is located between the two front seats or on the steering column, however electronic rotary dials and push-buttons have also been occasionally used since the

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The 1904 Sturtevant "horseless carriage gearbox" is often considered to be the first automatic transmission for motor vehicles. At higher engine speeds, high gear was engaged. As the vehicle slowed down and engine speed decreased, the gearbox would shift back to low. However, the transmission was

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on the output side (as well as other inputs, such as throttle position or the driver locking out the higher gears) to control which ratio is selected. As the vehicle and engine change speed, the difference between the pressures changes, causing different sets of valves to open and close. In more

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transmissions that began to appear on mass-production automobiles in the early 1930s and 1940s, prior to the introduction of hydraulic automatic transmissions. These systems were designed to reduce the amount of clutch or gear shifter usage required by the driver. These devices were intended to

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planetary gearsets to produce four forward speeds plus reverse. The transmission was sensitive to engine throttle position and road speed, producing fully automatic up- and down-shifting that varied according to operating conditions. Features of the Hydra-Matic included a wide spread of ratios

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which pressurises the ATF is typically a gear pump mounted between the torque converter and the planetary gear set. The input for the main pump is connected to the torque converter housing, which in turn is bolted to the engine's flexplate, so the pump provides pressure whenever the engine is

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and transmits torque in only one direction) is often used for routine gear shifts. The advantage of a sprag clutch is that it eliminates the sensitivity of timing a simultaneous clutch release/apply on two planetary gearsets, simply "taking up" the drivetrain load when actuated, and releasing

2254: 982:(also labelled "S"): Restricts the transmission to the lowest two gear ratios. In some cars, it is also used to accelerate from standstill in 2nd gear instead of 1st, for situations of reduced traction (such as snow or gravel). This function is sometimes called "winter mode", labelled "W". 137:

Globally, 43% of new cars produced in 2015 were manual transmissions, falling to 37% by 2020. Automatic transmissions have long been prevalent in the United States, but only started to become common in Europe much later. In Europe in 1997, only 10–12% of cars had automatic transmissions.

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The multitude of parts, along with the complex design of the valve body, originally made hydraulic automatic transmissions much more expensive and time-consuming to build and repair than manual transmissions; however mass-production and developments over time have reduced this cost gap.

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The friction bands are often used for manually selected gears (such as low range or reverse) and operate on the planetary drum's circumference. Bands are not applied when the drive/overdrive range is selected, the torque being transmitted by the sprag clutches instead.

1000:. "Sport" (also called "Power" or "Performance") modes cause gear shifts to occur at higher engine speeds, allowing higher acceleration. "Economy" (also called "Eco" or "Comfort") modes cause gear shifts to occur at lower engine speeds to reduce fuel consumption. 351:(ECU). Modern designs have replaced the centrifugal governor with an electronic speed sensor that is used as an input to the TCU or ECU. Modern transmissions also factor in the amount of load on an engine at any given time, which is determined from either the 485:

In 1923, a patent was approved in the United States describing the operation of a transmission where the manual shifting of gears and manual operation of a clutch was eliminated. This patent was submitted by Henry R. Hoffman from Chicago and was titled:

2262: 1240:, require no driver input over gear changes or clutch operation. Semi-automatic versions require only partial driver input (i.e., the driver must change gears manually), while fully automatic versions require no manual driver input, whatsoever ( 133:

Vehicles with internal combustion engines, unlike electric vehicles, require the engine to operate in a narrow range of rates of rotation, requiring a gearbox, operated manually or automatically, to drive the wheels over a wide range of speeds.

2448: 558:(allowing both good acceleration in first gear and cruising at low engine speed in top gear) and the fluid coupling handling only a portion of the engine's torque in the top two gears (increasing fuel economy in those gears, similar to a 893:

with the engine off at significant speeds ("coasting") can damage some automatic transmissions, since the lubrication pump is often powered by the input side of the transmission and is therefore not running when the transmission is in

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a vehicle equipped with an automatic transmission with no rear pump (aside from several automatics built prior to 1970, which also included a rear pump for towing and push-starting purposes). The pressure of the ATF is regulated by a

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was removed from the automatic transmission fluid. During the 1980s, automatic transmissions with four gear ratios became increasingly common, and many were equipped with lock-up torque convertors in order to improve fuel economy.

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prescribed shifting pattern for manuals not always optimized for economy. However, on long highway journeys manual transmissions require maintaining a very specific cruising speed to optimise economy, making automatics preferable.

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Use of the manumatic functions are typically achieved either via paddles located beside the steering column, or "+" and "-" controls on the gear selector. Some cars offer drivers both methods to request a manual gear selection.

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The most common design of automatic transmissions is the hydraulic automatic, which typically uses planetary gearsets that are operated using hydraulics. The transmission is connected to the engine via a torque converter (or a

605:, which was introduced for the 1948 model year. In normal driving, the Dynaflow used only the top gear, relying on the torque multiplication of the torque convertor at lower speeds. The Dynaflow was followed by the Packard 329:

inside the transmission is responsible for directing hydraulic pressure to the appropriate bands and clutches. It receives pressurized fluid from the main pump and consists of several spring-loaded valves, check balls, and

529:, introduced in 1939, was an optional addition to manual transmissions where a fluid coupling (similar to a torque-convertor, but without the torque multiplication) was added, to avoid the need to operate a manual clutch. 1143:

with their respective clutches contained within one housing, and working as one unit. In most car and truck applications, the DCT functions as an automatic transmission, requiring no driver input to change gears.

