171:, and these steam fields are used for heating everything from houses to swimming pools. Iceland is also starting to use "cold" areas away from the steam fields to produce warm water for space heating. There is a big potential for hydro power, as rivers, especial glacial ones, fall from the high areas and provide big changes in elevation over small distances, due to the mountainous landscape. Iceland has good resources for onshore wind. The two 0.9 MW turbines, Hafið, sett up for testing purpose, produce 6.7 GWh/a, that gives 42 % of the name plate power averaged over the year, a very high number for an onshore turbine. Offshore wind power is rather unlikely, due to few shallows along the coast.
196:, a town which is a suburb of Reykjavík. Reykjavík wanted to copy their success, so they appointed Thor Jenssen to run and build a gas station, Gasstöð Reykjavíkur. Jenssen could not get a loan to finance the project, so a deal was made with Carl Francke to build and run the station, with options for the city to buy him out. Construction started in 1909 and the station was fully built in 1910. The station lit up 120 gas lamps around the city and gave the opportunity to cook with gas too. In 1921 a hydropower plant was built at Elliðarár, which handled the growth of the city. In 1958 the gas station was demolished.
516:(approximately 80%) and geothermal (approximately 20%). Iceland was one of the first nations to get the majority of their power from renewable sources, a goal that Iceland met in the 1970s. Over 99% of electricity production and almost 80% of total energy production comes from hydropower and geothermal. In February 2008, Costa Rica, Iceland, New Zealand and Norway were the first four countries to join the Climate Neutral Network, an initiative led by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) to catalyse global action towards low carbon economies and societies.
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goal of 29% reduction by 2030 and their personal goal of 55% reduction by 2030. In May 2023 the president of the
European Commission and the Icelandic prime minister agreed on a carbon dioxide quota for airplanes in Icelandic airspace until 2026. This was in response to an EU regulation of limiting
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The government of
Iceland has played a major role in the advancement of geothermal energy. In the 1940s the State Electricity Authority was started by the government in order to increase the knowledge of geothermal resources and the utilization of geothermal power in Iceland. The agency's name was
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Iceland is the world's largest green energy producer per capita and largest electricity producer per capita, with approximately 55,000 kWh per person per year. In comparison, the EU average is less than 6,000 kWh. Most of this electricity is used in energy-intensive industrial sectors, such as
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to use geothermal energy as a source for heating in many different areas throughout the country. Geothermal power has been so successful that the government no longer has to lead the research in this field because it has been taken over by the geothermal industries.
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The
Icelandic government also believes that there are many more untapped geothermal sources throughout the country, estimating that over 20 TWh per year of unharnessed geothermal energy is available. This is about 3.3% of the 600 TWh per year of electricity used in
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technology, an
Icelandic invention, will store up to 3 million tonnes of carbon dioxide in rock, with most of it being imported. In April 2023 it was projected that Iceland will reduce their carbon footprint by 24-26% by 2030, falling short both on their
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used in
Iceland comes from geothermal sources. Geothermal power is used for many things in Iceland. 57.4% of the energy is used for space heat, 25% is used for electricity, and the remaining amount is used in many miscellaneous areas such as swimming pools,
309:, and there is still a large amount of untapped hydroelectric energy in Iceland. In 2002 it was estimated that Iceland only generated 17% of the total harnessable hydroelectric energy in the country. Iceland's government believes another 30
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Other hydroelectric power stations in
Iceland include: Blöndustöð (150 MW), Búrfellsstöð (270 MW), Hrauneyjafosstöð (210 MW), Laxárstöðvar (28 MW), Sigöldustöð (150 MW), Sogsstöðvar (89 MW), Sultartangastöð (120 MW), and
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In 2015, the total electricity consumption in
Iceland was 18,798 GWh. Renewable energy provided almost 100% of production, with 75% coming from hydropower and 24% from geothermal power. Only two islands,
1777:"Meet Iceland - a Pioneer in the Use of Renewable Resources". A brochure on renewable energy solutions in Iceland. Touches upon everything from geothermal and hydro, to alternative fuels.
