Hydrogen vehicle - Knowledge (XXG)

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platinum nano-particles are not coated over carbon which, in conventional hydrogen fuel cells, keeps the nano-particles in place but also causes the catalyst to become unstable and denatures it slowly, requiring even more platinum. The new technology uses durable nanowires instead of the nano-particles. "The next step for the researchers is to scale up their results so that the technology can be implemented in hydrogen vehicles."

1152: 1016:, are exploring technologies to deliver costs low enough, and quantities great enough, to compete with traditional energy sources. The challenges facing the use of hydrogen in vehicles include its storage on board the vehicle. As of September 2023, hydrogen cost $ 36 per kilogram at public fueling stations in California, 14 times as much per mile for a Mirai as compared with a Tesla Model 3. 7048: 702: 1273:, which creates at least as much emission of carbon per mile as some of today's gasoline cars, and that if the hydrogen could be produced using renewable energy, "it would surely be easier simply to use this energy to charge the batteries of all-electric or plug-in hybrid vehicles." Over their lifetimes, hydrogen vehicles will emit more carbon than gasoline vehicles. 170: 402:

to stimulate the market for hydrogen-powered vehicles. By 2017, however, Daimler had abandoned hydrogen vehicle development, and most of the automobile companies developing hydrogen cars had switched their focus to battery electric vehicles. By 2020, all but three automobile companies had abandoned plans to manufacture hydrogen cars.

334:, which began leasing in 2008, was the world's first hydrogen fuel cell vehicle designed for mass production rather than adapting an existing model. Honda established the world's first fuel cell vehicle dealer network in 2008, and at the time was the only company able to lease hydrogen fuel cell vehicles to private customers. 1176:

investment in airport infrastructure for the storage and delivery of hydrogen. The IEA deems the infrastructure requirements for hydrogen in shipping more challenging, drawing attention to the "need for major investments and co‐ordinated efforts among fuel suppliers, ports, shipbuilders and shippers".

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estimated that Toyota would initially lose about $ 100,000 on each Mirai sold. In 2020, researchers at the University of Copenhagen's Department of Chemistry are developing a new type of catalyst that they hope will decrease the cost of fuel cells. This new catalyst uses far less platinum because the

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Most companies in Europe and the US do not use petroleum powered forklifts, as these vehicles work indoors where emissions must be controlled and instead use electric forklifts. Fuel-cell-powered forklifts can be refueled in 3 minutes. They can be used in refrigerated warehouses, as their performance

1458:. Unlike hydrogen vehicles, CNG vehicle technology has been available for many decades, and there is sufficient infrastructure in existing filling stations to provide both commercial and home refueling. Worldwide, there were 14.8 million natural gas vehicles by the end of 2011, mostly in the form of 743:

In 2020, Alles over Waterstof developed a 2-wheel hydrogen powered stand-up scooter. The stand-up scooter has a range of over 20 km on 15 grams of hydrogen. It uses a swappable 1 litre 200 bar hydrogen cylinder. In 2021 the company developed a hydrogen powered cargo-bike, using a static 3 litre

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In 2017, Pragma Industries of France developed a bicycle that was able to travel 100 km on a single hydrogen cylinder. In 2019, Pragma announced that the product, "Alpha Bike", has been improved to offer an electrically assisted pedalling range of 150 km, and the first 200 of the bikes are

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Overall, the delta-v of a hydrogen stage is typically not much different from that of a dense fuelled stage, but the weight of a hydrogen stage is much less, which makes it particularly effective for upper stages, since they are carried by the lower stages. For first stages, dense fuelled rockets in

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announced a collaboration on hydrogen technology development. In 2015, Toyota announced that it would offer all 5,680 patents related to hydrogen fuel cell vehicles and hydrogen fuel cell charging station technology, which it has been researching for over 20 years, to its competitors free of charge

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Vehicles running on hydrogen technology benefit from a long range on a single refuelling, but are subject to several drawbacks including high carbon emissions when hydrogen is produced from natural gas, capital cost burden, high energy inputs in production and transportation, low energy content per

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The problems in early fuel-cell designs at low temperatures concerning range and cold start capabilities have been addressed so that they "cannot be seen as show-stoppers anymore". Users in 2014 said that their fuel cell vehicles continue to operate in temperatures below zero without significantly

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are not commercially available. In the light road vehicle segment, by the end of 2022, 70,200 fuel cell electric vehicles had been sold worldwide, compared with 26 million plug-in electric vehicles. In 2023, 3,143 hydrogen cars were sold in the US compared with 380,000 BEVs. With the rapid rise of

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The rationale for hydrogen vehicles lies in their potential to reduce reliance on fossil fuels, associated greenhouse gas emissions and localised air pollution from transportation. This would require hydrogen to be produced cleanly, for use in sectors and applications where cheaper and more energy

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than other powertrain technologies ... very high fuel costs. ... Considering all the obstacles and requirements for new infrastructure (estimated to cost as much as $ 400 billion), fuel-cell vehicles seem likely to be a niche technology at best, with little impact on U.S. oil consumption. The US

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A record of 207.297 miles per hour (333.612 km/h) was set by a prototype Ford Fusion Hydrogen 999 Fuel Cell Race Car at the Bonneville Salt Flats, in August 2007, using a large compressed oxygen tank to increase power. The land-speed record for a hydrogen-powered vehicle of 286.476 miles per

1001:. It is produced from feedstocks such as natural gas and biomass or electrolyzed from water. A suggested benefit of large-scale deployment of hydrogen vehicles is that it could lead to decreased emissions of greenhouse gases and ozone precursors. However, as of 2014, 95% of hydrogen is made from 1086:

resources would not create such emissions, but the scale of renewable energy production would need to be expanded to be used in producing hydrogen for a significant part of transportation needs. In a few countries, renewable sources are being used more widely to produce energy and hydrogen. For

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responded to the announcement, asking "why … go through the trouble of using electricity to make hydrogen, only to turn it back into electricity to charge a battery to run the e-bike pick a fuel that needs an expensive filling station that can only handle 35 bikes a day, when you can charge a

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and also in selected markets in Europe, the UK, Germany and Denmark later in 2015. The car has a range of 312 mi (502 km) and takes about five minutes to refill its hydrogen tank. The initial sale price in Japan was about 7 million yen ($ 69,000). Former European Parliament President

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Volkswagen's Rudolf Krebs said in 2013: "Hydrogen mobility only makes sense if you use green energy", but ... you need to convert it first into hydrogen "with low efficiencies" where "you lose about 40 percent of the initial energy". You then must compress the hydrogen and store it under high

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and plants to convert the hydrogen into a more readily transportable commodity (and potentially back to hydrogen)". In particular, the IEA notes that refueling stations will be needed in locations that are suitable for long‐distance trucking such as industrial hubs and identifies the need for

675:’s 2022 Net Zero Emissions Scenario, hydrogen is forecast to account for 2% of rail energy demand in 2050, while 90% of rail travel is expected to be electrified by then (up from 45% today). Hydrogen’s role in rail would likely be focused on lines that prove difficult or costly to electrify. 255:

A disadvantage of LH2/LOX engines is the low density and low temperature of liquid hydrogen, which means bigger and insulated and thus heavier fuel tanks are needed compared to methane, although methane is more polluting. This increases the rocket's structural mass which reduces its delta-v

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pressure in tanks, which uses more energy. "And then you have to convert the hydrogen back to electricity in a fuel cell with another efficiency loss". Krebs continued: "in the end, from your original 100 percent of electric energy, you end up with 30 to 40 percent." A 2016 study in

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Hydrogen burns cleaner than fuels such as gasoline or methane but is more difficult to store and transport because of the small size of the molecule. As of the 2020s hydrogen light duty vehicles, including passenger cars, have been sold in small numbers due to competition with

1325:, and delivering hydrogen would require building a vast and expensive new infrastructure, while the remaining two "advantages of fuel cell vehicles – longer range and fast fueling times – are rapidly being eroded by improving battery and charging technology." A 2022 study in 1187:

lawsuit in California over the lack of availability of hydrogen available for fuel cell electric cars, alleging, among other things, fraudulent concealment and misrepresentation as well as violations of California’s false advertising law and breaches of implied warranty.

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reducing range. Studies using neutron radiography on unassisted cold-start indicate ice formation in the cathode, three stages in cold start and Nafion ionic conductivity. A parameter, defined as coulomb of charge, was also defined to measure cold start capability.