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position usually includes a lockout function (such as a button on the side of the gear selector or requiring that the brake pedal be pressed) which prevents the transmission from being accidentally shifted from

461:

The adoption of planetary gearsets was a significant advance towards the modern automatic transmission. One of the first transmissions to use this design was the manual transmission fitted to the 1901–1904

1228:) to automate the clutch, but still require the driver's input and full control to manually actuate gear changes by hand. Modern versions of these systems that are fully automatic in operation, such as 2452: 632:

In 1956, the General Motors Hydra-Matic (which still used a fluid coupling) was redesigned based around the use of two fluid couplings to provide smoother shifts. This transmission was called the

636:, or "Jetaway" transmission. The original Hydra-Matic remained in production until the mid-1960s at GM, with the licensed Rolls-Royce Automatic transmission soldiering on until 1978 on the 523:

shifted automatically between the two gear ratios available in the "Low" and "High" ranges and the clutch pedal was required for standing starts. It used a planetary gearset. The Chrysler

108:

The 1904 Sturtevant "horseless carriage gearbox" is often considered to be the first true automatic transmission. The first mass-produced automatic transmission is the General Motors

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By the late 1960s, most of the fluid-coupling two-speed and four-speed transmissions had disappeared in favor of three-speed units with torque converters. Also around this time,

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An early patent for the automatic transmission was granted to Canadian inventor Alfred Horner Munro of Regina in 1923. Being a steam engineer, Munro designed his device to use

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cheaper to make, lighter, better performing, and of simpler mechanical design. However, manual transmissions have the disadvantage of requiring the driver to operate the

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running. A disadvantage of this arrangement is that there is no oil pressure to operate the transmission when the engine is not running, therefore it is not possible to

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for the 1950 model year. Each of these transmissions had only two forward speeds, relying on the converter for additional torque multiplication. In the early 1950s,

889:): This position disengages the transmission from the engine, allowing the vehicle to move regardless of the engine's speed. Prolonged movement of the vehicle in 683:

began to be more commonly used to control the transmission, replacing mechanical control methods such as spring-loaded valves in the valve body. Most systems use

409: 926:): This position, required by U.S. law, provides for engine braking on steep hills. It also provides for a lower gear ratio for starting out when heavily loaded. 3156: 2413:"Automatic-shifting dual-clutch transmissions are poised to grab share from traditional transmissions thanks to their combination of efficiency and convenience" 1662: 865:

gear, so that the vehicle drives in a backwards direction. It also operates the reversing lights and on some vehicles can activate other functions including

2512: 972:: Restricts the transmission to the lowest three gear ratios. In a 4-speed automatic transmission, this is often used to prevent the car shifting into the 2613: 788:

mechanically locks the output shaft of the transmission. This prevents the driven wheels from rotating to prevent the vehicle from moving. The use of the

1474: 1260:("crash gearboxes") that were commonly used at the time, especially in stop-start driving. An early example of this transmission was introduced with the 879:

position when the vehicle is moving forward, often using a switch on the brake pedal or electronic transmission controls that monitor the vehicle speed.

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became the first mass-produced automatic transmission following its introduction in 1939 (1940 model year). Available as an option in cars such as the

117:

Automatic transmissions are also found in some heavy commercial vehicles, particularly those which are subject to intense stop/start operation such as

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ratio. In some cars, the position labelled "D" performs this function, while another position labelled "OD" or a boxed "" allows all gears to be used.

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The first automatic transmission using hydraulic fluid was developed in 1932 by two Brazilian engineers, José Braz Araripe and Fernando Lehly Lemos.

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mid-size car. This was followed by various eastern European tractors through the 1970s (using manual operation via a single clutch pedal), then the

1167:. Since the late 2000s, DCTs have become increasingly widespread, and have supplanted hydraulic automatic transmissions in various models of cars. 1029:

transmissions offer the driver greater control over the gear selection that the traditional modes to restrict the transmission to the lower gears.

2232: 199: 1565: 1448: 916:): This position is the normal mode for driving forwards. It allows the transmission to engage the full range of available forward gear ratios. 1893: 62:

used in motor vehicles that does not require any input from the driver to change forward gears under normal driving conditions. Vehicles with

1710: 1727: 946: 2735: 1798: 1199:, and automates either the clutch system, the gear shifting, or both simultaneously, requiring partial, or no driver input or involvement. 715: 1048: 843:

into other gear selector positions. Many cars also prevent the engine from being started when the selector is in any position other than

644:, a three-speed transmission which used a torque convertor. The Turbo Hydramatic was among the first to have the basic gear selections ( 562:

torque converter). Use of the Hydra-Matic spread to other General Motors brands and then to other manufacturers starting 1948 including

2681: 2851: 2638: 1424: 1042: 94: 1579: 3166: 3161: 2285: 1469: 1441: 761:. A few automobiles employed a lever on the instrument panel, such as the 1955 Chrysler Corporation cars, and notably, the Corvair. 439: 221: 2699: 2581: 2038: 617:

developed a series of three-speed torque converter automatics for car manufacturers such as American Motors, Ford and Studebaker.

2861: 2137: 1361: 2301: 2111: 1014: 2412: 1331:(TCU) for the clutch and shifting, plus steering wheel-mounted paddle shifters, if the driver wanted to change gear manually. 2808: 1377: 203: 2387: 1632: 2563: 2886: 1429: 1176: 98: 381:

To provide coupling and decoupling of the engine, a modern automatic transmission uses a torque converter instead of the

2548: 2218: 1382: 1257: 302: 2961: 1836: 1400: 1269: 1203: 997: 421: 164: 2192: 1025:

Since the 1990s, systems to manually request a specific gear or an upshift/downshift have become more common. These

2798: 1648:"Automatics for the people: less than a third of new cars can be ordered with a manual gearbox [in the UK]" 147: 63: 796:) is also recommended when parking on slopes, since this provides greater protection from the vehicle moving. The 3097: 2986: 2926: 2891: 2523: 2086: 1328: 1241: 951: 692: 344: 494:, a form of manual transmission which removed the reliance on the driver's skill to achieve smooth gear shifts. 458:

prone to sudden failure, due to the transmission being unable to withstand forces from the abrupt gear changes.