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From
January 2006 to January 2007 testing of hydrogen buses continued as part of the HyFLEET:CUTE project, which spanned 10 cities in Europe, China and Australia and was sponsored by the
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source was considered, and whether
Iceland's small population, small scale of the country's infrastructure, and access to natural energy would ease a transition from oil to hydrogen.
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and was used to heat two schools, 60 homes, and the main hospital. It was a 3 km (1.9 mi) pipeline that ran from one of the hot springs outside the city. In 1943 the first
435:. Combined with the unharnessed feasible hydropower, tapping these sources to their full extent would provide Iceland another 50 TWh of energy per year, all from renewable sources.
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company was started with the use of geothermal power. An 18 km (11 mi) pipeline ran through the city of
Reykjavík, and by 1945 it was connected to over 2,850 homes.
737:(ÍSOR) is a public consulting and research institute providing specialist services to the Icelandic power industry, dedicated mainly to geothermal and hydroelectric research.
236:, one in 1953 which produced 31 MW, and the other in 1959 which produced 26.4 MW. These two plants were the first built for industrial purposes and they were co-owned by the
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167:. There are over 20 high-temperature steam fields that are at least 150 °C; many of them reach temperatures of 250 °C. This is what allows Iceland to harness
629:, which can theoretically last much longer. The project also compared the fuel efficiency of the original buses with that of new buses from a number of manufacturers.
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and Flatey, are not connected to the national grid and so rely primarily on diesel generators for electricity. Most of the hydropower plants are owned by
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415:(46.5 MW). The Svartsengi power plant and the Nesjavellir power plant produce both electricity and hot water for heating purposes. The move from
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airplane emissions, that would have affected Iceland. The deal will need approval from the EU and the Icelandic parliament before taking effect.
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480:, due to the high latitude, thus limited solar power potential. The total yearly insolation is about 20% less than Paris, and half as much as
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652:). The hydrogen station was closed in 2010, but was reopened in 2018. Two other hydrogen stations are in the country, one at Miklabraut near
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fulfills most of Iceland's remaining energy needs, the cost of which has caused the country to focus on domestic renewable energy. Professor
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Several Icelandic institutions offer education in renewable energy at a university level and research programmes for its advancement:
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of hydropower could be produced each year, while taking into account the sources that must remain untapped for environmental reasons.
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523:, low carbon transition will be effective by integrating disconnected carbon flows and establishing intermediary organisations.
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Saving Iceland - direct action movement against heavy industry, large dams and large-scale geothermal exploitation in Iceland
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did not come until 1907 when a farmer ran a concrete pipe from a hot spring to lead steam into his house. In 1930, the first
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is charged with conducting energy research and providing consulting services related to energy development and utilisation.
695:, School of Science and Engineering in Reykjavik, offers M.Sc. studies in renewable energy engineering, policy and science.
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598:(Ecological City Transport System) demonstration project ran from 2001 to August 2005. The project used three hydrogen
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Energy in Iceland: The Resource, its Utilisation and the Energy Policy (Minister of Industry and Commerce, 2000-01-03)
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286:. 5,193 GWh or 72% was used for power-intensive industries like aluminium smelting. In 2009 Iceland built its biggest
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allows it to produce renewable energy relatively cheaply, from a variety of sources. Iceland is located on the
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Several companies, public and private, are conducting extensive research in the field of renewable energy:
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442:'s carbon dioxide to methanol fuel process, which could help reduce Iceland's dependence on fossil fuels.
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617:'s 6th framework programme. The project studied the long-term effects and most-efficient ways of using
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Iceland is the first country in the world to create an economy generated through industries fueled by
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144:. Lying on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, Iceland is one of the most geologically active areas on Earth.
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Hydrogen in Iceland: Current status and future aspects (Icelandic New Energy, September 2006)
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in Reykjavík, the country's largest research institution, has a programme in renewable energy
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Iceland's abundant geothermal energy has also enabled renewable energy initiatives, such as
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of power. The first municipal hydroelectric plant was built in 1921, and it could produce 1
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was established to govern the transition of Iceland to the first hydrogen society by 2050.
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by 37%. It would have taken 646,000 tonnes of oil to heat Iceland's homes in 2003.
