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the vents are expelled and mixed with the surrounding water. These hyperthermophilic microbes are thought to contain proteins that have extended stability at higher temperatures due to intramolecular interactions but the exact mechanisms are not clear yet. The stabilization mechanisms for DNA are not as unknown and the denaturation of DNA are thought to be minimized through high salt concentrations, more specifically Mg, K, and PO4 which are highly concentrated in hyperthermophiles. Along with this, many of the microbes have proteins similar to histones that are bound to the DNA and can offer protection against the high temperatures. Microbes are also found to be in symbiotic relationships with other organisms in the hydrothermal vent environment due to their ability to have a detoxification mechanism which allows them to metabolize the sulfide-rich waters which would otherwise be toxic to the organisms and the microbes.
62:
water accumulates dissolved minerals and chemicals from the rocks that it encounters. There are generally three kinds of vents that occur and are all characterized by its temperature and chemical composition. Diffuse vents release clear water typically up to 30 °C. White smoker vents emit a milky-coloured water between 200-330 °C, and black smoker vents generally release water hotter than the other vents between 300-400 °C. The waters from black smokers are darkened by the precipitates of sulfide that are accumulated. Due to the absence of sunlight at these ocean depths, energy is provided by
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768:
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20:
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87:, the temperatures underneath the thermocline and the waters near the deep sea are relatively constant. No changes are caused by seasonal effects or annual changes. These temperatures stay in the range of 0–3 °C with the exception of the waters immediately surrounding the hydrothermal vents, which can get as high as 407 °C. These waters are prevented from boiling due to the high pressure at those depths.
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energy sources; different temperature vents have different concentrations of nutrients, suggesting large variation between vents. In general, large microbial populations are found in warm vent water plumes (25 °C), the surfaces exposed to warm vent plumes and in symbiotic tissues within certain vent invertebrates in the vicinity of the vent.
1561:) that are able to enhance the sulfur oxidation metabolism in their hosts could provide selective advantages to viruses (continued infection and replication). The similarity in viral and SUP05 genes for the sulfur metabolism implies an exchange of genes in the past and could implicate the viruses as agents of evolution.
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prophage. 5. The prophage then remains dormant until the host cell divides. 6. After the host cell has duplicated, the phage DNA in the daughter cells activate, and the phage DNA begins to express itself. Some of the cells containing the prophage go on to create new phages which will move on to infect other cells.
923:) in the presence of oxygen. They are the predominant population in the majority of hydrothermal vents because their source of energy is widely available, and chemosynthesis rates increase in aerobic conditions. The bacteria at hydrothermal vents are similar to the types of sulfur bacteria found in other H
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These bacteria are commonly found in iron and manganese deposits on surfaces exposed intermittently to plumes of hydrothermal and bottom seawater. However, due to the rapid oxidation of Fe in neutral and alkaline waters (i.e. freshwater and seawater), bacteria responsible for the oxidative deposition
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Extreme conditions in the hydrothermal vent environment mean that microbial communities that inhabit these areas need to adapt to them. Microbes that live here are known to be hyperthermophiles, microorganisms that grow at temperatures above 90 °C. These organisms are found where the fluids from
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Lysogenic Cycle: 1. The prokaryotic cell is shown with its DNA, in green. 2. The bacteriophage attaches and releases its DNA, shown in red, into the prokaryotic cell. 3. The phage DNA then moves through the cell to the host's DNA. 4. The phage DNA integrates itself into the host cell's DNA, creating
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had viral abundances from 1.45×10 to 9.90×10 per mL, with a drop-off in abundance found in the hydrothermal-vent plume (3.5×10 per mL) and outside the venting system (2.94×10 per mL). The high density of viruses and therefore of viral production (in comparison to surrounding deep-sea waters) implies
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rather than free floating viruses and that the auxiliary genes can be expressed to benefit both the host and the integrated virus. The viruses enhance fitness by boosting metabolism or offering greater metabolic flexibility to their hosts. The evidence suggests that deep-sea hydrothermal vent viral
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processes. For example, some microbe species oxidize sulfide to sulfate and another species will reduce sulfate to elemental sulfur. As a result, a web of chemical pathways mediated by different microbial species transform elements such as carbon, sulfur, nitrogen, and hydrogen, from one species to
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However, in contrast to their role as a source of mortality and population control, viruses have also been postulated to enhance survival of prokaryotes in extreme environments, acting as reservoirs of genetic information. The interactions of the virosphere with microorganisms under environmental
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The most abundant bacteria in hydrothermal vents are chemolithotrophs. These bacteria use reduced chemical species, most often sulfur, as sources of energy to reduce carbon dioxide to organic carbon. The chemolithotrophic abundance in a hydrothermal vent environment is determined by the available
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which can originate from both geological and biological processes. Methane concentrations in hydrothermal vent plumes can exceed 300μM in concentration depending on the vent. In comparison, the vent fluid contains 10 – 10 times more methane than the surrounding deep ocean water, of which methane
61:
Hydrothermal vents are located where the tectonic plates are moving apart and spreading. This allows water from the ocean to enter into the crust of the earth where it is heated by the magma. The increasing pressure and temperature forces the water back out of these openings, on the way out, the
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One study of virus-host interactions in diffuse-flow hydrothermal vent environments found that the high incidence of lysogenic hosts and large populations of temperate viruses was unique in its magnitude and that these viruses are likely critical to the systems' ecology of prokaryotes. The same
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relationship with animals. Chemolithoautotrophic bacteria derive nutrients and energy from the geological activity at
Hydrothermal vents to fix carbon into organic forms. Viruses are also a part of the hydrothermal vent microbial community and their influence on the microbial ecology in these
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Energy generation via methane oxidation yields the next best source of energy after sulfur oxidation. It has been suggested that microbial oxidation facilitates rapid turnover at hydrothermal vents, thus much of the methane is oxidize within short distance of the vent. In hydrothermal vent
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where symbiotic bacteria and archaea form the bottom of the food chain and are able to support a variety of organisms such as Riftia pachyptila and
Alvinella pompejana. These organisms use this symbiotic relationship in order to use and obtain the chemical energy that is released at these
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of these animals are specified organs for symbionts that contains valuable molecules for chemosynthesis. These organisms have become so reliant on their symbionts that they have lost all morphological features relating to ingestion and digestion, though the bacteria are provided with
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Kádár E, Costa V, Santos RS, Powell JJ (July 2006). "Tissue partitioning of micro-essential metals in the vent bivalve
Bathymodiolus azoricus and associated organisms (endosymbiont bacteria and a parasite polychaete) from geochemically distinct vents of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge".
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is the incorporation of inorganic carbon into organic matter. Unlike the surface of the planet where light is a major source of energy for carbon fixation, hydrothermal vent chemolithotrophic bacteria rely on chemical oxidation to obtain the energy required. Fixation of
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Although there is very little light in the hydrothermal vent environment, photosynthetic organisms have been found. However, the energy that the majority of organisms use comes from chemosynthesis. The organisms use the minerals and chemicals that come out of the vents.
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is the dominant species of dissolved inorganic nitrogen, and can be produced by water mass mixing below hydrothermal vents and discharged in vent fluids. Quantities of available ammonium vary between vents depending on the geological activity and microbial composition.
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and dissimilatory oxidation. The Sox pathway is a multi enzyme pathway capable of oxidizing sulfide, sulfite, elemental sulfur, and thiosulfate to sulfate. Dissimilatory oxidation converts sulfite to elemental sulfur. Sulfur oxidizing species include and the genera of
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A review of viral work at hydrothermal vents published in 2015 stated that vents harbour a significant proportion of lysogenic hosts and that a large proportion of viruses are temperate, indicating that the vent environments may provide an advantage to the prophage.