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To enable the delivery of hydrogen fuel to transport end-users, a broad range of investments are needed, including, according to the International Energy Agency (IEA), the "construction and operation of new port infrastructure, buffer storage, pipelines, ships,

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Explosions at hydrogen filling stations have been reported. Hydrogen fuelling stations generally receive deliveries of hydrogen by truck from hydrogen suppliers. An interruption at a hydrogen supply facility can shut down multiple hydrogen fuelling stations.

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asked in 2009, "hy would you want to store energy in the form of hydrogen and then use that hydrogen to produce electricity for a motor, when electrical energy is already waiting to be sucked out of sockets all over America and stored in auto batteries"?

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are pursuing hydrogen as fuel for crewed and uncrewed aeroplanes. In February 2008 Boeing tested a crewed flight of a small aircraft powered by a hydrogen fuel cell. Uncrewed hydrogen planes have also been tested. For large passenger aeroplanes,

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The International Energy Agency's 2022 net-zero emissions scenario sees hydrogen meeting approximately 30% of heavy truck energy demand in 2050, mainly for long-distance heavy freight (with battery electric power accounting for around 60%).

4273: 767:, focuses on hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. Its SURUS (Silent Utility Rover Universal Superstructure) is a flexible fuel cell electric platform with autonomous capabilities. Since April 2017, the U.S. Army has been testing the commercial 4337: 1236:

Critics argue that implementing wide-scale use of hydrogen in cars is unlikely during at least the next several decades and that the hydrogen car is a dangerous distraction from more readily available solutions to reducing the use of

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at ambient conditions, compared with gasoline and other vehicle fuels. It must be stored in a vehicle either as a super-cooled liquid or as highly compressed gas, which require additional energy to accomplish. In 2018, researchers at

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at working efficiencies of 65–70%. Hydrogen can be made by chemical reduction using chemical hydrides or aluminum. Current technologies for manufacturing hydrogen use energy in various forms, totaling between 25 and 50 percent of the

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claimed it was the world's first mass-produced hydrogen fuel cell vehicle. However, due to high prices and a lack of charging infrastructure, sales fell far short of initial plans, with only 273 units sold by the end of May 2015.

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As of 2019 hydrogen fuel cells are not suitable for propulsion in large long-distance ships but are being considered as a range-extender for smaller, short-distance, low-speed electric vessels, such as ferries. Hydrogen in

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accordingly. Another disadvantage is the poor storability of LH2/LOX-powered rockets: Due to the constant hydrogen boil-off, the rocket must be fueled shortly before launch, which makes cryogenic engines unsuitable for

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has said: "A hydrogen car is one of the least efficient, most expensive ways to reduce greenhouse gases." He argued that the cost to build out a nationwide network of hydrogen refueling stations would be prohibitive.

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estimated that Toyota would initially lose about $ 100,000 on each Mirai sold. At the end of 2019, Toyota had sold over 10,000 Mirais. Many automobile companies introduced demonstration models in limited numbers (see

4838:, 21 October 2015. Quote: "Unlike gasoline, solar, or nuclear, hydrogen isn’t an energy source—just a method of energy storage. “Hydrogen is an energy carrier in the same sense that electricity is,” says David Keith" 1378:

is also a concern for the storage tank material, as well as the car parts surrounding the tank if chronic leakage is present. Hydrogen is odorless so leakages are not easily picked up without specialized detectors.

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in the US. As of 2024, approximately 50,000 hydrogen forklifts are in operation worldwide (the bulk of which are in the U.S.), as compared with 1.2 million battery electric forklifts that were purchased in 2021.

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Mishler, Jeff, Yun Wang, Partha P. Mukherjee, Rangachary Mukundan, and Rodney L. Borup, "Subfreezing operation of polymer electrolyte fuel cells: Ice formation and cell performance loss",

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in Australia powered a Toyota Mirai and Hyundai Nexo with hydrogen separated from ammonia using a membrane technology. Ammonia is easier to transport safely in tankers than pure hydrogen.

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reported that "Boeing said that hydrogen fuel cells were unlikely to power the engines of large passenger jet aeroplanes but could be used as backup or auxiliary power units onboard."

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Compressed hydrogen in hydrogen tanks at 350 bar (5,000 psi) and 700 bar (10,000 psi) is used for hydrogen tank systems in vehicles, based on type IV carbon-composite technology.

798:. The Burgman received "whole vehicle type" approval in the EU. The Taiwanese company APFCT conducted a live street test with 80 fuel-cell scooters for Taiwan's Bureau of Energy. 271:

to run the fuel cells that power the electrical systems. The byproduct of the fuel cell is water, which is used for drinking and other applications that require water in space.

2546: 862: 682:(CSR) demonstrated the world's first hydrogen fuel cell-powered tramcar at an assembly facility in Qingdao. Tracks for the new vehicle have been built in seven Chinese cities. 583:, France, cancelled a contract to procure 51 buses powered by hydrogen fuel cells, when it found that "the cost of operation for hydrogen is 6 times the cost of electricity". 486:

Some publications project hydrogen may be used in shipping and jetplanes, while others predict that biofuels and batteries will have more commercial success. Companies such as

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of hydrogen is greater than any other fuel. LH2/LOX also yields the greatest efficiency in relation to the amount of propellant consumed, of any known rocket propellant.

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concluded that, even assuming local hydrogen production, "investing in all-electric battery vehicles is a more economical choice for reducing carbon dioxide emissions".

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around the world to dispense hydrogen. In addition, leaked hydrogen is an invisible, highly flammable gas and has a global warming effect 11.6 times stronger than CO₂.

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On this basis, hydrogen's energy density is poor (since it has such low density) although its energy to weight ratio is the best of all fuels (because it is so light).

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on May 27, 2008. It used a 2.0 litre, 43 kW (58 hp) diesel internal combustion engine converted to use hydrogen as a fuel with the use of a compressor and

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Assessments since 2020 have concluded that hydrogen vehicles are still only 38% efficient, while battery EVs are from 80% to 95% efficient. A 2021 assessment by

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Mishler, J., Y. Wang, R. Lujan, R. Mukundan, and R. L. Borup, "An Experimental Study of Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Operation at Sub-Freezing Temperatures",

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introduced its Urbino 12 hydrogen electric buses in 2019. Several dozen were ordered. The first city in the U.S. to have a fleet of hydrogen powered buses was

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car. These hydrogen engines burn fuel in the same manner that gasoline engines do; the main difference is the exhaust product. Gasoline combustion results in

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and associated battery technology and infrastructure, the global scope for hydrogen's role in cars is shrinking relative to earlier expectations. John Max of

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concluded that the hydrogen needed to move a FCV a kilometer costs approximately 8 times as much as the electricity needed to move a BEV the same distance.

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to run on hydrogen. In 1970 Paul Dieges patented a modification to internal combustion engines which allowed a gasoline-powered engine to run on hydrogen.

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Wang, Y, P. P. Mukherjee, J. Mishler, R. Mukundan, and R. L. Borup, “Cold start of polymer electrolyte fuel cells: Three-stage startup characterization”,

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concluded that the best hydrogen-fuel-cell vehicles consume "more than three times more electricity per mile than an electric vehicle ... generate more

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Department of Energy agrees, for fuel produced by grid electricity via electrolysis, but not for most other pathways for generation. A 2019 video by

8002: 5615: 5168: 4773: 4589: 790:. Other manufacturers as Vectrix are working on hydrogen scooters. Finally, hydrogen-fuel-cell-electric-hybrid scooters are being made such as the 7836: 5481: 5412: 2532: 1955: 4742: 2734: 1852: 572: 5437: 7974: 7079: 5943: 4619: 3603: 1059: 4405: 4194: 3757: 3001: 8016: 7995: 7988: 6154: 5152: 5113: 2160: 1699: 553: 3489: 3234: 2704: 2265: 1558:

In the light road vehicle segment, by 2023, 26 million battery electric vehicles had been sold worldwide, and there were 65,730 public

1183:(compared with 65,000 electric charging stations). By 2017, there were 91 hydrogen fueling stations in Japan. In 2024, Mirai owners filed a 8030: 8009: 6284: 6186: 5657: 5503: 5225: 5193: 3906: 3785: 3574: 3315: 3057: 2959: 2457: 849:

was formed as a racing organization for hydrogen fuel cell-powered vehicles. The organization sponsored the Hydrogen 500, a 500-mile race.

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battery powered bike anywhere. you were a captive fleet operator, why just swap out batteries to get the range and the fast turnover?"

