591:. The Canadian Hydrogen Observatory and Radio-transient Detector (CHORD) is a next-generation radio telescope, proposed for construction to start immediately. CHORD is a pan-Canadian project, designed to work with and build on the success of the CHIME. It will act as a sister experiment to HIRAX. CHORD will incorporate CHIME’s best innovations alongside new Canadian technology. Small cylinders derived from the CHIME design and operating from 400-800MHz will be deployed at remote outrigger sites and provide milli-arcsecond-level localization of radio transients. These will be complemented by focused arrays of 6m composite dishes at each site, instrumented with novel ultra-wideband (UWB) feeds, covering a 5:1 radio band from 300–1500MHz.
766:(HartRAO) in 2017, which is used as a test bed for hardware and software development leading up to the construction of the full array at the South African Radio Astronomy Observatory (SARAO) site in the Karoo. Construction of a 128-element pathfinder array is slated to begin in 2024. The pathfinder array will then be expanded out to the full 1024-element array over the course of the following three years. The HartRAO 8-element array will be incorporated into the full array as an "outrigger" array, along with several others throughout southern Africa. These outriggers will dramatically improve the angular resolution of the HIRAX array, allowing it to localize FRB detections with sub-arcsecond precision.
194:
181:
167:
152:
131:
100:
83:
41:
28:
755:
1194:
2317:
201:
2327:
1107:; Aldering; Goldhaber; Knop; Nugent; Castro; Deustua; Fabbro; Goobar; Groom; Hook; Kim; Kim; Lee; Nunes; Pain; Pennypacker; Quimby; Lidman; Ellis; Irwin; McMahon; Ruiz‐Lapuente; Walton; Schaefer; Boyle; Filippenko; Matheson; Fruchter; et al. (1999). "Measurements of Omega and Lambda from 42 high redshift supernovae".
425:
is in fact accelerating. Dark energy is the hypothesized form of energy which causes this acceleration, however little is known about it beyond the fact that it must currently comprise approximately 70% of the energy density of the universe. Dark matter also plays a significant role in the growth of
667:
of data per second, which is comparable to the total international internet bandwidth for the continent of Africa. This problem is made feasible by recent advances in GPU based computing, and by the regular spacing between the array elements, which lowers the computational difficulty from
1051:; Filippenko; Challis; Clocchiatti; Diercks; Garnavich; Gilliland; Hogan; Jha; Kirshner; Leibundgut; Phillips; Reiss; Schmidt; Schommer; Smith; Spyromilio; Stubbs; Suntzeff; Tonry (1998). "Observational evidence from supernovae for an accelerating universe and a cosmological constant".
662:
cluster. This correlation operation is extremely computationally expensive, and is the primary reason why such large interferometric arrays have not previously been fielded. In full array operation, HIRAX will be required to process 6.5
649:
amplifier chains, then digitized and correlated with the signals from all other dishes to produce a single coherent image from the whole array. The digitization and frequency channelization operations will be performed by custom
461:
HIRAX is designed to measure the effects of dark energy and dark matter on the dynamics of the universe over a long period of time (~4 billion years) to learn more about their nature. This is accomplished by looking at the
2007:
568:) radio bursts, whose origins are completely unknown. Only approximately 612 have been detected as of 2021, but the HIRAX array expects to detect tens of FRBs per day. Pulsars are rapidly rotating
434:, and it is known to make up approximately 25% of the energy density of the universe, but the exact nature of it is not understood. The remaining 5% of the energy density of the universe is the
303:
193:
1665:
1557:
331:
545:
cosmological model predicts that dark energy is beginning to affect the dynamics of the universe, causing it to transition from decelerating expansion to accelerating expansion.
2366:
774:
535:
607:
be steered, but fixed in position and sweep the sky as the Earth rotates. Every few months, they will be manually re-pointed in elevation to survey a new strip of the sky.