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are the most abundant life in the ocean, harboring the greatest reservoir of genetic diversity. As their infections are often fatal, they constitute a significant source of mortality and thus have widespread influence on biological oceanographic processes,
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To illustrate the incredible diversity of hydrothermal vents, the list below is a cumulative representation of bacterial phyla and genera, in alphabetical order. As shown, proteobacteria appears to be the most dominant phyla present in deep-sea vents.
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as these are most plentiful at hydrothermal vents. AOM is found to be prevalent in marine sediments at hydrothermal vents and may be responsible for consuming 75% of methane produced by the vent. Species that perform AOM include
Archaea of
468:
lineages. Methanotrophs convert methane into carbon dioxide and organic carbon. They are typically characterized by the presence of intercellular membranes and microbes with intercellular membranes were observed to make up 20% of the
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for carbon fixation found in microbial vent communities include the Calvin–Benson–Bassham (CBB) cycle, reductive tricarboxylic acid (rTCA) cycle, 3-hydroxypropionate (3-HP) cycle and reductive acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) pathway.
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Methane is a substantial source of energy in certain hydrothermal vents, but not others: methane is more abundant in warm vents (25 °C) than hydrogen. Many types of methanotrophic bacteria exist, which require oxygen and fix
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of iron would be more commonly found in acidic waters. Manganese-oxidizing bacteria would be more abundant in freshwater and seawater compared to iron-oxidizing bacteria due to the higher concentration of available metal.
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An example of this was associated with the sulfur-consuming bacterium SUP05. A study found that 15 of 18 viral genomes sequenced from samples of vent plumes contained genes closely related to an enzyme that the SUP05
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Wankel SD, Adams MM, Johnston DT, Hansel CM, Joye SB, Girguis PR (October 2012). "Anaerobic methane oxidation in metalliferous hydrothermal sediments: influence on carbon flux and decoupling from sulfate reduction".
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genes, indicating that viral genomes encode auxiliary metabolic genes. Coupled with the observations of a high proportion of lysogenic viruses, this indicates that viruses are selected to be integrated
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data suggests that microorganisms influence dissolved inorganic nitrogen quantities and compositions, and all pathways of the nitrogen cycle are likely to be found at hydrothermal vents. Biological
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is important to provide some of the biologically available nitrogen to the nitrogen cycle, especially at unsedimented hydrothermal vents. Nitrogen is fixed by many different microbes including
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Williamson SJ, Cary SC, Williamson KE, Helton RR, Bench SR, Winget D, Wommack KE (November 2008). "Lysogenic virus-host interactions predominate at deep-sea diffuse-flow hydrothermal vents".
1513:) which can therefore allow hosts to cope with different environments. Benefits to the host population can also be conferred by expression of phage-encoded fitness-enhancing phenotypes.
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Cerqueira T, Barroso C, Froufe H, Egas C, Bettencourt R (August 2018). "Metagenomic
Signatures of Microbial Communities in Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Sediments of Azores Vent Fields".
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that viruses are a significant source of microbial mortality at the vents. As in other marine environments, deep-sea hydrothermal viruses affect the abundance and diversity of
90:
With increasing depth, the high pressure begins to take effect. The pressure increases by about 10 megapascals (MPa) for every kilometre of vertical distance. This means that
3980:
2211:
Dunk RM, Peltzer ET, Walz PM, Brewer PG (December 2005). "Seeing a deep ocean CO2 enrichment experiment in a new light: laser raman detection of dissolved CO2 in seawater".
2933:"Genomic Reconstruction of an Uncultured Hydrothermal Vent Gammaproteobacterial Methanotroph (Family Methylothermaceae) Indicates Multiple Adaptations to Oxygen Limitation"
616:. Sulfide is plentiful at Hydrothermal Vents, with concentrations from one to tens of mM, whereas the surrounding ocean water usually only contains a few nano molars.
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life-cycle can persist stably for thousands of generations of infected bacteria and the viruses can alter the host's phenotype by enabling genes (a process known as
4363:
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Jebbar M, Franzetti B, Girard E, Oger P (July 2015). "Microbial diversity and adaptation to high hydrostatic pressure in deep-sea hydrothermal vents prokaryotes".
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using energy from sources such as oxidation of sulfur, iron, manganese, hydrogen and methane. These bacteria supply a large portion of organic carbon that support
2892:"Subseafloor nitrogen transformations in diffuse hydrothermal vent fluids of the Juan de Fuca Ridge evidenced by the isotopic composition of nitrate and ammonium"
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to sequenced data), with high diversity across vent environments but lower diversity for specific vent sites, which indicates high specificity for viral targets.
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areas of the hydrothermal vent, thus are one of the predominant processes that occur within the sediments. Species that reduce sulfate have been identified in
1549:, participating in metabolic pathways as well as forming branched pathways in microbial metabolism which facilitated adaptation to the extreme environment.
1980:
Kletzin A, Urich T, Müller F, Bandeiras TM, Gomes CM (February 2004). "Dissimilatory oxidation and reduction of elemental sulfur in thermophilic archaea".
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Processes of the nitrogen cycle relevant to microbial communities at hydrothermal vents, including names of pyla/genera. Adapted from Gruber et al. (2008)
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Ortmann AC, Suttle CA (August 2005). "High abundances of viruses in a deep-sea hydrothermal vent system indicates viral mediated microbial mortality".
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of infections going on in the ocean, and every one of those interactions can result in the transfer of genetic information between virus and host." —
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ranges between 0.2-0.3nM in concentration. Microbial communities use the high concentrations of methane as an energy source and a source of carbon.
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Little is known about microbes that use hydrogen as a source of energy, however, studies have shown that they are aerobic, and also symbiotic with
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cycles are acetyl-CoA/propionyl-CoA carboxylase, malonyl-CoA reductase and propionyl-CoA synthase. Most of the organisms that use this pathway are
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127:
A diagram showing the process of how seawater becomes a part of the hydrothermal effluent including the elements that are added and precipitated.
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microbes have been found to be able to fix nitrogen at higher temperatures such as 92 °C. Nitrogen fixation may be especially prevalent in
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Microbial communities inhabiting deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimneys appear to be highly enriched in genes that encode enzymes employed in
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where biologically available levels of nitrogen are low, due to high microbe density and anaerobic environment which allow the function of
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As hydrothermal vents outlets for sub-seafloor material, there is also likely a connection between vent viruses and those in the crust.
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another. Their activity alters the original chemical composition produced by geological activity of the hydrothermal vent environment.
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3598:
Anantharaman K, Duhaime MB, Breier JA, Wendt KA, Toner BM, Dick GJ (May 2014). "Sulfur oxidation genes in diverse deep-sea viruses".
3404:
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Microbial communities at hydrothermal vents mediate the transformation of energy and minerals produced by geological activity into
4131:
4111:
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1409:
2661:"Hydrogen Limitation and Syntrophic Growth among Natural Assemblages of Thermophilic Methanogens at Deep-sea Hydrothermal Vents"
3058:"Comparative metagenomics of microbial communities inhabiting deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimneys with contrasting chemistries"
3014:"Desulfonauticus submarinus gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel sulfate-reducing bacterium isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent"
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2826:"Phylogenetic diversity of nitrogenase (nifH) genes in deep-sea and hydrothermal vent environments of the Juan de Fuca Ridge"
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Deep-sea hydrothermal vents were found to have large numbers of viruses, indicating high viral production. Samples from the
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is an important process for hydrothermal vent communities. At warm vents, common symbionts for bacteria are deep-sea clams,
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Although there is a large variation in temperatures at the surface of the water with the seasonal changes in depths of the
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evolutionary strategies promote prolonged host integration, favoring a form of mutualism rather than classic parasitism.