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in Iceland. In 2012, two wind turbines were installed in South Iceland and in 2015 a
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244:, was founded. It was owned by both the Icelandic government and the municipality of
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Currently geothermal power heats 89% of the houses in Iceland, and over 54% of the
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106:(the National Power Company) which is the main supplier of electricity in Iceland.
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1023:. Lesbók Morgunblaðsins, via Tímarit.is, (27.04.1958), pp. 218-222 (in Icelandic)
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produces 12,469 GWh which is 75% of the total electricity production in Iceland.
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682:
340:
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225:
1275:"Towards a Neutral North—The Urban Low Carbon Transitions of Akureyri, Iceland"
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buses. The buses were run for longer periods of time and the durability of the
512:. Iceland generates over 99% of its electricity from renewable sources, namely
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of electricity total of which 6,676 GWh or 93% was produced via hydroelectric
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68:
1403:"Telur von á stórum skrefum í nýrri aðgerðaráætlun í loftslagsmálum - RÚV.is"
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387:) in 1967. This agency has been very successful and has made it economically
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43:
is a world leader in renewable energy. 100% of the electricity in Iceland's
1244:"UNEP Announces Climate Neutral Network | News | SDG Knowledge Hub | IISD"
640:. To avoid transportation difficulties, hydrogen is produced on-site with
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419:-based heating to geothermal heating saved Iceland an estimated total of
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1688:
Sustainable Generation and Utilization of Energy The Case of Iceland.
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545:
141:
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Sustainable Generation and Utilization of Energy The Case of Iceland
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is an independent information source on the Icelandic energy sector.
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According to a 2019 study in the northern Icelandic municipality of
125:, which developed in Iceland thanks to the low cost of electricity.
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1586:"Vetnisbílar hafa ekki eins greiðan aðgang að orku og aðrir bílar"
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326:
240:. This process continued in 1965 when the national power company,
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28:
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221:
217:
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1347:"Reykjavík: the geothermal city that aims to go carbon neutral"
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plant that could produce 33,000 tons of aluminium a year.
1772:
Geothermal Energy Leaves the Window Open for Iceland's Economy
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8.2 billion from 1970 to 2000 and lowered the release of
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of power. This plant single-handedly quadrupled the amount of
492:
There is an ongoing project in checking the feasibility of a
1421:"Komust að samkomulagi um losunarheimildir í flugi - RÚV.is"
1226:"Iceland's Sustainable Energy Story: A Model for the World?"
1385:"Vill skilgreina verkefni Carbfix sem námuvinnslu - RÚV.is"
67:
provided about 65% of primary energy in 2016, the share of
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1029:
563:
occurred. The idea was considered untenable, but in 1999
527:
aims to be carbon neutral by 2040. In 2023 a plant using
270:
This trend continued and increases in the production of
75:(mainly oil products for the transport sector) was 15%.
228:
in the country. The 1950s marked the next evolution in
1314:
Bernharðsdóttir, Berghildur Erla (14 September 2016).
1273:
Kristjansdottir, Rakel; Busch, Henner (January 2019).
1129:. Carbon Recycling International. 2011. Archived from
1720:
Renewable Energy in Iceland - Nordic Energy Solutions
838:
National Energy Authority of Iceland (30 June 2020).
804:
Dreamland: A Self-Help Manual for a Frightened Nation
1758:
Iceland President Grímsson: wind power, clean energy
51:. In terms of total energy supply, 85% of the total
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2119:
2070:
1979:
1966:
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1561:"Vetnisstöð opnuð aftur við Vesturlandsveg - Vísir"
1248:
International Institute for Sustainable Development
1609:
1607:
1107:
1105:
1011:(Ed. Helga Bardadottir. Reykjavik: Gudjon O, 2006)
840:"Development of electricity production in Iceland"
343:for bathing and washing clothes. The first use of
1742:Orkustofnun - Icelandic National Energy Authority
1704:Ed. Helga Bardadottir. Reykjavik: Gudjon O, 2006.
1615:"Samið um rannsóknarsetur í orkuvísindum - Vísir"
1173:Umtalsverð virkjun vindorku á íslandi framundan.
383:later changed to the National Energy Authority (
1702:Geothermal Development and Research in Iceland.
