668:
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consist of increasing temperature to accelerate destabilisation (below critical temperatures of phase inversion or chemical degradation). Temperature affects not only viscosity, but also interfacial tension in the case of non-ionic surfactants or more generally interactions forces inside the system. Storing a dispersion at high temperatures enables to simulate real life conditions for a product (e.g. tube of sunscreen cream in a car in the summer), but also to accelerate destabilisation processes up to 200 times. Mechanical acceleration including vibration,
1238:
1392:: This is due to interaction between two dipoles that are either permanent or induced. Even if the particles do not have a permanent dipole, fluctuations of the electron density gives rise to a temporary dipole in a particle. This temporary dipole induces a dipole in particles nearby. The temporary dipole and the induced dipoles are then attracted to each other. This is known as van der Waals force, and is always present (unless the refractive indexes of the dispersed and continuous phases are matched), is short-range, and is attractive.
2023:
1303:, personal care and industrial applications, they can provide stabilization, destabilization and separation, gelation, flow control, crystallization control and numerous other effects. Apart from uses of the soluble forms some of the hydrocolloids have additional useful functionality in a dry form if after solubilization they have the water removed - as in the formation of films for breath strips or sausage casings or indeed, wound dressing fibers, some being more compatible with
2111:, is based on measuring the fraction of light that, after being sent through the sample, it backscattered by the colloidal particles. The backscattering intensity is directly proportional to the average particle size and volume fraction of the dispersed phase. Therefore, local changes in concentration caused by sedimentation or creaming, and clumping together of particles caused by aggregation, are detected and monitored. These phenomena are associated with unstable colloids.
1151:
1976:. While these terms are often used interchangeably, for some definitions they have slightly different meanings. For example, coagulation can be used to describe irreversible, permanent aggregation where the forces holding the particles together are stronger than any external forces caused by stirring or mixing. Flocculation can be used to describe reversible aggregation involving weaker attractive forces, and the aggregate is usually called a
55:
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2055:(the width of the electrical double layer) of the particles. It is also accomplished by changing the pH of a suspension to effectively neutralise the surface charge of the particles in suspension. This removes the repulsive forces that keep colloidal particles separate and allows for aggregation due to van der Waals forces. Minor changes in pH can manifest in significant alteration to the
1414:
1127:
1139:
1295:. Thus becoming effectively "soluble" they change the rheology of water by raising the viscosity and/or inducing gelation. They may provide other interactive effects with other chemicals, in some cases synergistic, in others antagonistic. Using these attributes hydrocolloids are very useful chemicals since in many areas of technology from
1980:. The term precipitation is normally reserved for describing a phase change from a colloid dispersion to a solid (precipitate) when it is subjected to a perturbation. Aggregation causes sedimentation or creaming, therefore the colloid is unstable: if either of these processes occur the colloid will no longer be a suspension.
2118:
the particles. If the apparent size of the particles increases due to them clumping together via aggregation, it will result in slower
Brownian motion. This technique can confirm that aggregation has occurred if the apparent particle size is determined to be beyond the typical size range for colloidal particles.
1307:
than others. There are many different types of hydrocolloids each with differences in structure function and utility that generally are best suited to particular application areas in the control of rheology and the physical modification of form and texture. Some hydrocolloids like starch and casein
2074:
Unstable colloidal suspensions of low-volume fraction form clustered liquid suspensions, wherein individual clusters of particles sediment if they are more dense than the suspension medium, or cream if they are less dense. However, colloidal suspensions of higher-volume fraction form colloidal gels
2126:
The kinetic process of destabilisation can be rather long (up to several months or years for some products). Thus, it is often required for the formulator to use further accelerating methods to reach reasonable development time for new product design. Thermal methods are the most commonly used and
2117:
can be used to detect the size of a colloidal particle by measuring how fast they diffuse. This method involves directing laser light towards a colloid. The scattered light will form an interference pattern, and the fluctuation in light intensity in this pattern is caused by the
Brownian motion of
1364:
dissolves, and the Na and Cl ions are surrounded by water molecules. However, in a colloid such as milk, the colloidal particles are globules of fat, rather than individual fat molecules. Because colloid is multiple phases, it has very different properties compared to fully mixed, continuous
2030:
A method called gel network stabilization represents the principal way to produce colloids stable to both aggregation and sedimentation. The method consists in adding to the colloidal suspension a polymer able to form a gel network. Particle settling is hindered by the stiffness of the polymeric
2014:
Steric stabilization consists absorbing a layer of a polymer or surfactant on the particles to prevent them from getting close in the range of attractive forces. The polymer consists of chains that are attached to the particle surface, and the part of the chain that extends out is soluble in the
2327:
of these so-called "colloidal crystals" has emerged as a result of the relatively simple methods that have evolved in the last 20 years for preparing synthetic monodisperse colloids (both polymer and mineral) and, through various mechanisms, implementing and preserving their long-range order
2131:
and agitation are sometimes used. They subject the product to different forces that pushes the particles / droplets against one another, hence helping in the film drainage. Some emulsions would never coalesce in normal gravity, while they do under artificial gravity. Segregation of different
1208:
2062:
Addition of a charged polymer flocculant. Polymer flocculants can bridge individual colloidal particles by attractive electrostatic interactions. For example, negatively charged colloidal silica or clay particles can be flocculated by the addition of a positively charged
2152:. Many of the forces that govern the structure and behavior of matter, such as excluded volume interactions or electrostatic forces, govern the structure and behavior of colloidal suspensions. For example, the same techniques used to model ideal gases can be applied to
1193:
1999:, where the particles are charged on the surface, but then attract counterions (ions of opposite charge) which surround the particle. The electrostatic repulsion between suspended colloidal particles is most readily quantified in terms of the
844:: State of subdivision such that the molecules or polymolecular particles dispersed in a medium have at least one dimension between approximately 1 nm and 1 ÎĽm, or that in a system discontinuities are found at distances of that order.
1386:: Colloidal particles often carry an electrical charge and therefore attract or repel each other. The charge of both the continuous and the dispersed phase, as well as the mobility of the phases are factors affecting this interaction.
769:
is distinguished from colloids by larger particle size). A colloid has a dispersed phase (the suspended particles) and a continuous phase (the medium of suspension). The dispersed phase particles have a diameter of approximately 1
2096:
3276:
Slomkowski, Stanislaw; Alemán, José V.; Gilbert, Robert G.; Hess, Michael; Horie, Kazuyuki; Jones, Richard G.; Kubisa, Przemyslaw; Meisel, Ingrid; Mormann, Werner; Penczek, Stanisław; Stepto, Robert F. T. (10 September 2011).
2865:
Slomkowski, Stanislaw; Alemán, José V.; Gilbert, Robert G.; Hess, Michael; Horie, Kazuyuki; Jones, Richard G.; Kubisa, Przemyslaw; Meisel, Ingrid; Mormann, Werner; Penczek, Stanisław; Stepto, Robert F. T. (2011).
2160:
in colloidal suspensions can be studied in real time using optical techniques, and are analogous to phase transitions in liquids. In many interesting cases optical fluidity is used to control colloid suspensions.
1323:
Hydrocolloids contain some type of gel-forming agent, such as sodium carboxymethylcellulose (NaCMC) and gelatin. They are normally combined with some type of sealant, i.e. polyurethane to 'stick' to the skin.
2390:
Colloidal particles can also serve as transport vector of diverse contaminants in the surface water (sea water, lakes, rivers, fresh water bodies) and in underground water circulating in fissured rocks (e.g.
2087:, flow like liquids under shear, but maintain their shape when shear is removed. It is for this reason that toothpaste can be squeezed from a toothpaste tube, but stays on the toothbrush after it is applied.
1868:
There is an upper size-limit for the diameter of colloidal particles because particles larger than 1 ÎĽm tend to sediment, and thus the substance would no longer be considered a colloidal suspension.