1016:(see below). These bacteria are important in the primary production of organic carbon because the geothermally-produced H
3813:
3689:
3204:"Evolutionary strategies of viruses, bacteria and archaea in hydrothermal vent ecosystems revealed through metagenomics"
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within the ocean. Evidence has been found, however, to indicate that viruses found in vent habitats have adopted a more
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is the second most commonly found carbon fixation pathway at hydrothermal vents. rTCA cycle is essentially a reversed
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zones in the hydrothermal vent system because some enzymes in the rTCA cycle are sensitive to the presence of O
2760:"Characterizing the distribution and rates of microbial sulfate reduction at Middle Valley hydrothermal vents"
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218:
around 2.2mM. The bountiful carbon and electron acceptors produced by geological activity support an oasis of
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The sulfur cycle processes relevant to hydrothermal vent microbial communities with examples of phyla/genera.
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2599:"Methane- and sulfur-metabolizing microbial communities dominate the Lost City hydrothermal field ecosystem"
1772:"Young volcanism and related hydrothermal activity at 5°S on the slow-spreading southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge"
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1361:
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is taken up for this process. Hydrogen-oxidizing and denitrifying bacteria may be abundant in vents where NO
767:
458:, where a species uses methane both as an energy and carbon source, have been observed with the presence of
75:
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3798:
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1226:
609:
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2550:"Anaerobic oxidation of methane at different temperature regimes in Guaymas Basin hydrothermal sediments"
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are found to grow in
Hydrothermal vent plumes at temperatures between 55 °C to 80 °C. However,
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Martin W, Baross J, Kelley D, Russell MJ (November 2008). "Hydrothermal vents and the origin of life".
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Sievert SM, Hügler M, Taylor CD, Wirsen CO (2008). "Sulfur
Oxidation at Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vents".
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Salinity remains relatively constant within the deep seas around the world, at 35 parts per thousand.
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stresses is therefore thought to aide microorganism survival through dispersal of host genes through
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S produced by the hydrothermal vents are a major source of energy for sulfur metabolism in microbes.
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Skennerton CT, Ward LM, Michel A, Metcalfe K, Valiente C, Mullin S, et al. (23 December 2015).
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evolutionary strategy in order to survive the extreme and volatile environment in which they exist.
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734:(AOM) often use sulfate as electron acceptor. This method is favoured by organisms living in highly
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is also a large reservoir of carbon and concentration of carbon dioxide species such as dissolved CO
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3551:"Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vent Viruses Compensate for Microbial Metabolism in Virus-Host Interactions"
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Lutz RA, Kennish MJ (August 1993). "Ecology of deep-sea hydrothermal vent communities: A review".
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which indicate that methane assimilation may take place within the trophosome of these organisms.
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2005:
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Ver Eecke HC, Butterfield DA, Huber JA, Lilley MD, Olson EJ, Roe KK, et al. (August 2012).
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Another metagenomic study found that viral genes had relatively high proportions of metabolism,
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in hydrothermal vent microbial communities still requires more comprehensive research. However,
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includes all unicellular organisms that live and reproduce in a chemically distinct area around
19:
3012:
Audiffrin C, Cayol JL, Joulian C, Casalot L, Thomas P, Garcia JL, Ollivier B (September 2003).
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heterotrophs use to oxidize organic matter. Organism that use the rTCA cycle prefer to inhabit
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3521:
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3035:
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2527:
2474:
2428:
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2300:
2236:
2149:
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1997:
1957:
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Beatty JT, Overmann J, Lince MT, Manske AK, Lang AS, Blankenship RE, et al. (June 2005).
1831:
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Haase KM, Petersen S, Koschinsky A, Seifert R, Devey CW, Keir R, et al. (November 2007).
1659:
1488:
1444:
1215:
1082:
974:
894:
815:
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345:
263:
46:
30:
646:, and elemental sulfur is used to produce energy for microbe metabolism such as synthesis of
4141:
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Topçuoğlu BD, Stewart LC, Morrison HG, Butterfield DA, Huber JA, Holden JF (5 August 2016).
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1989:
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trophosome, indicating a symbiotic relationship. Here, methane-oxidizing bacteria refers to
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647:
613:
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362:
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use to extract energy from sulfur compounds. The authors concluded that such phage genes (
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1506:
1498:
1173:
1137:
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380:
238:
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143:. The hydrothermal vent fluid and the surrounding ocean water is rich in elements such as
3320:
2261:"Hydrogen-limited growth of hyperthermophilic methanogens at deep-sea hydrothermal vents"
1993:
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3365:
3312:
3277:
3219:
3118:
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2727:
2614:
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Biddle JF, Cardman Z, Mendlovitz H, Albert DB, Lloyd KG, Boetius A, Teske A (May 2012).
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1933:
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are methanotrophs, which have been discovered in hydrothermal vent communities as well.
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concentrations are depleted in hydrothermal vents compared to the surrounding seawater.
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Jannasch HW, Mottl MJ (August 1985). "Geomicrobiology of deep-sea hydrothermal vents".
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availability. Genera of thermophilic methanogens found at hydrothermal vents include
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349:
140:
50:
26:
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2343:"Deep-sea vent chemoautotrophs: diversity, biochemistry and ecological significance"
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2009:
1843:
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4019:
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Suttle CA (October 2007). "Marine viruses--major players in the global ecosystem".
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1859:"An obligately photosynthetic bacterial anaerobe from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent"
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Studies of microbial methane oxidation in deep sea hydrothermal vent environments
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1734:
1404:. This finding suggests that these microbial communities have evolved extensive
4324:
4085:
3941:
2712:"Distribution and behavior of dissolved hydrogen sulfide in hydrothermal plumes"
2197:
1628:"Is the genetic landscape of the deep subsurface biosphere affected by viruses?"
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1202:
853:
841:
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available to hydrothermal vents, with around 0.59 mM of dissolved nitrogen gas.
643:
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527:
227:
84:
2265:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1922:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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pathway has only been found in chemoautotrophs. This pathway does not require
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176:
34:
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2711:
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that reduces sulfur-compounds in warm vents and has been found in tube worms
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with methane concentration reaching 10 times of the surrounding ocean water.
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3619:
3056:
Xie W, Wang F, Guo L, Chen Z, Sievert SM, Meng J, et al. (March 2011).
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Radford-Knoery J, German CR, Charlou JL, Donval JP, Fouquet Y (March 2001).
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3177:
3134:
3091:
3073:
3039:
2968:
2867:
2793:
2696:
2640:
2583:
2565:
2531:
2478:
2432:
2368:
2304:
2240:
2153:
2001:
1961:
1942:
1902:
1835:
1663:
972:
and CO, if present in vent water. These type of bacteria are also found in
3566:
3487:
3030:
3013:
2775:
943:
which is of particular importance because of its ability to fix nitrogen.
167:
from which they can derive energy or nutrients. Microbes derive energy by
4261:
3823:
3818:
3756:
3726:
2916:
2891:
2622:
1799:
1574:
998:
are examples methanogens, which are found in hydrothermal vents; whereas
791:
787:
719:
534:. Evidence of methanogenesis can be found alongside of AOM in sediments.