2876: 2728: 1965: 1923: 1419: 1347: 1192: 1106: 563: 122: 102: 59: 1867: 1767: 695:. This allows for more precise control of shift points, shift quality, lower shift times and manual control. 2846: 2818: 2013: 1540: 1245: 958:

Many transmissions also include positions to restrict the gear selection to the lower gears and engages the

192: 2606: 2836: 2475: 1071: 637: 583: 546: 1647: 1514: 2382: 1083: 973: 719: 707: 567: 501: 35: 2349: 2240: 2087:"The Oldsmobile automatic safety transmission operated by the short lever shown on the steering column" 601:

The first automatic transmission to use a torque converter (instead of a fluid coupling) was the Buick

718:, which debuted a year later. In 2007, the first eight-speed transmission to reach production was the 2931: 2866: 769:

Most cars use a "P–R–N–D–L" layout for the gear selector, which consists of the following positions:

750: 598:

and other UK manufacturers. During World War II, the Hydra-Matic was used in some military vehicles.

542: 335: 804:

with the air-operated parking brakes set. Some early passenger car automatics, such as the pre-1960

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pistons. In older automatic transmissions, the valves use the pump pressure and the pressure from a

2956: 2936: 2721: 1991: 1901: 1387: 1368: 1293: 1196: 1140: 723: 699: 688: 491: 348: 265: 244: 86: 3121: 239: 42: 3102: 3007: 2219:"Don't Call It Hydra-Matic: The Rolls-Royce and Bentley Automatic Gearbox < Ate up with Motor" 1320: 1296:, however, the gear ratio needs to be manually selected by the driver. This system was nicknamed 1289: 809: 711: 595: 1806: 373: 17: 2896: 2783: 2765: 2281: 1706: 1252: 82: 67: 27:

Type of motor vehicle transmission that automatically changes gear ratio as the vehicle moves

2971: 2778: 2487: 2327: 1741: 1698: 1494: 1261: 641: 368: 248: 90: 30: 2642: 2991: 2921: 1111: 621:

was late in developing its own true automatic, introducing the two-speed torque converter

479: 343:. These solenoids are computer-controlled, with the gear selection decided by a dedicated 1690: 500:

The evolution towards mass-produced automatic transmissions continued with the 1933–1935

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connected to the output shaft, which varies the pressure depending on the vehicle speed.

1695:

Cost, Effectiveness, and Deployment of Fuel Economy Technologies for Light-Duty Vehicles

3092: 2906: 2901: 2792: 2788: 2585: 1324: 1273: 1225: 959: 931: 866: 559: 550: 475: 463: 331: 257: 74:, operated manually or automatically, to drive the wheels over a wide range of speeds. 2145: 3150: 3135: 3074: 3059: 3039: 2966: 2803: 2773: 1489: 1479: 1281: 1075: 870: 629:

in 1956. The latter was the first to utilize the Simpson compound planetary gearset.

591: 571: 1607: 70:, require the engine to operate in a narrow range of rates of rotation, requiring a 3044: 2981: 2951: 2946: 2423: 1484: 1288:

transmission. This semi-automatic transmission used an automated clutch, which was

1153: 993: 992:

Many modern transmissions include modes to adjust the shift logic to prefer either

785: 468: 281: 1580:"Gears Magazine - Automatic Trends in Europe: Automatic Transmissions on the Rise" 1251:

Modern automated manual transmissions (AMT) have their roots and origins in older

2549:"Manual vs Automatic Transmission: A Shift to Know About | RepairSmith Blog" 2374: 471:, which was fitted with a two-speed manual transmission (without helical gears). 3125: 3049: 3022: 3017: 2881: 2871: 2831: 1159: 1094: 821: 680: 626: 575: 538: 525: 277:

to lock certain gears, thus setting which gear ratio is in use at a given time.

181: 1346:, have now been largely superseded and replaced by the increasingly widespread 1047: 875:

Some modern transmissions have a mechanism that will prevent shifting into the

800:

position is omitted on buses/coaches/tractors, which must instead be placed in

251:

on the left, planetary gearsets in the centre, control mechanisms at the bottom

3107: 3069: 2911: 2744: 2167: 2064: 1593: 1342: 1236: 1217: 1189: 1136: 1090: 1079: 789: 743: 622: 614: 610: 606: 554: 509: 314: 110: 2476:"Research on Accurate Engagement Control of Electrohydraulic Clutch Actuator" 289:

automatically when the next gear's sprag clutch assumes the torque transfer.

3064: 3054: 2976: 2941: 1414: 1336: 1230: 1208: 1009: 673: 340: 285: 1844: 1728:"Have automatic transmissions dethroned manuals as the fuel-economy kings?" 1608:"The Stick Shift Index: Do People Still Drive Stick Shift Cars in America?" 832:

position until the adoption of the Controlled Coupling Hydra-Matic in 1956.

820:

and required the driver to apply a parking brake when parked. The original

1272:, based on the design of a conventional manual transmission, which used a 780:): This position disengages the transmission from the engine (as with the 749:

1980s, as well as push buttons having been used in the 1950s and 1960s by

2856: 2491: 1221: 1163:

racing car in 1985. The first DCT of the modern era was used in the 2003

805: 758: 731: 684: 618: 602: 352: 1308: 1067: 587: 206: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 71: 3027: 2841: 1953:. 16 April 1904. pp. 463–468, also pp. 492–496, and pp. 519–521. 1277: 1213: 1132: 1019: 664:) which became the standard gear selection used for several decades. 579: 382: 261: 160: 851:(often in combination with requiring the brake pedal to be pressed). 301:

The aforementioned friction bands and clutches are controlled using

1702: 3012: 2916: 1110: 1046: 1013: 945: 754: 372: 238: 41: 29: 1697:. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press. 28 September 2015. 1195:

that is closely based on the mechanical design of a conventional

722:. The first nine-speed and ten-speed transmissions were the 2013 590:

licensing production in the UK and providing the transmission to

482:, and so it lacked power and never found commercial application. 146:

cars, and the ease of integrating it with safety systems such as

3034: 1248:

operates both the clutch system and gear shifts automatically).

2717: 2755: 1304: 1063: 703: 392: 175: 118: 114:

four-speed hydraulic automatic, which was introduced in 1939.