1533:"Hydrogen-filling station opens ... in Iceland"
1091:
1089:
1087:
1009:Geothermal Development and Research in Iceland
2907:
2507:
1797:
8:
1438:
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905:"Government of Iceland | Hydro Power Plants"
685:, runs a research center in energy sciences.
559:source in Iceland during the 1970s when the
248:. In 1969, they built a 210 MW plant on the
212:. It was located in a small town outside of
1472:ECTOS - hydrogen buses in Reykjavik Iceland
1003:
1001:
999:
997:
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395:Geothermal power plants in Iceland include
159:active places in the world. There are over
86:by 2040. The largest obstacles to this are
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2125:
1976:
1972:
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947:"A geothermal leader: The case of Iceland"
2923:Renewable energy by country and territory
1290:
1187:"Iceland's energy answer comes naturally"
113:The main use of geothermal energy is for
183:Iceland electricity production by source
178:
1050:
1048:
1046:
830:
590:A hydrogen filling station in Reykjavík
278:. In 2005, Landsvirkjun produced 7,143
1559:Jóhannsson, Jóhann K. (15 June 2018).
1478:, published 2007, accessed 2007-05-04
59:is derived from domestically produced
856:
854:
852:
570:In the early 2000s, the viability of
7:
1365:from the original on 9 November 2019
1326:from the original on 9 November 2019
1254:from the original on 9 November 2019
1205:from the original on 9 November 2019
976:National Energy Authority of Iceland
899:
897:
895:
716:National Energy Authority of Iceland
582:ECTOS Hydrogen demonstration project
192:In 1905 a power plant was set up in
35:Nesjavellir Geothermal Power Station
1633:"Mennta sérfræðinga framtíðarinnar"
681:, Atlantic center of excellence in
541:Experiments with hydrogen as a fuel
208:plant was built in 1904 by a local
1316:"Reykjavík Carbon Neutral by 2040"
1037:"The Hydro and Geothermal History"
484:, with very little in the winter.
25:
1185:Aldred, Jessica (22 April 2008).
555:first proposed the idea of using
155:, which makes it one of the most
3384:
3375:
3374:
2939:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1957:
1515:"HyFLEET:CUTE official web site"
1345:Boztas, Senay (3 October 2016).
762:
748:
500:, named icewind, was completed.
163:located in Iceland and over 600
82:aspires that the nation will be
1590:Félag íslenskra bifreiðaeigenda
1099:(Reykjavik: Hja Godjon O, 2004)
706:- Geothermal Training Programme
232:. Two plants were built on the
1732:Kárahnjúkar hydropower project
1697:Reykjavik: Hja Godjon O, 2004.
1621:(in Icelandic). 17 April 2009.
1409:(in Icelandic). 19 April 2023.
1391:(in Icelandic). 17 March 2023.
440:Carbon Recycling International
1:
778:Electricity sector in Iceland
1686:19th World Energy Congress.
1659:"Jarðhitaskólinn mikilvægur"
1427:(in Icelandic). 16 May 2023.
1054:19th World Energy Congress,
292:Kárahnjúkar Hydropower Plant
260:with electricity and run an
820:Renewable energy by country
815:Renewable energy in Denmark
783:Geothermal power in Iceland
476:Iceland has relatively low
323:Geothermal power in Iceland
18:Hydroelectricity in Iceland
3427:
1945:2008–2011 financial crisis
810:Renewable energy in Norway
627:internal combustion engine
508:Iceland is moving towards
320:
71:was 20%, and the share of
3370:
2453:
2303:
2224:
2128:
1975:
1955:
704:United Nations University
331:Krafla Geothermal Station
2133:Administrative divisions
689:Iceland School of Energy
425:carbon dioxide emissions
274:are directly related to
149:Iceland's unique geology
1715:Icelandic Energy Portal
1700:Bjornsson, Sveinbjorn.
1647:– via Tímarit.is.
756:Renewable energy portal
729:Icelandic Energy Portal
504:Becoming carbon neutral
2572:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1767:Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson
1444:"Icelandic New Energy"
1081:, accessed 2007-04-19)
1068:Electricity Production
1007:Sveinbjorn Bjornsson,
699:University of Akureyri
664:Education and research
591:
469:
332:
276:industrial development
252:that would supply the
184:
145:
37:
1915:Independence Movement
1910:Danish trade monopoly
1521:on February 24, 2008.