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ordered two New Flyer XHE60 articulated hydrogen fuel cell buses, with 10 more New Flyer XHE40 buses added in 2024. In 2022, the city of

330:, which began leasing on December 2, 2002, became the world's first government-certified commercial hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, and the 8037: 8023: 6833: 5179: 5042: 2981: 846: 592: 2127: 922:. The advantage of using an internal combustion engine, like Wankel and piston engines, is the lower cost of retooling for production. 5461: 4947: 2793: 1641: 4851: 3647: 3023: 2550: 1030:

The molecular hydrogen needed as an onboard fuel for hydrogen vehicles can be obtained through many thermochemical methods utilizing

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ZH2 on its U.S. bases to determine the viability of hydrogen-powered vehicles in military mission tactical environments.

7796: 6542: 5996: 4922: 4063: 2881: 1082:, a consequence that would also result from the on-board reforming of methanol into hydrogen. Hydrogen production using 1005:. It can be produced by thermochemical or pyrolitic means using renewable feedstocks, but that is an expensive process. 4502:, Dieges, Paul Bertrand, "Vaporization of exhaust products in hydrogen-oxygen engine", published 1974-10-29 2510: 1008:

Renewable electricity can however be used to power the conversion of water into hydrogen: Integrated wind-to-hydrogen (

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Utgikar, Vivek P; Thiesen, Todd (2005). "Safety of compressed hydrogen fuel tanks: Leakage from stationary vehicles".

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300 bar refillable hydrogen cylinder. The HydroCargo bike has a range of up to 100 km on 80 grams of hydrogen.

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materials. The first production HICE forklift truck based on the Linde X39 Diesel was presented at an exposition in

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believes that hydrogen may, however, be used directly, or as a feedstock for efuel, for vintage and muscle cars.

107: 79: 5784: 5567: 2339: 1337:, stated that ships are more likely to be powered by ammonia or methanol than hydrogen. Also in 2022, Germany's 896:, particulates and unburned hydrocarbons, while the main exhaust product of hydrogen combustion is water vapor. 7785: 7741: 7243: 6949: 6462: 6420: 6202: 5815: 1624: 1614: 1571: 1553: 1506: 1482: 1392: 1367: 1306: 976: 134: 4306: 2433: 2177: 205: 4879:. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy. September 2009. Archived from 3630: 3119: 2207: 1940:. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy. September 2009. Archived from 7866: 7841: 7645: 7460: 6911: 6881: 6682: 6641: 6447: 6410: 4246: 2232: 1806: 1652: 1502: 1427: 1270: 1146: 1071:

of the hydrogen fuel, used to produce, compress or liquefy, and transmit the hydrogen by pipeline or truck.

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unit volume at ambient conditions, production and compression of hydrogen, the investment required to build

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Hydrogen fuel cells are relatively expensive to produce, as their designs require rare substances, such as

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is not degraded by lower temperatures. The fuel cell units are often designed as drop-in replacements.

5861:"Liquid hydrogen as shipping fuel – Pioneering intercontinental H2 carrier gets technical green light" 4735: 4499: 1856: 1179:

As of 2024, there were 53 publicly accessible hydrogen refueling stations in the US, 52 of which were

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The first road vehicle powered by a hydrogen fuel cell was the Chevrolet Electrovan, introduced by

126: 1348:(CICERO) estimated that leaked hydrogen has a global warming effect 11.6 times stronger than CO₂. 8074: 7952: 7924: 7668: 7600: 7104: 6318: 5845: 4948:"Chapter 3: Production of Hydrogen. Part 4: Production from electricity by means of electrolysis" 4834: 4458: 3543: 3486: 3311: 2700: 2656: 2261: 2063: 1981: 1756: 1688: 1636: 1510: 1327: 768: 619: 509: 449: 390: 350:, which succeeded the Tucson in 2018, was selected as the "safest SUV" by the Euro NCAP in 2018. 241: 6043: 5785:"Hydrogen cars won't overtake electric vehicles because they're hampered by the laws of science" 5507: 3367: 2967: 2837:"Bibendum 2014: Former EU President says Toyota could lose 100,000 euros per hydrogen FCV sedan" 279: 4695:

Wang, Y. "Analysis of the Key Parameters in the Cold Start of Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells",

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around the handle; this is because of the hydrogen gas expanding, causing the handle to freeze.

548: 515:, powered by two Ford internal-combustion engines that have been converted to run on hydrogen. 110:. As of 2021, there were two models of hydrogen cars publicly available in select markets: the 8099: 7962: 7947: 7934: 7914: 7894: 7889: 7733: 6724: 6590: 6437: 6361: 6293: 6218: 6113: 6051: 5878: 5733: 5550: 5538: 5148: 5016:"US Energy Information Administration, "World Primary Energy Production by Source, 1970–2004"" 4797: 4356: 3969: 2245: 1748: 1609: 652: 623: 186: 87: 5102: 2409:"'Hydrogen unlikely to play major role in road transport, even for heavy trucks': Fraunhofer" 2157: 1775: 1517:

and battery pack as in conventional hybrid vehicles. The PHEV concept augments the vehicle's

795: 7904: 7781: 7678: 7555: 7505: 7385: 6990: 6595: 6562: 6415: 6366: 6338: 6236: 6074: 5907: 5307:"Energy use for hydrogen fuel-cell vehicles: higher than electrics, even hybrids (analysis)" 2135: 1740: 1646: 1586: 1559: 1286: 1201: 1172: 1112: 1092: 1083: 1079: 988: 838:, which achieved a "flying-mile" speed of 280.007 miles per hour (450.628 km/h) at the 308: 30: 4955: 8094: 7919: 7909: 7899: 7530: 6792: 6782: 6672: 6308: 5770: 5688: 5664: 5639: 5619: 5596: 5585: 5574: 5485: 5465: 5441: 5356:"GSA's Transit Bus Program Awards Include First Hydrogen Fuel Cell Electric Bus Offerings" 5313: 5286: 5262: 5242: 5237: 5210: 5205: 5175: 5002: 4929: 4903:"Hydrogen Cars Are Dead as Projects Are Scrapped and Refueling Prices Go Through the Roof" 4855: 4848: 4829: 4670: 4650: 4486: 4441: 4344: 4224: 4046: 3976: 3792: 3717: 3712: 3651: 3610: 3493: 3074: 3069: 2988: 2963: 2915: 2888: 2843: 2832: 2780: 2528: 2241: 2164: 2108: 2047: 1962: 1916: 1889: 1831: 1663: 1658: 1518: 1466:

which is the common way to produce hydrogen gas for use in electric cars with fuel cells.

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Hydrogen internal combustion engine cars are different from hydrogen fuel cell cars. The

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studies may show a small advantage, due to the smaller vehicle size and lower air drag.

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Energy Department Launches Public-Private Partnership to Deploy Hydrogen Infrastructure

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L. Soler, J. Macanás, M. Muñoz, J. Casado. Journal of Power Sources 169 (2007) 144-149

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in North America, in addition to the availability of home and workplace charging via

1533: 1526: 1333: 1322: 1265: 1254: 1075: 915: 807: 717: 705: 686: 564: 543: 331: 299: 268: 248:, a rocket with higher exhaust velocity uses less propellant to accelerate. Also the 221: 6149: 5841:"Hydrogen technology is unlikely to play a major role in sustainable road transport" 3876:"Hy-Cycle Is Australia's First Hydrogen Fuel Cell Bicycle. Motorcycles Next, Maybe?" 1729:"Hydrogen technology is unlikely to play a major role in sustainable road transport" 7575: 7570: 7480: 7324: 7299: 7149: 6944: 6687: 6552: 6532: 6517: 6452: 6393: 6381: 4977: 1530: 1238: 1228:(NYSERDA) has created incentives for hydrogen fuel cell electric trucks and buses. 1184: 1163: 1159: 1063: 1009: 972: 406: 357: 347: 295: 291: 284: 119: 111: 67: 63: 59: 5911: 4644:

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found that the vast majority of hydrogen was being produced was still polluting

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launched the world's first dedicated mass-produced fuel cell vehicle (FCV), the

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Tesla Trumps Toyota: Why Hydrogen Cars Can’t Compete With Pure Electric Cars"

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develops electric motorcycles powered by a hydrogen fuel cell, including the

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concluded that hydrogen is unlikely to play a major role in road transport.

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Hydrogen vehicles compete with various proposed alternatives to the modern

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and other rocket applications with the need for short launch preparations.