2713: 408:

deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a

339:

recent automatic transmissions, the valves are controlled by

1089:

The most common type of CVT uses two pulleys connected by a

2375:"Powertrain — transmissions: Shift in power to the gearbox" 640:. In 1964, General Motors released a new transmission, the 1633:"Why Are Automatic Cars So Popular in the United States?" 2302:"Standard No. 102; Transmission shift position sequence" 347:(TCU) or sometimes this function is integrated into the 1220:— and use different forms of actuation (usually via an 417: 1097:, however, several other designs have also been used. 824:

from GM instead engaged a parking pawl when placed in

77:

The most common type of automatic transmission is the

78: 938:

as the bottom position (e.g. N–D–L–R or P–N–D–L–R).

3085: 3000: 2817: 2764: 965:In descending order of the highest gear available: 668:

1965–present: increased ratio count and electronics

46:

Typical gear selector for an automatic transmission

1663:"U.K. Motorists Shift Gears to Automatic Vehicles" 453:1904–1939: Predecessors to the hydraulic automatic 355:position or the amount of intake manifold vacuum. 1202:Earlier versions of these transmissions that are 93:. Other types of automatic transmissions include 2193:"Video: An Introduction to Chrysler Fluid Drive" 1256:reduce the difficulty of operating conventional 2612:. Detroit, Michigan: Hudson Motor Car Company. 2280:. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Education. 1566:"Transmission type market share worldwide 2025" 1319:transmissions, respectively. Both systems used 142:US made this less of a problem than in Europe. 1924:"The Pros and Cons of Automatic Transmissions" 1768:"What Makes Automatic Transmissions Automatic" 1151:automatic transmission introduced on the 1961 1139:. The design is often similar to two separate 706:models. The first six-speed automatic was the 2729: 2386:. UnofficialBMW.com. September–October 2003. 2039:"6 of the worst automatic transmissions ever" 1894:"The American Automobile 1861-1929 Chapter 2" 1868:"This is how an automatic transmission works" 1449: 406:The examples and perspective in this section 8: 2639:"1950 Hudson Commodore | HowStuffWorks" 930:Some automatic transmissions, especially by 873:and reversing beepers (to warn pedestrians). 828:with the engine off, thus dispensing with a 2682:"FERRARI LAUNCHES F1-STYLE GEARBOX ON F355" 1837:"A short course on automatic transmissions" 816:feature at all. These cars were started in 2736: 2722: 2714: 2564:"How Does an Automatic Transmission Work?" 1774:. Hearst Magazines: 169–173. February 1955 1560: 1558: 1515:"Automatic Transmissions- A Brief History" 1475:Category:Automatic transmission tradenames 1456: 1442: 1357: 1147:The first DCT to reach production was the 1051:Operating principle for a pulley-based CVT 714:. The first seven-speed automatic was the 424:, or create a new section, as appropriate. 2607:"Hudson Drive-Master Service Information" 2562:Research, Hearst Autos (April 13, 2020). 2422:. DCTfacts.com. June 2009. Archived from 1303:The first modern AMTs were introduced by 950:Push-button gear selector in a 2010–2014 744:Gear stick § Automatic transmission 440:Learn how and when to remove this message 222:Learn how and when to remove this message 2474:Yulong, Lei; Hua, Tian (11 April 2005). 2112:"No clutch to press! No gears to shift!" 1830: 1828: 1826: 1824: 1534: 1532: 1037:Continuously variable transmission (CVT) 1018:Paddle shifter (labelled "+") in a 2013 2700:"MAGNETI MARELLI: TRANSMISSION FROM F1" 1793: 1791: 1789: 1539:Hearst Autos Research (13 April 2020). 1506: 1395: 1367: 1360: 698:The first five-speed automatic was the 163:and change the gear whenever required. 2278:Automatic transmissions and transaxles 1685: 1683: 934:from 1940 to 1964, used a layout with 488:Automatic Gear Shift and Speed Control 1964:Government of Canada (15 June 2015). 1594:"Timeline of the Automobile Industry" 1334:Modern fully automatic AMTs, such as 533:1939–1964: Early hydraulic automatics 7: 3157:Automotive transmission technologies 1992:"Who Invented the Automatic Gearbox" 716:Mercedes-Benz 7G-Tronic transmission 260:prior to the 1960s), instead of the 204:adding citations to reliable sources 1646:Griffiths, Hugo (19 October 2022). 1258:unsynchronised manual transmissions 1182:Automated manual transmission (AMT) 1171:Automated manual transmission (AMT) 687:which are controlled by either the 95:continuously variable transmissions 2852:Continuously variable transmission 2582:"1942 Hudson | HowStuffWorks" 2168:"The Fluid Drive torque converter" 1949:"The Wilson-Pilcher Petrol Cars". 1742:"How Automatic Transmissions Work" 1057:continuously variable transmission 1043:Continuously variable transmission 515:. Similar in operation to the REO 467:gearset was also used in the 1908 25: 2393:from the original on 17 July 2011 2348:Kenzie, Jim (November 12, 2016). 