1934:
The stability of a colloidal system is defined by particles remaining suspended in solution and depends on the interaction forces between the particles. These include electrostatic interactions and
4310:
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Greenfield, Elad; Rotschild, Carmel; Szameit, Alexander; Nemirovsky, Jonathan; El-Ganainy, Ramy; Christodoulides, Demetrios N; Saraf, Meirav; Lifshitz, Efrat; Segev, Mordechai (2011).
2296:-like correlations with interparticle separation distances, often being considerably greater than the individual particle diameter. In all of these cases in nature, the same brilliant
1757:
1960:
If the interaction energy is greater than kT, the attractive forces will prevail, and the colloidal particles will begin to clump together. This process is referred to generally as
4026:
Liu, Xuesong; Li, Zejing; Tang, Jianguo; Yu, Bing; Cong, Hailin (9 September 2013). "Current status and future developments in preparation and application of colloidal crystals".
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Hatschek, Emil, The
Foundations of Colloid Chemistry, A selection of early papers bearing on the subject, The British Association Committee on Colloid Chemistry, London, 1925
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matrix where particles are trapped, and the long polymeric chains can provide a steric or electrosteric stabilization to dispersed particles. Examples of such substances are
712:
1404:: An attractive entropic force arising from an osmotic pressure imbalance when colloids are suspended in a medium of much smaller particles or polymers called depletants.
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Removal of the electrostatic barrier that prevents aggregation of the particles. This can be accomplished by the addition of salt to a suspension to reduce the
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Lemarchand, Caroline; Couvreur, Patrick; Besnard, Madeleine; Costantini, Dominique; Gref, Ruxandra (2003). "Novel polyester-polysaccharide nanoparticles".
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occurring in dense clay membrane. The question is less clear for small organic colloids often mixed in porewater with truly dissolved organic molecules.
3417:
Comba, Silvia; Sethi (August 2009). "Stabilization of highly concentrated suspensions of iron nanoparticles using shear-thinning gels of xanthan gum".
4318:
2676:
Selmi, Francesco, Studio intorno alle pseudo-soluzioni degli azzurri di
Prussia ed alla influenza dei sali nel guastarle, Bologna: Tipi Sassi, 1847
2059:. When the magnitude of the zeta potential lies below a certain threshold, typically around ± 5mV, rapid coagulation or aggregation tends to occur.
2103:
The most widely used technique to monitor the dispersion state of a product, and to identify and quantify destabilization phenomena, is multiple
4143:
3679:
Snabre, Patrick; Pouligny, Bernard (2008). "Size
Segregation in a Fluid-like or Gel-like Suspension Settling under Gravity or in a Centrifuge".
2987:
1995:
Electrostatic stabilization is based on the mutual repulsion of like electrical charges. The charge of colloidal particles is structured in an
705:
1957:. If this is the case, then the colloidal particles will repel or only weakly attract each other, and the substance will remain a suspension.
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array of particles that can be formed over a very long range (typically on the order of a few millimeters to one centimeter) and that appear
1202:
are semi-solid emulsions of oil and water. Oil-in-water creams are used for cosmetic purpose while water-in-oil creams for medicinal purpose
1150:
4088:
Alonso, U.; T. Missana; A. Patelli; V. Rigato (2007). "Bentonite colloid diffusion through the host rock of a deep geological repository".
2694:
Selmi, Francesco - Sur le soufre pseudosoluble, sa pseudosolution e le soufre mou, Journal de
Pharmacie et de Chimie, tome 21, 1852, Paris
3972:
Luck, Werner; Klier, Manfred; Wesslau, Hermann (1963). "Ăśber Bragg-Reflexe mit sichtbarem Licht an monodispersen
Kunststofflatices. II".
3715:
3032:
McBride, Samantha A.; Skye, Rachael; Varanasi, Kripa K. (2020). "Differences between
Colloidal and Crystalline Evaporative Deposits".
2445:. They have been the subject of detailed studies for many years. However, the mobility of inorganic colloids is very low in compacted
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Richard G. Jones; Edward S. Wilks; W. Val
Metanomski; Jaroslav Kahovec; Michael Hess; Robert Stepto; Tatsuki Kitayama, eds. (2009).
698:
685:
3577:
Mengual, O (1999). "Characterisation of instability of concentrated dispersions by a new optical analyser: the TURBISCAN MA 1000".
3499:
Roland, I; Piel, G; Delattre, L; Evrard, B (2003). "Systematic characterisation of oil-in-water emulsions for formulation design".
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2015:
suspension medium. This technique is used to stabilize colloidal particles in all types of solvents, including organic solvents.
2003:. The combined effect of van der Waals attraction and electrostatic repulsion on aggregation is described quantitatively by the
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designed to lock moisture in the skin and help the natural healing process of skin to reduce scarring, itching and soreness.
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1969:
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are useful foods as well as rheology modifiers, others have limited nutritive value, usually providing a source of fiber.
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acts upon colloidal particles. Therefore, if the colloidal particles are denser than the medium of suspension, they will
115:
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5163:
4817:
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Genz, Ulrike; D'Aguanno, Bruno; Mewis, Jan; Klein, Rudolf (1 July 1994). "Structure of
Sterically Stabilized Colloids".
1991:
Electrostatic stabilization and steric stabilization are the two main mechanisms for stabilization against aggregation.
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34:
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Bean, Elwood L.; Campbell, Sylvester J.; Anspach, Frederick R.; Ockershausen, Richard W.; Peterman, Charles J. (1964).
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A colloid is stable if the interaction energy due to attractive forces between the colloidal particles is less than
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International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. Subcommittee on Polymer Terminology; Jones, Richard G. (2009).
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de Swaan Arons, J.; Diepen, G. A. M. (2010). "Immiscibility of gases. The system He-Xe: (Short communication)".
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by this difference, and much of the research related to this use of colloids is based on fraudulent research by
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Greenfield, Elad; Nemirovsky, Jonathan; El-Ganainy, Ramy; Christodoulides, Demetri N; Segev, Mordechai (2013).
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and gravitational forces. The periodic arrays of submicrometre spherical particles provide similar arrays of
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2765:. Page 183: "As gelatine appears to be its type, it is proposed to designate substances of the class as
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3279:"Terminology of polymers and polymerization processes in dispersed systems (IUPAC Recommendations 2011)"
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onto colloids suspended in water. Various types of colloids are recognised: inorganic colloids (e.g.
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2148:. Micrometre-scale colloidal particles are large enough to be observed by optical techniques such as
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3462:"Zeta Potential Measurements in the Control of Coagulation Chemical Doses [with Discussion]"
1398:: A repulsive steric force typically occurring due to adsorbed polymers coating a colloid's surface.
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throughout another substance. Some definitions specify that the particles must be dispersed in a
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van Anders, Greg; Klotsa, Daphne; Ahmed, N. Khalid; Engel, Michael; Glotzer, Sharon C. (2014).
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Tweney, Ryan D. (2006). "Discovering Discovery: How Faraday Found the First Metallic Colloid".
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Wold, Susanna; Trygve Eriksen (2007). "Diffusion of humic colloids in compacted bentonite".
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is the difference in mass density between the colloidal particle and the suspension medium.
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it scatters blue light making it appear blue from the side, but orange light shines through.
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3771:"Shockwave based nonlinear optical manipulation in densely scattering opaque suspensions"
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substances). When heavy metals or radionuclides form their own pure colloids, the term "
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populations of particles have been highlighted when using centrifugation and vibration.
27:
Mixture of an insoluble substance microscopically dispersed throughout another substance
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Compendium of polymer terminology and nomenclature : IUPAC recommendations, 2008
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The following forces play an important role in the interaction of colloid particles:
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Hiltner, P.A.; Krieger, I.M. (1969). "Diffraction of light by ordered suspensions".
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2535:. Another difference is that crystalloids generally are much cheaper than colloids.
2019:
A combination of the two mechanisms is also possible (electrosteric stabilization).
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if the rate of sedimentation is equal to the rate of movement from Brownian motion.
