874:". The fantasizers exhibited a cluster of traits consisting of: 1) fantasizing much of the time, 2) reporting their imagery was as vivid as real perceptions, 3) having physical responses to their imagery, 4) having an earlier than average age for first childhood memory, 5) recalling "imaginary playmates" from childhood, and 6) having grown up with parents who encouraged imaginative play. In 1991,
25:
824:, by the percentage of subjects in a normative sample that report experiencing each particular item) and usually takes around forty-five minutes to complete. The items usually consist of motor tasks and cognitive tasks with the motor tasks being easier to complete. The average score is 5 out of 12. The test is self-scored leaving it open to criticism concerning the validity of the scores.
879:
time, 2) had later than average ages for first memories, and 3) had parents who had been harshly punitive and/or who had experienced other childhood traumas. Fantasizers tended to experience hypnosis as being much like other imaginative activities while dissociaters reported it was unlike anything they'd ever experienced. Individuals with
567:(1938), this form was developed to measure susceptibility to hypnosis with items increasing in difficulty in order to yield a score. The higher the score, the more responsive one is to hypnosis. Following a standardized hypnotic induction, the hypnotized individual is given suggestions pertaining to the list below.
683:
Form B was designed to be used as a follow-up to Form A when doing experiments involving a second session of hypnosis. The items are similar but are changed somewhat (e.g. the use of the opposite hand in a particular item). The changes were made to "prevent memory from the first exerting too great an
878:
examined a larger group of extremely high hypnotizables and confirmed that about 60% fit Barber and Wilson's characterization of fantasizers while 40% were what she termed "dissociaters" who: 1) experienced daydreaming mostly as "spacing out" and not remembering what had been going on for periods of
520:
introduced more complex hypnotic "depth" scales, based on a combination of behavioural, physiological and subjective responses, some of which were due to direct suggestion and some of which were not. In the first few decades of the 20th century, these early clinical "depth" scales were superseded by
692:
Created a few years after Forms A and B, Form C contains some items from Form B, but includes more difficult items for "when subjects are being selected for advanced tests in which knowledge of their capacity to experience more varied items is required" (pgs v-vi
Weitzenhoffer & Hilgard 1962).
488:
No scale can be seen as completely reliable due to the nature of hypnosis. It has been argued that no person can be hypnotized if they do not want to be; therefore, a person who scores very low may not want to be hypnotized, making the actual test score averages lower than they otherwise would be.
844:
are seen is measured. The less of these parts of the eye observed, the more hypnotically susceptible a person is. Research has shown that the scale may not carry as strong a relationship with other hypnotic scales as originally thought. More recent research has found significant correlations with
497:
Hypnotic susceptibility scales, which mainly developed in experimental settings, were preceded by more primitive scales, developed within clinical practice, which were intended to infer the "depth" or "level" of "hypnotic trance" on the basis of various subjective, behavioural or physiological
554:
in 1959. The Scale consists of three Forms: A, B, and C. Similar to the
Harvard Group Scale, each Form consists of 12 items of progressive difficulty and usually takes fifty minutes to complete. Each form consists of motor and cognitive tasks but vary in their respective intended purpose. The
1113:
SC Wilson, TX Barber (1981) Vivid fantasy and hallucinatory abilities in the life histories of excellent hypnotic subjects (Somnabules): A Preliminary Report. In Eric
Klinger (ed.) Imagery: Vol. 2: Concepts, Results., and Applications. NY, NY: Plenum
485:. Several types of scales are used; the most common are the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility (administered predominantly to large groups of people) and the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scales (administered to individuals).
1134:
869:
Individuals of extremely high hypnotizability tend to have distinctive characteristics outside of hypnosis. In 1981, Sherl Wilson and T X Barber reported that most of a group of extremely high hypnotizables who they termed
853:
Many other tests are not widely used because they are usually seen as less reliable than the
Stanford Scale and Harvard Group Scale. Many professionals think that these tests produce results because they involve
359:
521:
more sophisticated "hypnotic susceptibility" scales based on experimental research. The most influential were the Davis-Husband and
Friedlander–Sarbin scales developed in the 1930s.