950:
740:
552:
and large survey area will additionally make it a very powerful tool for detecting radio transient events. In particular, HIRAX will be extremely efficient at detecting
702:
572:, whose rotation causes them to appear to emit radio frequency pulses at very regular rates. Precise measurements of the rates of their pulses could be used to detect
2356:
1439:
993:
1655:
580:
1645:
778:
379:
490:, marking the expansion of the universe over time, and therefore giving information about dark energy and dark matter. For example, if dark energy is not a
299:
53:
1580:
763:
1177:
Vanderlinde, Keith; Liu, Adrian; Gaensler, Bryan; Bond, Dick; Hinshaw, Gary; Ng, Cherry; Chiang, Cynthia; Stairs, Ingrid; Brown, Jo-Anne (2019-10-21).
946:"Expansion of the universe, A homogeneous universe of constant mass and increasing radius accounting for the radial velocity of extra-galactic nebulae"
1346:
840:
L. Newburgh; et al. (2016). Hall, Helen J; Gilmozzi, Roberto; Marshall, Heather K (eds.). "HIRAX: A Probe of Dark Energy and Radio
Transients".
2285:
2036:
1759:
1596:
1302:
359:
917:(1927). "Un univers homogène de masse constante et de rayon croissant rendant compte de la vitesse radiale des nébuleuses extra-galactiques".
1997:
1719:
1973:
1867:
417:, that the universe is expanding, but for most of the 20th century it was assumed that this was a decelerating expansion, following a hot
2361:
1965:
576:, because the gravitational waves would distort the size of the space the pulses travel through, and thus their arrival times at Earth.
290:
The HIRAX collaboration is made up of over a dozen institutions, mainly from South Africa, the United States, and Canada, including the
1799:
1635:
1457:
1400:
2196:
1565:
1467:
2071:
1689:
295:
2052:
1789:
1625:
413:
are among the greatest unsolved mysteries in modern cosmology. It has been known since the late 1920s, with the discovery of
327:
307:
1475:
1339:
651:
483:
2239:
1917:
1817:
790:
479:
276:
541:, or when the universe was between 2.5 and 6.5 billion years old). This range encompasses the period when the standard
2260:
2151:
2017:
1925:
1739:
1541:
1394:
1390:
770:
291:
93:
1981:
2330:
1491:
659:
2351:
1779:
1699:
1416:
1406:
501:
Due to the expansion of the universe, the 400-800 MHz operating band of the HIRAX instrument corresponds to
422:
375:
363:
2320:
1989:
1957:
1857:
1533:
1421:
1332:
805:
655:
351:
2229:
2219:
1683:
1549:
347:
315:
1163:
498:
theory of cosmology predicts, then the rate of acceleration of the universe may not be constant over time.
1941:
1827:
1284:
260:
2234:
2201:
2121:
1729:
1675:
1615:
1515:
491:
431:
323:
2302:
2091:
1949:
1507:
1483:
1245:
1126:
1070:
1002:
959:
926:
859:
627:
508:
166:
754:
626:
across the 400–800 MHz observing band of the telescope. Each dish is coupled to a single dual-
99:
2275:
2086:
2081:
2076:
1933:
1837:
1709:
914:
635:
588:
584:
573:
475:
471:
443:
427:
151:
141:
1303:"New radio telescope launched in South Africa in order to solve the mystery that is 'dark energy'"
2255:
2224:
2171:
2131:
2101:
2044:
1809:
1588:
1142:
1116:
1086:
1060:
894:
875:
849:
646:
707:
583:(CHIME) is a sister experiment to HIRAX. It has similar science objectives, but observes in the
2280:
2126:
1449:
1263:
1030:
800:
671:
600:
426:
structures within the universe. It is believed to be a form of matter that interacts with the
355:
319:
311:
2270:
2166:
2161:
2096:
1847:
1499:
1285:"HIRAX telescope project is officially launched. – Astrophysics and Cosmology Research Unit"
1253:
1182:
1134:
1078:
1020:
1010:
967:
867:
795:
639:
638:(LNAs), and transmitted to a centralized computation structure (the "back end") by means of
553:
542:
495:
2191:
2136:
1380:
1355:
1198:
1193:
1104:
619:
343:
335:
252:
180:
145:
414:
130:
82:
1249:
1197: This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the
1130:
1074:
1006:
963:
930:
863:
40:
2265:
2146:
631:
487:
467:
455:
240:
1025:
988:
2345:
2186:
2141:
2116:
1146:
879:
569:
549:
463:
272:
1090:
27:
2111:
1384:
618:
from neighboring dishes in the array. The antennas have been optimized to have low
548:
The HIRAX array will survey most of the southern sky to map out BAO, and its large
268:
2290:
2181:
2176:
2106:
623:
561:
447:
410:
406:
284:
280:
248:
1258:
1233:
1048:
989:"A relation between distance and radial velocity among extra-galactic nebulae"
893:
Andreas
Albrecht; et al. (2006). "Report of the Dark Energy Task Force".