2014:"Top 10 All-Time Auto Inventions" 1470:Category:Automobile transmissions 1123:(DCT, sometimes referred to as a 508:This was followed in 1937 by the 284:(a ratchet-like device which can 3131: 3130: 3120: 1898:www.earlyamericanautomobiles.com 1661:Grose, Thomas K. (9 June 2021). 1551:from the original on 2020-04-17. 1525:from the original on 2020-04-18. 898:. The vehicle may be started in 397: 180: 172:Hydraulic automatic transmission 18:Hydraulic automatic transmission 2619:from the original on 2016-03-19 634:Controlled Coupling Hydra-Matic 385:used in a manual transmission. 377:Torque converter – cutaway view 272:Gearsets and shifting mechanism 191:needs additional citations for 2482:. SAE Technical Paper Series. 2449:"Porsche Doppelkupplung (PDK)" 2144:. 20 June 2007. Archived from 1990:Warwick, Alan (9 April 2013). 1101:Dual-clutch transmission (DCT) 702:, debuting in 1991 on various 609:in mid-1949 and the Chevrolet 99:automated manual transmissions 1: 2887:Automated manual transmission 2451:. Porsche.com. Archived from 1184:, sometimes referred to as a 1177:Automated manual transmission 625:in 1953, and the three-speed 549:, the Hydra-Matic combined a 521:Automatic Safety Transmission 513:Automatic Safety Transmission 83:planetary (epicyclic) gearset 2237:www.machinerylubrication.com 1970:www.brevets-patents.ic.gc.ca 1843:. JC Whitney. Archived from 1726:Tamayo, Niky (30 May 2022). 1667:U.S. News & World Report 710:, which debuted in the 2002 303:automatic transmission fluid 148:Autonomous Emergency Braking 2962:Semi-automatic transmission 2350:"PRNDL — why mess with it?" 2306:Code of Federal Regulations 2197:www.macsmotorcitygarage.com 1541:"What is an Automatic Car?" 1292:. Gear selection also used 1270:semi-automatic transmission 1188:, is a type of multi-speed 420:, discuss the issue on the 64:internal combustion engines 3183: 2799:Internal combustion engine 2138:"How Oldsmobile Cars Work" 1994:. North West Transmissions 1966:"Canadian Patent Database" 1174: 1129:double-clutch transmission 1104: 1040: 1007: 741: 366: 3116: 3098:Hybrid vehicle drivetrain 2987:Transmission control unit 2927:Limited-slip differential 2892:Electrorheological clutch 2751: 1329:transmission control unit 1290:actuated using hydraulics 1268:. This unit was an early 952:Mitsubishi Fuso Aero Star 942:Other positions and modes 861:): This position engages 720:Toyota AA80E transmission 693:transmission control unit 345:transmission control unit 123:waste collection vehicles 103:dual-clutch transmissions 3167:Mechanical power control 3162:Automobile transmissions 2877:Dual-clutch transmission 2513:"Transmission Actuation" 1362:Automotive transmissions 1348:dual-clutch transmission 1125:twin-clutch transmission 1121:dual-clutch transmission 1107:Dual-clutch transmission 757:, and most famously, by 582:(Australia), as well as 555:hydraulically controlled 2847:Constant-velocity joint 2276:Thomas W Birch (2012). 1799:"How does the AT work?" 1284:, which used a 4-speed 728:Toyota Direct Shift-10A 54:(sometimes abbreviated 34:Cutaway view of a 2007 2827:Automatic transmission 2704:Automotive News Europe 2686:Automotive News Europe 2520:www.fte-automotive.com 1730:. Topgear Philippines. 1206:in operation, such as 1116: 1052: 1022: 955: 638:Rolls-Royce Phantom VI 547:Cadillac Sixty Special 378: 252: 52:automatic transmission 47: 39: 2330:. Merriam-webster.com 2255:"U.S. Patent 5370589" 2243:on 27 September 2007. 2142:www.howstuffworks.com 1951:The Automotor Journal 1928:www.stevesimports.com 1746:www.howstuffworks.com 1425:Continuously variable 1114: 1084:earthmoving equipment 1050: 1017: 949: 708:ZF 6HP26 transmission 700:ZF 5HP18 transmission 502:REO Motor Car Company 492:preselector gearboxes 376: 242: 45: 33: 2932:Locking differential 2867:Direct-shift gearbox 2668:magazine.ferrari.com 2492:10.4271/2005-01-1787 2308:. Title 49 § 571.102 2148:on 20 September 2020 1325:electrical solenoids 1311:in 1997, with their 1141:manual transmissions 1131:) uses two separate 751:Rambler (automobile) 543:Oldsmobile Series 60 418:improve this section 336:centrifugal governor 266:manual transmissions 200:improve this article 2957:Preselector gearbox 2937:Manual transmission 2259:www.patft.uspto.gov 2221:. 4 September 2022. 2065:"How Reo Cars Work" 1930:. 30 September 2019 1904:on 22 February 2020 1327:, and a designated 1321:hydraulic actuators 1212:, control only the 1197:manual transmission 1193:transmission system 1165:Volkswagen Golf R32 812:, did not have the 765:P–R–N–D–L positions 724:ZF 9HP transmission 689:engine control unit 537:The General Motors 349:engine control unit 245:ZF 8HP transmission 79:hydraulic automatic 58:) is a multi-speed 38:hydraulic automatic 3103:Electric generator 3008:Wheel hub assembly 2529:on 3 November 2022 2455:on 5 December 2008 1748:. 