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as an oxidizer (LH2/LOX). An advantage of hydrogen rocket fuel is the high

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began testing of a hydrogen powered delivery vehicle in 2017. In 2020,

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Retrieved 2015-10-05. 1807:The Wall Street Journal 1653:The Hype about Hydrogen 1147:Hydrogen infrastructure 1050:), by a process called 1040:liquefied petroleum gas 901:François Isaac de Rivaz 569:Solaris Bus & Coach 496:German Aerospace Center 216:Many large rockets use 131:steam methane reforming 18:Hydrogen fuel cell cars 7772:Compressed natural gas 7699:Personal rapid transit 6981:Personal rapid transit 6902:High-altitude platform 6808:Zero-emissions vehicle 6324:Compressed-air vehicle 6265:Solar-powered aircraft 3678:GrafTech International 3648:"Fuel cell technology" 3153:Hyundai Media Newsroom 2370:Global EV Outlook 2023 2212:WHA International, Inc 2046:July 15, 2014, at the 1420:compressed natural gas 1376:Hydrogen embrittlement 1167: 1122: 920:Mazda RX-8 Hydrogen RE 709: 556: 483: 475: 287: 213: 210:Centaur (rocket stage) 182: 149:means using renewable 98:or, less commonly, by 39: 8169:Hydrogen technologies 8038:Dual motor-four-wheel 7636:Town (Coupé de Ville) 6850:Emerging technologies 6678:Flexible-fuel vehicle 6606:Hydrogen-powered ship 6558:Flexible-fuel vehicle 6433:Electric kick scooter 5900:Technology in Society 5611:Wrigglesworth, Phil. 5529:Romm, Joseph (2004). 5411:. MIT. 1 March 2007. 5409:MIT Technology Review 5103:"Hydrogen Properties" 4984:(2004), 126: 249–257. 4249:. February 21, 2012. 3636:on February 17, 2013. 2577:on 30 September 2022. 1507:on-board battery pack 1206:hydrogen technologies 1181:located in California 1154: 1145:Further information: 1120: 1111:Further information: 1024:Further information: 1014:electrolysis of water 987:Further information: 930:Further information: 840:Bonneville Salt Flats 832:Ohio State University 763:' military division, 704: 691:lithium-ion batteries 559:Fuel-cell buses were 551: 525:Hydrogen-powered ship 481: 469: 423:United Parcel Service 282: 208: 192:Rationale and context 185:Further information: 172: 139:electrolysis of water 33: 8049:Engine configuration 6996:Transit Elevated Bus 6927:Supersonic transport 6803:Wind-powered vehicle 6387:Battery electric bus 5477:Squatriglia, Chuck. 4909:, September 20, 2023 4697:J. Electrochem. Soc. 4019:Alles over Waterstof 3994:Alles over Waterstof 3851:. November 9, 2007. 3799:, September 17, 2018 2934:technologyreview.com 2570:The Washington Times 2062:Bjørnæs, Christian. 2013:The Business Insider 1605:Alternative fuel car 1436:natural gas vehicles 1344:A 2023 study by the 1339:Fraunhofer Institute 1069:higher heating value 1048:biomass gasification 914:Mazda has developed 482:Hydrogen projections 135:emits carbon dioxide 127:hydrogen is produced 8055:internal combustion 7857:Internal combustion 7664:All-terrain vehicle 7586:Retractable hardtop 7019:Pneumatic transport 6962:Ground-effect train 6887:Backpack helicopter 6652:Natural gas vehicle 5738:www.afdc.energy.gov 5697:, November 20, 2013 5680:Blanco, Sebastian. 5671:, November 23, 2013 5405:"Hell and Hydrogen" 4958:on 7 February 2007. 4936:, November 17, 2009 4710:Electrochimica Acta 4684:Electrochimica Acta 4523:Mazda News Releases 3010:, September 1, 2017 2513:on 29 January 2023. 2158:Hydrogen Properties 2132:Stanford University 1631:Hell and High Water 1625:Formic acid vehicle 1620:Carbon-neutral fuel 1414:Natural gas vehicle 1292:Stanford University 1276:The Washington Post 1202:storage of hydrogen 1192:Codes and standards 1026:Hydrogen production 958:Freezing conditions 620:fuel cell forklifts 339:Hyundai Tucson FCEV 125:As of 2019, 98% of 6319:Compressed-air car 6285:List of prototypes 5928:, NASA, April 2016 5846:Nature Electronics 5769:2020-10-26 at the 5687:2013-11-25 at the 5663:2013-11-26 at the 5638:2010-01-06 at the 5618:2017-05-20 at the 5595:2014-08-21 at the 5584:2015-04-08 at the 5573:2014-08-21 at the 5484:2014-03-27 at the 5464:2014-06-19 at the 5440:2011-07-25 at the 5433:Meyers, Jeremy P. 5362:. 21 December 2021 5312:2021-03-02 at the 5285:2016-03-12 at the 5261:2016-03-15 at the 5174:2019-06-10 at the 5001:2008-07-24 at the 4928:2011-06-04 at the 4901:Agatie, Cristian. 4854:2007-08-28 at the 4835:Fortune (magazine) 4828:2016-04-04 at the 4821:David Z. Morris. " 4669:2014-08-01 at the 4649:2014-09-03 at the 4485:2016-03-31 at the 4440:2020-10-11 at the 4412:. 9 January 2007. 4361:Green Car Congress 4343:2009-07-02 at the 4278:The Economic Times 4272:Nandi, Jayashree. 4045:2019-08-15 at the 3975:2019-08-15 at the 3791:2018-09-17 at the 3764:. March 25, 2015. 3684:on 6 December 2010 3654:on 3 December 2013 3609:2014-11-29 at the 3586:Barnard, Michael. 3492:2020-06-26 at the 3239:www.emsa.europa.eu 3213:. 10 November 2021 2987:2017-04-06 at the 2928:LaMonica, Martin. 2914:2016-03-06 at the 2895:, October 17, 2009 2887:2017-02-26 at the 2880:Whoriskey, Peter. 2842:2014-11-24 at the 2831:2015-01-03 at the 2779:2021-03-02 at the 2657:Yonhap News Agency 2535:on 7 January 2019. 2240:2013-01-02 at the 2163:2017-07-01 at the 1982:The New York Times 1961:2014-06-07 at the 1915:2014-08-21 at the 1888:2019-11-05 at the 1733:Nature Electronics 1637:Hydrogen transport 1536:) as an auxiliary 1328:Nature Electronics 1173:refueling stations 1168: 1123: 814:Quads and tractors 769:Chevrolet Colorado 710: 557: 484: 476: 450:Port of Townsville 391:Ford Motor Company 313:Hydrogen Fuel News 288: 214: 183: 40: 8159:Hydrogen vehicles 8146: 8145: 7442: 7441: 7211:Compact executive 7062: 7061: 7038: 7037: 7034: 7033: 6816: 6815: 6725:Electric aircraft 6591:Fuel cell vehicle 6438:Fuel cell vehicle 6362:Electric aircraft 6294:Electric aircraft 6219:Fuel cell vehicle 6112:Ritchie, Hannah. 5924:Lee, Jonathan A. 5647:, January 1, 2010 5318:Green Car Reports 5154:978-1-59102-591-7 4883:on 26 August 2009 4639:Telias, Gabriela 4227:on 1 January 2013 4053:, August 14, 2019 3911:ebiketips.road.cc 3880:autoevolution.com 3734:. 21 March 2015. 3594:, January 2, 2024 3022:Morris, Charles. 3000:Williams, Keith. 1944:on 26 August 2009 1923:, August 5, 2014. 