371:
108:
972:
945:
68:
55:
2295:
1523:
615:
256:
200:
1267:
1186:
1034:
1015:
221:
2156:
1898:
1121:
1065:
899:
611:
502:
418:
1749:
871:
664:
557:
394:
390:
339:
1319:
1212:
1179:
The
Canadian Hydrogen Observatory and Radio-transient Detector (CHORD)
781:
announced the official launch of the HIRAX experiment in August 2018.
1769:
1374:
1178:
1164:"New telescope chases the mysteries of radio flashes and dark energy"
565:
451:
435:
762:
The HIRAX collaboration fielded an 8-element prototype array at the
2008:
Special
Astrophysical Observatory of the Russian Academy of Science
1138:
1082:
854:
1888:
1324:
753:
386:
264:
244:
1370:
1234:"Dark-energy telescope, asteroid hunters and gene-therapy rules"
439:
367:
209:
Location of
Hydrogen Intensity and Real-time Analysis eXperiment
1328:
478:
in the universe, and so can be used to map out the large scale
538:
654:(FPGA) boards, and the correlation will be run on a custom
304:
275:
emission on large angular scales, in order to map out the
1666:
Combined Array for
Research in Millimeter-wave Astronomy
421:. However, in the late 1990s it was discovered that the
758:
The HIRAX prototype telescope array at HartRAO in 2017.
599:
The HIRAX array will consist of 1024 6-meter diameter
466:
produced by hot diffuse neutral hydrogen from distant
332:
Inter-University Centre for
Astronomy and Astrophysics
271:. The array is designed to measure red-shifted 21-cm
710:
674:
614:
of 0.23, to shield the feeds from ground pickup, and
511:
482:(BAO) structure of the universe. The BAO are a fixed
389:, a local mammal, and in parallel to the neighboring
233:
Hydrogen
Intensity and Real-time Analysis eXperiment
17:
Hydrogen
Intensity and Real-time Analysis eXperiment
2248:
2210:
2064:
2029:
1916:
1881:
1608:
1430:
1415:
1362:
645:At the back end the signal is amplified further by
174:
159:
137:
117:
113:
37 cm (810 MHz)–75 cm (400 MHz)
107:
89:
47:
34:
21:
734:
696:
529:
1770:Multi-Element Radio Linked Interferometer Network
951:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
919:Annales de la Société Scientifique de Bruxelles A
603:with a field of view of 5–10°. The dishes will
994:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1656:Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment
1279:
1277:
581:Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment
1340:
385:The HIRAX array is named in reference to the
8:
1646:Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder
835:
833:
831:
829:
827:
825:
823:
821:
380:National Research Foundation of South Africa
16:
1440:500 meter Aperture Spherical Telescope
844:. Ground-based and Airborne Telescopes VI.
300:African Institute for Mathematical Sciences
2367:Astronomical observatories in South Africa
1427:
1347:
1333:
1325:
1158:
1156:
764:Hartebeesthoek Radio Astronomy Observatory
179:
165:
150:
129:
98:
81:
39:
26:
15:
1257:
1228:
1226:
1120:
1064:
1024:
1014:
971:
898:
853:
709:
685:
673:
510:
1760:Molonglo Observatory Synthesis Telescope
1597:Warkworth Radio Astronomical Observatory
746:is the number of elements in the array.
178:28,000 m (300,000 sq ft)
817:
634:. The signal is amplified by a pair of
610:The dishes are extremely deep, with an
474:. This neutral hydrogen traces out the
2357:Science and technology in South Africa
360:Astroparticle and Cosmology Laboratory
2261:Cosmic microwave background radiation
1998:Pushchino Radio Astronomy Observatory
1720:Large Latin American Millimeter Array
7:
2326:
1974:National Radio Astronomy Observatory
1868:Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope
775:Department of Science and Technology
1966:Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory
382:, and by the partner institutions.
