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Several thermodynamic definitions are very useful in thermochemistry. A system is the specific portion of the universe that is being studied. Everything outside the system is considered the surroundings or environment. A system may be:
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release heat. Thermochemistry coalesces the concepts of thermodynamics with the concept of energy in the form of chemical bonds. The subject commonly includes calculations of such quantities as
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had already introduced the concept of latent heat in 1761, based on the observation that heating ice at its melting point did not raise the temperature but instead caused some ice to melt.
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in the form of heat. Thermochemistry is useful in predicting reactant and product quantities throughout the course of a given reaction. In combination with
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52:. A reaction may release or absorb energy, and a phase change may do the same. Thermochemistry focuses on the energy exchange between a system and its
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of constant heat summation (1840): The energy change accompanying any transformation is the same whether the process occurs in one step or many.
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law (1780): The energy change accompanying any transformation is equal and opposite to energy change accompanying the reverse process.
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determinations, it is also used to predict whether a reaction is spontaneous or non-spontaneous, favorable or unfavorable.
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Thermochemistry rests on two generalizations. Stated in modern terms, they are as follows:
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Study of the heat energy associated with chemical reactions and/or physical transformations
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and Meiser J.H., "Physical
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is the study of the heat energy which is associated with
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which can exchange energy but not matter, such as an
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Thermochemistry also involves the measurement of the
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Thermochemistry is one part of the broader field of
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223:The measurement of heat changes is performed using
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129:. These experiments mark the foundation of
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186:(1845) and helped in its formulation.
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621:List of inorganic compounds
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616:List of biomolecules
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151:endergonic reactions
111:Pierre-Simon Laplace
68:exothermic reactions
30:For other uses, see
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1301:Forensic toxicology
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66:absorb heat, while
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745:Calorimetry
352:Calorimetry
303:open system
229:thermometer
225:calorimetry
219:Calorimetry
191:latent heat
127:latent heat
92:free energy
1551:Categories
1371:Metallurgy
1070:Biological
636:Analytical
418:References
316:isothermal
284:insulated
1433:Catalysis
941:Inorganic
735:Titration
600:chemistry
533:Atkins P.
324:adiabatic
310:Processes
176:Hess' law
170:Laplace's
166:Lavoisier
1499:Category
1455:Molecule
1392:See also
817:Physical
551:(1911).
330:See also
320:isobaric
84:enthalpy
1511:Commons
1475:Alchemy
991:Organic
272:balloon
243:Systems
157:History
88:entropy
58:entropy
50:boiling
46:melting
1523:Portal
669:UV-Vis
478:
438:
268:piston
90:, and
696:MALDI
664:Raman
1450:Atom
718:HPLC
476:ISBN
436:ISBN
168:and
149:and
143:work
115:heat
109:and
48:and
1460:Ion
691:ICP
674:NMR
301:an
270:or
231:or
193:of
1553::
1190:/
1186:/
1038:/
713:GC
686:EI
659:IR
557:.
504:.
296:un
290:a
282:un
276:a
262:a
239:.
197:.
153:.
94:.
86:,
82:,
78:,
74:,
1424:"
1420:"
591:e
584:t
577:v
484:.
444:.
213:p
133:.
34:.
20:)
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