1896:, 11 October 2019 1560:charging stations 1521:by allowing more 1352:Safety and supply 1303:Green Car Reports 1290:by scientists at 1080:greenhouse gasses 756:Military vehicles 663: 662: 659:, 28 January 2021 624:material handling 554:Bolechowo, Poland 332:Honda FCX Clarity 309:electric vehicles 187:Fuel cell vehicle 177:, along with the 88:mechanical energy 16:(Redirected from 8181: 8174:Hydrogen economy 8058: 8017:Front-four-wheel 7968: 7831:direct injection 7742:Alternative fuel 7556:Multi-stop truck 7110: 7089: 7082: 7075: 7066: 7050: 7049: 6991:Self-driving car 6955:Hydrogen vehicle 6870: 6861: 6843: 6836: 6829: 6820: 6616:Hydrogen vehicle 6596:Hydrogen economy 6563:Methanol economy 6416:Electric vehicle 6367:Electric bicycle 6339:Electric battery 6237:Electric bicycle 6196: 6189: 6182: 6173: 6128: 6127: 6125: 6124: 6109: 6103: 6102: 6100: 6099: 6084: 6078: 6072: 6066: 6065: 6063: 6062: 6040: 6034: 6033: 6031: 6030: 6015: 6009: 6008: 6006: 6004: 5989: 5983: 5982: 5980: 5978: 5962: 5956: 5955: 5953: 5951: 5935: 5929: 5922: 5916: 5915: 5895: 5889: 5888: 5882: 5874: 5872: 5871: 5856: 5850: 5839:Plötz, Patrick. 5837: 5831: 5830: 5828: 5826: 5811: 5805: 5804: 5802: 5800: 5789:The Conversation 5780: 5774: 5760: 5754: 5753: 5751: 5749: 5730: 5724: 5723: 5721: 5719: 5704: 5698: 5678: 5672: 5654: 5648: 5629: 5623: 5609: 5600: 5564: 5558: 5548: 5536: 5526: 5520: 5519: 5517: 5515: 5499: 5493: 5475: 5469: 5457:White, Charlie. 5455: 5449: 5431: 5425: 5424: 5422: 5420: 5401: 5395: 5394: 5392: 5391: 5377: 5371: 5370: 5368: 5367: 5352: 5346: 5345: 5343: 5342: 5327: 5321: 5305:Voelcker, John. 5303: 5294: 5276: 5270: 5253: 5247: 5240: 5234: 5232: 5221: 5215: 5208: 5202: 5200: 5189: 5183: 5182:, August 8, 2018 5167:Mealey, Rachel. 5165: 5159: 5158: 5137: 5131: 5130: 5125: 5124: 5118: 5107: 5098: 5092: 5091: 5089: 5088: 5068: 5062: 5056: 5050: 5037: 5031: 5030: 5028: 5027: 5012: 5006: 4991: 4985: 4975: 4969: 4966: 4960: 4959: 4943: 4937: 4919: 4910: 4899: 4893: 4892: 4890: 4888: 4869: 4863: 4845: 4839: 4819: 4813: 4812: 4810: 4809: 4794: 4788: 4787: 4785: 4784: 4778: 4771: 4763: 4757: 4756: 4754: 4753: 4747: 4740: 4732: 4726: 4719: 4713: 4706: 4700: 4693: 4687: 4680: 4674: 4660: 4654: 4637: 4631: 4630: 4628: 4627: 4607: 4601: 4600: 4598: 4597: 4577: 4571: 4570: 4568: 4567: 4547: 4538: 4537: 4535: 4534: 4515: 4509: 4508: 4507: 4503: 4496: 4490: 4477: 4471: 4470: 4468: 4466: 4451: 4445: 4432: 4426: 4425: 4423: 4421: 4402: 4396: 4395: 4393: 4392: 4377: 4371: 4370: 4368: 4367: 4353: 4347: 4324: 4318: 4317: 4315: 4314: 4299: 4293: 4292: 4290: 4289: 4269: 4263: 4262: 4260: 4258: 4243: 4237: 4236: 4234: 4232: 4213: 4207: 4206: 4204: 4202: 4187: 4181: 4180: 4178: 4177: 4162: 4156: 4155: 4153: 4152: 4137: 4131: 4130: 4128: 4127: 4112: 4106: 4105: 4103: 4101: 4086: 4080: 4079: 4077: 4075: 4060: 4054: 4036: 4030: 4029: 4027: 4026: 4011: 4005: 4004: 4002: 4001: 3986: 3980: 3966: 3960: 3959: 3957: 3955: 3933: 3927: 3926: 3924: 3922: 3902: 3896: 3895: 3893: 3891: 3871: 3865: 3864: 3862: 3860: 3839: 3833: 3832: 3830: 3828: 3806: 3800: 3783: 3777: 3776: 3774: 3773: 3754: 3748: 3747: 3745: 3743: 3728: 3722: 3715: 3709: 3700: 3694: 3693: 3691: 3689: 3680:. 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Long distance 1548:Battery electric 1477:Plug-in electric 1460:bi-fuel vehicles 1312:Real Engineering 1257:, the author of 1217:U.S. initiatives 1212:Official support 1113:Hydrogen storage 1093:geothermal power 1084:renewable energy 1012:) plants, using 989:Hydrogen economy 895: 842:in August 2008. 836:Buckeye Bullet 2 708:hydrogen bicycle 651: 650: 639: 635:Trams and trains 613:direct injection 567:Lublin in 2017. 362:Los Angeles area 118:(FCEV), and the 44:hydrogen vehicle 21: 8189: 8188: 8184: 8183: 8182: 8180: 8179: 8178: 8149: 8148: 8147: 8142: 8119: 8090:Single-cylinder 8052: 8051: 8043: 8031:Rear-four-wheel 7982:Front mid-front 7966: 7965: 7957: 7935:Engine position 7929: 7876: 7862:Liquid nitrogen 7728: 7656: 7650: 7438: 7380: 7339: 7286: 7272:Crossover (CUV) 7253: 7225: 7197: 7159: 7099: 7093: 7063: 7058: 7030: 7005: 6931: 6852: 6847: 6817: 6812: 6793:Wave power ship 6783:Ram air turbine 6766: 6734: 6673:Bi-fuel vehicle 6661: 6625: 6577: 6501: 6341: 6333: 6310: 6309:Compressed-air 6303: 6246: 6223: 6205: 6200: 6136: 6131: 6122: 6120: 6111: 6110: 6106: 6097: 6095: 6086: 6085: 6081: 6073: 6069: 6060: 6058: 6042: 6041: 6037: 6028: 6026: 6017: 6016: 6012: 6002: 6000: 5991: 5990: 5986: 5976: 5974: 5964: 5963: 5959: 5949: 5947: 5937: 5936: 5932: 5923: 5919: 5897: 5896: 5892: 5875: 5869: 5867: 5858: 5857: 5853: 5838: 5834: 5824: 5822: 5813: 5812: 5808: 5798: 5796: 5782: 5781: 5777: 5771:Wayback Machine 5761: 5757: 5747: 5745: 5732: 5731: 5727: 5717: 5715: 5706: 5705: 5701: 5689:Wayback Machine 5679: 5675: 5669:The Motley Fool 5665:Wayback Machine 5656:Chatsko, Maxx. 5655: 5651: 5640:Wayback Machine 5630: 5626: 5620:Wayback Machine 5610: 5603: 5597:Wayback Machine 5586:Wayback Machine 5575:Wayback Machine 5565: 5561: 5545: 5528: 5527: 5523: 5513: 5511: 5501: 5500: 5496: 5486:Wayback Machine 5476: 5472: 5466:Wayback Machine 5456: 5452: 5442:Wayback Machine 5432: 5428: 5418: 5416: 5403: 5402: 5398: 5389: 5387: 5385:afdc.energy.gov 5379: 5378: 5374: 5365: 5363: 5354: 5353: 5349: 5340: 5338: 5329: 5328: 5324: 5314:Wayback Machine 5304: 5297: 5287:Wayback Machine 5278:Jones, Nicola. 5277: 5273: 5263:Wayback Machine 5254: 5250: 5230: 5223: 5222: 5218: 5198: 5191: 5190: 5186: 5176:Wayback Machine 5166: 5162: 5155: 5139: 5138: 5134: 5122: 5120: 5116: 5105: 5100: 5099: 5095: 5086: 5084: 5070: 5069: 5065: 5057: 5053: 5038: 5034: 5025: 5023: 5018:. Eia.doe.gov. 5014: 5013: 5009: 5003:Wayback Machine 4992: 4988: 4976: 4972: 4967: 4963: 4945: 4944: 4940: 4934:Washington Post 4930:Wayback Machine 4920: 4913: 4900: 4896: 4886: 4884: 4871: 4870: 4866: 4856:Wayback Machine 4846: 4842: 4830:Wayback Machine 4820: 4816: 4807: 4805: 4796: 4795: 4791: 4782: 4780: 4776: 4769: 4765: 4764: 4760: 4751: 4749: 4745: 4738: 4734: 4733: 4729: 4720: 4716: 4707: 4703: 4694: 4690: 4681: 4677: 4671:Wayback Machine 4661: 4657: 4651:Wayback Machine 4638: 4634: 4625: 4623: 4609: 4608: 4604: 4595: 4593: 4579: 4578: 4574: 4565: 4563: 4549: 4548: 4541: 4532: 4530: 4517: 4516: 4512: 4505: 4498: 4497: 4493: 4487:Wayback Machine 4478: 4474: 4464: 4462: 4453: 4452: 4448: 4442:Wayback Machine 4433: 4429: 4419: 4417: 4404: 4403: 4399: 4390: 4388: 4379: 4378: 4374: 4365: 4363: 4355: 4354: 4350: 4345:Wayback Machine 4325: 4321: 4312: 4310: 4301: 4300: 4296: 4287: 4285: 4271: 4270: 4266: 4256: 4254: 4245: 4244: 4240: 4230: 4228: 4215: 4214: 4210: 4200: 4198: 4189: 4188: 4184: 4175: 4173: 4164: 4163: 4159: 4150: 4148: 4139: 4138: 4134: 4125: 4123: 4114: 4113: 4109: 4099: 4097: 4088: 4087: 4083: 4073: 4071: 4062: 4061: 4057: 4047:Wayback Machine 4037: 4033: 4024: 4022: 4013: 4012: 4008: 3999: 3997: 3988: 3987: 3983: 3977:Wayback Machine 3968:Coxworth, Ben. 3967: 3963: 3953: 3951: 3935: 3934: 3930: 3920: 3918: 3904: 3903: 3899: 3889: 3887: 3873: 3872: 3868: 3858: 3856: 3841: 3840: 3836: 3826: 3824: 3808: 3807: 3803: 3793:Wayback Machine 3784: 3780: 3771: 3769: 3756: 3755: 3751: 3741: 3739: 3730: 3729: 3725: 3702: 3701: 3697: 3687: 3685: 3672: 3671: 3667: 3657: 3655: 3646: 3645: 3641: 3633: 3626: 3622: 3621: 3617: 3611:Wayback Machine 3602: 3598: 3585: 3581: 3573: 3569: 3562: 3558: 3549: 3547: 3542: 3541: 3537: 3529:Hanley, Steve. 