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in the blood, and therefore, they should theoretically preferentially increase the
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refers unambiguously to the overall mixture (although a narrower sense of the word
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4134:. Nagra Technical Report 02-14. Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, ETH ZĂĽrich: 47.
1983:
3621:"Stability of colloidal systems - a review of the stability measurements methods"
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Measurement principle of multiple light scattering coupled with vertical scanning
2007:. A common method of stabilising a colloid (converting it from a precipitate) is
1713:
is the volume of the colloidal particle, calculated using the volume of a sphere
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2441:. Colloids have been suspected for the long-range transport of plutonium on the
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2008:
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and polymerization processes in dispersed systems (IUPAC Recommendations 2011)"
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Compendium of Polymer Terminology and Nomenclature (IUPAC Recommendations 2008)
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Condensation of small dissolved molecules into larger colloidal particles by
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Homogeneous mixtures with a dispersed phase in this size range may be called
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2983:"Hydrocolloids as thickening and gelling agents in food: a critical review"
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Sanders, J.V.; Sanders, J. V.; Segnit, E. R. (1964). "Structure of Opal".
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is an important organising principle for compartmentalisation of both the
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1380:: This refers to the impossibility of any overlap between hard particles.
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Salager, J-L (2000). Françoise Nielloud; Gilberte Marti-Mestres (eds.).
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that vary depending on the chemical conditions of the soil sample, i.e.
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Park, Soo-Jin; Seo, Min-Kang (1 January 2011). "Intermolecular Force".
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4311:"Millions of surgery patients at risk in drug research fraud scandal"
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Frimmel, Fritz H.; Frank von der Kammer; Hans-Curt Flemming (2007).
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2946:
de Swaan Arons, J.; Diepen, G. A. M. (1966). "Gas—Gas Equilibria".
2230:
and elsewhere, and form these highly ordered arrays after years of
1917:
reactions. Such processes are used in the preparation of colloidal
4955:
4400:
4386:
3140:
2527:. However, there is still controversy to the actual difference in
2469:
2416:
2313:
2257:
2195:
2094:
1982:
1914:
1296:
1292:
993:
936:
922:
910:
824:
398:
95:
3625:
Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Sklodowska, sectio AA – Chemia
2354:—similar in importance to compartmentalisation via lipid bilayer
1348:
constitute only one phase. A solute in a solution are individual
3579:
Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects
2663:
Selmi, Francesco "Studi sulla dimulsione di cloruro d'argento".
2465:
2461:
2408:
2260:
2188:
2145:
1440:
The sedimentation or creaming velocity is found by equating the
1304:
1243:
1225:
1066:
981:
955:
918:
751:, while others extend the definition to include substances like
4857:
4340:
1417:
Brownian motion of 350 nm diameter polymer colloidal particles.
4396:
2378:
strongly enhances colloidal phase separation and formation of
2187:
examples of this ordering phenomenon can be found in precious
1890:
of large particles or droplets to the colloidal dimensions by
1353:
1060:
1015:
906:
756:
105:
2300:(or play of colors) can be attributed to the diffraction and
2183:
to their atomic or molecular counterparts. One of the finest
1987:
Examples of a stable and of an unstable colloidal dispersion.
2816:"Dispersity in polymer science (IUPAC Recommendations 2009)"
2769:, and to speak of their peculiar form of aggregation as the
2625:"Dispersity in polymer science (IUPAC Recommendations 2009)"
2263:, particularly when the interstitial spacing is of the same
793:
of light by particles in the colloid. Other colloids may be
3604:
Bru, P.; et al. (2004). T. Provder; J. Texter (eds.).
3358:
Colloid stability : the role of surface forces. Part I
1806:
By rearranging, the sedimentation or creaming velocity is:
1429:(fall to the bottom), or if they are less dense, they will
3764:
3762:
2047:
Destabilization can be accomplished by different methods:
3124:"Understanding shape entropy through local dense packing"
2981:
Saha, Dipjyoti; Bhattacharya, Suvendu (6 November 2010).
2741:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
3974:
Berichte der Bunsengesellschaft fĂĽr Physikalische Chemie
3619:
Matusiak, Jakub; GrzÄ…dka, ElĹĽbieta (8 December 2017).
2449:
and in deep clay formations because of the process of
2107:
coupled with vertical scanning. This method, known as
4125:"Stability and mobility of colloids in Opalinus Clay"
3198:
Colloid Science: Principles, Methods and Applications
2429:" is used to designate pure phases, i.e., pure Tc(OH)
1898:, or application of shear (e.g., shaking, mixing, or
1815:
1769:
1719:
1699:
1631:
1605:
1577:
1549:
1511:
1457:
733:
in which one substance consisting of microscopically
5174:
List of boiling and freezing information of solvents
2665:
Nuovi Annali delle Scienze Naturali di Bologna, 1845
2550:
2548:
2274:
Thus, it has been known for many years that, due to
2156:
the behavior of a hard sphere colloidal suspension.
5132:
5064:
4994:
4891:
4770:
4724:
4596:
4510:
4484:
4428:
4379:
2011:, a process where it is shaken with an electrolyte.
1622:The mass of the colloidal particle is found using:
808:, who called them pseudosolutions, and expanded by
3716:"Colloidal matter: Packing, geometry, and entropy"
1883:There are two principal ways to prepare colloids:
1857:
1795:
1751:
1705:
1679:
1611:
1583:
1555:
1527:
1491:
2515:, whereas other types of volume expanders called
2079:properties. Viscoelastic colloidal gels, such as
3820:"Light-induced self-synchronizing flow patterns"
3075:Lekkerkerker, Henk N.W.; Tuinier, Remco (2011).
2559:(4rd ed.). Burlington, MA: Academic Press.
4196:Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C
4123:Voegelin, A.; Kretzschmar, R. (December 2002).
4090:Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C
3236:
3234:
3191:
3189:
3187:
2144:, colloids are an interesting model system for
2070:that cause aggregation due to entropic effects.
1858:{\displaystyle v={\frac {m_{A}g}{6\pi \eta r}}}
1228:is a gel in which water is dispersed in silica
829:
4231:Elements of the nature and properties of soils
4169:"Diffusion of colloids in compacted bentonite"
2319:The large number of experiments exploring the
2122:Accelerating methods for shelf life prediction
1938:, because they both contribute to the overall
4869:
4352:
4229:Weil, Ray; Brady, Nyle C. (11 October 2018).
2370:that arise via liquid-liquid or liquid-solid
706:
8:
3937:Darragh, P.J.; et al. (1976). "Opals".
3859:Pieranski, P. (1983). "Colloidal Crystals".
1680:{\displaystyle m_{A}=V(\rho _{1}-\rho _{2})}
2739:"X. Liquid diffusion applied to analysis".
1619:is the sedimentation or creaming velocity.
4876:
4862:
4854:
4359:
4345:
4337:
4276:
4274:
4272:
4261:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3466:Journal (American Water Works Association)
2921:Recueil des Travaux Chimiques des Pays-Bas
2479:and carry either positive and/or negative
1871:The colloidal particles are said to be in
713:
699:
53:
42:
3843:
3794:
3734:
3636:
3294:
3167:
3157:
3139:
3008:
2809:
2807:
2781:
2779:
2640:
2594:. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry.
2403:). Radionuclides and heavy metals easily
2066:Addition of non-adsorbed polymers called
1829:
1822:
1814:
1787:
1774:
1768:
1752:{\displaystyle V={\frac {4}{3}}\pi r^{3}}
1743:
1726:
1718:
1698:
1668:
1655:
1636:
1630:
1604:
1576:
1548:
1516:
1510:
1462:
1456:
800:Colloidal suspensions are the subject of
3655:Pharmaceutical emulsions and suspensions
2021:
1412:
856:
29:
2790:(2nd ed.). RSC Publ. p. 464.
2623:Stepto, Robert F. T. (1 January 2009).
2544:
1122:
854:Colloids can be classified as follows:
804:. This field of study began in 1845 by
45:
4254:
3501:International Journal of Pharmaceutics
3247:. London: Royal Society of Chemistry.