1800:Northern Extended Millimeter Array
393:radio telescope and its eponymous
14:
1636:Australia Telescope Compact Array
1458:Caltech Submillimeter Observatory
1401:Very Long Baseline Interferometry
2325:
2316:
2315:
1244:(7719): 414–415. 1 August 2018.
1192:
199:
192:
1690:Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope
1558:UTR-2 decameter radio telescope
530:{\displaystyle 0.8<z<2.5}
296:Durban University of Technology
259:, that will be deployed at the
1790:Northern Cross Radio Telescope
1626:Atacama Large Millimeter Array
729:
714:
691:
678:
328:University of British Columbia
308:University of the Western Cape
160:Number of telescopes
1:
652:field programmable gate array
2240:Gravitational-wave astronomy
1818:Primeval Structure Telescope
791:Baryon acoustic oscillations
779:National Research Foundation
277:baryon acoustic oscillations
2152:Christiaan Alexander Muller
2018:Vermilion River Observatory
1926:Algonquin Radio Observatory
1391:Astronomical interferometer
1217:www.africabandwidthmaps.com
771:University of KwaZulu-Natal
486:size, and so they act as a
480:Baryon Acoustic Oscillation
292:University of KwaZulu-Natal
94:University of KwaZulu-Natal
2383:
2362:Interferometric telescopes
1492:Large Millimeter Telescope
1259:10.1038/d41586-018-05983-4
735:{\displaystyle O(n\log n)}
660:high performance computing
279:, and constrain models of
2311:
1780:Murchison Widefield Array
1700:Green Bank Interferometer
1524:RATAN-600 Radio Telescope
1407:Astronomical radio source
773:, and the South African
601:parabolic dish reflectors
423:expansion of the universe
376:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
364:Nelson Mandela University
218:
187:
1990:Onsala Space Observatory
1982:Nançay Radio Observatory
1958:Jodrell Bank Observatory
1858:Very Long Baseline Array
1534:Sardinia Radio Telescope
806:List of radio telescopes
697:{\displaystyle O(n^{2})}
656:graphics processing unit
589:instrumental systematics
352:West Virginia University
2220:Submillimetre astronomy
1832:Australia, South Africa
1684:Event Horizon Telescope
1213:"Africa Bandwidth Maps"
348:University of Wisconsin
316:University of Cape Town
1942:Green Bank Observatory
1828:Square Kilometre Array
1187:10.5281/zenodo.3765414
973:10.1093/mnras/91.5.483
759:
736:
698:
531:
476:large scale structures
438:which we can see; the
378:. It is funded by the
261:Square Kilometer Array
255:, operating at 400-800
22:Alternative names
2235:High-energy astronomy
2122:Sebastian von Hoerner
1730:Long Wavelength Array
1676:European VLBI Network
1616:Allen Telescope Array
1516:Qitai Radio Telescope
1109:Astrophysical Journal
1016:10.1073/pnas.15.3.168
944:Lemaître, G. (1931).
757:
737:
699:
560:. FRBs are short (~1
532:
492:cosmological constant
432:electromagnetic force
324:University of Toronto
2303:Solar radio emission
2092:Jocelyn Bell Burnell
1950:Haystack Observatory
1484:Green Bank Telescope
1468:Effelsberg Telescope
1053:Astronomical Journal
708:
672:
636:low-noise amplifiers
587:, and has different
509:
505:21-cm emission from
175:Collecting area
138:Telescope style
2276:Pulsar timing array
2082:Edward George Bowen
2072:Elizabeth Alexander
1934:Arecibo Observatory
1838:Submillimeter Array
1740:Low-Frequency Array
1710:Korean VLBI Network
1576:Southern Hemisphere
1487:(West Virginia, US)
1320:HIRAX Official Site
1250:2018Natur.560..414.
1131:1999ApJ...517..565P
1075:1998AJ....116.1009R
1007:1929PNAS...15..168H
987:Hubble, E. (1929).