431:
325:
3169:
3126:
2470:
3891:
3751:
3721:
2890:
Bourbonnais A, Lehmann MF, Butterfield DA, Juniper SK (February 2012).
2145:
1565:
1462:
off the southwest coast of British Columbia showed that active venting
1143:
869:
811:
800:
796:
739:
723:
639:
601:
597:
531:
450:
400:
with the ability to use organic carbon in addition to carbon fixation.
374:
297:
293:
259:
199:
160:
156:
152:
3356:
2232:
1698:
654:. The major metabolic pathways used for sulfur oxidation includes the
3736:
3628:
1542:
1364:- sulfate-reducing, make up more than 25% of the bacterial community
605:
496:
289:
164:
3373:
79:
A cloud of effluent being violently expelled by a hydrothermal vent.
3342:
Goldenfeld N, Woese C (January 2007). "Biology's next revolution".
2758:
Frank KL, Rogers DR, Olins HC, Vidoudez C, Girguis PR (July 2013).
1105:. Additionally, methane-oxidizing bacteria have been isolated from
490:(AOM) is typically coupled to reduction of sulfate or Fe and Mn as
4314:
3761:
2980:
2978:
1515:
1472:
1435:
1419:
635:
588:
Microbial communities at hydrothermal vent convert sulfur such as
300:
has been identified in members of the microbial community such as
194:
Geological activity at hydrothermal vents produce an abundance of
168:
122:
74:
18:
3674:
3018:
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology
2597:
Brazelton WJ, Schrenk MO, Kelley DS, Baross JA (September 2006).
3299:
Breitbart M (15 January 2012). "Marine viruses: truth or dare".
144:
3678:
888:
species perform denitrification and reduce nitrate to oxidize H
856:, a nitrogen-fixing enzyme. Evidence has also been detected of
542:
methanogenesis performed by many thermophilic species require H
482:
communities, aerobic oxidation of methane is commonly found in
915:
These bacteria use various forms of available sulfur (S, S, S
892:
S. Nitrate assimilation is performed by symbiotic species of
3422:
Clokie MR, Millard AD, Letarov AV, Heaphy S (January 2011).
1024:-containing bottom seawater mixes with hydrothermal fluid.
420:. Organisms that have been found with this pathway prefer H
222:
microbial communities that fix inorganic carbon, such as CO
530:, from reaction of carbon dioxide or other compounds like
198:. Hydrothermal vent plumes contain high concentrations of
2885:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2877:
1501:(those not causing immediate lysis) can sometimes confer
1471:
and therefore impact microbial biogeochemical cycling by
596:
produced by geological activity into other forms such as
424:
rich areas. Species include deltaproteobacterium such as
3528:. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. pp. 209–222.
1608:- system of generating energy used in hydrothermal vents
718:. Microbes that perform sulfate reduction typically use
546:
as an electron donor so microbial growth is limited by H
416:
as the pathway is directly coupled to the reduction of H
3266:
Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers
94:
can reach up to 110 MPa at the depths of the trenches.
3259:
3257:
2824:
Mehta MP, Butterfield DA, Baross JA (February 2003).
1541:
A metagenomic analysis of deep-sea hydrothermal vent
1530:
study's genetic analysis found that 51% of the viral
3515:
3513:
3405:"New viral way of life discovered in deep-sea vents"
292:
is ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (
171:
elements. Different microbial species use different
4270:
4224:
4104:
4028:
3992:
3882:
3832:
3779:
3712:
3202:Anderson RE, Sogin ML, Baross JA (3 October 2014).
786:Deep ocean water contains the largest reservoir of
3105:Suttle CA (September 2005). "Viruses in the sea".
2183:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2171:
1918:"Life in extreme environments: hydrothermal vents"
1916:Zierenberg RA, Adams MW, Arp AJ (November 2000).
288:fixation pathway found among autotrophs. The key
3661:"Viruses make zombies of deep sea vent bacteria"
2406:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2336:
2334:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2081:
3469:
3467:
3197:
3195:
3007:
3005:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2543:
2541:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2452:
2450:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2314:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2061:
638:of reduced sulfur compounds into forms such as
2027:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2019:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1545:showed that viral genes manipulated bacterial
449:Hydrothermal vents produce high quantities of
58:ecosystems is a burgeoning field of research.
3690:
1746:
1744:
1626:Anderson RE, Brazelton WJ, Baross JA (2011).
714:uses sulfate as an electron acceptor for the
8:
3526:Microbial Evolution under Extreme Conditions
878:dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium
139:bacteria is then used to support the upper
3697:
3683:
3675:
3051:
3049:
4320:Physical factors affecting microbial life
4310:Microbially induced sedimentary structure
3627:
3574:
3447:
3355:
3237:
3227:
3081:
3029:
2958:
2948:
2915:
2857:
2783:
2735:
2686:
2676:
2630:
2573:
2358:
2294:
2284:
1982:Journal of Bioenergetics and Biomembranes
1951:
1941:
1892:
1882:
1798:
1653:
1643:
1505:that improve fitness in prokaryotes The
262:domain at hydrothermal vents. Four major
53:, free floating cells, or bacteria in an
766:
568:
151:and various species of sulfur including
4096:International Census of Marine Microbes
4071:Hydrothermal vent microbial communities
1618:
1416:Viruses and deep-sea hydrothermal vents
4364:Organisms living on hydrothermal vents
2830:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
2603:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
2213:Environmental Science & Technology
1408:capabilities to cope with the extreme
342:Reductive Carboxylic Acid Cycle (rTCA)
336:Reductive carboxylic acid cycle (rTCA)
3520:Culley AI, Shakya M, Lang AS (2015).
43:hydrothermal vent microbial community
7:
4117:Microbiomes of the built environment
3321:10.1146/annurev-marine-120709-142805
2896:Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems
1779:Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems
4305:Lines on the Antiquity of Microbes
2986:"Hydrothermal vents - microbewiki"
1994:10.1023/b:jobb.0000019600.36757.8c
630:Reduced sulfur compounds such as H
271:Carbon fixation metabolic pathways
14:
3549:He T, Li H, Zhang X (July 2017).
2341:Nakagawa S, Takai K (July 2008).
276:Calvin–Benson–Bassham cycle (CBB)
49:. These include organisms in the
4338:
4337:
4132:Microbial symbiosis and immunity
3770:
2524:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2012.02825.x
2360:10.1111/j.1574-6941.2008.00502.x
1534:sequences were unknown (lacking
1427:in the High Rise portion of the
356:It is found in sulfate reducing
3561:(4): mBio.00893–17, e00893–17.
3522:"Viral evolution at the limits"
3301:Annual Review of Marine Science
1606:Hydrogen sulfide chemosynthesis
1751:Bergman J (16 February 2011).
1487:Each second, "there's roughly
732:Anaerobic oxidation of methane
522:Production of methane through
488:Anaerobic oxidation of methane
16:Undersea unicellular organisms
1:
4216:Synthetic microbial consortia
4081:Microbial oxidation of sulfur
3981:Host microbe interactions in
3403:Callaway E (21 August 2008).