3078:Colloids and the Depletion Interaction
2988:Journal of Food Science and Technology
2366:has been used to refer to clusters of
1311:The term hydrocolloids also refers to
1291:) that are colloidally dispersible in
4067:(1 ed.). Springer. p. 292.
2191:, in which brilliant regions of pure
2026:Steric and gel network stabilization.
1336:and a continuous phase, whereas in a
859:
7:
4281:Martin, Gregory S. (19 April 2005).
3606:Particle sizing and characterisation
2908:from the original on 9 October 2022.
2854:from the original on 9 October 2022.
4064:Colloidal transport in porous media
3244:Basic principles of colloid science
2304:of visible lightwaves that satisfy
2292:environment can exhibit long-range
1796:{\displaystyle \rho _{1}-\rho _{2}}
1492:{\displaystyle m_{A}g=6\pi \eta rv}
3478:10.1002/j.1551-8833.1964.tb01202.x
3332:10.1016/B978-0-12-375049-5.00001-3
2503:, and can be used for intravenous
25:
4283:"An Update on Intravenous Fluids"
4233:(Fourth ed.). New York, NY.
3959:10.1038/scientificamerican0476-84
2557:Intermolecular and surface forces
891:Helium and xenon are known to be
4419:
3320:Interface Science and Technology
2555:Israelachvili, Jacob N. (2011).
2175:A colloidal crystal is a highly
1259:
1236:
1207:
1192:
1180:
1168:
1149:
1137:
1125:
680:
679:
666:
3714:Manoharan, Vinothan N. (2015).
2308:, in a matter analogous to the
1674:
1648:
945:atmospheric particulate matter
1:
4808:Macroscopic quantum phenomena
4309:Blake, Heidi (3 March 2011).
3845:10.1088/1367-2630/13/5/053021
3591:10.1016/S0927-7757(98)00680-3
3513:10.1016/S0378-5173(03)00364-8
2814:Stepto, Robert F. T. (2009).
2771:colloidal condition of matter
2218:). These spherical particles
1964:, but is also referred to as
1437:to counteract this movement.
1369:Interaction between particles
802:interface and colloid science
5164:Inorganic nonaqueous solvent
4818:Order and disorder (physics)
3439:10.1016/j.watres.2009.05.046
3046:10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c01139
2460:, the colloidal fraction in
3355:Tadros, Tharwat F. (2007).
2507:. Colloids preserve a high
2499:belong to a major group of
2136:As a model system for atoms
1539:of the colloidal particles,
1254:globules dispersed in water
888:No such colloids are known.
5276:
5149:Acid dissociation constant
3283:Pure and Applied Chemistry
3196:Cosgrove, Terence (2010).
2878:Pure and Applied Chemistry
2824:Pure and Applied Chemistry
2629:Pure and Applied Chemistry
2495:Colloid solutions used in
2475:that are less than 1ÎĽm in
2168:
1595:of the colloidal particle,
895:under certain conditions.
266:Spin gapless semiconductor
4417:
4216:10.1016/j.pce.2006.05.002
4132:Technischer Bericht / NTB
4110:10.1016/j.pce.2006.04.021
3881:10.1080/00107518308227471
3658:. CRC press. p. 89.
3087:10.1007/978-94-007-1223-2
3001:10.1007/s13197-010-0162-6
2718:10.1162/posc.2006.14.1.97
2302:constructive interference
2249:, which act as a natural
1873:sedimentation equilibrium
1567:of the suspension medium,
1384:Electrostatic interaction
1378:Excluded volume repulsion
878:
862:
206:Electronic band structure
5250:Condensed matter physics
4843:Thermo-dielectric effect
4742:Enthalpy of vaporization
4436:Bose–Einstein condensate
4028:Chemical Society Reviews
3986:10.1002/bbpc.19630670114
3638:10.17951/aa.2017.72.1.33
3296:10.1351/PAC-REC-10-06-03
3081:. Heidelberg: Springer.
2933:10.1002/recl.19630820810
2891:10.1351/PAC-REC-10-06-03
2868:"Terminology of polymers
2837:10.1351/PAC-REC-08-05-02
2642:10.1351/PAC-REC-08-05-02
2509:colloid osmotic pressure
2443:Nevada Nuclear Test Site
2380:biomolecular condensates
2351:biomolecular condensates
2115:Dynamic light scattering
797:or have a slight color.
116:Bose–Einstein condensate
47:Condensed matter physics
5114:Solubility table (data)
4981:Apparent molar property
4737:Enthalpy of sublimation
3736:10.1126/science.1253751
3548:10.1023/A:1025017502379
3536:Pharmaceutical Research
3361:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
3241:Everett, D. H. (1988).
3226:Preparation of colloids
3159:10.1073/pnas.1418159111
2706:Perspectives on Science
2376:Macromolecular crowding
2364:biomolecular condensate
2316:in crystalline solids.
1997:electrical double layer
1079:biomolecular condensate
1028:biomolecular condensate
1004:biomolecular condensate
5079:Total dissolved solids
5074:Solubility equilibrium
4999:and related quantities
4752:Latent internal energy
4502:Color-glass condensate
3824:New Journal of Physics
3224:Kopeliovich, Dmitri.
3128:Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
2753:10.1098/rstl.1861.0011
2411:particles, silicates,
2100:
2053:Debye screening length
2027:
1988:
1859:
1797:
1753:
1707:
1681:
1613:
1585:
1557:
1529:
1528:{\displaystyle m_{A}g}
1493:
1418:
1409:Sedimentation velocity
1328:Compared with solution
846:
816:, who coined the term
38:
5179:Partition coefficient
5159:Polar aprotic solvent
4562:Magnetically ordered
3202:John Wiley & Sons
2481:electrostatic charges
2415:), organic colloids (
2206:colloidal spheres of
2098:
2025:
1986:
1860:
1798:
1754:
1708:
1682:
1614:
1586:
1558:
1556:{\displaystyle \eta }
1530:
1494:
1416:
1114:colloidal dispersions
1106:colloidal suspensions
261:Topological insulator
33:
5094:Enthalpy of solution
5021:Volume concentration
5016:Number concentration
4441:Fermionic condensate
4317:. UK. Archived from
3861:Contemporary Physics
3796:10.1364/OE.21.023785
2525:intracellular volume
2513:intravascular volume
2283:electrically charged
2091:Monitoring stability
1955:absolute temperature
1936:van der Waals forces
1813:
1767:
1717:
1697:
1629:
1603:
1575:
1547:
1509:
1455:
1390:van der Waals forces
1187:A dollop of hair gel
999:biological membranes
834:: Short synonym for
761:colloidal suspension
279:Electronic phenomena
126:Fermionic condensate
5245:Colloidal chemistry
5006:Molar concentration
4976:Dilution (equation)
4656:Chemical ionization
4548:Programmable matter
4538:Quantum spin liquid
4406:Supercritical fluid
4208:2007PCE....32..477W
4102:2007PCE....32..469A
4013:10.1021/j100727a049
3951:1976SciAm.234d..84D
3939:Scientific American
3908:1964Natur.204..990J
3873:1983ConPh..24...25P
3836:2011NJPh...13e3021G
3787:2013OExpr..2123785G
3781:(20): 23785–23802.
3431:2009WatRe..43.3717C
3404:10.1021/la00019a029
3150:2014PNAS..111E4812V
3134:(45): E4812–E4821.
3040:(40): 11732–11741.
2960:1966JChPh..44.2322D
2521:interstitial volume
2497:intravenous therapy
2491:Intravenous therapy
2413:iron oxy-hydroxides
2251:diffraction grating
2150:confocal microscopy
1446:gravitational force
1423:gravitational field
1102:colloidal emulsions
286:Quantum Hall effect
37:image of a colloid.