935:on November 18, 2009.
673:University of Iceland
589:
467:
330:
290:project to date, the
182:
136:
32:
1693:Bardadottir, Helga.
1250:. 21 February 2008.
1115:. November 10, 2011.
1039:. November 11, 2011.
864:. November 11, 2011.
798:Reykjavik Geothermal
793:Icelandic New Energy
693:Reykjavik University
632:The country's first
625:was compared to the
565:Icelandic New Energy
238:Icelandic government
230:hydroelectric plants
123:aluminium production
80:Icelandic government
2788:States with limited
1665:. 21 September 2012
1639:. 24 September 2015
1504:accessed 2007-05-14
1095:Helga Bardadottir,
929:"Energy in Iceland"
862:"The Energy Sector"
615:European Commission
355:was constructed in
335:For centuries, the
272:hydroelectric power
49:renewable resources
2333:Icelandic Language
1765:- a short talk by
1725:2021-02-24 at the
1695:Energy in Iceland.
1500:2007-09-27 at the
1482:2007-09-29 at the
1292:10.3390/su11072014
1097:Energy in Iceland.
1073:2010-09-13 at the
788:Economy of Iceland
691:, a subsidiary of
648:into hydrogen and
636:opened in 2003 in
592:
557:hydrogen as a fuel
510:climate neutrality
470:
411:(60 MW), and
333:
185:
153:Mid-Atlantic Ridge
146:
38:
3411:Energy in Iceland
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3397:
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2889:
2888:
2523:Energy in Europe
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2188:Political parties
2153:Foreign relations
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2114:
2111:
2110:
1953:
1952:
1320:visitreykjavik.is
1224:Nations, United.
1021:Gasstöðin hverfur
880:www.government.is
735:Iceland Geosurvey
656:and the other in
474:
473:
345:geothermal energy
337:people of Iceland
254:southeastern area
169:geothermal energy
65:Geothermal energy
47:is produced from
16:(Redirected from
3418:
3388:
3378:
3377:
3321:French Polynesia
3080:
2916:
2909:
2902:
2893:
2826:Dependencies and
2530:Sovereign states
2516:
2509:
2502:
2493:
2469:
2462:
2426:National costume
2301:
2247:
2222:
2126:
1977:
1973:
1961:
1890:Christianization
1830:
1806:
1799:
1792:
1783:
1759:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1655:
1649:
1648:
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1629:
1623:
1622:
1611:
1602:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1572:
1556:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1546:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1517:. Archived from
1511:
1505:
1492:
1486:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1459:
1450:. Archived from
1440:
1429:
1428:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1372:
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1342:
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1333:
1331:
1311:
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1215:
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1212:
1210:
1182:
1176:
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1160:
1149:
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1142:
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1138:
1123:
1117:
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1109:
1100:
1093:
1082:
1065:
1059:
1052:
1041:
1040:
1033:
1024:
1018:
1012:
1005:
986:
985:
983:
982:
968:
962:
961:
959:
958:
951:Atlantic Council
943:
937:
936:
931:. Archived from
925:
919:
918:
916:
915:
901:
890:
889:
887:
886:
876:"Climate Change"
872:
866:
865:
858:
847:
846:
844:
835:
772:
767:
766:
765:
758:
753:
752:
634:hydrogen station
619:hydrogen powered
514:hydroelectricity
468:Solar insolation
450:
449:
361:district heating
339:have used their
317:Geothermal power
307:renewable energy
129:Energy resources
92:fishing industry
61:renewable energy
45:electricity grid
21:
3426:
3425:
3421:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3416:
3415:
3401:
3400:
3399:
3394:
3366:
3335:
3299:
3259:
3186:
3071:
2978:
2925:
2920:
2890:
2885:
2869:
2827:
2821:
2807:Northern Cyprus
2789:
2783:
2704:North Macedonia
2525:
2520:
2490:
2485:
2472:
2465:
2458:
2445:
2431:Public holidays
2352:
2286:
2245:
2207:
2168:Law enforcement
2107:
2066:
1962:
1949:
1866:
1819:
1810:
1757:
1727:Wayback Machine
1711:
1683:
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1558:
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1544:
1542:
1531:
1530:
1526:
1513:
1512:
1508:
1502:Wayback Machine
1493:
1489:
1484:Wayback Machine
1470:
1466:
1457:
1455:
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1441:
1432:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1401:
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1396:
1383:
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1208:
1206:
1184:
1183:
1179:
1171:
1167:
1158:
1156:
1151:
1150:
1146:
1136:
1134:
1133:on 17 June 2013
1125:
1124:
1120:
1111:
1110:
1103:
1094:
1085:
1075:Wayback Machine
1066:
1062:
1053:
1044:
1035:
1034:
1027:
1019:
1015:
1006:
989:
980:
978:
972:"Space Heating"
970:
969:
965:
956:
954:
945:
944:
940:
927:
926:
922:
913:
911:
903:
902:
893:
884:
882:
874:
873:
869:
860:
859:
850:
842:
837:
836:
832:
828:
768:
763:
761:
754:
747:
744:
666:
644:(breaking down
584:
543:
534:Paris Agreement
506:
490:
457:
455:
448:
407:(303 MW),
403:(100 MW),
399:(120 MW),
325:
319:
216:and produced 9
202:
190:
177:
131:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3424:
3422:
3414:
3413:
3403:
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3396:
3395:
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3371:
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3367:
3365:
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3359:
3354:
3349:
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3337:
3336:
3334:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3307:
3305:
3301:
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3298:
3297:
3292:
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3282:
3277:
3271:
3269:
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3258:
3257:
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3248:United Kingdom
3245:
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3210:
3205:
3200:
3194:
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3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3097:Czech Republic
3094:
3088:
3086:
3084:European Union
3077:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
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2927:
2926:
2921:
2919:
2918:
2911:
2904:
2896:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2883:
2881:European Union
2877:
2875:
2874:Other entities
2871:
2870:
2868:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2831:
2829:
2828:other entities
2823:
2822:
2820:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2793:
2791:
2785:
2784:
2782:
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2779:United Kingdom
2776:
2771:
2766:
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2756:
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2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
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2721:
2716:
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2592:Czech Republic
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2259:
2257:Nasdaq Iceland
2254:
2249:
2241:
2239:Communications
2236:
2231:
2225:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2206:
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2200:
2198:Prime Minister
2195:
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2170:
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2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2129:
2123:
2117:
2116:
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2112:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2105:
2100:
2098:Municipalities
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2078:Constituencies
2074:
2072:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2037:National parks
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1997:Extreme points
1994:
1989:
1983:
1981:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1947:
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1937:
1932:
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1710:
1709:External links
1707:
1706:
1705:
1698:
1691:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1676:
1650:
1624:
1603:
1592:(in Icelandic)
1577:
1567:(in Icelandic)
1551:
1524:
1506:
1495:ECTOS web site
1487:
1464:
1430:
1412:
1394:
1376:
1337:
1306:
1279:Sustainability
1265:
1235:
1230:United Nations
1216:
1177:
1175:(in Icelandic)
1165:
1144:
1118:
1113:"Power Plants"
1101:
1083:
1060:
1058:(Sydney: 2004)
1042:
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1013:
987:
963:
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920:
891:
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770:Iceland portal
759:
743:
740:
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732:
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602:buses and one
583:
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368:primary energy
321:Main article:
318:
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300:Vatnsfellsstöð
201:
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186:
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173:
130:
127:
88:road transport
84:carbon neutral
53:primary energy
24:
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4:
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2:
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3340:South America
3338:
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3295:United States
3293:
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1454:on 2007-09-27
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553:Bragi Árnason
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459:Source: NREL
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161:200 volcanoes
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115:space heating
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19:
3316:Cook Islands
2974:South Africa
2817:Transnistria
2636:
2391:Coat of arms
2371:Architecture
2313:Demographics
2262:Nordic model
2251:
2158:Human rights
2143:Constitution
1925:World War II
1900:Sturlung Era
1885:Commonwealth
1701:
1694:
1687:
1681:Bibliography
1667:. Retrieved
1662:
1653:
1641:. Retrieved
1637:Morgunblaðið
1636:
1627:
1618:
1594:. Retrieved
1589:
1580:
1569:. Retrieved
1564:
1554:
1543:. Retrieved
1541:. 2003-04-25
1536:
1527:
1519:the original
1509:
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1467:
1456:. Retrieved
1452:the original
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1424:
1415:
1406:
1397:
1388:
1379:
1367:. Retrieved
1351:The Guardian
1350:
1340:
1328:. Retrieved
1319:
1309:
1282:
1278:
1268:
1256:. Retrieved
1247:
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1229:
1219:
1207:. Retrieved
1191:The Guardian
1190:
1180:
1168:
1157:. Retrieved
1147:
1135:. Retrieved
1131:the original
1127:"Technology"
1121:
1096:
1079:Landsvirkjun
1078:
1063:
1055:
1016:
1008:
979:. Retrieved
975:
966:
955:. Retrieved
953:. 2018-06-01
950:
941:
933:the original
923:
912:. Retrieved
908:
883:. Retrieved
879:
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833:
802:
722:Landsvirkjun
709:
667:
658:Reykjanesbær
642:electrolysis
631:
612:
604:fuel station
593:
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491:
475:
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437:
429:
394:
381:
365:
334:
304:
296:
284:power plants
269:
250:Þjórsá River
242:Landsvirkjun
210:entrepreneur
203:
191:
157:tectonically
147:
119:
112:
108:Landsvirkjun
104:Landsvirkjun
96:
77:
73:fossil fuels
39:
26:
3326:New Zealand
3233:Switzerland
3162:Netherlands
3052:Philippines
2992:Afghanistan
2855:Isle of Man
2790:recognition
2764:Switzerland
2699:Netherlands
2229:Agriculture
2173:LGBT rights
1992:Earthquakes
1905:Reformation
1895:Aristocracy
1857:Prohibition
1852:Nationality
1285:(7): 2014.
446:Solar power
405:Hellisheiði
397:Nesjavellir
385:Orkustofnun
377:greenhouses
341:hot springs
226:electricity
165:hot springs
3280:Costa Rica
3152:Luxembourg
3027:Kazakhstan
2997:Bangladesh
2969:Seychelles
2734:San Marino
2694:Montenegro
2674:Luxembourg
2654:Kazakhstan
2557:Azerbaijan
2441:Television
2411:Mass media
2406:Literature
2328:Icelanders
2323:Healthcare
2246:(currency)
2183:Parliament
2093:Localities
2057:Waterfalls
1880:Settlement
1663:www.ruv.is
1571:2022-02-28
1545:2007-05-21
1458:2007-05-02
1369:9 November
1330:9 November
1258:9 November
1209:9 November
1159:2012-04-16
1153:"PV Watts"
981:2021-10-07
957:2021-10-07
914:2021-10-07
885:2022-02-28
826:References
561:oil crisis
498:wind atlas
488:Wind power
478:insolation
413:Svartsengi
373:fish farms
206:hydropower
204:The first
200:Hydropower
69:hydropower
55:supply in
3347:Argentina
3311:Australia
3147:Lithuania
3047:Palestine
3022:Indonesia
2845:Gibraltar
2669:Lithuania
2338:Languages
2318:Education
2282:Transport
2267:Outvasion
2193:President
2148:Elections
2088:Farthings
2071:Political
2052:Volcanoes
2022:Highlands
1968:Geography
1538:USA Today
1359:0261-3077
1301:2071-1050
1199:0261-3077
638:Reykjavík
623:fuel cell
608:Strætó bs
600:fuel cell
525:Reykjavík
494:wind farm
401:Reykjanes
357:Reykjavík
302:(90 MW).
262:aluminium
246:Reykjavík
234:Sog River
214:Reykjavík
63:sources.