29 November 2000 1691:"5: Transmissions" 1635:. 4 November 2022. 1519:AutoServiceExperts 1117: 1115:Schematic of a DCT 1053: 1023: 956: 810:Corvair Powerglide 712:BMW 7 Series (E65) 596:Armstrong Siddeley 379: 297:Hydraulic controls 253: 243:Cutaway view of a 87:hydraulic controls 48: 40: 3144: 3143: 2897:Epicyclic gearing 2766:Automotive engine 2688:. August 4, 1997. 2429:on 7 October 2011 2199:. 24 October 2017 1847:on 6 October 2014 1809:on 6 October 2014 1803:AW North Carolina 1772:Popular Mechanics 1712:978-0-309-37388-3 1466: 1465: 1253:clutchless manual 1186:clutchless manual 1135:for odd and even 1062:CVTs are used in 784:position), and a 450: 449: 442: 232: 231: 224: 68:electric vehicles 16:(Redirected from 3174: 3134: 3133: 3124: 3001:Wheels and tires 2972:Torque converter 2738: 2731: 2724: 2715: 2708: 2707: 2696: 2690: 2689: 2678: 2672: 2671: 2660: 2654: 2653: 2651: 2650: 2641:. Archived from 2635: 2629: 2628: 2626: 2624: 2618: 2611: 2603: 2597: 2596: 2594: 2593: 2584:. Archived from 2578: 2572: 2571: 2559: 2553: 2552: 2545: 2539: 2538: 2536: 2534: 2528: 2522:. Archived from 2517: 2509: 2503: 2502: 2500: 2498: 2471: 2465: 2464: 2462: 2460: 2445: 2439: 2438: 2436: 2434: 2428: 2417: 2409: 2403: 2402: 2400: 2398: 2392: 2379: 2371: 2365: 2364: 2362: 2360: 2345: 2339: 2338: 2336: 2335: 2324: 2318: 2317: 2315: 2313: 2298: 2292: 2291: 2273: 2267: 2266: 2261:. Archived from 2251: 2245: 2244: 2239:. Archived from 2229: 2223: 2222: 2215: 2209: 2208: 2206: 2204: 2189: 2183: 2182: 2180: 2178: 2164: 2158: 2157: 2155: 2153: 2134: 2128: 2127: 2125: 2123: 2118:. 18 August 1997 2116:www.autonews.com 2108: 2102: 2101: 2099: 2097: 2083: 2077: 2076: 2074: 2072: 2061: 2055: 2054: 2052: 2050: 2035: 2029: 2028: 2026: 2025: 2018:Inventors Digest 2010: 2004: 2003: 2001: 1999: 1987: 1981: 1980: 1978: 1976: 1961: 1955: 1954: 1946: 1940: 1939: 1937: 1935: 1920: 1914: 1913: 1911: 1909: 1900:. Archived from 1890: 1884: 1883: 1881: 1879: 1863: 1857: 1856: 1854: 1852: 1835:Ofria, Charles. 1832: 1819: 1818: 1816: 1814: 1805:. Archived from 1795: 1784: 1783: 1781: 1779: 1764: 1758: 1757: 1755: 1753: 1738: 1732: 1731: 1723: 1717: 1716: 1687: 1678: 1677: 1675: 1673: 1658: 1652: 1651: 1643: 1637: 1636: 1629: 1623: 1622: 1620: 1618: 1604: 1598: 1597: 1590: 1584: 1583: 1576: 1570: 1569: 1562: 1553: 1552: 1536: 1527: 1526: 1511: 1495:Torque converter 1458: 1451: 1444: 1430:Automated manual 1358: 1264:in 1942, called 1262:Hudson Commodore 734:) respectively. 691:, or a separate 642:Turbo Hydramatic 445: 438: 434: 431: 425: 401: 400: 393: 369:Torque converter 363:Torque converter 249:torque converter 227: 220: 216: 213: 207: 184: 176: 91:torque converter 21: 3182: 3181: 3177: 3176: 3175: 3173: 3172: 3171: 3147: 3146: 3145: 3140: 3112: 3081: 2996: 2992:Universal joint 2922:Hotchkiss drive 2813: 2760: 2747: 2742: 2712: 2711: 2706:. June 9, 1997. 2698: 2697: 2693: 2680: 2679: 2675: 2662: 2661: 2657: 2648: 2646: 2637: 2636: 2632: 2622: 2620: 2616: 2609: 2605: 2604: 2600: 2591: 2589: 2580: 2579: 2575: 2561: 2560: 2556: 2547: 2546: 2542: 2532: 2530: 2526: 2515: 2511: 2510: 2506: 2496: 2494: 2473: 2472: 2468: 2458: 2456: 2447: 2446: 2442: 2432: 2430: 2426: 2415: 2411: 2410: 2406: 2396: 2394: 2390: 2377: 2373: 2372: 2368: 2358: 2356: 2347: 2346: 2342: 2333: 2331: 2326: 2325: 2321: 2311: 2309: 2300: 2299: 2295: 2288: 2275: 2274: 2270: 2265:on 14 May 2013. 2253: 2252: 2248: 2233:"Almost Burned" 2231: 2230: 2226: 2217: 2216: 2212: 2202: 2200: 2191: 2190: 2186: 2176: 2174: 2166: 2165: 2161: 2151: 2149: 2136: 2135: 2131: 2121: 2119: 2110: 2109: 2105: 2095: 2093: 2085: 2084: 2080: 2070: 2068: 2063: 2062: 2058: 2048: 2046: 2045:. 8 August 2019 2043:www.hagerty.com 2037: 2036: 2032: 2023: 2021: 2012: 2011: 2007: 1997: 1995: 1989: 1988: 1984: 1974: 1972: 1963: 1962: 1958: 1948: 1947: 1943: 1933: 1931: 1922: 1921: 1917: 1907: 1905: 1892: 1891: 1887: 1877: 1875: 1865: 1864: 1860: 1850: 1848: 1834: 1833: 1822: 1812: 1810: 1797: 1796: 1787: 1777: 1775: 1766: 1765: 1761: 1751: 1749: 1740: 1739: 1735: 1725: 1724: 1720: 1713: 1689: 1688: 1681: 1671: 1669: 1660: 1659: 1655: 1645: 1644: 1640: 1631: 1630: 1626: 1616: 1614: 1606: 1605: 1601: 1592: 1591: 1587: 1578: 1577: 1573: 1564: 1563: 1556: 1538: 1537: 1530: 1513: 1512: 1508: 1503: 1462: 1383:Non-synchronous 1356: 1179: 1173: 1109: 1103: 1045: 1039: 1012: 1006: 1004:Manual controls 944: 874: 867:parking sensors 833: 767: 746: 740: 670: 535: 480:hydraulic fluid 455: 446: 435: 429: 426: 415: 402: 398: 391: 383:friction clutch 371: 365: 299: 274: 262:friction clutch 237: 228: 217: 211: 208: 197: 185: 174: 156: 131: 81:, which uses a 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3180: 3178: 3170: 3169: 3164: 3159: 3149: 3148: 3142: 3141: 3139: 