5046:Isotopic abundance
5011:Mass concentration
4885:Chemical solutions
4803:Leidenfrost effect
4732:Enthalpy of fusion
4497:Quark–gluon plasma
4321:on 4 November 2011
4040:10.1039/C3CS60078E
2519:also increase the
2386:In the environment
2265:order of magnitude
2101:
2028:
1989:
1951:Boltzmann constant
1855:
1793:
1749:
1703:
1677:
1609:
1581:
1553:
1537:Archimedean weight
1525:
1489:
1419:
1313:a type of dressing
1098:colloidal aerosols
781:Some colloids are
673:Physics portal
39:
5240:Chemical mixtures
5222:
5221:
4851:
4850:
4833:Superheated vapor
4828:Superconductivity
4798:Equation of state
4646:Flash evaporation
4598:Phase transitions
4583:String-net liquid
4476:Photonic molecule
4446:Degenerate matter
4074:978-3-540-71338-8
4034:(19): 7774–7800.
3729:(6251): 1253751.
3693:10.1021/la802459u
3665:978-0-8247-0304-2
3425:(15): 3717–3726.
3368:978-3-527-63107-0
3289:(12): 2229–2259.
3254:978-1-84755-020-0
2968:10.1063/1.1727043
2885:(12): 2229–2259.
2797:978-0-85404-491-7
2747:: 183–224. 1861.
2601:978-1-84755-942-5
2566:978-0-08-092363-5
2505:fluid replacement
2464:consists of tiny
2171:Colloidal crystal
2158:Phase transitions
1949:, where k is the
1900:high shear mixing
1853:
1734:
1706:{\displaystyle V}
1612:{\displaystyle v}
1584:{\displaystyle r}
1442:Stokes drag force
1279:describe certain
1094:
1093:
723:
722:
431:Granular material
199:Electronic phases
16:(Redirected from
5267:
5119:Solubility chart
4946:Phase separation
4906:Aqueous solution
4878:
4871:
4864:
4855:
4788:Compressed fluid
4423:
4368:States of matter
4361:
4354:
4347:
4338:
4331:
4330:
4328:
4326:
4306:
4300:
4299:
4297:
4295:
4278:
4267:
4266:
4260:
4252:
4226:
4220:
4219:
4202:(1–7): 477–484.
4191:
4185:
4184:
4182:
4180:
4171:. Archived from
4165:
4159:
4158:
4156:
4154:
4148:
4142:. Archived from
4129:
4120:
4114:
4113:
4096:(1–7): 469–476.
4085:
4079:
4078:
4058:
4052:
4051:
4023:
4017:
4016:
3996:
3990:
3989:
3969:
3963:
3962:
3934:
3928:
3927:
3916:10.1038/204990a0
3891:
3885:
3884:
3856:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3815:
3809:
3808:
3798:
3766:
3757:
3756:
3738:
3720:
3711:
3705:
3704:
3687:(23): 13338–47.
3676:
3670:
3669:
3649:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3616:
3610:
3609:
3601:
3595:
3594:
3585:(1–2): 111–123.
3574:
3568:
3567:
3531:
3525:
3524:
3496:
3490:
3489:
3457:
3451:
3450:
3414:
3408:
3407:
3398:(7): 2206–2212.
3387:
3381:
3380:
3352:
3346:
3345:
3315:
3309:
3308:
3298:
3273:
3267:
3266:
3238:
3229:
3222:
3216:
3215:
3193:
3182:
3181:
3171:
3161:
3143:
3119:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3108:
3103:on 14 April 2019
3099:. Archived from
3072:
3066:
3065:
3029:
3023:
3022:
3012:
2978:
2972:
2971:
2943:
2937:
2936:
2916:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2874:
2862:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2820:
2811:
2802:
2801:
2783:
2774:
2764:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2701:
2695:
2692:
2686:
2683:
2677:
2674:
2668:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2644:
2620:
2614:
2613:
2585:
2579:
2578:
2552:
2501:volume expanders
2372:phase separation
2338:phase separation
2105:light scattering
1864:
1862:
1861:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1838:
1834:
1833:
1823:
1802:
1800:
1799:
1794:
1792:
1791:
1779:
1778:
1758:
1756:
1755:
1750:
1748:
1747:
1735:
1727:
1712:
1710:
1709:
1704:
1686:
1684:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1672:
1660:
1659:
1641:
1640:
1618:
1616:
1615:
1610:
1590:
1588:
1587:
1582:
1562:
1560:
1559:
1554:
1534:
1532:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1520:
1498:
1496:
1495:
1490:
1467:
1466:
1402:Depletion forces
1332:A colloid has a
1263:
1240:
1211:
1196:
1184:
1172:
1153:
1141:
1129:
1001:
863:Dispersed phase
857:
715:
708:
701:
688:
683:
682:
675:
671:
670:
291:Spin Hall effect
181:Phase transition
151:Luttinger liquid
88:States of matter
71:Phase transition
57:
43:
21:
5275:
5274:
5270:
5269:
5268:
5266:
5265:
5264:
5225:
5224:
5223:
5218:
5128:
5089:Solvation shell
5060:
4998:
4990:
4986:Miscibility gap
4971:Serial dilution
4966:Supersaturation
4916:Buffer solution
4887:
4882:
4852:
4847:
4778:Baryonic matter
4766:
4720:
4691:Saturated fluid
4631:Crystallization
4592:
4566:Antiferromagnet
4506:
4480:
4424:
4415:
4375:
4365:
4335:
4334:
4324:
4322:
4308:
4307:
4303:
4293:
4291:
4280:
4279:
4270:
4253:
4241:
4228:
4227:
4223:
4193:
4192:
4188:
4178:
4176:
4175:on 4 March 2009
4167:
4166:
4162:
4152:
4150:
4149:on 9 March 2009
4146:
4127:
4122:
4121:
4117:
4087:
4086:
4082:
4075:
4060:
4059:
4055:
4025:
4024:
4020:
3998:
3997:
3993:
3971:
3970:
3966:
3936:
3935:
3931:
3893:
3892:
3888:
3858:
3857:
3853:
3817:
3816:
3812:
3768:
3767:
3760:
3718:
3713:
3712:
3708:
3678:
3677:
3673:
3666:
3651:
3650:
3646:
3618:
3617:
3613:
3603:
3602:
3598:
3576:
3575:
3571:
3533:
3532:
3528:
3498:
3497:
3493:
3459:
3458:
3454:
3416:
3415:
3411:
3389:
3388:
3384:
3369:
3354:
3353:
3349:
3342:
3317:
3316:
3312:
3275:
3274:
3270:
3255:
3240:
3239:
3232:
3223:
3219:
3212:
3195:
3194:
3185:
3121:
3120:
3116:
3106:
3104:
3097:
3074:
3073:
3069:
3031:
3030:
3026:
2980:
2979:
2975:
2945:
2944:
2940:
2918:
2917:
2913:
2905:
2872:
2869:
2864:
2863:
2859:
2851:
2818:
2813:
2812:
2805:
2798:
2785:
2784:
2777:
2738:
2737:
2733:
2703:
2702:
2698:
2693:
2689:
2684:
2680:
2675:
2671:
2662:
2658:
2622:
2621:
2617:
2602:
2587:
2586:
2582:
2567:
2554:
2553:
2546:
2541:
2493:
2451:ultrafiltration
2440:
2436:
2432:
2388:
2334:
2217:
2208:silicon dioxide
2173:
2167:
2138:
2124:
2093:
2045:
2043:Destabilization
1942:of the system.