2850:10.1128/aem.69.2.960-970.2003
1080:and pogonophoran tube worms,
1043:Iron- and manganese-oxidizing
995:Methanocaldococcus jannaschii
927:S-rich environments - except
626:Microbial oxidation of sulfur
135:. Organic matter produced by
3814:Microbial population biology
3229:10.1371/journal.pone.0109696
3158:Nature Reviews. Microbiology
2459:Nature Reviews. Microbiology
2138:10.1126/science.229.4715.717
2042:10.1007/978-3-540-72682-1_19
1753:"Temperature of Ocean Water"
1735:10.1016/j.seares.2006.01.002
1460:Endeavour Hydrothermal Vents
1429:Endeavour Hydrothermal Vents
982:, which are not the same as
427:Dulfobacterium autotrophicum
404:Reductive acetyl CoA pathway
230:life at hydrothermal vents.
2034:Microbial Sulfur Metabolism
1248:Sideroxydans lithotrophicus
1077:Bathyomodiolus thermophilus
526:can be from degradation of
492:terminal electron acceptors
284:cycle is the most common CO
282:Calvin-Benson-Bassham (CBB)
4385:
4076:Marine microbial symbiosis
3902:Kill the Winner hypothesis
3874:Bacteria collective motion
2716:Limnology and Oceanography
2512:Environmental Microbiology
1475:their hosts to replicate.
1347:Hydrogenimonas thermophila
1333:Sulfurimonas paralvinellae
1311:Mariprofundus ferrooxydans
1188:Leptospirillum ferriphilum
1026:Desulfonauticus submarinus
779:
623:
581:
486:microbes of vent animals.
246:is observed in members of
187:
4333:
4112:Microbes in human culture
3768:
3286:10.1016/j.dsr.2005.04.002
2937:Frontiers in Microbiology
2737:10.4319/lo.2001.46.2.0461
2665:Frontiers in Microbiology
2425:10.1007/s00248-018-1144-x
2347:FEMS Microbiology Ecology
1828:10.1007/s00792-015-0760-3
1632:Frontiers in Microbiology
1559:auxiliary metabolic genes
1326:Sulfurovum lithotrophicum
935:Other common species are
882:sulfur oxidizing bacteria
703:can also oxidize sulfur.
388:3-HP and 3-HP/4-HB cycles
114:Microbial biogeochemistry
67:hydrothermal vent areas.
4206:Human Microbiome Project
3917:Microbial biodegradation
3524:. In Bakermans C (ed.).
2950:10.3389/fmicb.2015.01425
2678:10.3389/fmicb.2016.01240
1645:10.3389/fmicb.2011.00219
1481:Horizontal Gene Transfer
1402:homologous recombination
1340:Nitratifactor salsuginis
726:or organic matter as an
536:Thermophilic methanogens
360:such as some members of
71:Environmental properties
29:at the junction between
4257:Microbiological culture
4252:Microbial DNA barcoding
4061:Antarctic microorganism
3809:Microbial phylogenetics
3620:10.1126/science.1252229
2286:10.1073/pnas.1206632109
1884:10.1073/pnas.0503674102
1757:Windows to the Universe
1715:Journal of Sea Research
1410:DNA damaging conditions
1362:Thermodesulfobacteriota
1057:Symbiotic relationships
968:compounds, including CO
764:at hydrothermal vents.
473:at hydrothermal vents.
175:of an element in their
4242:Impedance microbiology
3983:Caenorhabditis elegans
3799:Microbial intelligence
3789:Microbial biogeography
3440:10.4161/bact.1.1.14942
3074:10.1038/ismej.2010.144
2990:microbewiki.kenyon.edu
2566:10.1038/ismej.2011.164
2188:de Angelis MA (1989).
1943:10.1073/pnas.210395997
1522:
1496:
1445:biogeochemical cycling
1432:
772:
716:assimilation of sulfur
574:
128:
80:
38:
4288:Microbial dark matter
4232:Dark-field microscopy
4036:Marine microorganisms
3912:Microbial cooperation
3659:Wall T (2 May 2014).
3567:10.1128/mBio.00893-17
3488:10.1038/ismej.2008.73
3031:10.1099/ijs.0.02551-0
2776:10.1038/ismej.2013.17
1679:Reviews of Geophysics
1519:
1485:
1423:
1412:in which they exist.
1070:Calpytogena magnifica
770:
691:species of the class
572:
169:oxidizing or reducing
126:
78:
22:
3907:Microbial consortium
3804:Microbial metabolism
2917:10.1029/2011gc003863
2623:10.1128/AEM.00574-06
2036:. pp. 238–258.
1800:10.1029/2006gc001509
1591:Marine microorganism
1555:chemolithoautotrophs
1511:lysogenic conversion
1038:Alvinella pompejana.
850:particulate material
410:Reductive Acetyl CoA
358:deltaproteobacterium
315:gammaproteobacterial
92:hydrostatic pressure
4010:Seagrass microbiome
3612:2014Sci...344..757A
3366:2007Natur.445..369G
3313:2012ARMS....4..425B
3278:2005DSRI...52.1515O
3220:2014PLoSO...9j9696A
3170:10.1038/nrmicro1750
3127:10.1038/nature04160
3119:2005Natur.437..356S
3024:(Pt 5): 1585–1590.
2908:2012GGG....13.2T01B
2842:2003ApEnM..69..960M
2728:2001LimOc..46..461R
2615:2006ApEnM..72.6257B
2471:10.1038/nrmicro1991
2277:2012PNAS..10913674V
2271:(34): 13674–13679.
2225:2005EnST...39.9630D
2130:1985Sci...229..717J
1934:2000PNAS...9712961Z
1928:(24): 12961–12962.
1875:2005PNAS..102.9306B
1791:2007GGG.....811002H
1727:2006JSR....56...45K
1691:1993RvGeo..31..211L
1398:DNA mismatch repair
1256:Gammaproteobacteria
1221:Alphaproteobacteria
1089:Alvinella pompejana
902:Bacterial diversity
744:Deltaproteobacteria
694:Gammaproteobacteria
557:Methanothermococcus
460:gammaproteobacteria
392:The key enzymes of
310:zetaproteobacterium
256:Alphaproteobacteria
248:Gammaproteobacteria
4247:Microbial cytology
4211:Protein production
4046:Marine prokaryotes
3932:Microbial food web
3862:Protist locomotion
3840:Bacterial motility
3794:Microbial genetics
3424:"Phages in nature"
1523:
1433:
1306:Zetaproteobacteria
1258:- major symbionts
1235:Betaproteobacteria
1008:Hydrogen-oxidizing
837:Methanobacteriales
825:Methanomicrobiales
773:
575:
553:Methanocaldococcus
445:Methane metabolism
394:3-HP and 3-HP/4-HB
264:metabolic pathways
129:
81:
47:hydrothermal vents
39:
4351:
4350:
4122:Food microbiology
4015:Soil microbiology
3954:Microbial synergy
3922:Microbial ecology
3606:(6185): 757–760.
3535:978-3-11-038964-7
3482:(11): 1112–1121.
3113:(7057): 356–361.
2518:(10): 2726–2740.
2413:Microbial Ecology
2233:10.1021/es0511725
2219:(24): 9630–9636.
2124:(4715): 717–725.
2051:978-3-540-72679-1
1869:(26): 9306–9310.
1699:10.1029/93rg01280
1489:Avogadro's number
1216:Acidithiobacillia
1083:Riftia pachyptila
947:Methane-oxidizing
895:Riftia pachyptila
816:nitrogen fixation
806:The study of the
648:organic compounds
614:organic molecules
477:Methane oxidation
346:TCA or Kreb cycle
258:, and members of
31:hydrothermal vent
4376:
4341:
4340:
4142:Human microbiome
4066:Coral microbiome
4000:Plant microbiome
3774:
3699:
3692:
3685:
3676:
3669:
3668:
3656:
3650:
3649:
3631:
3595:
3589:
3588:
3578:
3546:
3540:
3539:
3517:
3508:
3507:
3476:The ISME Journal
3471:
3462:
3461:
3451:
3419:
3413:
3412:
3400:
3394:
3393:
3359:
3339:
3333:
3332:
3296:
3290:
3289:
3272:(8): 1515–1527.