964:1931MNRAS..91..483L
931:1927ASSB...47...49L
864:2016SPIE.9906E..5XN
842:Proceedings of SPIE
585:northern hemisphere
574:gravitational waves
472:intracluster medium
464:21-cm line emission
428:gravitational force
142:parabolic reflector
69:30.7211°S 21.4111°E
65: /
18:
2256:Aperture synthesis
2225:Infrared astronomy
2162:Joseph Lade Pawsey
2132:Kenneth Kellermann
2102:Nan Dieter-Conklin
1810:One-Mile Telescope
1589:Parkes Observatory
872:10.1117/12.2234286
760:
732:
694:
527:
494:, as the standard
2339:
2338:
2281:Radio propagation
2230:Optical astronomy
2127:Karl Guthe Jansky
1937:(Puerto Rico, US)
1912:
1911:
1704:West Virginia, US
1453:(Puerto Rico, US)
1450:Arecibo Telescope
1305:. 20 August 2018.
1291:. 17 August 2018.
801:Intensity mapping
640:fibre-optic links
554:Fast Radio Bursts
356:Oxford University
320:McGill University
312:Rhodes University
229:
228:
74:-30.7211; 21.4111
2374:
2352:Radio telescopes
2329:
2328:
2319:
2318:
2296:HD 164595 signal
2271:Odd radio circle
2249:Related articles
2167:Ruby Payne-Scott
2097:Arthur Covington
2087:Ronald Bracewell
2057:
2049:
2041:
2022:
2013:
2003:
1994:
1986:
1978:
1970:
1962:
1954:
1946:
1938:
1930:
1904:
1894:
1873:
1863:
1853:
1848:Very Large Array
1843:
1833:
1823:
1814:
1805:
1795:
1785:
1775:
1765:
1755:
1745:
1735:
1725:
1724:Argentina/Brazil
1715:
1705:
1695:
1680:
1671:
1661:
1651:
1641:
1631:
1621:
1601:
1593:
1585:
1577:
1570:
1566:Yevpatoria RT-70
1562:
1554:
1546:
1538:
1529:
1520:
1512:
1504:
1500:Lovell Telescope
1496:
1488:
1480:
1472:
1463:
1454:
1445:
1428:
1417:Radio telescopes
1349:
1342:
1335:
1326:
1307:
1306:
1299:
1293:
1292:
1281:
1272:
1271:
1261:
1230:
1221:
1220:
1209:
1203:
1196:
1190:
1174:
1168:
1167:
1160:
1151:
1150:
1124:
1122:astro-ph/9812133
1101:
1095:
1094:
1068:
1066:astro-ph/9805201
1045:
1039:
1038:
1028:
1018:
984:
978:
977:
975:
941:
935:
934:
911:
905:
904:
902:
900:astro-ph/0609591
890:
884:
883:
857:
848:(9906): 99065X.
837:
796:Fast radio burst
741:
739:
738:
733:
703:
701:
700:
695:
690:
689:
536:
534:
533:
528:
253:radio telescopes
243:array of 1024 6-
222:edit on Wikidata
203:
202:
196:
183:
170:
169:
155:
154:
133:
128:
126:
103:
102:
85:
80:
79:
77:
76:
75:
70:
66:
63:
62:
61:
58:
43:
30:
19:
2382:
2381:
2377:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2372:
2371:
2342:
2341:
2340:
2335:
2307:
2244:
2212:
2206:
2192:Gart Westerhout
2060:
2055:
2047:
2039:
2025:
2020:
2011:
2001:
2000:(PRAO ASC LPI,
1992:
1984:
1976:
1968:
1960:
1952:
1944:
1936:
1928:
1908:
1902:
1892:
1877:
1871:
1861:
1851:
1841:
1831:
1821:
1812:
1803:
1793:
1783:
1773:
1763:
1753:
1743:
1733:
1723:
1713:
1703:
1693:
1678:
1669:
1659:
1649:
1639:
1629:
1619:
1609:Interferometers
1604:
1599:
1591:
1583:
1575:
1568:
1560:
1552:
1550:Usuda Telescope
1544:
1536:
1527:
1518:
1510:
1502:
1494:
1486:
1478:
1470:
1461:
1452:
1443:
1432:
1419:
1411:
1381:Radio telescope
1358:
1356:Radio astronomy
1353:
1316:
1311:
1310:
1301:
1300:
1296:
1289:acru.ukzn.ac.za
1283:
1282:
1275:
1232:
1231:
1224:
1211:
1210:
1206:
1176:
1175:
1171:
1162:
1161:
1154:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1047:
1046:
1042:
986:
985:
981:
943:
942:
938:
913:
912:
908:
892:
891:
887:
839:
838:
819:
814:
787:
752:
706:
705:
681:
670:
669:
597:
507:
506:
468:galaxy clusters
456:galaxy clusters
436:baryonic matter
403:
374:, and the NASA
344:Carnegie Mellon
336:Yale University
241:interferometric
225:
214:
213:
212:
211:
210:
206:
205:
204:
164:
149:
146:radio telescope
144:
124:
122:
97:
73:
71:
67:
64:
59:
56:
54:
52:
51:
12:
11:
5:
2380:
2378:
2370:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2344:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2333:
2323:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2305:
2300:
2299:
2298:
2293:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2266:Interferometry
2263:
2258:
2252:
2250:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2216:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2147:Bernard Lovell