3138: 3128: 3117: 3114: 3113: 3111: 3110: 3105: 3100: 3095: 3093:Electric motor 3089: 3087: 3083: 3082: 3080: 3079: 3078: 3077: 3072: 3067: 3062: 3057: 3052: 3047: 3042: 3032: 3031: 3030: 3025: 3020: 3010: 3004: 3002: 2998: 2997: 2995: 2994: 2989: 2984: 2979: 2974: 2969: 2964: 2959: 2954: 2949: 2944: 2939: 2934: 2929: 2924: 2919: 2914: 2909: 2907:Friction drive 2904: 2902:Fluid coupling 2899: 2894: 2889: 2884: 2879: 2874: 2869: 2864: 2859: 2854: 2849: 2844: 2839: 2834: 2829: 2823: 2821: 2815: 2814: 2812: 2811: 2806: 2801: 2796: 2793:Plug-in hybrid 2786: 2781: 2776: 2770: 2768: 2762: 2761: 2752: 2749: 2748: 2743: 2741: 2740: 2733: 2726: 2718: 2710: 2709: 2691: 2673: 2655: 2630: 2598: 2573: 2568:Car and Driver 2554: 2551:. May 6, 2020. 2540: 2504: 2466: 2440: 2420:AEI-online.org 2404: 2366: 2340: 2328:"Reverse Gear" 2319: 2293: 2286: 2268: 2246: 2224: 2210: 2184: 2172:www.allpar.com 2159: 2129: 2103: 2078: 2067:. 15 June 2007 2056: 2030: 2005: 1982: 1956: 1941: 1915: 1885: 1874:. Gawker Media 1866:Tracy, David. 1858: 1820: 1785: 1759: 1733: 1718: 1711: 1703:10.17226/21744 1679: 1653: 1638: 1624: 1599: 1585: 1571: 1554: 1545:Car and Driver 1528: 1505: 1504: 1502: 1499: 1498: 1497: 1492: 1487: 1482: 1477: 1472: 1464: 1463: 1461: 1460: 1453: 1446: 1438: 1435: 1434: 1433: 1432: 1427: 1422: 1417: 1412: 1404: 1403: 1401:Semi-automatic 1393: 1392: 1391: 1390: 1385: 1380: 1372: 1371: 1365: 1364: 1355: 1352: 1204:semi-automatic 1175:Main article: 1172: 1169: 1105:Main article: 1102: 1099: 1076:motor scooters 1041:Main article: 1038: 1035: 1008:Main article: 1005: 1002: 990: 989: 983: 977: 943: 940: 932:General Motors 928: 927: 917: 907: 880: 871:backup cameras 852: 766: 763: 742:Main article: 739: 738:Gear selectors 736: 669: 666: 551:fluid coupling 534: 531: 476:compressed air 464:Wilson-Pilcher 454: 451: 448: 447: 412:of the subject 410:worldwide view 405: 403: 396: 390: 387: 367:Main article: 364: 361: 298: 295: 273: 270: 258:fluid coupling 236: 233: 230: 229: 188: 186: 179: 173: 170: 155: 152: 130: 127: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3179: 3168: 3165: 3163: 3160: 3158: 3155: 3154: 3152: 3137: 3129: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3118: 3115: 3109: 3106: 3104: 3101: 3099: 3096: 3094: 3091: 3090: 3088: 3084: 3076: 3073: 3071: 3068: 3066: 3063: 3061: 3058: 3056: 3053: 3051: 3048: 3046: 3043: 3041: 3038: 3037: 3036: 3033: 3029: 3026: 3024: 3021: 3019: 3016: 3015: 3014: 3011: 3009: 3006: 3005: 3003: 2999: 2993: 2990: 2988: 2985: 2983: 2980: 2978: 2975: 2973: 2970: 2968: 2967:Shift-by-wire 2965: 2963: 2960: 2958: 2955: 2953: 2950: 2948: 2945: 2943: 2940: 2938: 2935: 2933: 2930: 2928: 2925: 2923: 2920: 2918: 2915: 2913: 2910: 2908: 2905: 2903: 2900: 2898: 2895: 2893: 2890: 2888: 2885: 2883: 2880: 2878: 2875: 2873: 2870: 2868: 2865: 2863: 2860: 2858: 2855: 2853: 2850: 2848: 2845: 2843: 2840: 2838: 2835: 2833: 2830: 2828: 2825: 2824: 2822: 2820: 2816: 2810: 2807: 2805: 2804:Petrol engine 2802: 2800: 2797: 2794: 2790: 2787: 2785: 2782: 2780: 2777: 2775: 2774:Diesel engine 2772: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2757: 2750: 2746: 2739: 2734: 2732: 2727: 2725: 2720: 2719: 2716: 2705: 2701: 2695: 2692: 2687: 2683: 2677: 2674: 2669: 2665: 2659: 2656: 2645:on 2020-10-23 2644: 2640: 2634: 2631: 2615: 2608: 2602: 2599: 2588:on 2020-08-12 2587: 2583: 2577: 2574: 2569: 2565: 2558: 2555: 2550: 2544: 2541: 2525: 2521: 2514: 2508: 2505: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2470: 2467: 2454: 2450: 2444: 2441: 2425: 2421: 2414: 2408: 2405: 2389: 2385: 2384: 2376: 2370: 2367: 2355: 2351: 2344: 2341: 2329: 2323: 2320: 2307: 2303: 2297: 2294: 2289: 2287:9780132622271 2283: 2279: 2272: 2269: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2250: 2247: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2228: 2225: 2220: 2214: 2211: 2198: 2194: 2188: 2185: 2173: 2169: 2163: 2160: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2133: 2130: 2117: 2113: 2107: 2104: 2092: 2088: 2082: 2079: 2066: 2060: 2057: 2044: 2040: 2034: 2031: 2019: 2015: 2009: 2006: 1993: 1986: 1983: 1971: 1967: 1960: 1957: 1952: 1945: 1942: 1929: 1925: 1919: 1916: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1889: 1886: 1873: 1869: 1862: 1859: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1831: 1829: 1827: 1825: 1821: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1794: 1792: 1790: 1786: 1773: 1769: 1763: 1760: 1747: 1743: 1737: 1734: 1729: 1722: 1719: 1714: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1686: 1684: 1680: 1668: 1664: 1657: 1654: 1649: 1642: 1639: 1634: 1628: 1625: 1613: 1609: 1603: 1600: 1595: 1589: 1586: 1581: 1575: 1572: 1567: 1561: 1559: 1555: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1535: 1533: 1529: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1510: 1507: 1500: 1496: 