3261:
3252:
3251:
3241:
3231:
3199:
3190:
3189:
3153:
3147:
3146:
3102:
3096:
3095:
3085:
3062:The ISME Journal
3053:
3044:
3043:
3033:
3009:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2996:
2982:
2973:
2972:
2962:
2952:
2928:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2887:
2872:
2871:
2861:
2821:
2798:
2797:
2787:
2770:(7): 1391–1401.
2764:The ISME Journal
2755:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2707:
2701:
2700:
2690:
2680:
2656:
2645:
2644:
2634:
2609:(9): 6257–6270.
2594:
2588:
2587:
2577:
2560:(5): 1018–1031.
2554:The ISME Journal
2545:
2536:
2535:
2506:
2491:
2490:
2454:
2445:
2444:
2408:
2373:
2372:
2362:
2338:
2309:
2308:
2298:
2288:
2256:
2245:
2244:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2185:
2166:
2165:
2113:
2056:
2055:
2029:
2014:
2013:
1977:
1966:
1965:
1955:
1945:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1896:
1886:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1776:
1767:
1761:
1760:
1748:
1739:
1738:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1657:
1647:
1623:
1499:Temperate phages
1320:Campylobacterota
1284:Methylococcaceae
1277:Thioalkalivibrio
1169:Deferribacterota
1117:Phyla and genera
1074:mussels such as
1001:Methylocystaceae
911:Sulfur-oxidizing
712:Sulfur reduction
707:Sulfur reduction
700:Campylobacterota
669:Halothiobacillus
652:inorganic carbon
620:Sulfur oxidation
606:elemental sulfur
465:Methylococcaceae
302:Thiomicrospira,
252:Campylobacterota
220:chemoautotrophic
208:Deep ocean water
196:carbon compounds
173:chemical species
165:elemental sulfur
133:organic material
4384:
4383:
4379:
4378:
4377:
4375:
4374:
4373:
4354:
4353:
4352:
4347:
4329:
4266:
4220:
4100:
4051:Marine protists
4024:
4005:Root microbiome
3988:
3897:Biological pump
3878:
3828:
3775:
3766:
3708:
3703:
3673:
3672:
3658:
3657:
3653:
3597:
3596:
3592:
3548:
3547:
3543:
3536:
3519:
3518:
3511:
3473:
3472:
3465:
3421:
3420:
3416:
3402:
3401:
3397:
3374:10.1038/445369a
3341:
3340:
3336:
3298:
3297:
3293:
3263:
3262:
3255:
3214:(10): e109696.
3201:
3200:
3193:
3164:(10): 801–812.
3155:
3154:
3150:
3104:
3103:
3099:
3055:
3054:
3047:
3011:
3010:
3003:
2994:
2992:
2984:
2983:
2976:
2930:
2929:
2925:
2889:
2888:
2875:
2823:
2822:
2801:
2757:
2756:
2745:
2709:
2708:
2704:
2658:
2657:
2648:
2596:
2595:
2591:
2547:
2546:
2539:
2508:
2507:
2494:
2465:(11): 805–814.
2456:
2455:
2448:
2410:
2409:
2376:
2340:
2339:
2312:
2258:
2257:
2248:
2210:
2209:
2205:
2187:
2186:
2169:
2115:
2114:
2059:
2052:
2031:
2030:
2017:
1979:
1978:
1969:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1856:
1855:
1851:
1813:
1812:
1808:
1774:
1769:
1768:
1764:
1750:
1749:
1742:
1711:
1710:
1706:
1676:
1675:
1671:
1625:
1624:
1620:
1615:
1587:
1418:
1394:
1174:Gemmatimonadota
1138:Hydrogenobacter
1119:
1104:
1100:
1059:
1054:
1045:
1023:
1019:
1010:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
949:
926:
922:
918:
913:
904:
891:
880:. For example,
866:denitrification
831:Methanococcales
784:
778:
757:Desulfobacteria
742:and members of
709:
633:
628:
622:
593:
586:
580:
549:
545:
520:
479:
447:
423:
419:
406:
390:
381:Thermoproteales
355:
338:
287:
278:
273:
245:
239:Carbon fixation
236:
234:Carbon fixation
225:
217:
213:
204:carbon monoxide
192:
186:
121:
116:
107:
73:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4382:
4380:
4372:
4371:
4366:
4356:
4355:
4349:
4348:
4346:
4345:
4334:
4331:
4330:
4328:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4301:
4300:
4290:
4285:
4283:Deep biosphere
4280:
4278:Bioremediation
4274:
4272:
4268:
4267:
4265:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4237:DNA sequencing
4234:
4228:
4226:
4222:
4221:
4219:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4202:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4190:
4189:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4108:
4106:
4102:
4101:
4099:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4041:Marine viruses
4038:
4032:
4030:
4026:
4025:
4023:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3996:
3994:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3986:
3978:
3976:Quorum sensing
3973:
3972:
3971:
3966:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3945:
3944:
3939:
3937:microbial loop
3929:
3927:Microbial cyst
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3888:
3886:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3876:
3871:
3870:
3869:
3859:
3858:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3845:run-and-tumble
3836:
3834:
3830:
3829:
3827:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3785:
3783:
3777:
3776:
3769:
3767:
3765:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3718:
3716:
3710:
3709:
3706:Microorganisms
3704:
3702:
3701:
3694:
3687:
3679:
3671:
3670:
3651:
3590:
3541:
3534:
3509:
3463:
3414:
3395:
3334:
3307:(1): 425–448.
3291:
3253:
3191:
3148:
3097:
3068:(3): 414–426.
3045:
3001:
2974:
2923:
2873:
2836:(2): 960–970.
2799:
2743:
2722:(2): 461–464.
2702:
2646:
2589:
2537:
2492:
2446:
2419:(2): 387–403.
2374:
2310:
2246:
2203:
2167:
2057:
2050:
2015:
1967:
1908:
1849:
1822:(4): 721–740.
1806:
1762:
1740:
1704:
1685:(3): 211–242.
