55:
335:
33:
343:
433:
The presence of the insect affects the economy of over 20 million families that depend on the coffee harvest. Due to the losses in yield and quality caused by the insect, growers end up losing significant amounts of income. Most pest management strategies have proven to be ineffective in controlling
318:
The maturation of the insect from egg to adult lasts anywhere from 24 to 45 days, varying according to the weather. Usually, the female drills the berry through the central disc, although it can enter through the side walls if the fruit is dry. Two days after penetration, the beetle lays 35–50 eggs,
319:
which produce 13 females for each male. The average lifespan for females is anywhere from 35 to 190 days. Sibling insects mate inside the seed, with the females then spreading either to other coffee plants or further along the same plant. The males never leave the fruit.
284:. The females can be anywhere from 1.4–1.8 millimeters long, with the males being slightly smaller at around 1.2–1.6 millimeters long. Female beetles can fly short distances, while the males cannot, as they have less developed wings compared to the females.
461:
Biological control methods use the natural enemies of the coffee berry borer to reduce the population. Pest management through biological control can utilize predators, parasitoids and fungal entomopathogens that attack the immature or adult beetles.
930:
Ceja-Navarro JA, Vega FE, Karaoz U, Hao S, Jenkins S, Lim HC, Kosina P, Infante F, Northen TR, Brodie EL (2015) Gut microbiota mediate caffeine detoxification in the primary insect pest of coffee. Nature
Communications 6:7618.
434:
the insect, among these monitoring, controlled harvest, and the use of biological control agents. The use of repellents might be the only effective strategy that reduces population levels across wide areas.
374:
The insect is endemic to central Africa and has now spread to most coffee-producing countries through the accidental introduction of contaminated seeds. The first report in the
American continent was in
904:
Barrera JF, Parra M El café en
Chiapas y la investigaciĂłn en Ecosur. Ecosur pp. 6 (formerly available as http://www.ecosur.mx/Difusi%F3n/ecofronteras/ecofrontera/ecofront12/cafe%20en%20chiapas.pdf)
610:, Colombia) reported other insect families as predators: Anthocoridae (Hemiptera) and Cucujidae (Coleoptera). The following are the genus and species that have been reported to attack the borer beetle:
972:
Vega FE, Brown SM, Chen H, Shen E, Nair MB, Ceja-Navarro JA, Brodie EL, Infante F, Dowd PF, Pain A (2015) Draft genome of the most devastating insect pest of coffee worldwide: the coffee berry borer:
977:
420:
479:
366:. The female beetles attack the fruits from 8 weeks past the flowering to 32 weeks. When the insect enters, it builds galleries in the endosperm where the eggs are deposited.
932:
423:
1187:
711:
infection causes high mortality of the insect and products have been developed in
Colombia and elsewhere. Other fungi recorded to attack the insect include:
848:"Metaparasitylenchus hypothenemi n. sp. (Nematoda: Allantonematidae), a parasite of the coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei (Curculionidae: Scolytinae)"
803:
835:
568:
in 1987. It attacks the adult beetle, and mass-rearing in
Colombia has been successful. It has a capacity to stay in the coffee crops for a long time.
1135:
498:(wasps) native to Africa. Although they have a low impact in the beetle population, the use of biological controls allows the product to qualify as
322:
The same plant can host three to five generations of beetles, with up to 100 beetles being found in a single fruit. The insect is very sensitive to
326:, and waits for the rains to leave the fruit. The most affected areas in the crops are places exposed to the least sunlight and the most moisture.
925:
422:. Caffeine demethylase has been shown to be responsible for caffeine breakdown in the alimentary canal of the insect (Ceja-Navarro et al. 2015
280:
have two larval stages, while the males only have one; each larval phase lasts 10 to 26 days. The adults are small black beetles with strong
967:
445:
are not a viable option due to their high cost and their negative effects on the environment. Resistance to the highly toxic insecticide
1263:
1248:
1096:
470:
During the time when beetle offspring emerge from each commercially ruined berry to disperse, they are vulnerable to predation. The
1258:
682:
522:
1174:
955:(Coleoptera: Curculionidae): searching for sustainable control strategies. Bulletin of Entomological Research 96:223-233.