1932:
1881:
1839:
1825:
1824:
1811:
1810:
1783:
1770:
1765:
1764:
1739:
1715:
1714:
1695:
1694:
1664:
1651:
1632:
1627:
1626:
1601:
1600:
1573:
1572:
1545:
1544:
1512:
1507:
1506:
1458:
1453:
1452:
1435:Brownian motion
1411:
1371:
1358:sodium chloride
1334:dispersed phase
1330:
1321:
1301:pharmaceuticals
1285:polysaccharides
1274:
1267:
1264:
1255:
1241:
1232:
1224:
1222:
1212:
1203:
1197:
1188:
1185:
1176:
1173:
1164:
1154:
1145:
1142:
1133:
1130:
1110:colloidal foams
1089:cranberry glass
1086:
1064:
1040:
1013:
997:
979:
959:
934:
904:
890:
880:
852:
847:
828:
810:Michael Faraday
806:Francesco Selmi
789:, which is the
785:because of the
719:
678:
665:
664:
657:
656:
655:
455:
447:
446:
445:
421:Amorphous solid
415:
405:
404:
403:
382:
364:
354:
353:
352:
341:
339:Antiferromagnet
332:
330:Superparamagnet
323:
310:
309:Magnetic phases
302:
301:
300:
280:
272:
271:
270:
200:
192:
191:
190:
176:Order parameter
170:
169:Phase phenomena
162:
161:
160:
90:
80:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5273:
5271:
5263:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5227:
5226:
5220:
5219:
5217:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5154:Protic solvent
5151:
5146:
5138:
5136:
5130:
5129:
5127:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5099:Lattice energy
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5070:
5068:
5062:
5061:
5059:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5002:
5000:
4992:
4991:
4989:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4951:Eutectic point
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4911:Solid solution
4908:
4903:
4901:Ideal solution
4897:
4895:
4889:
4888:
4883:
4881:
4880:
4873:
4866:
4858:
4849:
4848:
4846:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4774:
4772:
4768:
4767:
4765:
4764:
4759:
4757:Trouton's rule
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4728:
4726:
4722:
4721:
4719:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4626:Critical point
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4602:
4600:
4594:
4593:
4591:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4579:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4528:Liquid crystal
4525:
4520:
4514:
4512:
4508:
4507:
4505:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4488:
4486:
4482:
4481:
4479:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4461:Strange matter
4458:
4456:Rydberg matter
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4432:
4430:
4426:
4425:
4418:
4416:
4414:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4394:
4389:
4383:
4381:
4377:
4376:
4366:
4364:
4363:
4356:
4349:
4341:
4333:
4332:
4301:
4268:
4239:
4221:
4186:
4160:
4115:
4080:
4073:
4053:
4018:
3991:
3964:
3929:
3902:(4962): 1151.
3886:
3851:
3810:
3775:Optics Express
3758:
3706:
3671:
3664:
3644:
3611:
3596:
3569:
3542:(8): 1284–92.
3526:
3507:(1–2): 85–94.
3491:
3472:(2): 214–227.
3452:
3419:Water Research
3409:
3382:
3367:
3347:
3340:
3310:
3268:
3253:
3230:
3228:. substech.com
3217:
3210:
3183:
3114:
3095:
3067:
3024:
2995:(6): 587–597.
2973:
2938:
2911:
2857:
2831:(2): 351–353.
2803:
2796:
2775:
2731:
2696:
2687:
2678:
2669:
2656:
2635:(2): 351–353.
2615:
2600:
2580:
2565:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2492:
2489:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2387:
2384:
2374:within cells.
2368:macromolecules
2360:liquid crystal
2348:of cells into
2333:
2330:
2286:macromolecules
2281:interactions,
2215:
2169:Main article:
2166:
2163:
2137:
2134:
2129:centrifugation
2123:
2120:
2092:
2089:
2072:
2071:
2064:
2060:
2057:zeta potential
2044:
2041:
2017:
2016:
2012:
2001:zeta potential
1931:
1928:
1927:
1926:
1903:
1880:
1877:
1866:
1865:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1828:
1821:
1818:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1777:
1773:
1761:
1760:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1733:
1730:
1725:
1722:
1702:
1688:
1687:
1676:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1639:
1635:
1608:
1597:
1596:
1580:
1569:
1568:
1552:
1541:
1540:
1524:
1519:
1515:
1500:
1499:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1465:
1461:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1405:
1399:
1393:
1387:
1381:
1370:
1367:
1329:
1326:
1320:
1317:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1268:
1265:
1258:
1256:
1242:
1235:
1233:
1215:Tyndall effect
1213:
1206:
1204:
1198:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1167:
1165:
1155:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1124:
1092:
1091:
1081:
1057:
1035:
1031:
1030:
1006:
976:Liquid crystal
968:
952:
948:
947:
929:
896:
885:
882:
876:
875:
872:
869:
865:
864:
861:
851:
850:Classification
848:
823:
822:
787:Tyndall effect
721:
720:
718:
717:
710:
703:
695:
692:
691:
690:
689:
676:
659:
658:
654:
653:
648:
643:
638:
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
493:
488:
483:
478:
473:
468:
463:
457:
456:
453:
452:
449:
448:
444:
443:
438:
436:Liquid crystal
433:
428:
423:
417:
416:
411:
410:
407:
406:
402:
401:
396:
391:
386:
377:
372:
366:
365:
362:Quasiparticles
360:
359:
356:
355:
351:
350:
345:
336:
327:
321:Superdiamagnet
318:
312:
311:
308:
307:
304:
303:
299:
298:
293:
288:
282:
281:
278:
277:
274:
273:
269:
268:
263:
258:
253:
248:
246:Thermoelectric
243:
241:Superconductor
238:
233:
228:
223:
221:Mott insulator
218:
213:
208:
202:
201:
198:
197:
194:
193:
189:
188:
183:
178:
172:
171:
168:
167:
164:
163:
159:
158:
153:
148:
143:
138:
133:
128:
123:
118:
113:
108:
103:
98:
92:
91:
86:
85:
82:
81:
79:
78:
73:
68:
62:
59:
58:
50:
49:
26:
24:
18:Hydrocolloidal
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5272:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5232:
5230:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5144:
5140:
5139:
5137:
5135:
5131:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5071:
5069:
5067:
5063:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5041:Mass fraction
5039:
5037:
5036:Mole fraction
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5003:
5001:
4997:
4996:Concentration
4993:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4941:Phase diagram
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4921:Flory–Huggins
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4898:
4896:
4894:
4890:
4886:
4879:
4874:
4872:
4867:
4865:
4860:
4859:
4856:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4813:Mpemba effect
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4793:Cooling curve
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4775:
4773:
4769:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4729:
4727:
4723:
4717:
4716:Vitrification
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4681:Recombination
4679:
4677:
4676:Melting point
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4621:Critical line
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4611:Boiling point
4609:
4607:
4604:
4603:
4601:
4599:
4595:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4563:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4543:Exotic matter
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4515:
4513:
4509:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4489:
4487:
4483:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4433:
4431:
4427:
4422:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4384:
4382:
4378:
4373:
4369:
4362:
4357:
4355:
4350:
4348:
4343:
4342:
4339:
4320:
4316:
4315:The Telegraph
4312:
4305:
4302:
4290:
4289:
4284:
4277:
4275:
4273:
4269:
4264:
4258:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4240:9780133254594
4236:
4232:
4225:
4222:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4190:
4187:
4174:
4170:
4164:
4161:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4126:
4119:
4116:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4084:
4081:
4076:
4070:
4066:
4065:
4057:
4054:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4022:
4019:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4002:
4001:J. Phys. Chem
3995:
3992:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3968:
3965:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3933:
3930:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3890:
3887:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3855:
3852:
3846:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3830:(5): 053021.
3829:
3825:
3821:
3814:
3811:
3806:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3765:
3763:
3759:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3717:
3710:
3707:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3675:
3672:
3667:
3661:
3657:
3656:
3648:
3645:
3639:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3615:
3612:
3607:
3600:
3597:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3573:
3570:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3530:
3527:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3495:
3492:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3456:
3453:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3413:
3410:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3386:
3383:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3364:
3360:
3359:
3351:
3348:
3343:
3341:9780123750495
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3314:
3311:
3306:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3288:
3285:(in German).
