Electron paramagnetic resonance

4421:. Immediately after the microwave source there is an isolator which serves to attenuate any reflections back to the source which would result in fluctuations in the microwave frequency. The microwave power from the source is then passed through a directional coupler which splits the microwave power into two paths, one directed towards the cavity and the other the reference arm. Along both paths there is a variable attenuator that facilitates the precise control of the flow of microwave power. This in turn allows for accurate control over the intensity of the microwaves subjected to the sample. On the reference arm, after the variable attenuator there is a phase shifter that sets a defined phase relationship between the reference and reflected signal which permits phase sensitive detection. 4454:. EPR spectrometers use one of two types of magnet which is determined by the operating microwave frequency (which determine the range of magnetic field strengths required). The first is an electromagnet which are generally capable of generating field strengths of up to 1.5 T making them suitable for measurements using the Q-band frequency. In order to generate field strengths appropriate for W-band and higher frequency operation superconducting magnets are employed. The magnetic field is homogeneous across the sample volume and has a high stability at static field. 3182: 3613: 4401: 3391:

the expected line intensities. Note that the smaller coupling constant (smaller line spacing) is due to the three methoxy hydrogens, while the larger coupling constant (line spacing) is from the two hydrogens bonded directly to the carbon atom bearing the unpaired electron. It is often the case that coupling constants decrease in size with distance from a radical's unpaired electron, but there are some notable exceptions, such as the ethyl radical (CH

2731: 1121: 919: 6230: 915:

distribution (see below), there is a net absorption of energy, and it is this absorption that is monitored and converted into a spectrum. The upper spectrum below is the simulated absorption for a system of free electrons in a varying magnetic field. The lower spectrum is the first derivative of the absorption spectrum. The latter is the most common way to record and publish continuous wave EPR spectra.

1395: 4442:. At higher power levels (greater than 1 mW) the diode current is proportional to the square root of the microwave power and the detector is called a linear detector. In order to obtain optimal sensitivity as well as quantitative information the diode should be operating within the linear region. To ensure the detector is operating at that level the reference arm serves to provide a "bias". 683: 96: 1145:

the peak to peak amplitude the first derivative of the absorption is measured. By using phase sensitive detection only signals with the same modulation (100 kHz) are detected. This results in higher signal to noise ratios. Note field modulation is unique to continuous wave EPR measurements and spectra resulting from pulsed experiments are presented as absorption profiles.

6242: 4220: 3735:, and EPR spectra then give information on the environment of the spin labels. Spin-labeled fatty acids have been extensively used to study dynamic organisation of lipids in biological membranes, lipid-protein interactions and temperature of transition of gel to liquid crystalline phases. Injection of spin-labeled molecules allows for 1171: 3852:

EPR has been used by archaeologists for the dating of teeth. Radiation damage over long periods of time creates free radicals in tooth enamel, which can then be examined by EPR and, after proper calibration, dated. Similarly, material extracted from the teeth of people during dental procedures can be

2723:, the implication is that the ratio of the unpaired electron's spin magnetic moment to its angular momentum differs from the free-electron value. Since an electron's spin magnetic moment is constant (approximately the Bohr magneton), then the electron must have gained or lost angular momentum through 4651:

spectroscopy (ENDOR), which utilizes waves in the radio frequencies. Since different nuclei with unpaired electrons respond to different wavelengths, radio frequencies are required at times. Since the results of the ENDOR gives the coupling resonance between the nuclei and the unpaired electron, the

3892:

High-field high-frequency EPR measurements are sometimes needed to detect subtle spectroscopic details. However, for many years the use of electromagnets to produce the needed fields above 1.5 T was impossible, due principally to limitations of traditional magnet materials. The first multifunctional

3844:

however, then much of the asphaltene can be subsequently extracted from the oil by gravimetric techniques. The EPR measurement of that extract will then be function of the polarity of the precipitant that was used. Consequently, it is preferable to apply the EPR measurement directly to the crude. In

1144:

As previously mentioned an EPR spectrum is usually directly measured as the first derivative of the absorption. This is accomplished by using field modulation. A small additional oscillating magnetic field is applied to the external magnetic field at a typical frequency of 100 kHz. By detecting

3121:

Since the source of an EPR spectrum is a change in an electron's spin state, the EPR spectrum for a radical (S = 1/2 system) would consist of one line. Greater complexity arises because the spin couples with nearby nuclear spins. The magnitude of the coupling is proportional to the magnetic moment

2905:

In first-derivative spectrum, the low-frequency peak is positive, the high-frequency peak is negative, and the central peak is bipolar. Such situations are commonly observed in powders, and the spectra are therefore called "powder-pattern spectra". In crystals, the number of EPR lines is determined

4534:

the higher the sensitivity of the spectrometer. The energy dissipated is the energy lost in one microwave period. Energy may be lost to the side walls of the cavity as microwaves may generate currents which in turn generate heat. A consequence of resonance is the creation of a standing wave inside

4429:

which directs the microwave radiation (from the branch that is heading towards the cavity) into the cavity. Reflected microwave radiation (after absorption by the sample) is then passed through the circulator towards the detector, ensuring it does not go back to the microwave source. The reference

3390:

center will give an overall 1:2:1 EPR pattern, each component of which is further split by the three methoxy hydrogens into a 1:3:3:1 pattern to give a total of 3×4 = 12 lines, a triplet of quartets. A simulation of the observed EPR spectrum is shown and agrees with the 12-line prediction and

3695:

EPR/ESR spectroscopy can be applied only to systems in which the balance between radical decay and radical formation keeps the free radicals concentration above the detection limit of the spectrometer used. This can be a particularly severe problem in studying reactions in liquids. An alternative

993:

of an electron is substantially larger than the corresponding quantity for any nucleus, so that a much higher electromagnetic frequency is needed to bring about a spin resonance with an electron than with a nucleus, at identical magnetic field strengths. For example, for the field of 3350 G shown

3137:

and by dipolar interaction. The former applies largely to the case of isotropic interactions (independent of sample orientation in a magnetic field) and the latter to the case of anisotropic interactions (spectra dependent on sample orientation in a magnetic field). Spin polarization is a third

914:

energy states is widened until it matches the energy of the microwaves, as represented by the double arrow in the diagram above. At this point the unpaired electrons can move between their two spin states. Since there typically are more electrons in the lower state, due to the Maxwell–Boltzmann

4462:

The microwave resonator is designed to enhance the microwave magnetic field at the sample in order to induce EPR transitions. It is a metal box with a rectangular or cylindrical shape that resonates with microwaves (like an organ pipe with sound waves). At the resonance frequency of the cavity

4535:

the cavity. Electromagnetic standing waves have their electric and magnetic field components exactly out of phase. This provides an advantage as the electric field provides non-resonant absorption of the microwaves, which in turn increases the dissipated energy and reduces

4543:

will be reduced due to the extra energy loss. This results in a change of impedance which serves to stop the cavity from being critically coupled. This means microwaves will now be reflected back to the detector (in the microwave bridge) where an EPR signal is detected.

1390:{\displaystyle {\frac {n_{\text{upper}}}{n_{\text{lower}}}}=\exp {\left(-{\frac {E_{\text{upper}}-E_{\text{lower}}}{kT}}\right)}=\exp {\left(-{\frac {\Delta E}{kT}}\right)}=\exp {\left(-{\frac {\epsilon }{kT}}\right)}=\exp {\left(-{\frac {h\nu }{kT}}\right)}} 807:

Experimentally, this equation permits a large combination of frequency and magnetic field values, but the great majority of EPR measurements are made with microwaves in the 9000–10000 MHz (9–10 GHz) region, with fields corresponding to about 3500

4642: 4539:. To achieve the largest signals and hence sensitivity the sample is positioned such that it lies within the magnetic field maximum and the electric field minimum. When the magnetic field strength is such that an absorption event occurs, the value of 5359:

Azumi Todaka; Shin Toyoda; Masahiro Natsuhori; Keiji Okada; Itaru Sato; Hiroshi Sato; Jun Sasaki (August 2020). "ESR assessment of tooth enamel dose from cattle bred in areas contaminated due to the Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power plant accident".