3528: 3524: 3515: 3513: 3505: 3504: 3500: 3494:Wayback Machine 3485: 3481: 3472: 3470: 3461: 3460: 3456: 3446: 3444: 3440: 3429: 3424: 3423: 3419: 3410: 3408: 3401:Ship Technology 3395: 3394: 3390: 3381: 3379: 3366: 3365: 3361: 3351: 3349: 3335: 3334: 3330: 3321: 3319: 3310: 3309: 3305: 3296: 3294: 3285: 3284: 3280: 3271: 3269: 3260: 3259: 3252: 3243: 3241: 3233: 3232: 3225: 3216: 3214: 3205: 3204: 3200: 3191: 3189: 3176: 3175: 3171: 3162: 3160: 3147: 3146: 3142: 3133: 3131: 3124:The Chosun Ilbo 3117: 3116: 3112: 3102: 3100: 3087: 3086: 3082: 3062: 3055: 3054: 3050: 3046:, July 15, 2024 3038:Martin, Polly. 3037: 3030: 3021: 3014: 2999: 2995: 2989:Wayback Machine 2979: 2975: 2970:on 7 July 2022. 2958: 2957: 2953: 2943: 2941: 2927: 2926: 2922: 2916:Wayback Machine 2903: 2899: 2893:Washington Post 2889:Wayback Machine 2879: 2875: 2866: 2864: 2855: 2854: 2850: 2844:Wayback Machine 2833:Wayback Machine 2823: 2816: 2807: 2805: 2792: 2791: 2787: 2781:Wayback Machine 2771: 2767: 2754: 2753: 2749: 2740: 2738: 2725: 2724: 2720: 2710: 2708: 2699: 2698: 2694: 2684: 2682: 2673: 2672: 2668: 2651: 2650: 2643: 2634: 2632: 2623: 2622: 2618: 2613:on 6 July 2022. 2605: 2604: 2600: 2595:on 21 May 2022. 2587: 2586: 2582: 2563: 2562: 2558: 2545: 2544: 2540: 2529:The Japan Times 2523: 2522: 2518: 2505: 2504: 2500: 2491: 2489: 2481: 2480: 2476: 2467: 2465: 2456: 2455: 2451: 2442: 2440: 2431: 2430: 2426: 2417: 2415: 2406: 2405: 2398: 2389: 2385: 2376: 2374: 2367: 2366: 2359: 2350: 2348: 2344: 2337: 2336: 2332: 2322: 2320: 2319:. 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1360: 1358:Hydrogen safety 1354: 1234: 1219: 1214: 1198:hydrogen safety 1194: 1149: 1143: 1115: 1109: 1028: 1022: 991: 985: 969: 960: 939: 934: 928: 894: 888: 885:carbon monoxide 865: 857:Main articles: 855: 827: 819:Autostudi S.r.l 816: 804: 777: 758: 747:Lloyd Alter of 726:Canyon Bicycles 699: 678:In March 2015, 669: 648: 642:External videos 637: 589: 546: 540: 527: 521: 464: 462:Hydrogen planes 458: 416: 277: 218:liquid hydrogen 203: 194: 189: 167: 96:electric motors 86:of hydrogen to 84:chemical energy 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8187: 8185: 8177: 8176: 8171: 8166: 8161: 8151: 8150: 8144: 8143: 8141: 8140: 8135: 8130: 8124: 8121: 8120: 8118: 8117: 8112: 8107: 8102: 8097: 8092: 8087: 8082: 8077: 8072: 8067: 8061: 8059: 8045: 8044: 8042: 8041: 8034: 8027: 8024:Mid-four-wheel 8020: 8013: 8006: 7999: 7992: 7985: 7978: 7971: 7969: 7959: 7958: 7956: 7955: 7950: 7945: 7939: 7937: 7931: 7930: 7928: 7927: 7922: 7917: 7912: 7907: 7902: 7897: 7892: 7886: 7884: 7878: 7877: 7875: 7874: 7869: 7864: 7859: 7854: 7849: 7839: 7834: 7824: 7819: 7814: 7809: 7804: 7794: 7788: 7779: 7774: 7769: 7764: 7759: 7754: 7749: 7744: 7738: 7736: 7730: 7729: 7727: 7726: 7721: 7716: 7711: 7706: 7701: 7696: 7691: 7686: 7681: 7676: 7671: 7666: 7660: 7658: 7652: 7651: 7649: 7648: 7643: 7638: 7633: 7628: 7623: 7618: 7613: 7611:Shooting brake 7608: 7603: 7601:Saloon / Sedan 7598: 7593: 7588: 7583: 7578: 7573: 7568: 7563: 7558: 7553: 7548: 7543: 7538: 7533: 7528: 7523: 7518: 7513: 7508: 7503: 7498: 7493: 7488: 7483: 7478: 7473: 7468: 7463: 7458: 7452: 7450: 7444: 7443: 7440: 7439: 7437: 7436: 7431: 7426: 7421: 7416: 7411: 7406: 7401: 7396: 7390: 7388: 7382: 7381: 7379: 7378: 7373: 7368: 7363: 7358: 7353: 7347: 7345: 7341: 7340: 7338: 7337: 7332: 7327: 7322: 7317: 7312: 7307: 7302: 7296: 7294: 7288: 7287: 7285: 7284: 7279: 7274: 7269: 7263: 7261: 7255: 7254: 7252: 7251: 7246: 7241: 7235: 7233: 7227: 7226: 7224: 7223: 7218: 7213: 7207: 7205: 7199: 7198: 7196: 7195: 7190: 7185: 7180: 7175: 7169: 7167: 7161: 7160: 7158: 7157: 7152: 7147: 7142: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7122: 7116: 7114: 7107: 7105:Classification 7101: 7100: 7094: 7092: 7091: 7084: 7077: 7069: 7060: 7059: 7057: 7056: 7043: 7040: 7039: 7036: 7035: 7032: 7031: 7029: 7028: 7027: 7026: 7015: 7013: 7007: 7006: 7004: 7003: 6998: 6993: 6988: 6983: 6978: 6973: 6964: 6959: 6958: 6957: 6947: 6941: 6939: 6933: 6932: 6930: 6929: 6924: 6919: 6914: 6909: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6892:Delivery drone 6889: 6884: 6878: 6876: 6867: 6858: 6854: 6853: 6848: 6846: 6845: 6838: 6831: 6823: 6814: 6813: 6811: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6774: 6772: 6768: 6767: 6765: 6764: 6757: 6750: 6742: 6740: 6736: 6735: 6733: 6732: 6727: 6722: 6721: 6720: 6715: 6705: 6703:Plug-in hybrid 6700: 6695: 6693:Hybrid vehicle 6690: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6669: 6667: 6663: 6662: 6660: 6659: 6654: 6649: 6644: 6639: 6633: 6631: 6627: 6626: 6624: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6611:Hydrogen train 6608: 6603: 6598: 6593: 6587: 6585: 6579: 6578: 6576: 6575: 6570: 6565: 6560: 6555: 6550: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6514: 6512: 6503: 6502: 6500: 6499: 6498: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6477: 6472: 6471: 6470: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6424: 6423: 6413: 6408: 6406:Electric truck 6403: 6402: 6401: 6391: 6390: 6389: 6379: 6374: 6369: 6364: 6359: 6354: 6348: 6346: 6335: 6334: 6332: 6331: 6326: 6321: 6315: 6313: 6305: 6304: 6302: 6301: 6296: 6291: 6290: 6289: 6288: 6287: 6277: 6272: 6267: 6256: 6254: 6248: 6247: 6245: 6244: 6239: 6233: 6231: 6225: 6224: 6222: 6221: 6215: 6213: 6207: 6206: 6201: 6199: 6198: 6191: 6184: 6176: 6170: 6169: 6163: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6142: 6135: 6134:External links 6132: 6130: 6129: 6104: 6079: 6067: 6035: 6010: 5984: 5957: 5930: 5917: 5906:(3): 315–320. 5890: 5851: 5832: 5806: 5775: 5755: 5725: 5699: 5673: 5649: 5644:Digital Trends 5624: 5601: 5566:Romm, Joseph. 5559: 5543: 5521: 5494: 5492:, May 12, 2008 5470: 5450: 5426: 5396: 5372: 5347: 5322: 5295: 5271: 5248: 5216: 5184: 5160: 5153: 5141:Zubrin, Robert 5132: 5093: 5063: 5051: 5045:2012-07-24 at 5032: 5007: 4986: 4970: 4961: 4938: 4921:Suplee, Curt. 4911: 4907:Auto Evolution 4894: 4864: 4840: 4814: 4789: 4758: 4727: 4714: 4701: 4688: 4675: 4655: 4632: 4602: 4572: 4539: 4525:. 5 May 2019. 4510: 4491: 4472: 4446: 4427: 4397: 4372: 4348: 4332:2012-07-28 at 4319: 4294: 4264: 4238: 4208: 4182: 4157: 4132: 4107: 4081: 4055: 4038:Alter, Lloyd. 4031: 4006: 3981: 3961: 3928: 3897: 3866: 3834: 3801: 3778: 3749: 3723: 3695: 3665: 3639: 3615: 3596: 3579: 3567: 3556: 3535: 3522: 3498: 3479: 3463:"Ursus Lublin" 3454: 3417: 3403:. 