1173:
1123:
Barrett, D. L. (1991) Deep Trance
Subjects: A Schema of Two Distinct Subgroups. Chpt in R. Kunzendorf (Ed.) Imagery: Recent Developments, NY: Plenum Press, p. 101 112.
505:(who introduced the term "hypnotism"), attempted to distinguish, in various ways, between different levels of the hypnotic state. Subsequently, the French neurologist
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836:, is a simple test to loosely determine if a person is susceptible to hypnosis. A person is asked to roll their eyes upward. The degree to which the
42:
224:
820:
Ronald Shor and Emily Carota Orne developed the
Harvard Group Scale in 1962. It consists of 12 items of progressive difficulty (as defined,
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910:
465:
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89:
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61:
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also made a similar distinction between what he termed the lethargic, somnambulistic, and cataleptic levels of the hypnotic state.
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Stern, D. B.; Spiegel, H.; Nee, J. C. (1979). "The
Hypnotic Induction Profile:Normative observations, reliability, and validity".
861:
Conversely, concentration can be something induced through the use of hypnosis instead of a "fuel" used to get hypnosis running.
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The HIP was significantly correlated to (the
Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES), and the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI)
68:
888:
880:
46:
1133:
Spiegel, D.; Loewenstein, R. J.; Lewis-Fernández, R.; Sar, V.; Simeon, D.; Vermetten, E.; Cardeña, E.; Dell, P. F. (2011).
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Following a standardized hypnotic induction, the hypnotized individual is given suggestions pertaining to the list below.
547:
513:
379:
334:
75:
422:
364:
1295:
57:
35:
1225:
Spiegel, D; Hunt, T; Dondershine, H (1988). "Dissociation and hypnotizability in posttraumatic stress disorder".
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Frischholz, EJ; Lipman, LS; Braun, BG; et al. (1992). "Psychopathology, hypnotizability, and dissociation".
900:
871:
138:
279:
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Facco, E. (2017). "Psychological
Features of Hypnotizability: A First Step Towards Its Empirical Definition".
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In more modern experiments, a scent such as peppermint has been used in place of ammonia for Item 9.
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891:. Research has found that transcranial magnetic brain stimulation can enhance hypnotizability.
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A major precursor of the Stanford Scales, the Friedlander–Sarbin scale was developed in 1938 by
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214:
1262:"Stanford scientists boost hypnotizability with transcranial magnetic brain stimulation"
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and consisted of similar test items to those used in subsequent experimental scales.
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Frischolz, EJ; Et, al. (2015). "The hypnotic induction profile and absorption".
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The Hypnotic Induction Profile (HIP) or the eye roll test, first proposed by
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858:, and that a certain level of concentration is required to be hypnotized.
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Correlations between HIP and Absorption scores ranged from .33 to .53.
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841:
437:
18:
1070:
International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis
563:
Based upon the scale developed by Joseph Friedlander and
974:
Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scales, Forms A & B
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
845:absorption scales, and dissociative experiences.
976:. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
684:influence upon the recall of specific tasks..."
16:Measure of how easily a person can be hypnotized
555:administrator scores each form individually.
459:
8:
798:Negative visual hallucination (Three Boxes)
934:Friedlander, J. W.; Sarbin, T. R. (1938).
466:
452:
120:
940:Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
883:have the highest hypnotizability of any
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569:
926:
123:
1024:American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis
989:American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis
7:
972:Weitzenhoffer & Hilgard (1959).
546:The Stanford Scale was developed by
481:measures how easily a person can be
192:Royal Commission on Animal Magnetism
47:adding citations to reliable sources
403:Hypnotherapy in the United Kingdom
14:
1135:"Dissociative disorders in DSM-5"
23:
664:Post-hypnotic (changes chairs)
34:needs additional citations for
1001:10.1080/00029157.1978.10403967
916:Suggestibility § Hypnosis
911:Salpêtrière School of Hypnosis
889:post-traumatic stress disorder
887:group, followed by those with
881:dissociative identity disorder
702:Test suggestion and responses
576:Test suggestion and responses
525:Hypnotic susceptibility scales
1:
1260:Dolan, Eric W. (2024-01-04).