1140:. The larger the difference the larger the intensity detected by the detector tuned to 100 kHz (note this can be negative or even 0). As the difference between the two intensities is detected the first derivative of the absorption is detected. 2869:); their magnitudes change as the field is rotated, so does the frequency of the resonance. For a large ensemble of randomly oriented spins (as in a fluid solution), the EPR spectrum consists of three peaks of characteristic shape at frequencies 816:). Furthermore, EPR spectra can be generated by either varying the photon frequency incident on a sample while holding the magnetic field constant or doing the reverse. In practice, it is usually the frequency that is kept fixed. A collection of 1537:≈ 0.998, meaning that the upper energy level has a slightly smaller population than the lower one. Therefore, transitions from the lower to the higher level are more probable than the reverse, which is why there is a net absorption of energy. 3668:

light. In many cases, the reactions to make the radicals and the subsequent reactions of the radicals are of interest, while in other cases EPR is used to provide information on a radical's geometry and the orbital of the unpaired electron.

1696: 3125:

This coupling introduces additional energy states and, in turn, multi-lined spectra. In such cases, the spacing between the EPR spectral lines indicates the degree of interaction between the unpaired electron and the perturbing nuclei. The

1160:

In practice, EPR samples consist of collections of many paramagnetic species, and not single isolated paramagnetic centers. If the population of radicals is in thermodynamic equilibrium, its statistical distribution is described by the

3831:

content. The free-radical component of the EPR signal is proportional to the amount of asphaltene in the oil regardless of any solvents, or precipitants that may be present in that oil. When the oil is subject to a precipitant such as

4526: 2527: 4585:

decay experiment can be used to measure the dephasing time, as shown in the animation below. The size of the echo is recorded for different spacings of the two pulses. This reveals the decoherence, which is not refocused by the

3816:. It can be applied to a wide range of materials such as organic shales, carbonates, sulfates, phosphates, silica or other silicates. When applied to shales, the EPR data correlates to the maturity of the kerogen in the shale. 3053: 3849:, then it may also be necessary determine the oil fraction within the crude (e.g., if a certain crude contains 80% oil and 20% water, then the EPR signature will be 80% of the signature of downstream of the separator). 2770:. The principal axes of this tensor are determined by the local fields, for example, by the local atomic arrangement around the unpaired spin in a solid or in a molecule. Choosing an appropriate coordinate system (say, 4424:

Most EPR spectrometers are reflection spectrometers, meaning that the detector should only be exposed to microwave radiation coming back from the cavity. This is achieved by the use of a device known as the

4971:

refer to hyperfine coupling constants measured in frequency units. Splitting and coupling constants are proportional, but not identical. The book by Wertz and Bolton has more information (pp. 46 and 442).

1052: 2727:. Because the mechanisms of spin–orbit coupling are well understood, the magnitude of the change gives information about the nature of the atomic or molecular orbital containing the unpaired electron. 2417: 2185:

depends upon the electronic structure of the atom or molecule (e.g., free radical) in question, and so can provide information about the atomic or molecular orbital containing the unpaired electron.

3602: 2181:-factor, hyperfine coupling, zero field splitting, exchange coupling) in an atom or molecule may not be the same for all orientations of an unpaired electron in an external magnetic field. This 619: 5309:

Lovell J, Abdullah D, Punnapala S, Al Daghar K, Kulbrandstad O, Madem S, Meza D (Nov 2020). "A Chemical IoT System for Flow Assurance - From Single-Well Applications to Field Implementation".

4388:

The cross-relaxation of paramagnetic centers decreases dramatically at high magnetic fields, making it easier to obtain more-precise and more-complete information about the system under study.

1535: 912: 865: 443: 370: 323: 247: 200: 2318: 984: 802: 3334:

While it is easy to predict the number of lines, the reverse problem, unraveling a complex multi-line EPR spectrum and assigning the various spacings to specific nuclei, is more difficult.

4249:

applications). A second reason for widespread X and Q band measurements is that electromagnets can reliably generate fields up to about 1 tesla. However, the low spectral resolution over

3550: 2651: 2174:

Interactions of an unpaired electron with its environment influence the shape of an EPR spectral line. Line shapes can yield information about, for example, rates of chemical reactions.

6061: 4707: 3727:

applications of EPR also exist. Although radicals are very reactive, so they do not normally occur in high concentrations in biology, special reagents have been developed to attach "

526: 994:

above, spin resonance occurs near 9388.2 MHz for an electron compared to only about 14.3 MHz for H nuclei. (For NMR spectroscopy, the corresponding resonance equation is

3995: 1951: 6280: 1110: 4076: 3495:

is a distance from center of the line to the point of maximal absorption curve inclination. In practice, a full definition of linewidth is used. For symmetric lines, halfwidth

2171:

in NMR, splitting the EPR resonance signal into doublets, triplets and so forth. Additional smaller splittings from nearby nuclei is sometimes termed "superhyperfine" coupling.