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2077:John G. Bolton
2074:
2068:
2066:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2058:
2050:
2045:ESA New Norcia
2042:
2033:
2031:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2015:
2005:
1995:
1987:
1979:
1971:
1963:
1955:
1947:
1939:
1931:
1922:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1906:
1896:
1885:
1883:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1875:
1865:
1855:
1852:New Mexico, US
1845:
1835:
1825:
1815:
1807:
1797:
1787:
1777:
1767:
1757:
1747:
1737:
1734:New Mexico, US
1727:
1717:
1707:
1697:
1687:
1681:
1673:
1670:California, US
1663:
1653:
1643:
1633:
1623:
1620:California, US
1612:
1610:
1606:
1605:
1603:
1602:
1594:
1586:
1584:(South Africa)
1578:
1572:
1571:
1563:
1555:
1547:
1539:
1531:
1521:
1513:
1508:Ooty Telescope
1505:
1497:
1489:
1481:
1473:
1465:
1455:
1447:
1436:
1434:
1425:
1413:
1412:
1410:
1409:
1404:
1398:
1388:
1378:
1366:
1364:
1360:
1359:
1354:
1352:
1351:
1344:
1337:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1315:
1314:External links
1312:
1309:
1308:
1294:
1273:
1222:
1204:
1169:
1152:
1139:10.1086/307221
1105:Perlmutter, S.
1096:
1083:10.1086/300499
1059:(3): 1009–38.
1049:Riess, Adam G.
1040:
979:
958:(5): 483–490.
936:
906:
885:
816:
815:
813:
810:
809:
808:
803:
798:
793:
786:
783:
751:
748:
731:
728:
725:
722:
719:
716:
713:
693:
688:
684:
680:
677:
632:dipole antenna
596:
593:
526:
523:
520:
517:
514:
488:standard ruler
450:that makes up
430:, but not the
405:The nature of
402:
399:
227:
226:
219:
216:
215:
208:
207:
198:
197:
191:
190:
189:
188:
185:
184:
176:
172:
171:
161:
157:
156:
139:
135:
134:
119:
115:
114:
111:
105:
104:
91:
87:
86:
49:
45:
44:
38:South Africa
36:
32:
31:
23:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2379:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2332:
2324:
2322:
2314:
2313:
2310:
2304:
2301:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2247:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2209:
2203:
2202:Robert Wilson
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2187:Govind Swarup
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2142:John D. Kraus
2140:
2138:
2137:Frank J. Kerr
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2117:Antony Hewish
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2063:
2054:
2051:
2046:
2043:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2028:
2019:
2016:
2009:
2006:
1999:
1996:
1991:
1988:
1983:
1980:
1975:
1972:
1967:
1964:
1959:
1956:
1951:
1948:
1943:
1940:
1935:
1932:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1918:Observatories
1915:
1900:
1897:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1884:
1880:
1869:
1866:
1859:
1856:
1849:
1846:
1839:
1836:
1829:
1826:
1819:
1816:
1811:
1808:
1801:
1798:
1791:
1788:
1781:
1778:
1771:
1768:
1761:
1758:
1751:
1748:
1741:
1738:
1731:
1728:
1721:
1718:
1711:
1708:
1701:
1698:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1677:
1674:
1667:
1664:
1657:
1654:
1647:
1644:
1637:
1634:
1627:
1624:
1617:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1598:
1595:
1590:
1587:
1582:
1579:
1574:
1573:
1567:
1564:
1559:
1556:
1551:
1548:
1543:
1540:
1535:
1532:
1525:
1522:
1517:
1514:
1509:
1506:
1501:
1498:
1493:
1490:
1485:
1482:
1477:
1476:Galenki RT-70
1474:
1469:
1466:
1459:
1456:
1451:
1448:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1435:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1418:
1414:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1350:
1345:
1343:
1338:
1336:
1331:
1330:
1327:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1313:
1304:
1298:
1295:
1290:
1286:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1218:
1214:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1195:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1173:
1170:
1165:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1115:(2): 565–86.