1669:
1617:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1609:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1586:
1583:
1417:
1414:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1388:
1387:
1386:
1383:Desulfuromonas
1379:
1372:
1359:
1358:
1357:
1350:
1343:
1336:
1329:
1317:
1316:
1315:
1314:
1313:
1303:
1302:
1301:
1294:
1287:
1280:
1273:
1270:Thiomicrospira
1266:
1263:Allochromatium
1253:
1252:
1251:
1244:
1232:
1231:
1230:
1218:
1211:Pseudomonadota
1208:
1207:
1206:
1193:
1192:
1191:
1184:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1165:
1164:
1154:
1149:
1148:
1147:
1129:
1127:Actinomycetota
1118:
1115:
1111:R. pachyptila,
1102:
1098:
1065:chemosynthesis
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1044:
1041:
1030:hydrogenotroph
1021:
1017:
1009:
1006:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
948:
945:
929:Thiomicrospira
924:
920:
916:
912:
909:
903:
900:
889:
874:mineralization
846:microbial mats
822:in the orders
808:Nitrogen cycle
782:Nitrogen cycle
780:Main article:
777:
776:Nitrogen cycle
774:
761:Desulfuromonas
728:electron donor
708:
705:
697:and the phlym
665:Thiomicrospira
631:
624:Main article:
621:
618:
608:for energy or
591:
582:Main article:
579:
576:
547:
543:
524:methanogenesis
519:
518:Methanogenesis
516:
501:Thermoproteota
478:
475:
446:
443:
421:
417:
405:
402:
389:
386:
353:
337:
334:
285:
277:
274:
272:
269:
243:
235:
232:
223:
215:
211:
188:Main article:
185:
182:
141:trophic levels
120:
117:
115:
112:
106:
103:
72:
69:
64:chemosynthesis
27:microbial mats
24:Chemosynthetic
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4381:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4361:
4359:
4344:
4336:
4335:
4332:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4299:
4296:
4295:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4275:
4273:
4269:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4229:
4227:
4223:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4188:
4185:
4184:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4144:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4127:Microbial oil
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4109:
4107:
4105:Human related
4103:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4091:Picoeukaryote
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4033:
4031:
4027:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3997:
3995:
3991:
3985:
3984:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3961:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3949:Microbial mat
3947:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3934:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3889:
3887:
3885:
3881:
3875:
3872:
3868:
3865:
3864:
3863:
3860:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3842:
3841:
3838:
3837:
3835:
3831:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3786:
3784:
3782:
3778:
3773:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3742:Nanobacterium
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3732:Cyanobacteria
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3719:
3717:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3700:
3695:
3693:
3688:
3686:
3681:
3680:
3677:
3666:
3662:
3655:
3652:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3594:
3591:
3586:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3545:
3542:
3537:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3516:
3514:
3510:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3470:
3468:
3464:
3459:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3428:Bacteriophage
3425:
3418:
3415:
3410:
3409:New Scientist
3406:
3399:
3396:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3358:
3357:q-bio/0702015
3353:
3350:(7126): 369.
3349:
3345:
3338:
3335:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3295:
3292:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3260:
3258:
3254:
3249:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3198:
3196:
3192:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3152:
3149:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3101:
3098:
3093:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3052:
3050:
3046:
3041:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3008:
3006:
3002:
2991:
2987:
2981:
2979:
2975:
2970:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2927:
2924:
2918:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2874:
2869:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2800:
2795:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2744:
2738:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2706:
2703:
2698:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2647:
2642:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2593:
2590:
2585:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2544:
2542:
2538:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2493:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2453:
2451:
2447:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2375:
2370:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2315:
2311:
2306:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2247:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2207:
2204:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2053:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2016:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1963:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1912:
1909:
1904:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1853:
1850:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1816:Extremophiles
1810:
1807:
1801:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1773:
1766:
1763:
1758:
1754:
1747:
1745:
1741:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1708:
1705:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1673:
1670:
1665:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1622:
1619:
1612:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1601:Guaymas Basin
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1571:
1567:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1550:
1548:
1544:
1539:
1537:
1533:
1527:
1518:
1514:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1495:
1494:
1493:Curtis Suttle
1490:
1484:
1482:
1476:
1474:
1470:
1465:
1464:black smokers
1461:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1437:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1380:
1378:
1377:
1376:Desulfobulbus
1373:
1371:
1370:
1369:Desulfovibrio
1366:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1356:
1355:
1351:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1335:
1334:
1330:
1328:
1327:
1323:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1307:
1304:
1300:
1299:
1295:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1272:
1271:
1267:
1265:
1264:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1237:
1236:
1233:
1229:
1228:
1224:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1212:
1209:
1205:
1204:
1199:
1198:
1197:
1194:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1163:
1162:
1158:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1152:Chloroflexota
1150:
1146:
1145:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1134:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1123:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1108:
1095:
1091:
1090:
1085:
1084:
1079:
1078:
1073:
1071:
1066:
1063:
1056:
1051:
1049:
1042:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1034:R. pachyptila
1031:
1027:
1015:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1002:
997:
996:
991:
990:
989:Methanococcus
985:
981:
980:methanotrophs
977:
976:
964:, and other C
946:
944:
942:
938:
934:
933:Thiobacillus.
931:has replaced
930:
910:
908:
901:
899:
897:
896:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
862:nitrification
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
838:
833:
832:
827:
826:
821:
817:
813:
809:
804:
802:
798:
793:
789:
783:
775:
769:
765:
763:
762:
758:
754:
753:Desulfobulbus
750:
749:Desulfovibrio
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
706:
704:
702:
701:
696:
695:
690:
687:
685:
680:
678:
677:Persephonella
674:
670:
666:
660:
658:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
627:
619:
617:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
585:
577:
571:
567:
565:
564:
563:Methanococcus
559:
558:
554:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
517:
515:
513:
512:
507:
506:Crenarchaeota
503:
502:
498:
493:
489:
485:
484:endosymbiotic
476:
474:
472:
471:microbial mat
467:
466:
461:
457:
456:Methanotrophy
452:
444:
442:
440:
437:
433:
430:
428:
415:
411:
403:
401:
399:
395:
387:
385:
383:
382:
377:
376:
371:
370:
365:
364:
363:Desulfobacter
359:
351:
347:
343:
335:
333:
331:
327:
323:
319:
318:endosymbionts
316:
312:
311:
306:
305:
299:
295:
291:
283:
275:
270:
268:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
240:
233:
231:
229:
228:heterotrophic
221:
209:
205:
201:
197:
191:
183:
181:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
125:
118:
113:
111:
104:
102:
98:
95:
93:
88:
86:
77:
70:
68:
65:
59:
56:
55:endosymbiotic
52:
51:microbial mat
48:
44:
36:
32:
28:
25:
21:
4369:Microbiology
4293:Microswimmer
4187:in pregnancy
4137:Nylon-eating
4070:
4020:Spermosphere
3982:
3781:Microbiology
3664:
3654:
3603:
3599:
3593:
3558:
3554:
3544:
3525:
3479:
3475:
3434:(1): 31–45.
3431:
3427:
3417:
3408:
3398:
3347:
3343:
3337:
3304:
3300:
3294:
3269:
3265:
3211:
3207:
3161:
3157:
3151:
3110:
3106:
3100:
3065:
3061:
3021:
3017:
2993:. Retrieved
2989:
2940:
2936:
2926:
2899:
2895:
2833:
2829:
2767:
2763:
2719:
2715:
2705:
2668:
2664:
2606:
2602:
2592:
2557:
2553:
2515:
2511:
2462:
2458:
2416:
2412:
2350:
2346:
2268:
2264:
2216:
2212:
2206:
2189:
2121:
2117:
2033:
1988:(1): 77–91.
1985:
1981:
1925:
1921:
1911:
1866:
1862:
1852:
1819:
1815:
1809:
1782:
1778:
1765:
1756:
1721:(1): 45–52.