2019-03-07. 3388: 3374:. 2010-07-13. 3359: 3328: 3303: 3278: 3268:. 24 June 2021 3266:www.airbus.com 3250: 3223: 3198: 3169: 3140: 3110: 3080: 3048: 3028: 3012: 2993: 2973: 2951: 2920: 2897: 2873: 2848: 2814: 2800:. 2014-06-25. 2785: 2765: 2747: 2718: 2692: 2666: 2641: 2616: 2598: 2580: 2556: 2538: 2516: 2498: 2474: 2449: 2424: 2396: 2383: 2357: 2330: 2308: 2278: 2253: 2224: 2199: 2169: 2149: 2118: 2093: 2072: 2052: 2029: 1999: 1967: 1925: 1908:Romm, Joseph. 1898: 1870: 1859:on 16 May 2022 1841: 1816: 1791: 1766: 1716: 1679: 1677: 1674: 1672: 1671: 1666: 1661: 1656: 1649: 1644: 1639: 1634: 1627: 1622: 1617: 1612: 1607: 1602: 1596: 1594: 1591: 1583:Hannah Ritchie 1579: 1576: 1552:Main article: 1549: 1546: 1542:range extender 1515:electric motor 1492:Main article: 1489: 1488:Plug-in hybrid 1486: 1481:Main article: 1478: 1475: 1456:carbon neutral 1452:energy density 1412:Main article: 1409: 1406: 1391:Main article: 1388: 1385: 1372:molecular size 1356:Main article: 1353: 1350: 1260:Energy Victory 1233: 1230: 1218: 1215: 1213: 1210: 1193: 1190: 1142: 1141:Infrastructure 1139: 1130:energy density 1108: 1105: 1021: 1018: 984: 981: 968: 965: 959: 956: 938: 937:Fuel cell cost 935: 927: 924: 916:Wankel engines 881:carbon dioxide 854: 851: 826: 823: 815: 812: 803: 802:Auto rickshaws 800: 776: 773: 761:General Motors 757: 754: 734:45th G7 summit 698: 695: 667:Hydrogen train 665:Main article: 661: 660: 644: 643: 636: 633: 588: 585: 542:Main article: 539: 536: 523:Main article: 520: 517: 492:Lange Aviation 460:Main article: 457: 454: 415: 412: 343:Hyundai Motors 320:General Motors 276: 273: 250:energy density 220:as fuel, with 202: 199: 193: 190: 166: 163: 143:thermochemical 36:Delta IV Heavy 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8186: 8175: 8172: 8170: 8167: 8165: 8162: 8160: 8157: 8156: 8154: 8139: 8136: 8134: 8131: 8129: 8126: 8125: 8122: 8116: 8113: 8111: 8108: 8106: 8103: 8101: 8098: 8096: 8093: 8091: 8088: 8086: 8085:Reciprocating 8083: 8081: 8078: 8076: 8073: 8071: 8068: 8066: 8063: 8062: 8060: 8056: 8050: 8046: 8039: 8035: 8032: 8028: 8025: 8021: 8018: 8014: 8011: 8007: 8004: 8003:Rear mid-rear 8000: 7997: 7993: 7990: 7986: 7983: 7979: 7976: 7973: 7972: 7970: 7964: 7960: 7954: 7951: 7949: 7946: 7944: 7941: 7940: 7938: 7936: 7932: 7926: 7923: 7921: 7918: 7916: 7913: 7911: 7908: 7906: 7903: 7901: 7898: 7896: 7893: 7891: 7888: 7887: 7885: 7883: 7879: 7873: 7870: 7868: 7865: 7863: 7860: 7858: 7855: 7853: 7850: 7847: 7843: 7840: 7838: 7835: 7832: 7828: 7825: 7823: 7820: 7818: 7815: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7805: 7802: 7798: 7795: 7792: 7789: 7787: 7783: 7780: 7778: 7775: 7773: 7770: 7768: 7765: 7763: 7760: 7758: 7755: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7745: 7743: 7740: 7739: 7737: 7735: 7731: 7725: 7722: 7720: 7717: 7715: 7712: 7710: 7707: 7705: 7702: 7700: 7697: 7695: 7692: 7690: 7687: 7685: 7682: 7680: 7677: 7675: 7672: 7670: 7667: 7665: 7662: 7661: 7659: 7653: 7647: 7644: 7642: 7639: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7616:Station wagon 7614: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7579: 7577: 7574: 7572: 7569: 7567: 7564: 7562: 7559: 7557: 7554: 7552: 7549: 7547: 7544: 7542: 7539: 7537: 7534: 7532: 7529: 7527: 7524: 7522: 7519: 7517: 7514: 7512: 7509: 7507: 7506:Coupé utility 7504: 7502: 7499: 7497: 7494: 7492: 7489: 7487: 7484: 7482: 7479: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7469: 7467: 7464: 7462: 7459: 7457: 7454: 7453: 7451: 7449: 7445: 7435: 7432: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7422: 7420: 7417: 7415: 7412: 7410: 7407: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7391: 7389: 7387: 7383: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7354: 7352: 7349: 7348: 7346: 7342: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7320:Sport compact 7318: 7316: 7313: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7303: 7301: 7298: 7297: 7295: 7293: 7289: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7264: 7262: 7260: 7256: 7250: 7247: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7236: 7234: 7232: 7231:Minivan / MPV 7228: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7208: 7206: 7204: 7200: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7170: 7168: 7166: 7162: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7143: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7117: 7115: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7102: 7097: 7090: 7085: 7083: 7078: 7076: 7071: 7070: 7067: 7055: 7054: 7045: 7044: 7041: 7025: 7022: 7021: 7020: 7017: 7016: 7014: 7012: 7008: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6987: 6984: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6956: 6953: 6952: 6951: 6948: 6946: 6943: 6942: 6940: 6938: 6934: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6879: 6877: 6875: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6862: 6859: 6855: 6851: 6844: 6839: 6837: 6832: 6830: 6825: 6824: 6821: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6798:Windmill ship 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6775: 6773: 6769: 6763: 6762: 6758: 6756: 6755: 6751: 6749: 6748: 6744: 6743: 6741: 6739:Documentaries 6737: 6731: 6730:Electric boat 6728: 6726: 6723: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6710: 6709: 6708:Solar vehicle 6706: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6670: 6668: 6666:Multiple-fuel 6664: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6634: 6632: 6628: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6588: 6586: 6584: 6580: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6568:Methanol fuel 6566: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6515: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6504: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6482: 6481: 6480:Solar vehicle 6478: 6476: 6473: 6469: 6466: 6465: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6422: 6419: 6418: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6400: 6397: 6396: 6395: 6392: 6388: 6385: 6384: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6377:Electric boat 6375: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6349: 6347: 6345: 6340: 6336: 6330: 6329:Tesla turbine 6327: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6316: 6314: 6312: 6306: 6300: 6299:Electric boat 6297: 6295: 6292: 6286: 6283: 6282: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6262: 6261: 6260:Solar vehicle 6258: 6257: 6255: 6253: 6249: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6234: 6232: 6230: 6226: 6220: 6217: 6216: 6214: 6212: 6208: 6204: 