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On a hypnogram, a sleep cycle is usually around 90 minutes and there are four to six cycles of REM/NREM stages that occur during a major period of sleep. Most SWS occurs in the first one or two cycles; this is the deepest period of sleep. The second half of the sleeping period contains most REM sleep
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The method of obtaining the data used in a hypnogram is restricted to the input from an EEG, EOG or EMG. The interval of recording may include features from several stages, in which case it is recorded as the stage whose features occupy the recording for the longest duration. For this reason, the
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The restrictions of measuring sleep at short 30-second epochs limits the ability to record events shorter than 30 seconds; hence, the macrostructure of sleep can be evaluated while the microstructure is not. The sleep process is smoothened out in hypnogram results unlike it occurs naturally. Also
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Cycles of REM and non-REM stages make up sleep. A normal healthy adult requires 7–9 hours of sleep per night. The number of hours of sleep is variable, however the proportion of sleep spent in a particular stage remains mostly consistent; healthy adults normally spend 20–25% of their sleep in REM
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The output from these three sources is recorded simultaneously on a graph by a monitor or computer as a hypnogram. Certain frequencies displayed by EEGs, EOGs and EMGs are characteristic and determine what stage of sleep or wake the subject is in. There is a protocol defined by the
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can be evaluated using hypnograms, demonstrating irregular sleeping patterns associated with sleep disorders. Disruptions or irregularities to the normal sleep cycle or sleep stage transitions can be detected; for example a hypnogram can show that in
53:(NREM) to be identified during the sleep cycle. NREM sleep can be further classified into NREM stage 1, 2 and 3. The previously considered 4th stage of NREM sleep has been included within stage 3; this stage is also called
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Suggestions to improve the automated output of hypnograms to provide more reliable and accurate results include increasing the measures of sleep, for example by additionally measuring sleep with an
357:
Danker-Hopfe H, Anderer P, Zeitlhofer J, et al. (March 2009). "Interrater reliability for sleep scoring according to the
Rechtschaffen & Kales and the new AASM standard".
93:(AASM) for sleep scoring, whereby the sleep or wake state is recorded in 30-second epochs. Prior to this the Rechtschaffen and Kales (RK) rules were used to classify sleep stages.
770:
Pracki T, Pracka D, Ziółkowska-Kochan M, Tafll-Klawe M, Szota A, Wiłkość M (2008). "The modified Color
Density Spectral Array--an alternative method for sleep presentation".
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Ferrara M, De
Gennaro L, Casagrande M, Bertini M (July 2000). "Selective slow-wave sleep deprivation and time-of-night effects on cognitive performance upon awakening".
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sleep. During rest following a sleep-deprived state, there is a period of rebound sleep which has longer and deeper episodes of SWS to make up for the lack of sleep.
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Merica H, Fortune RD (December 2004). "State transitions between wake and sleep, and within the ultradian cycle, with focus on the link to neuronal activity".
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method to visualise the time period of each stage of sleep, as well as the number of transitions between stages. Hypnograms are rarely used to provide
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Barcaro U, Navona C, Belloli S, Bonanni E, Gneri C, Murri L (May 1998). "A simple method for the quantitative description of sleep microstructure".
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201:(ECG). Another advancement involves combining hypnograms with color density spectral arrays to improve the quality of sleep analysis.
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144:(PHT) can be seen to disrupt sleep by increasing the duration of NREM stage 1 and decreasing the duration of SWS; whereas the drug
318:
2001 Conference
Proceedings of the 23rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society
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data, however it has been suggested that statistical evaluation can be carried out using multistate survival analysis and
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261:"Modulation of the Sympatho-Vagal Balance during Sleep: Frequency Domain Study of Heart Rate Variability and Respiration"
50:
735:
Krakovská A, Mezeiová K (September 2011). "Automatic sleep scoring: a search for an optimal combination of measures".
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as a function of time. It was developed as an easy way to present the recordings of the brain wave activity from an
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which can be recorded but are not usually perceived. The stage that occurs before waking is normally REM sleep.
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The effects of certain medications on sleep architecture can be visualised on a hypnogram. For example, the
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Hypnograms for healthy persons vary slightly according to age, emotional state, and environmental factors.
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Legros B, Bazil CW (January 2003). "Effects of antiepileptic drugs on sleep architecture: a pilot study".
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may not be defined in the hypnogram; this is particularly true for sleep scoring that is automated.
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Silber MH, Ancoli-Israel S, Bonnet MH, Chokroverty S, Grigg-Damberger MM, et al. (2007).
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Hypnograms are usually obtained by visually scoring the recordings from
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555:"Obstructive sleep apnea alters sleep stage transition dynamics"
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Cabiddu R, Cerutti S, Viardot G, Werner S, Bianchi AM (2012).
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is seen to revive sleep by increasing the duration of SWS.
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Bianchi MT, Cash SS, Mietus J, Peng CK, Thomas R (2010).
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stage of sleep may be misrepresented on the hypnogram.
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and little or no SWS and may contain brief periods of
653:"Characterizing sleep structure using the hypnogram"
314:"BioSleep: A comprehensive sleep analysis system"
312:McGrogan N, Braithwaite E, Tarassenko L (2001).
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23:Example hypnogram of a normal, healthy adult
69:A hypnogram (top) with other readings below
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57:(SWS) and is the deepest stage of sleep.
522:"Treatment of sleep disorders in adults"
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702:Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol
156:The main use of a hypnogram is as a
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168:to provide numerical significance.
803:American Academy of Sleep Medicine
224:Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine
91:American Academy of Sleep Medicine
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526:Advances in Psychiatric Treatment
464:. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 2–3.
320:. Vol. 2. pp. 1608–11.
371:10.1111/j.1365-2869.2008.00700.x
404:. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 2.
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651:, Punjabi NM (August 2008).
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402:Sleep Medicine Essentials
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172:Limitations
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113:wakefulness
81:(EOGs) and
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49:(REM) and
614:Sleep Med
532:: 11–18.
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31:hypnogram
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