153: 4164: 2572: 1425: 1081: 276: 6452: 6421: 6365: 6313: 2008: 673: 555: 5282:

Yen, T. F.; Erdman, J. G.; Saraceno, A. J. (1962). "Investigation of the nature of free radicals in petroleum asphaltenes and related substance by electron spin resonance".

5179:

Kempe S, Metz H, Mader K (January 2010). "Application of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy and imaging in drug delivery research - chances and challenges".

4463:

microwaves remain inside the cavity and are not reflected back. Resonance means the cavity stores microwave energy and its ability to do this is given by the quality factor

3493: 2257: 2078: 1978: 1898: 1565: 746: 5734: 3796:

The study of radiation-induced free radicals in biological substances (for cancer research) poses the additional problem that tissue contains water, and water (due to its

3447: 3664:

are produced. Such radicals can be identified and studied by EPR. Organic and inorganic radicals can be detected in electrochemical systems and in materials exposed to

3864:

Radiation-sterilized foods have been examined with EPR spectroscopy, aiming to develop methods to determine whether a food sample has been irradiated and to what dose.

2090:

A low temperature to decrease the number of spin at the high level of energy as shown in Eq. 1. This condition explains why spectra are often recorded on sample at the

1593: 2361: 2341: 2048: 2028: 4635: 2721: 2230: 2144: 1851: 1804: 1773: 1726: 714: 646: 476: 4604: 4383: 4342: 4315: 4271: 3156: 1585: 1493: 3122:

of the coupled nuclei and depends on the mechanism of the coupling. Coupling is mediated by two processes, dipolar (through space) and isotropic (through bond).

5506:

S. Toyoda; A. Kondo; K. Zumadilov; M. Hoshi; C. Miyazawa; A. Ivannikov (September 2011). "ESR measurements of background doses in teeth of Japanese residents".

2752: 2694: 2674: 2592: 1871: 1824: 1746: 1469: 1445: 5952: 4385:. This effect can be successfully used to study the relaxation and dynamics of paramagnetic centers as well as of superslow motion in the systems under study. 5885: 5830: 5799: 4472: 4351:. This is used to investigate the structure, polarity, and dynamics of radical microenvironments in spin-modified organic and biological systems through the 2425: 2160:

The magnetic moment of a nucleus with a non-zero nuclear spin will affect any unpaired electrons associated with that atom. This leads to the phenomenon of

2205:

can give information about a paramagnetic center's electronic structure. An unpaired electron responds not only to a spectrometer's applied magnetic field

5794: 4558:

The dynamics of electron spins are best studied with pulsed measurements. Microwave pulses typically 10–100 ns long are used to control the spins in the

5479:

Chumak V, Sholom S, Pasalskaya L (1999). "Application of High Precision EPR Dosimetry with Teeth for Reconstruction of Doses to Chernobyl Populations".

3656:

EPR is a sensitive, specific method for studying both radicals formed in chemical reactions and the reactions themselves. For example, when ice (solid H

2803:. For a single spin experiencing only Zeeman interaction with an external magnetic field, the position of the EPR resonance is given by the expression 6273: 6167: 5985: 5847: 5692: 3898: 4227:

nitroxide radical as the microwave band (energy of excitation) changes. Note the improved resolution as frequency rises (neglecting the influence of

2923: 6552: 6116: 5935: 5779: 2111:

In real systems, electrons are normally not solitary, but are associated with one or more atoms. There are several important consequences of this:

6056: 5858: 5759: 3853:

used to quantify their cumulative exposure to ionizing radiation. People (and other mammals) exposed to radiation from the atomic bombs, from the

3746:

system has been designed for reference standards and routine use in medicine, based on EPR signals of radicals from irradiated polycrystalline α-

4765:

Odom B, Hanneke D, D'Urso B, Gabrielse G (July 2006). "New measurement of the electron magnetic moment using a one-electron quantum cyclotron".