781:(Coleoptera: Curculionidae): searching for sustainable control strategies. Bulletin of Entomological Research 96:223-233
54:
1253:
1161:
1057:
281:
1114:
1243:
1192:
907:
Borbón, O (1991) La broca del fruto del cafeto: programa cooperativo ICAFE-MAG. ICAFE. San José, Costa Rica. 50 pp
1127:
512:
543:
1025:
577:
471:
987:
846:
Poinar, George; Vega, Fernando E.; Castillo, Alfredo; Chavez, Inti E.; Infante, Francisco (October 2004).
1062:
560:
475:
400:
296:
290:
166:
149:
1034:
518:
419:
The draft genome of the coffee berry borer consists of ca. 163 million base pairs (Vega et al. 2015
1238:
883:
707:
392:
175:
49:
606:
but they do not control the insect. Research at the Centro
Nacional de Investigaciones de Café (
1200:
1070:
875:
867:
607:
1215:
1205:
752:
547:
Benoit, but its management is difficult, since it is an aggressive wasp and can cause severe
1039:
859:
758:
616:
362:
250:
529:
countries from Africa during the 1980s and 1990s with low success. In the late 1990s, the
404:
1122:
1109:
356:
830:
Burbano E, Wright M, Bright DE, Vega FE (2011) New record for the coffee berry borer,
1232:
640:
526:
450:
116:
887:
1075:
936:
Corbett, GH (1933) Some preliminary observations on the coffee berry beetle borer,
646:
634:
499:
126:
334:
1179:
1148:
1019:
802:(F. E. Vega and R. W. Hofstetter, Eds.), pp. 427-494. Academic Press, San Diego.
730:
595:
495:
442:
396:
323:
302:
253:
713:
652:
599:
572:
555:
548:
507:
491:
446:
1101:
1010:
910:
Bustillo AE, Cardenas R, Posada FJ (2002) Natural enemies and competitors of
871:
1083:
924:
Ferrari) durante el desarrollo del fruto. AgronomĂa
Mesoamericana 14: 59-63
915:
847:
628:
380:
307:
86:
66:
1166:
914:(Ferrari) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in Colombia. Neotrop Entomol 31:635-639
879:
1049:
920:
Camilo JE, Olivares FF, JimĂ©nez HA (2003) FenologĂa de la broca del cafĂ© (
32:
1004:
763:
690:
sp. has been reported in the field in India. In laboratory experiments,
622:
388:
342:
1140:
534:
533:
native of North
America was described as attacking the borer beetle in
1153:
958:
Rojas MG, Morales-Ramos JA, Harrington TC (1999) Association between
818:
720:
582:
482:
the number of coffee berry borers in Costa Rican coffee plantations.
408:
384:
376:
246:
242:
106:
96:
76:
981:
863:
1088:
966:(Moniliales : Tuberculariaceae). Ann Entomol Soc Am 92:98-100
341:
333:
757:. Wien: Druck und Verlag von Carl Gerold's Sohn. pp. 12–13.
814:
800:
Bark
Beetles: Biology and Ecology of Native and Invasive Species
565:
449:, which has been banned in many countries, has been reported in
985:
951:
Jaramillo J, Borgemeister C, Baker P (2006) Coffee berry borer
777:
Jaramillo J, Borgemeister C, Baker P (2006) Coffee berry borer
686:(Nematoda: Allantonematidae) has been reported in Mexico. A
585:, but its reproduction in laboratories has been unsuccessful.
306:(Scolytidae), but these species do not enter the coffee bean
288:
is sometimes mistaken for the false coffee berry borers (
346:
Coffee berry borer entering and exiting a coffee cherry.