3405:Category
3380:Category
3362:Colombia
3285:Honduras
3253:Scotland
3172:Portugal
3062:Thailand
3042:Pakistan
3032:Malaysia
2949:Ethiopia
2865:Svalbard
2850:Guernsey
2797:Abkhazia
2749:Slovenia
2744:Slovakia
2719:Portugal
2577:Bulgaria
2476:Category
2343:Religion
2308:Abortion
2272:Taxation
2178:Military
2121:Politics
2083:Counties
2062:Wildlife
2017:Glaciers
1940:Cod Wars
1935:Cold War
1930:Invasion
1872:Timeline
1847:Military
1842:Economic
1834:By topic
1817:articles
1723:Archived
1619:visir.is
1565:visir.is
1498:Archived
1480:Archived
1448:ectos.is
1363:Archived
1324:Archived
1252:Archived
1203:Archived
1071:Archived
742:See also
654:Kringlan
572:hydrogen
546:Imported
521:Akureyri
353:pipeline
265:smelting
139:Strokkur
90:and the
3304:Oceania
3243:Ukraine
3213:Iceland
3208:Belarus
3203:Armenia
3198:Albania
3137:Ireland
3132:Hungary
3122:Germany
3112:Finland
3107:Denmark
3092:Austria
3067:Vietnam
2964:Nigeria
2959:Morocco
2774:Ukraine
2724:Romania
2684:Moldova
2642:Ireland
2637:Iceland
2632:Hungary
2622:Germany
2617:Georgia
2607:Finland
2602:Estonia
2597:Denmark
2582:Croatia
2567:Belgium
2562:Belarus
2552:Austria
2547:Armenia
2542:Andorra
2537:Albania
2460:Outline
2396:Cuisine
2358:Culture
2296:Society
2277:Tourism
2234:Banking
2217:Economy
2138:Cabinet
2103:Regions
2047:Valleys
2027:Islands
2012:Geology
2007:Forests
1987:Climate
1980:Natural
1920:Kingdom
1825:History
1813:Iceland
1763:YouTube
1669:13 June
1643:13 June
1596:13 June
1137:11 July
606:, with
529:Carbfix
433:Germany
349:heating
258:Iceland
175:Sources
100:Grímsey
57:Iceland
41:Iceland
3390:Portal
3352:Brazil
3331:Tuvalu
3290:Mexico
3275:Canada
3238:Turkey
3228:Russia
3223:Norway
3218:Kosovo
3182:Sweden
3167:Poland
3127:Greece
3117:France
3102:Cyprus
3076:Europe
3057:Taiwan
3007:Brunei
3002:Bhutan
2931:Africa
2860:Jersey
2802:Kosovo
2769:Turkey
2759:Sweden
2739:Serbia
2729:Russia
2714:Poland
2709:Norway
2689:Monaco
2659:Latvia
2627:Greece
2612:France
2587:Cyprus
2481:Portal
2386:Cinema
2366:Anthem
2252:Energy
2244:Króna
2042:Rivers
2002:Fjords
1862:Rulers
1815:
1476:SU:GRE
1357:
1299:
1197:
1155:. NREL
679:Keilir
650:oxygen
482:Madrid
409:Krafla
389:viable
375:, and
142:geyser
3357:Chile
3191:Other
3177:Spain
3157:Malta
3142:Italy
3037:Nepal
3017:India
3012:China
2954:Kenya
2944:Egypt
2835:Åland
2754:Spain
2679:Malta
2649:Italy
2467:Index
2436:Sport
2421:Names
2416:Music
2381:Chess
2348:Women
2032:Lakes
843:(PDF)
683:Ásbrú
646:water
596:ECTOS
574:as a
421:US $
2984:Asia
2401:Flag
1671:2023
1645:2023
1598:2023
1371:2019
1355:ISSN
1332:2019
1297:ISSN
1260:2019
1211:2019
1195:ISSN
1139:2012
727:The
714:The
594:The
576:fuel
347:for
137:The
78:The
33:The
2376:Art
2163:Law
1761:on
1425:RÚV
1407:RÚV
1389:RÚV
1287:doi
549:oil
417:oil
311:TWh
280:GWh
256:of
188:Gas
3407::
1661:.
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1617:.
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1588:.
1563:.
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1446:.
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1189:.
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1045:^
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990:^
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907:.
894:^
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851:^
660:.
610:.
379:.
222:MW
218:kW
94:.
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1805:e
1798:t
1791:v
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1600:.
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1548:.
1461:.
1373:.
1334:.
1303:.
1289::
1262:.
1232:.
1213:.
1162:.
1141:.
984:.
960:.
917:.
888:.
845:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