1114:
1110:
1106:
1100:
1097:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1044:
1041:
1036:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1001:(3): 168–73.
1000:
996:
995:
990:
983:
980:
974:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
952:
947:
940:
937:
932:
928:
925:(47): 49–59.
924:
920:
916:
910:
907:
901:
896:
889:
886:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
856:
851:
847:
843:
836:
834:
832:
830:
828:
826:
824:
822:
818:
811:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
788:
784:
782:
780:
776:
772:
767:
765:
756:
749:
747:
745:
726:
723:
720:
717:
711:
686:
682:
675:
666:
661:
657:
653:
648:
643:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
608:
606:
602:
594:
592:
590:
586:
582:
577:
575:
571:
570:neutron stars
567:
564:) bright (~1
563:
559:
555:
551:
550:field of view
546:
544:
540:
524:
521:
518:
515:
512:
504:
499:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
470:and from the
469:
465:
459:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
401:Science goals
400:
398:
396:
392:
388:
383:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
288:
286:
282:
278:
274:
273:hydrogen line
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
223:
217:
195:
186:
182:
177:
173:
168:
162:
158:
153:
147:
143:
140:
136:
132:
120:
116:
112:
110:
106:
101:
95:
92:
88:
84:
78:
50:
46:
42:
37:
33:
29:
24:
20:
2211:Astronomy by
2172:Arno Penzias
2112:Cyril Hazard
1754:South Africa
1545:(Uzbekistan)
1385:Radio window
1297:
1288:
1241:
1237:
1216:
1207:
1191:
1181:(Report). .
1172:
1112:
1108:
1099:
1056:
1052:
1043:
998:
992:
982:
955:
949:
939:
922:
918:
915:Lemaître, G.
909:
888:
845:
841:
768:
761:
743:
658:(GPU) based
644:
630:clover-leaf
628:polarization
624:reflectivity
609:
604:
598:
578:
547:
500:
460:
415:Hubble's law
404:
384:
289:
269:South Africa
263:site in the
236:
232:
230:
90:Organization
2291:Wow! signal
2182:Martin Ryle
2177:Grote Reber
2107:Frank Drake
2048:(Australia)
1882:Space-based
1872:Netherlands
1744:Netherlands
1714:South Korea
1592:(Australia)
1542:Suffa RT-70
556:(FRBs) and
411:dark matter
407:dark energy
285:dark matter
281:dark energy
251:) diameter
163:1,024
72: /
48:Coordinates
35:Location(s)
2346:Categories
2213:EM methods
1433:telescopes
1431:Individual
855:1607.02059
812:References
595:Instrument
503:redshifted
372:ETH Zurich
267:region of
109:Wavelength
60:21°24′40″E
57:30°43′16″S
2197:Paul Wild
2030:Multi-use
2010:(SAORAS,
1784:Australia
1772:(MERLIN,
1764:Australia
1650:Australia
1640:Australia
1569:(Ukraine)
1561:(Ukraine)
1471:(Germany)
1199:CC BY 4.0
1147:118910636
880:119280190
724:
622:and high
616:crosstalk
239:) is an
125:2019–2022
121:2019–2022
2321:Category
2157:Jan Oort
2056:(Canada)
2040:(Canada)
1993:(Sweden)
1985:(France)
1929:(Canada)
1899:Spektr-R
1742:(LOFAR,
1722:(LLAMA,
1679:(Europe)
1668:(CARMA,
1658:(CHIME,
1648:(ASKAP,
1495:(Mexico)
1479:(Russia)
1363:Concepts
1268:30135538
1201:license.