245:
native to Africa. It is the most harmful insect pest of
537:, south of Mexico. This species preys on the eggs of
994:
478:, and other insectivorous birds have been shown to
790:Vega FE, Infante F, Johnson AJ (2015) The genus
754:Die Forst- und Baumzuchtschädlichen Borkenkäfer
834:, in Hawaii. Journal of Insect Science 11:117.
8:
982:
31:
20:
762:
379:(1926). In the 1970s, the insect invaded
743:
698:have been shown to infect the insect.
399:in August 2007. It was discovered in
391:during the late 1980s. It entered the
602:) have been reported as predators of
494:used to control the borer beetle are
7:
1128:d6a6de98-50ed-42f9-8811-c1dedd75ba7a
724:sp. (previously placed in the genus
962:(Coleoptera : Scolytidae) and
415:Genome and caffeine detoxification
14:
395:in the 1990s. It was detected in
53:
683:Metaparasitylenchus hypothenemi
581:Schmiedeknecht was observed in
976:. Scientific Reports 5:12525.
948:Ferr. J Malayan Agric 21:8-22.
798:, the coffee berry borer. In:
1:
751:Ferrari, J. A. Graf (1867).
541:. Another useful betylid is
852:The Journal of Parasitology
1280:
513:Cephalonomia stephanoderis
1264:Beetles described in 1867
1249:Agricultural pest insects
181:
174:
155:
148:
50:Scientific classification
48:
39:
30:
23:
817:is dated about 1909 and
544:Sclerodermus cadavericus
525:were introduced in some
1259:Agriculture in Colombia
578:Heterospilus coffeicola
554:'Eulophid parasitoids (
702:Fungal entomopathogens
670:Cathartus quadricollis
571:Braconid parasitoids (
506:Bethylid parasitoids (
347:
339:
256:of the insect include
476:rufous-capped warbler
453:and other countries.
387:. The beetle entered
345:
337:
264:(coffee weevil), and
206:Xyleborus coffeivorus
198:Stephanoderes coffeae
1123:Fauna Europaea (new)
764:10.3931/e-rara-22833
221:Hypothenemus coffeae
191:Stephanoderes hampei
1040:Hypothenemus_hampei
1026:Hypothenemus hampei
996:Hypothenemus hampei
974:Hypothenemus hampei
960:Hypothenemus hampei
953:Hypothenemus hampei
922:Hypothenemus hampei
912:Hypothenemus hampei
832:Hypothenemus hampei
794:, with emphasis on
779:Hypothenemus hampei
696:Steinernema feltiae
561:Phymastichus coffea
286:Hypothenemus hampei
278:Hypothenemus hampei
258:barrenador del café
234:Hypothenemus hampei
217:Campos Novaes, 1922
214:Xyleborus cofeicola
209:Van der Weele, 1910
159:Hypothenemus hampei
44:on a patch of soil
42:Hypothenemus hampei
25:Hypothenemus hampei
1254:Woodboring beetles
708:Beauveria bassiana
672:(Guérin-Méneville)
564:was discovered in
457:Biological control
393:Dominican Republic
348:
340:
239:coffee berry borer
1244:Beetles of Africa
1226:
1225:
1201:Open Tree of Life
988:Taxon identifiers
230:
229:
225:
218:
210:
202:
195:
188:
16:Species of beetle
1271:
1219:
1218:
1209:
1208:
1196:
1195:
1183:
1182:
1180:NHMSYS0021109690
1170:
1169:
1157:
1156:
1144:
1143:
1131:
1130:
1118:
1117:
1105:
1104:
1092:
1091:
1079:
1078:
1066:
1065:
1053:
1052:
1043:
1042:
1030:
1029:
1028:
1015:
1014:
1013:
983:
892:
891:
858:(5): 1106–1110.
843:
837:
828:
822:
811:
805:
788:
782:
775:
769:
768:
766:
748:
590:Insect predators
531:C. hyalinipennis
438:Chemical control
411:in August 2010.
363:Coffea canephora
268:(coffee drill).