3284:
3280:
3272:
3269:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3250:
3246:
3245:
3237:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3221:
3218:
3213:
3211:9781444320183
3207:
3203:
3199:
3192:
3190:
3188:
3184:
3179:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3118:
3115:
3102:
3098:
3096:9789400712225
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3079:
3071:
3068:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3028:
3025:
3020:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2989:
2984:
2977:
2974:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2948:J. Chem. Phys
2942:
2939:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2915:
2912:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2879:
2871:
2861:
2858:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2825:
2817:
2810:
2808:
2804:
2799:
2793:
2789:
2782:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2735:
2732:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2700:
2697:
2691:
2688:
2682:
2679:
2673:
2670:
2666:
2660:
2657:
2652:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2619:
2616:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2597:
2593:
2592:
2584:
2581:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2562:
2558:
2551:
2549:
2545:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2533:Joachim Boldt
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2454:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2428:
2427:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2352:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2322:
2317:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2284:
2280:
2277:
2272:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2259:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2232:sedimentation
2229:
2225:
2221:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2172:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2097:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2049:
2048:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2024:
2020:
2013:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1993:
1992:
1985:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1974:precipitation
1971:
1967:
1963:
1958:
1956:
1953:and T is the
1952:
1948:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1930:Stabilization
1929:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1907:precipitation
1904:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1884:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1869:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1826:
1819:
1816:
1809:
1808:
1807:
1804:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1775:
1771:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1731:
1728:
1723:
1720:
1700:
1693:
1692:
1691:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1656:
1652:
1645:
1642:
1637:
1633:
1625:
1624:
1623:
1620:
1606:
1594:
1578:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1550:
1543:
1542:
1538:
1522:
1517:
1513:
1505:
1504:
1503:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1463:
1459:
1451:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1443:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1415:
1408:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1396:Steric forces
1394:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1374:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1327:
1325:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1309:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1277:Hydrocolloids
1272:Hydrocolloids
1271:
1262:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1239:
1234:
1231:
1227:
1220:
1216:
1210:
1205:
1201:
1195:
1190:
1183:
1178:
1175:Whipped cream
1171:
1166:
1163:
1159:
1152:
1147:
1140:
1135:
1128:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1090:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1047:floating soap
1044:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1016:pigmented ink
1012:
1011:
1007:
1005:
1000:
995:
991:
987:
983:
978:
977:
973:
969:
967:
966:shaving cream
963:
962:whipped cream
958:
957:
953:
950:
949:
946:
942:
938:
933:
932:Solid aerosol
930:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
903:
902:
897:
894:
889:
886:
883:
877:
873:
870:
867:
866:
860:Medium/phase
858:
855:
849:
845:
843:
839:
837:
833:
826:
821:
819:
815:
814:Thomas Graham
811:
807:
803:
798:
796:
792:
788:
784:
779:
777:
773:
768:
767:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
739:
736:
732:
728:
716:
711:
709:
704:
702:
697:
696:
694:
693:
687:
677:
674:
669:
663:
662:
661:
660:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
461:Van der Waals
459:
458:
451:
450:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
418:
414:
409:
408:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
367:
363:
358:
357:
349:
346:
344:
340:
337:
335:
331:
328:
326:
322:
319:
317:
314:
313:
306:
305:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
283:
276:
275:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
256:Ferroelectric
254:
252:
251:Piezoelectric
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
226:Semiconductor
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
203:
196:
195:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
173:
166:
165:
157:
154:
152:
149:
147:
146:Superfluidity
144:
142:
139:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
117:
114:
112:
109:
107:
104:
102:
99:
97:
94:
93:
89:
84:
83:
77:
74:
72:
69:
67:
64:
63:
61:
60:
56:
52:
51:
48:
44:
41:
36:
32:
19:
5260:Dosage forms
5104:Raoult's law
5056:Ternary plot
5051:Mixing ratio
4935:
4838:Superheating
4711:Vaporization
4706:Triple point
4701:Supercooling
4666:Lambda point
4616:Condensation
4533:Time crystal
4517:
4511:Other states
4451:Quantum Hall
4323:. Retrieved
4319:the original
4314:
4304:
4292:. Retrieved
4286:
4230:
4224:
4199:
4195:
4189:
4177:. Retrieved
4173:the original
4163:
4151:. Retrieved
4144:the original
4131:
4118:
4093:
4089:
4083:
4063:
4056:
4031:
4027:
4021:
4004:
4000:
3994:
3980:(1): 84–85.
3977:
3973:
3967:
3945:(4): 84–95.
3942:
3938:
3932:
3899:
3895:
3889:
3864:
3860:
3854:
3827:
3823:
3813:
3778:
3774:
3726:
3722:
3709:
3684:
3680:
3674:
3654:
3647:
3628:
3624:
3614:
3605:
3599:
3582:
3578:
3572:
3539:
3535:
3529:
3504:
3500:
3494:
3469:
3465:
3455:
3422:
3418:
3412:
3395:
3391:
3385:
3357:
3350:
3323:
3319:
3313:
3286:
3282:
3271:
3243:
3220:
3197:
3131:
3127:
3117:
3105:. Retrieved
3101:the original
3077:
3070:
3037:
3033:
3027:
2992:
2986:
2976:
2951:
2947:
2941:
2924:
2920:
2914:
2882:
2876:
2860:
2828:
2822:
2787:
2770:
2766:
2744:
2740:
2734:
2709:
2705:
2699:
2690:
2681:
2672:
2664:
2659:
2632:
2628:
2618:
2590:
2583:
2556:
2517:crystalloids
2494:
2458:soil science
2455:
2426:eigencolloid
2424:
2389:
2358:, a type of
2349:
2335:
2318:
2273:
2244:interstitial
2200:close-packed
2198:result from
2174:
2139:
2125:
2113:
2109:turbidimetry
2102:
2077:viscoelastic
2073:
2046:
2029:
2018:
1990:
1977:
1966:flocculation
1959:
1944:
1933:
1911:condensation
1882:
1870:
1867:
1805:
1762:
1689:
1621:
1598:
1501:
1439:
1421:The Earth’s
1420:
1372:
1331:
1322:
1310:
1276:
1275:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1095:
1083:
1059:
1037:
1024:precipitates
1008:
970:
954:
931:
915:condensation
898:
887:
853:
841:
840:
835:
831:
830:
817:
799:
780:
764:
760:
726:
724:
591:von Klitzing
425:
296:Kondo effect
156:Time crystal
136:Fermi liquid
40:
5255:Soft matter
5209:Lyonium ion
5124:Miscibility
5109:Henry's law
4747:Latent heat
4696:Sublimation
4641:Evaporation
4576:Ferromagnet
4571:Ferrimagnet
4553:Dark matter
4485:High energy
4179:12 February
4153:22 February
4007:(7): 2306.
3107:5 September
2954:(6): 2322.
2437:, or Am(OH)
2362:. The term
2328:formation.
2306:Bragg’s law
2298:iridescence
2271:lightwave.
2240:hydrostatic
2236:compression
2220:precipitate
2202:domains of
2009:peptization
2005:DLVO theory
1970:coagulation
1962:aggregation
1940:free energy
1879:Preparation
1162:opalescence
1160:with light
1144:Jello cubes
1077:, gel-like
927:hair sprays
879:Dispersion
783:translucent
759:. The term
413:Soft matter
334:Ferromagnet
5229:Categories
5204:Amphiphile
5199:Lipophilic
5194:Hydrophile
5189:Hydrophobe
5066:Solubility
4961:Saturation
4931:Suspension
4762:Volatility
4725:Quantities
4686:Regelation
4661:Ionization
4636:Deposition
4588:Superglass
4558:Antimatter
4492:QCD matter
4471:Supersolid
4466:Superfluid
4429:Low energy
4325:4 November
4249:1035317420
2927:(8): 806.
2712:: 97–121.
2539:References
2447:bentonites
2336:Colloidal
2332:In biology
2310:scattering
2222:in highly
2085:toothpaste
2068:depletants
1888:Dispersion
1365:solution.