1493: 1491: 1490:Shift by wire 1488: 1486: 1483: 1481: 1480:Motor vehicle 1478: 1476: 1473: 1471: 1468: 1467: 1459: 1454: 1452: 1447: 1445: 1440: 1439: 1437: 1436: 1431: 1428: 1426: 1423: 1421: 1418: 1416: 1413: 1411: 1408: 1407: 1406: 1405: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1389: 1386: 1384: 1381: 1379: 1376: 1375: 1374: 1373: 1370: 1366: 1363: 1359: 1353: 1351: 1349: 1345: 1344: 1339: 1338: 1332: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1301: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1254: 1249: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1238: 1233: 1232: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1218:automatically 1215: 1211: 1210: 1205: 1200: 1198: 1194: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1178: 1170: 1168: 1166: 1162: 1161: 1160:Porsche 962 C 1156: 1155: 1150: 1145: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1113: 1108: 1100: 1098: 1096: 1092: 1087: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1060: 1058: 1049: 1044: 1036: 1034: 1030: 1028: 1021: 1016: 1011: 1003: 1001: 999: 995: 987: 984: 981: 978: 975: 971: 968: 967: 966: 963: 961: 953: 948: 941: 939: 937: 933: 925: 921: 918: 915: 911: 908: 905: 901: 897: 892: 888: 884: 881: 878: 872: 868: 864: 860: 856: 853: 850: 846: 842: 837: 831: 827: 823: 819: 815: 811: 808:cars and the 807: 803: 799: 795: 794:parking brake 791: 787: 783: 779: 775: 772: 771: 770: 764: 762: 760: 756: 752: 745: 737: 735: 733: 730:(used in the 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 696: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 675: 667: 665: 663: 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 639: 635: 630: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 599: 597: 593: 592:Jensen Motors 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 561: 556: 552: 548: 544: 540: 532: 530: 528: 527: 522: 518: 514: 511: 506: 503: 498: 495: 493: 489: 483: 481: 477: 472: 470: 465: 459: 452: 444: 441: 433: 430:November 2020 423: 419: 413: 411: 404: 395: 394: 388: 386: 384: 375: 370: 362: 360: 356: 354: 350: 346: 342: 337: 333: 328: 323: 321: 316: 311: 306: 304: 296: 294: 290: 287: 283: 278: 271: 269: 267: 264:used by most 263: 259: 250: 246: 241: 234: 226: 223: 215: 205: 201: 195: 194: 189:This section 187: 183: 178: 177: 171: 169: 166: 162: 153: 151: 149: 143: 139: 135: 128: 126: 124: 120: 115: 113: 112: 106: 104: 100: 96: 92: 88: 84: 80: 75: 73: 69: 65: 61: 57: 53: 44: 37: 32: 19: 3045:Racing slick 2982:Transfer box 2952:Park-by-wire 2947:Parking pawl 2862:Differential 2837:Direct-drive 2826: 2819:Transmission 2809:Steam engine 2754:Part of the 2753: 2703: 2694: 2685: 2676: 2667: 2664:"Gearing Up" 2658: 2647:. 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Retrieved 1611: 1602: 1588: 1574: 1544: 1518: 1509: 1485:Park by wire 1409: 1396: 1341: 1335: 1333: 1316: 1312: 1302: 1300:in the U.S. 1297: 1285: 1276:-controlled 1266:Drive-Master 1265: 1250: 1235: 1229: 1207: 1201: 1185: 1181: 1180: 1164: 1158: 1154:Hillman Minx 1152: 1148: 1146: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1118: 1088: 1061: 1056: 1054: 1031: 1026: 1024: 998:fuel economy 991: 985: 979: 969: 964: 960:engine brake 957: 935: 929: 923: 919: 913: 909: 903: 899: 895: 890: 886: 882: 876: 862: 858: 854: 848: 844: 840: 835: 829: 825: 817: 813: 801: 797: 793: 786:parking pawl 781: 777: 773: 768: 747: 727: 697: 679: 671: 661: 657: 653: 649: 645: 633: 631: 600: 536: 524: 520: 517:Self-Shifter 516: 512: 505:Self-Shifter 504: 499: 496: 487: 484: 478:rather than 473: 469:Ford Model T 460: 456: 436: 427: 407: 380: 357: 326: 324: 319: 309: 307: 300: 291: 282:sprag clutch 279: 275: 254: 218: 209: 198:Please help 193:verification 190: 165:Fuel economy 157: 144: 140: 136: 132: 116: 109: 107: 76: 60:transmission 55: 51: 49: 36:Toyota AA80E 3023:Alloy wheel 2882:Drive wheel 2872:Drive shaft 2832:Chain drive 2480:www.sae.org 1975:22 November 1778:22 November 1752:22 November 1420:Dual-clutch 1388:Preselector 1298:Citro-Matic 1080:snowmobiles 902:as well as 822:Hydra-Matic 681:Electronics 627:TorqueFlite 584:Rolls-Royce 553:with three 539:Hydra-Matic 526:Fluid Drive 101:(AMT), and 3151:Categories 3108:Alternator 2756:Automobile 2745:Powertrain 2649:2020-11-25 2592:2020-11-25 2459:31 October 2433:31 October 2397:31 October 2359:August 16, 2334:2018-06-24 2312:August 16, 2203:3 November 2177:3 November 2071:24 October 2024:2021-03-29 1998:11 October 1934:1 November 1908:1 November 1501:References 1378:Sequential 1343:Easytronic 1294:hydraulics 1282:Citroën DS 1237:Easytronic 1190:automobile 790:hand brake 623:PowerFlite 615:BorgWarner 611:Powerglide 607:Ultramatic 510:Oldsmobile 327:valve body 315:push start 154:Efficiency 129:Prevalence 111:Hydramatic 2977:Transaxle 2942:Manumatic 2912:Gearshift 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