262:gorgojo del café
260:(coffee borer),
223:
216:
211:
208:
200:
193:
186:
184:Cryphalus hampei
161:
58:
57:
35:
21:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1273:
1272:
1270:
1269:
1268:
1229:
1228:
1227:
1222:
1214:
1212:
1204:
1199:
1191:
1186:
1178:
1173:
1165:
1160:
1152:
1147:
1139:
1134:
1126:
1121:
1113:
1108:
1100:
1095:
1087:
1082:
1074:
1069:
1061:
1056:
1048:
1046:
1038:
1033:
1024:
1023:
1018:
1009:
1008:
1003:
990:
964:Fusarium solani
901:
899:Further reading
896:
895:
864:10.1645/GE-3369
845:
844:
840:
829:
825:
812:
808:
789:
785:
776:
772:
750:
749:
745:
740:
704:
692:Heterorhabditis
679:
592:
488:
468:
459:
440:
431:
429:Pest management
417:
372:
332:
316:
274:
219:
212:
204:
203:
196:
189:
170:
163:
157:
144:
52:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1277:
1275:
1267:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1231:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1221:
1220:
1210:
1197:
1184:
1171:
1158:
1145:
1132:
1119:
1110:Fauna Europaea
1106:
1093:
1080:
1067:
1054:
1044:
1031:
1016:
1000:
998:
992:
991:
986:
980:
979:
970:
956:
949:
934:
928:
918:
908:
905:
900:
897:
894:
893:
838:
823:
806:
783:
770:
742:
741:
739:
736:
716:eleutheratorum
703:
700:
678:
675:
674:
673:
666:
658:Anthocoridae:
656:
591:
588:
587:
586:
569:
552:
527:Latin American
519:Prorops nasuta
487:
484:
472:yellow warbler
467:
464:
458:
455:
439:
436:
430:
427:
416:
413:
371:
368:
357:Coffea arabica
331:
328:
315:
312:
273:
270:
266:broca del café
228:
227:
201:Hagedorn, 1910
179:
178:
172:
171:
164:
153:
152:
146:
145:
141:H. hampei
138:
136:
132:
131:
124:
120:
119:
114:
110:
109:
104:
100:
99:
94:
90:
89:
84:
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79:
74:
70:
69:
64:
60:
59:
46:
45:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1276:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
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1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1234:
1217:
1211:
1207:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1045:
1041:
1036:
1032:
1027:
1021:
1017:
1012:
1006:
1002:
1001:
999:
997:
993:
989:
984:
978:
975:
971:
969:
965:
961:
957:
954:
950:
947:
943:
939:
938:Stephanoderes
935:
933:
929:
927:
923:
919:
917:
913:
909:
906:
903:
902:
898:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
842:
839:
836:
833:
827:
824:
820:
816:
813:The entry to
810:
807:
804:
801:
797:
793:
787:
784:
780:
774:
771:
765:
760:
756:
755:
747:
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737:
735:
733:
732:
727:
723:
722:
717:
715:
710:
709:
701:
699:
697:
693:
689:
688:Panagrolaimus
685:
684:
676:
671:
667:
665:
664:Scoloposcelis
661:
657:
655:
654:
649:
648:
643:
642:
641:Crematogaster
637:
636:
631:
630:
625:
624:
619:
618:
613:
612:
611:
609:
605:
601:
597:
589:
584:
580:
579:
574:
570:
567:
563:
562:
557:
553:
550:
546:
545:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
521:
520:
515:
514:
509:
505:
504:
503:
501:
497:
493:
485:
483:
481:
480:reduce by 50%
477:
473:
465:
463:
456:
454:
452:
451:New Caledonia
448:
444:
437:
435:
428:
426:
424:
421:
414:
412:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
369:
367:
365:
364:
359:
358:
353:
350:The hosts of
344:
336:
329:
327:
325:
320:
313:
311:
309:
305:
304:
299:
298:
293:
292:
287:
283:
279:
271:
269:
267:
263:
259:
255:
252:
248:
244:
241:, is a small
240:
236:
235:
226:
222:
215:
207:
199:
194:Ferrari, 1871
192:
187:Ferrari, 1867
185:
180:
177:
173:
168:
162:
160:
154:
151:
150:Binomial name
147:
143:
142:
137:
134:
133:
130:
129:
125:
122:
121:
118:
117:Curculionidae
115:
112:
111:
108:
105:
102:
101:
98:
95:
92:
91:
88:
85:
82:
81:
78:
75:
72:
71:
68:
65:
62:
61:
56:
51:
47:
43:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
995:
973:
963:
959:
952:
945:
941:
937:
921:
911:
855:
851:
841:
831:
826:
809:
799:
795:
792:Hypothenemus
791:
786:
778:
773:
753:
746:
729:
726:Paecilomyces
725:
719:
712:
706:
705:
695:
691:
687:
681:
680:
669:
663:
659:
651:
647:Brachymyrmex
645:
639:
635:Paratrechina
633:
627:
621:
615:
614:Formicidae:
603:
593:
576:
559:
542:
538:
530:
517:
511:
500:organic food
489:
469:
460:
443:Insecticides
441:
432:
418:
373:
370:Distribution
361:
355:
351:
349:
330:Colonisation
321:
317:
301:
295:
289:
285:
277:
275:
265:
261:
257:
254:common names
238:
233:
232:
231:
220:
213:
205:
197:
190:
183:
182:
158:
156:
140:
139:
128:Hypothenemus
127:
41:
24:
18:
1149:iNaturalist
1020:Wikispecies
731:Metarhizium
668:Cucujidae:
596:Hymenoptera
516:Betrem and
496:Hymenoptera
492:parasitoids
486:Parasitoids
397:Puerto Rico
324:desiccation
303:Xylosandrus
297:H. seriatus
291:H. obscurus
276:The female
272:Description
249:worldwide.
1239:Scolytinae
1233:Categories
738:References
714:Hirsutella
653:Prenolepis
617:Solenopsis
600:Formicidae
573:Braconidae
556:Eulophidae
549:dermatitis
508:Bethylidae
447:endosulfan
405:Big Island
338:Entry hole
314:Life cycle
224:(Hagedorn)
107:Coleoptera
87:Arthropoda
40:Two adult
968:available
942:Cryphalus
926:available
916:available
872:0022-3395
796:H. hampei
677:Nematodes
660:Calliodes
629:Wasmannia
604:H. hampei
539:H. hampei
523:Waterston
381:Guatemala
352:H. hampei
308:endosperm
282:mandibles
135:Species:
73:Kingdom:
67:Eukaryota
1047:BioLib:
1005:Wikidata
888:19853961
880:15562611
821:in 1919.
728:), and
694:sp. and
623:Pheidole
608:Cenicafé
389:Colombia
176:Synonyms
113:Family:
83:Phylum:
77:Animalia
63:Domain:
1216:1900271
1206:1085750
1141:1226221
1011:Q510963
535:Chiapas
251:Spanish
169:, 1867)
167:Ferrari
123:Genus:
103:Order:
97:Insecta
93:Class:
1213:uBio:
1115:249209
1102:267956
1089:STEHHA
1063:475468
1050:246737
946:hampei
886:
878:
870:
819:Borneo
721:Isaria
594:Ants (
583:Uganda
409:Hawaii
385:Mexico
377:Brazil
300:) and
247:coffee
243:beetle
237:, the
1193:57062
1167:51521
1154:53425
1097:EUNIS
1076:8J6BK
884:S2CID
466:Birds
1188:NCBI
1136:GBIF
1084:EPPO
1058:BOLD
876:PMID
868:ISSN
815:Java
734:sp.
662:and
650:and
566:Togo
490:The
401:Kona
383:and
360:and
354:are
294:and
1175:NBN
1162:ISC
1071:CoL
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