1091:15640044
1035:16577160
785:See also
742:, where
612:f-number
484:comoving
452:galaxies
419:Big Bang
2331:Commons
1870:(WSRT,
1860:(VLBA,
1820:(PaST,
1762:(MOST,
1750:MeerKAT
1692:(GMRT,
1638:(ATCA,
1628:(ALMA,
1581:HartRAO
1553:(Japan)
1537:(Italy)
1519:(China)
1511:(India)
1442:(FAST,
1395:History
1369:Units (
1246:Bibcode
1127:Bibcode
1071:Bibcode
1003:Bibcode
960:Bibcode
927:Bibcode
860:Bibcode
558:Pulsars
391:meerKAT
340:Caltech
123: (
2065:People
2012:Russia
2002:Russia
1903:Russia
1850:(VLA,
1840:(SMA,
1830:(SKA,
1804:France
1782:(MWA,
1732:(LWA,
1712:(KVN,
1702:(GBI,
1660:Canada
1618:(ATA,
1528:Russia
1460:(CSO,
1403:(VLBI)
1375:jansky
1266:
1238:Nature
1145:
1089:
1033:
1026:522427
1023:
878:
750:Status
647:analog
395:animal
370:, the
362:, the
358:, the
350:, the
346:, the
330:, the
326:, the
322:, the
314:, the
306:, the
302:, the
298:, the
294:, the
148:
96:
25:HIRAX
1893:Japan
1889:HALCA
1822:China
1794:Italy
1694:India
1686:(EHT)
1630:Chile
1444:China
1143:S2CID
1117:arXiv
1087:S2CID
1061:arXiv
895:arXiv
876:S2CID
850:arXiv
777:and
537:(7-11
440:stars
387:hyrax
265:Karoo
245:meter
237:HIRAX
220:[
118:Built
2286:SETI
2053:PARL
2037:DRAO
2021:(US)
1977:(US)
1969:(UK)
1961:(UK)
1953:(US)
1945:(US)
1813:(UK)
1600:(NZ)
1503:(UK)
1422:List
1373:and
1371:watt
1264:PMID
1031:PMID
846:9906
769:The
620:loss
579:The
543:ΛCDM
522:<
516:<
496:ΛCDM
454:and
448:dust
446:and
409:and
368:EPFL
283:and
231:The
1254:doi
1242:560
1183:doi
1135:doi
1113:517
1079:doi
1057:116
1021:PMC
1011:doi
968:doi
868:doi
721:log
704:to
605:not
539:Bya
525:2.5
513:0.8
444:gas
257:MHz
247:(20
2348::
1862:US
1842:US
1774:UK
1462:US
1287:.
1276:^
1262:.
1252:.
1240:.
1236:.
1225:^
1215:.
1155:^
1141:.
1133:.
1125:.
1111:.
1085:.
1077:.
1069:.
1055:.
1029:.
1019:.
1009:.
999:15
997:.
991:.
966:.
956:91
954:.
948:.
923:47
921:.
874:.
866:.
858:.
820:^
665:Tb
642:.
566:Jy
562:ms
458:.
442:,
397:.
366:,
354:,
342:,
338:,
334:,
318:,
310:,
287:.
249:ft
2014:)
2004:)
1905:)
1901:(
1895:)
1891:(
1874:)
1864:)
1854:)
1844:)
1834:)
1824:)
1806:)
1802:(
1796:)
1792:(
1786:)
1776:)
1766:)
1756:)
1752:(
1746:)
1736:)
1726:)
1716:)
1706:)
1696:)
1672:)
1662:)
1652:)
1642:)
1632:)
1622:)
1530:)
1526:(
1464:)
1446:)
1424:)
1420:(
1397:)
1393:(
1387:)
1383:(
1377:)
1348:e
1341:t
1334:v
1270:.
1256::
1248::
1219:.
1189:.
1185::
1166:.
1149:.
1137::
1129::
1119::
1093:.
1081::
1073::
1063::
1037:.
1013::
1005::
976:.
970::
962::
933:.
929::
903:.
897::
882:.
870::
862::
852::
744:n
730:)
727:n
718:n
715:(
712:O
692:)
687:2
683:n
679:(
676:O
519:z
235:(
224:]
127:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