1718:
1714:
1707:
1682:
1678:
1672:
1635:
1631:
1621:
1580:
1563:
1551:
1540:
1528:
1524:
1497:
1486:
1477:
1457:
1434:
1425:Black smoker
1395:
1381:
1374:
1367:
1352:
1345:
1338:
1331:
1324:
1296:
1289:
1282:
1275:
1268:
1261:
1246:
1241:Thiobacillus
1239:
1225:
1201:
1186:
1183:Nitrospinota
1179:Nitrospirota
1159:
1156:Chlorobiota
1142:
1136:
1120:
1110:
1107:C. magnifica
1106:
1101:S and free O
1087:
1081:
1075:
1068:
1060:
1046:
1037:
1033:
1025:
1013:
1011:
999:
993:
987:
973:
950:
940:
936:
932:
928:
914:
905:
893:
885:
858:assimilation
842:Thermophilic
835:
829:
823:
805:
785:
747:
710:
698:
692:
684:Sulfurimonas
682:
663:
656:
629:
610:assimilation
587:
584:Sulfur cycle
578:Sulfur cycle
561:
551:
528:hydrocarbons
521:
511:Thermococcus
509:
505:
499:
480:
463:
448:
438:
436:methanogenic
425:
407:
391:
379:
373:
367:
361:
339:
308:
301:
279:
237:
193:
190:Carbon cycle
184:Carbon cycle
130:
119:Introduction
108:
99:
96:
89:
82:
60:
42:
40:
4325:Siderophore
4086:Phycosphere
3942:viral shunt
2353:(1): 1–14.
1785:(11): n/a.
1596:Movile Cave
1575:pro-viruses
1469:prokaryotes
1449:mutualistic
1203:Clostridium
984:methanogens
854:nitrogenase
644:thiosulfate
369:Aquificales
137:autotrophic
105:Adaptations
85:thermocline
37:communities
4358:Categories
4225:Techniques
4056:Microalgae
3964:microbiota
3959:Microbiome
3747:Prokaryote
2995:2018-10-22
2902:(2): n/a.
2192:(Thesis).
1613:References
1547:metabolism
1532:metagenome
1503:phenotypes
1406:DNA repair
1392:DNA repair
1227:Paracoccus
1200:Acetogen:
1161:Chlorobium
1132:Aquificota
1094:trophosome
941:Beggiatoa,
898:tubeworm.
820:methanogen
540:autotropic
504:(formerly
398:mixotrophs
330:gastropods
35:coral reef
4298:biohybrid
4152:dysbiosis
3969:holobiont
3867:amoeboids
3850:twitching
3629:1912/6700
2198:303750552
1507:lysogenic
1453:parasitic
1441:evolution
1354:Thiovulum
1298:Thioploca
1291:Beggiatoa
1196:Bacillota
1062:Symbiotic
937:Thiothrix
689:Symbiotic
673:Beggiatoa
636:Oxidation
432:acetogens
322:tubeworms
304:Beggiatoa
177:metabolic
149:manganese
4343:Category
4262:Staining
4194:placenta
3824:Virology
3819:Mycology
3757:Protozoa
3727:Bacteria
3665:ABC News
3638:24789974
3585:28698277
3504:23516254
3496:18719614
3458:21687533
3390:10737747
3382:17251963
3329:22457982
3248:25279954
3208:PLOS ONE
3178:17853907
3135:16163346
3092:20927138
3040:13130052
2969:26779119
2943:: 1425.
2868:12571018
2794:23535916
2697:27547206
2671:: 1240.
2641:16957253
2584:22094346
2532:22827909
2479:18820700
2433:29354879
2369:18503548
2305:22869718
2241:16475344
2194:ProQuest
2162:24859537
2154:17841485
2010:45653369
2002:15168612
1962:11058150
1903:15967984
1844:17213654
1836:26101015
1664:22084639
1585:See also
1570:cofactor
1566:vitamins
1536:homology
886:Begiatoa
792:Ammonium
788:nitrogen
746:such as
720:hydrogen
326:bivalves
3892:Biofilm
3884:Ecology
3855:gliding
3752:Protist
3722:Archaea
3608:Bibcode
3600:Science
3576:5513705
3449:3109452
3362:Bibcode
3309:Bibcode
3274:Bibcode
3239:4184897
3216:Bibcode
3186:4658457
3143:4370363
3115:Bibcode
3083:3105715
2960:4688376
2904:Bibcode
2838:Bibcode
2785:3695286
2724:Bibcode
2688:4974244
2632:1563643
2611:Bibcode
2575:3329104
2487:1709272
2441:7879639
2296:3427048
2273:Bibcode
2221:Bibcode
2146:1696097
2126:Bibcode
2118:Science
1930:Bibcode
1894:1166624
1871:Bibcode
1787:Bibcode
1723:Bibcode
1687:Bibcode
1655:3211056
1638:: 219.
1543:viromes
1436:Viruses
1144:Aquifex
1052:Ecology
870:anammox
812:isotope
801:nitrite
797:Nitrate
740:Archaea
724:methane
659:pathway
640:sulfite
602:sulfate
598:sulfite
532:formate
462:in the
451:methane
439:Archaea
375:Aquifex
298:RuBisCO
294:RuBisCO
260:Archaea
214:and HCO
200:methane
161:sulfate
157:sulfite
153:sulfide
4199:uterus
4182:vagina
4147:asthma
4029:Marine
3993:Plants
3833:Motion
3714:Groups
3646:692770
3644:
3636:
3583:
3573:
3532:
3502:
3494:
3456:
3446:
3388:
3380:
3344:Nature
3327:
3246:
3236:
3184:
3176:
3141:
3133:
3107:Nature
3090:
3080:
3038:
2967:
2957:
2866:
2859:143675
2856:
2792:
2782:
2695:
2685:
2639:
2629:
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2530:
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2431:
2367:
2303:
2293:
2239:
2196:
2160:
2152:
2144:
2048:
2008:
2000:
1960:
1950:
1901:
1891:
1842:
1834:
1662:
1652:
1473:lysing
1092:. The
1086:, and
1014:Riftia
975:Riftia
834:, and
759:, and
736:anoxic
604:, and
560:, and
508:) and
497:phylum
350:anoxic
328:, and
313:, and
290:enzyme
4315:Omics
4271:Other
4172:mouth
4157:fecal
3762:Virus
3737:Fungi
3642:S2CID
3500:S2CID
3386:S2CID
3352:arXiv
3182:S2CID
3139:S2CID
2483:S2CID
2437:S2CID
2158:S2CID
2142:JSTOR
2006:S2CID
1953:34077
1840:S2CID
1775:(PDF)
1451:than
1028:is a
884:like
650:from
612:into
4177:skin
4167:lung
3634:PMID
3581:PMID
3555:mBio
3530:ISBN
3492:PMID
3454:PMID
3378:PMID
3325:PMID
3244:PMID
3174:PMID
3131:PMID
3088:PMID
3036:PMID
2965:PMID
2864:PMID
2790:PMID
2693:PMID
2637:PMID
2580:PMID
2528:PMID
2475:PMID
2429:PMID
2365:PMID
2301:PMID
2237:PMID
2150:PMID
2046:ISBN
1998:PMID
1958:PMID
1899:PMID
1832:PMID
1660:PMID
1568:and
1443:and
1400:and
1141:and
1109:and
1036:and
992:and
956:, CH
939:and
876:and
848:and
799:and
681:and
434:and
408:The
378:and
372:and
340:The
280:The
202:and
145:iron
41:The
33:and
4162:gut
3624:hdl
3616:doi
3604:344
3571:PMC
3563:doi
3484:doi
3444:PMC
3436:doi
3370:doi
3348:445
3317:doi
3282:doi
3234:PMC
3224:doi
3166:doi
3123:doi
3111:437
3078:PMC
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2955:PMC
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2912:doi
2854:PMC
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2780:PMC
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2732:doi
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2570:PMC
2562:doi
2520:doi
2467:doi
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2134:doi
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1990:doi
1948:PMC
1938:doi
1889:PMC
1879:doi
1867:102
1824:doi
1795:doi
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1695:doi
1650:PMC
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