1319:Components
1250:of liquid
1158:silica gel
1156:Colloidal
1065:Examples:
1041:Examples:
1038:Solid foam
1014:Examples:
990:hand cream
986:mayonnaise
980:Examples:
935:Examples:
905:Examples:
893:immiscible
827:definition
791:scattering
776:micrometre
766:suspension
556:Louis NĂ©el
546:Schrieffer
454:Scientists
348:Spin glass
343:Metamagnet
325:Paramagnet
141:Supersolid
5214:Lyate ion
5169:Solvation
5084:Solvation
5026:Normality
4257:cite book
4140:1015-2636
3867:: 25–73.
3631:(1): 33.
3377:701308697
3263:232632488
3141:1309.1187
3062:221770585
2761:186208563
2610:406528399
2575:706803091
2473:particles
2397:sandstone
2393:limestone
2356:membranes
2342:cytoplasm
2325:chemistry
2279:Coulombic
2276:repulsive
2228:Australia
2226:pools in
2224:siliceous
2204:amorphous
2181:analogous
2081:bentonite
1847:η
1844:π
1785:ρ
1781:−
1772:ρ
1737:π
1666:ρ
1662:−
1653:ρ
1565:viscosity
1551:η
1481:η
1478:π
1444:with the
1350:molecules
1281:chemicals
1252:butterfat
1118:hydrosols
1087:Example:
1084:Solid sol
1051:styrofoam
1002:, liquid
960:Example:
941:ice cloud
842:Colloidal
836:colloidal
772:nanometre
745:suspended
741:particles
738:insoluble
735:dispersed
636:Abrikosov
551:Josephson
521:Van Vleck
511:Luttinger
384:Polariton
316:Diamagnet
236:Conductor
231:Semimetal
216:Insulator
131:Fermi gas
5235:Colloids
5184:Polarity
5143:Category
5031:Molality
4893:Solution
4823:Spinodal
4771:Concepts
4651:Freezing
4288:Medscape
4048:23836297
3805:24104290
3745:26315444
3701:18986182
3681:Langmuir
3564:24157992
3556:12948027
3521:12954183
3486:41264141
3447:19577785
3392:Langmuir
3326:: 1–57.
3305:96812603
3178:25344532
3054:32937070
3034:Langmuir
3019:23572691
2903:Archived
2899:96812603
2849:Archived
2845:95122531
2767:colloids
2726:55882753
2651:95122531
2529:efficacy
2477:diameter
2269:incident
2193:spectral
2165:Crystals
2063:polymer.
2037:guar gum
1896:spraying
1427:sediment
1338:solution
1299:through
1289:proteins
1283:(mostly
1248:emulsion
1230:crystals
1026:, solid
1020:sediment
972:Emulsion
838:system.
820:in 1861.
753:aerosols
686:Category
641:Ginzburg
616:Laughlin
576:Kadanoff
531:Shockley
516:Anderson
471:von Laue
121:Bose gas
5134:Solvent
4936:Colloid
4926:Mixture
4783:Binodal
4671:Melting
4606:Boiling
4523:Crystal
4518:Colloid
4204:Bibcode
4098:Bibcode
3947:Bibcode
3924:4191566
3904:Bibcode
3869:Bibcode
3832:Bibcode
3783:Bibcode
3753:5727282
3723:Science
3427:Bibcode
3169:4234574
3146:Bibcode
3010:3551143
2956:Bibcode
2485:soil pH
2433:, U(OH)
2401:granite
2346:nucleus
2321:physics
2294:crystal
2290:aqueous
2267:as the
2255:visible
2185:natural
2177:ordered
2142:physics
2033:xanthan
1892:milling
1591:is the
1563:is the
1535:is the
1362:crystal
1360:(NaCl)
1346:solvent
1219:opalite
1132:Aerogel
1071:gelatin
1043:aerogel
951:Liquid
901:aerosol
899:Liquid
881:medium
871:Liquid
832:Colloid
818:colloid
731:mixture
727:colloid
646:Leggett
621:Störmer
606:Bednorz
566:Giaever
536:Bardeen
526:Hubbard
501:Peierls
491:Onsager
441:Polymer
426:Colloid
389:Polaron
380:Plasmon
375:Exciton
4411:Plasma
4392:Liquid
4294:6 July
4247:
4237:
4138:
4071:
4046:
3922:
3896:Nature
3803:
3751:
3743:
3699:
3662:
3562:
3554:
3519:
3484:
3445:
3375:
3365:
3338:
3303:
3261:
3251:
3208:
3176:
3166:
3093:
3060:
3052:
3017:
3007:
2897:
2843:
2794:
2759:
2724:
2649:
2608:
2598:
2573:
2563:
2421:fulvic
2314:X-rays
2288:in an
2238:under
2212:silica
1919:silica
1690:where
1593:radius
1502:where
1342:solute
1340:, the
1217:in an
1200:Creams
1055:pumice
1034:Solid
911:clouds
874:Solid
795:opaque
749:liquid
684:
651:Parisi
611:MĂĽller
601:Rohrer
596:Binnig
586:Wilson
581:Fisher
541:Cooper
506:Landau
394:Magnon
370:Phonon
211:Plasma
111:Plasma
101:Liquid
66:Phases
4956:Alloy
4401:Vapor
4387:Solid
4380:State
4147:(PDF)
4128:(PDF)
3920:S2CID
3749:S2CID
3719:(PDF)
3560:S2CID
3482:JSTOR
3301:S2CID
3136:arXiv
3058:S2CID
2906:(PDF)
2895:S2CID
2873:(PDF)
2852:(PDF)
2841:S2CID
2819:(PDF)
2757:S2CID
2722:S2CID
2647:S2CID
2470:humus
2462:soils
2417:humic
2261:waves
2258:light
2247:voids
2214:, SiO
2196:color
2154:model
2146:atoms
2075:with
1915:redox
1913:, or
1431:cream
1297:foods
1293:water
1116:, or
1075:jelly
994:latex
937:smoke
923:steam
825:IUPAC
774:to 1
729:is a
561:Esaki
486:Bloch
481:Debye
476:Bragg
466:Onnes
399:Roton
96:Solid
4372:list
4327:2011
4296:2016
4263:link
4245:OCLC
4235:ISBN
4181:2009
4155:2009
4136:ISSN
4069:ISBN
4044:PMID
3801:PMID
3741:PMID
3697:PMID
3660:ISBN
3552:PMID
3517:PMID
3443:PMID
3373:OCLC
3363:ISBN
3336:ISBN
3259:OCLC
3249:ISBN
3206:ISBN
3174:PMID
3109:2018
3091:ISBN
3050:PMID
3015:PMID
2792:ISBN
2606:OCLC
2596:ISBN
2571:OCLC
2561:ISBN
2523:and
2468:and
2466:clay
2419:and
2409:clay
2405:sorb
2344:and
2323:and
2253:for
2234:and
2210:(or
2189:opal
2083:and
2035:and
1978:floc
1923:gold
1763:and
1599:and
1354:ions
1344:and
1305:skin
1287:and
1266:Mist
1244:Milk
1226:opal
1067:agar
982:milk
956:Foam
919:mist
884:Gas
868:Gas
812:and
757:gels
755:and
631:Tsui
626:Yang
571:Kohn
496:Mott
4397:Gas
4212:doi
4106:doi
4036:doi
4009:doi
3982:doi
3955:doi
3943:234
3912:doi
3900:204
3877:doi
3840:doi
3791:doi
3731:doi
3727:349
3689:doi
3633:doi
3587:doi
3583:152
3544:doi
3509:doi
3505:263
3474:doi
3435:doi
3400:doi
3328:doi
3291:doi
3164:PMC
3154:doi
3132:111
3083:doi
3042:doi
3005:PMC
2997:doi
2964:doi
2929:doi
2887:doi
2833:doi
2749:doi
2745:151
2714:doi
2637:doi
2456:In
2312:of
2140:In
1972:or
1921:or
1352:or
1061:Gel
1010:Sol
974:or
907:fog
743:is
186:QCP
106:Gas
76:QCP
35:SEM
5231::
4399:/
4313:.
4285:.
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