6197: 6192: 6190: 6185: 6183: 6178: 6177: 6174: 6167: 6164: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6137: 6133: 6119: 6115: 6108: 6105: 6093: 6089: 6083: 6080: 6076: 6071: 6068: 6057: 6053: 6049: 6045: 6039: 6036: 6025:on 2012-02-20 6024: 6020: 6014: 6011: 5998: 5994: 5988: 5985: 5972: 5968: 5961: 5958: 5945: 5941: 5934: 5931: 5927: 5921: 5918: 5913: 5909: 5905: 5901: 5894: 5891: 5886: 5880: 5866: 5862: 5855: 5852: 5848: 5847: 5842: 5836: 5833: 5821: 5817: 5810: 5807: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5779: 5776: 5772: 5768: 5765: 5759: 5756: 5743: 5739: 5735: 5729: 5726: 5713: 5709: 5703: 5700: 5696: 5695: 5694:AutoblogGreen 5690: 5686: 5683: 5677: 5674: 5670: 5666: 5662: 5659: 5653: 5650: 5646: 5645: 5641: 5637: 5633: 5628: 5625: 5621: 5617: 5614: 5608: 5606: 5602: 5598: 5594: 5591: 5587: 5583: 5580: 5576: 5572: 5569: 5563: 5560: 5556: 5555:1-55963-703-X 5552: 5546: 5544:1-55963-703-X 5540: 5535: 5534: 5525: 5522: 5510:on 1 May 2009 5509: 5505: 5498: 5495: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5480: 5474: 5471: 5467: 5463: 5460: 5454: 5451: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5436: 5430: 5427: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5400: 5397: 5386: 5382: 5376: 5373: 5361: 5357: 5351: 5348: 5336: 5332: 5326: 5323: 5320:, May 4, 2017 5319: 5315: 5311: 5308: 5302: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5288: 5284: 5281: 5275: 5272: 5268: 5264: 5260: 5257: 5252: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5239: 5229: 5228: 5220: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5207: 5197: 5196: 5188: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5173: 5170: 5164: 5161: 5156: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5136: 5133: 5129: 5115: 5111: 5104: 5097: 5094: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5067: 5064: 5060: 5055: 5052: 5048: 5047:archive.today 5044: 5041: 5036: 5033: 5021: 5017: 5011: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4993:Bossel, Ulf. 4990: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4974: 4971: 4965: 4962: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4942: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4924: 4918: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4898: 4895: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4868: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4850: 4844: 4841: 4837: 4836: 4831: 4827: 4824: 4818: 4815: 4803: 4799: 4793: 4790: 4775: 4768: 4762: 4759: 4744: 4737: 4731: 4728: 4724: 4718: 4715: 4711: 4705: 4702: 4698: 4692: 4689: 4685: 4679: 4676: 4672: 4668: 4665: 4662:LeSage, Jon. 4659: 4656: 4652: 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2990: 2986: 2983: 2977: 2974: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2955: 2952: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2924: 2921: 2918:, TopGear.com 2917: 2913: 2910: 2906: 2901: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2883: 2877: 2874: 2862: 2858: 2852: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2827: 2824:Ayre, James. 2821: 2819: 2815: 2803: 2799: 2798:Bloomberg.com 2795: 2789: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2775: 2769: 2766: 2761: 2757: 2751: 2748: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2722: 2719: 2706: 2702: 2696: 2693: 2680: 2676: 2670: 2667: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2648: 2646: 2642: 2631:on 2016-03-24 2630: 2626: 2620: 2617: 2612: 2608: 2602: 2599: 2594: 2590: 2584: 2581: 2576: 2572: 2571: 2566: 2560: 2557: 2552: 2548: 2542: 2539: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2520: 2517: 2512: 2508: 2502: 2499: 2488: 2484: 2478: 2475: 2463: 2459: 2453: 2450: 2439: 2435: 2428: 2425: 2414: 2410: 2403: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2390:Woody, Todd. 2387: 2384: 2372: 2371: 2364: 2362: 2358: 2343: 2342: 2334: 2331: 2318: 2312: 2309: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2282: 2279: 2267: 2263: 2257: 2254: 2251: 2250:0-471-32642-9 2247: 2243: 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Retrieved 1695: 1683: 1651: 1629: 1581: 1557: 1501:(PHEVs) are 1497: 1468: 1438:(NGVs), use 1417: 1396: 1381: 1361: 1343: 1332: 1326: 1318: 1316: 1311: 1302: 1300: 1285: 1282: 1274: 1264: 1258: 1243: 1239:fossil fuels 1235: 1223: 1220: 1195: 1185:class action 1178: 1169: 1164:condensation 1127: 1124: 1073: 1064:electrolysis 1029: 1010:power to gas 1007: 995:fossil fuels 992: 973:service life 970: 967:Service life 961: 940: 913: 898: 891: 866: 844: 828: 817: 805: 778: 759: 746: 742: 730: 711: 684: 677: 670: 656: 629: 617: 605:transporting 595:(or "HICE") 590: 558: 528: 507: 500: 485: 448:mine to the 439: 421: 417: 414:Heavy trucks 407:class action 404: 380: 352: 348:Hyundai Nexo 336: 317: 312: 296:Hyundai Nexo 292:Toyota Mirai 289: 285:Toyota Mirai 266: 262: 254: 228:compared to 215: 195: 155: 124: 120:Hyundai Nexo 112:Toyota Mirai 104: 43: 41: 8075:Four-stroke 7975:Front-front 7915:Eight-wheel 7890:Front-wheel 7822:Natural gas 7807:Fossil fuel 7762:Biogasoline 7448:Body styles 7376:Vintage car 6538:Biogasoline 6252:Solar power 6229:Human power 5942:. EV Talk. 5718:16 November 5360:www.gsa.gov 4616:EurekAlert! 4100:October 16, 4074:October 16, 2905:Riversimple 2711:18 November 2685:18 November 2677:. Hyundai. 1954:. See also 1739:(1): 8–10. 1471:rocket fuel 1444:natural gas 1408:Natural gas 1399:fossil fuel 1250:Joseph Romm 1162:. Note the 1056:biohydrogen 1052:thermolysis 1032:natural gas 825:Auto racing 587:Fork trucks 581:Montpellier 510:Phantom Eye 435:Switzerland 324:Toyota FCHV 275:Automobiles 179:Toyota FCHV 8153:Categories 8100:Two-stroke 7996:Front-rear 7989:Rear-front 7905:Four-wheel 7895:Rear-wheel 7734:Propulsion 7724:Voiturette 7709:Flying car 7704:Police car 7669:Amphibious 7581:Quad coupé 7471:Berlinetta 7188:Street rod 7130:Subcompact 6922:Spaceplane 6897:Flying car 6123:2024-08-21 6098:2022-05-16 6061:2022-05-16 6029:2012-04-24 5870:2022-05-18 5390:2022-10-29 5366:2022-05-18 5341:2011-01-31 5123:2015-10-05 5087:2014-12-19 5026:2010-12-12 4808:2018-12-12 4783:2010-12-12 4752:2010-12-12 4626:2020-09-18 4596:2020-09-18 4566:2013-01-08 4533:2020-08-30 4500:US 3844262 4391:2010-12-12 4366:2022-09-02 4313:2010-12-12 4288:2019-09-21 4176:2010-12-12 4151:2010-12-12 4126:2010-12-12 4051:TreeHugger 4025:2024-01-03 4021:(in Dutch) 4000:2024-01-03 3996:(in Dutch) 3954:August 15, 3943:Designboom 3921:August 15, 3890:August 15, 3859:August 15, 3827:August 15, 3816:TreeHugger 3772:2017-03-07 3550:2010-12-12 3516:2024-05-18 3473:2017-04-06 3411:2019-06-18 3382:2010-07-14 3344:. 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