1082:10.1080/00207144.2017.1246881
1036:10.1080/00029157.2015.967065
423:Neuro-linguistic programming
718:Hand lowering (right hand)
608:Immobilization (right arm)
1312:
828:Hypnotic Induction Profile
548:André Muller Weitzenhoffer
514:Ambroise-Auguste Liébeault
380:André Muller Weitzenhoffer
335:Ambroise-Auguste Liébeault
901:Fantasy prone personality
750:Arm rigidity (right arm)
710:Eye closure (not scored)
640:Verbal inhibition (name)
139:Age regression in therapy
58:"Hypnotic susceptibility"
766:Age regression (school)
624:Arm rigidity (left arm)
530:Friedlander–Sarbin Scale
280:William Collins Engledue
210:Theodore Xenophon Barber
1204:10.1176/ajp.149.11.1521
936:"The depth of hypnosis"
734:Mosquito hallucination
479:Hypnotic susceptibility
413:Hypnotic susceptibility
1142:Depression and Anxiety
806:Post-hypnotic amnesia
632:Hands moving together
1239:10.1176/ajp.145.3.301
600:Hand lowering (left)
501:The Scottish surgeon
493:Hypnotic depth scales
255:Robert Hanham Collyer
742:Taste hallucination
648:Hallucination (fly)
428:Posthypnotic amnesia
418:Ideomotor phenomenon
345:Martin Theodore Orne
315:Josephine R. Hilgard
245:William Joseph Bryan
43:improve this article
856:attentional control
816:Harvard Group Scale
790:Hallucinated voice
782:Anosmia to ammonia
774:Arm immobilization
726:Moving hands apart
507:Jean-Martin Charcot
360:Marquis of Puységur
250:Jean-Martin Charcot
240:John Milne Bramwell
187:History of hypnosis
1296:Personality traits
536:Theodore R. Sarbin
518:Hippolyte Bernheim
408:Hypnotic induction
370:Theodore R. Sarbin
285:Milton H. Erickson
225:Alexandre Bertrand
220:Hippolyte Bernheim
1198:(11): 1521–1525.
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822:psychometrically
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144:Animal magnetism
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834:Herbert Spiegel
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565:Theodore Sarbin
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542:Stanford Scales
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265:John Bovee Dods
215:Deirdre Barrett
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865:Susceptibility
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32:This article
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1269:. Retrieved
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955:. Retrieved
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906:Nancy School
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849:Other scales
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819:
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691:
682:
616:Finger lock
592:Eye closure
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340:Franz Mesmer
325:Pierre Janet
169:Hypnosurgery
149:Hypnotherapy
133:Applications
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79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
872:fantasizers
699:Item number
573:Item number
503:James Braid
305:Erika Fromm
235:James Braid
204:Key figures
1285:Categories
1271:2024-01-06
957:2 November
922:References
483:hypnotized
433:Suggestion
275:Dave Elman
260:Émile Coué
69:newspapers
512:However,
498:changes.
230:Gil Boyne
1291:Hypnosis
1170:46518635
1162:21910187
1098:46826156
1090:27935462
1052:29758416
1044:25928597
895:See also
885:clinical
672:Amnesia
125:Hypnosis
1266:PsyPost
1247:3344845
1212:1415819
83:scholar
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1114:Press.
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1009:747161
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842:cornea
758:Dream
688:Form C
679:Form B
559:Form A
438:Trance
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
1177:(PDF)
1166:S2CID
1138:(PDF)
1094:S2CID
1048:S2CID
90:JSTOR
76:books
1243:PMID
1208:PMID
1158:PMID
1086:PMID
1040:PMID
1005:PMID
959:2022
840:and
838:iris
550:and
516:and
62:news
1235:doi
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