4450:

In an EPR spectrometer the magnetic assembly includes the magnet with a dedicated power supply as well as a field sensor or regulator such as a

6002: 5980: 5727: 4553: 3708:). An example of this work is the study of radical reactions in single crystals of amino acids exposed to x-rays, work that sometimes leads to 3450: 6068: 5990: 5674: 5649: 5616: 5231: 4861: 4820: 4687: 4245:

and, less commonly, Q bands, mainly due to the ready availability of the necessary microwave components (which originally were developed for

820:

centers, such as free radicals, is exposed to microwaves at a fixed frequency. By increasing an external magnetic field, the gap between the

5820: 4253:-factor at these wavebands limits the study of paramagnetic centers with comparatively low anisotropic magnetic parameters. Measurements at 6266: 5925: 5870: 3731:", also called "spin probes", to molecules of interest. Specially-designed nonreactive radical molecules can attach to specific sites in a 2149:

Systems with multiple unpaired electrons experience electron–electron interactions that give rise to "fine" structure. This is realized as

3173:

In many cases, the isotropic hyperfine splitting pattern for a radical freely tumbling in a solution (isotropic system) can be predicted.

99:

Typical set-up for recording EPR spectra. The user would be seated next to the RF generator, magnet, and controls for sample temperature.

4430:

signal and reflected signal are combined and passed to the detector diode which converts the microwave power into an electrical current.

3897:, Moscow) in collaboration with L. G. Oranski's group (Ukrainian Physics and Technics Institute, Donetsk), which began working in the 3130:

constant of a nucleus is directly related to the spectral line spacing and, in the simplest cases, is essentially the spacing itself.

5444:

Gualtieri G, Colacicchi S, Sgattoni R, Giannoni M (July 2001). "The Chernobyl accident: EPR dosimetry on dental enamel of children".

3893:

millimeter EPR spectrometer with a superconducting solenoid was described in the early 1970s by Prof. Y. S. Lebedev's group (Russian

6349: 6152: 5904: 5720: 4944: 4648: 997: 4563: 6375: 6157: 5975: 3357: + 1 = 2(3)(1/2) + 1 = 4 lines with a 1:3:3:1 ratio. The line spacing gives a hyperfine coupling constant of 6468: 6172: 6142: 4438:

At low energies (less than 1 μW) the diode current is proportional to the microwave power and the detector is referred to as a

4988:

Wertz, John, and James R Bolton. Electron Spin Resonance: Elementary Theory and Practical Application. Chapman and Hall, 1986.

2366: 6557: 6101: 5892: 5789: 4672: 3813: 3621: 31: 5074:

YashRoy RC (January 1991). "Protein heat denaturation and study of membrane lipid-protein interactions by spin label ESR".

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Khulbe K, Mann R, Lu B, Lamarche G, Lamarche A (1992). "Effects of solvents on free radicals of bitumen and asphaltenes".

4413:

The microwave bridge contains both the microwave source and the detector. Older spectrometers used a vacuum tube called a

3894: 3617: 3555: 6532: 6510: 6033: 5880: 5769: 5707: 4662: 568: 6189: 5606: 3415:

axis of an EPR spectrum, from a line's center to a chosen reference point of the line. These defined widths are called

1498: 870: 823: 382: 328: 281: 205: 158: 72:. EPR spectroscopy is particularly useful for studying metal complexes and organic radicals. EPR was first observed in 6567: 6028: 5997: 5930: 4692: 2265: 1149: 928: 5247:

Bakr MY, Akiyama M, Sanada Y (1990). "ESR assessment of kerogen maturation and its relation with petroleum genesis".

2050:

can change varying from 0.5 to 4.5 depending on spectrometer characteristics, resonance conditions, and sample size.

1132:

due to the superimposed modulation field at 100 kHz. This causes the absorption intensity to oscillate between I

751: 4392:

This was demonstrated experimentally in the study of various biological, polymeric and model systems at D-band EPR.

3181: 6577: 6527: 6179: 6121: 5970: 5842: 5702: 4677: 4574: 3858: 3846: 3736: 61: 3498: 3419:

and possess some advantages: for asymmetric lines, values of left and right halfwidth can be given. The halfwidth

2604: 6473: 6205: 6184: 5947: 5825: 3134: 1472: 4238:

The EPR waveband is stipulated by the frequency or wavelength of a spectrometer's microwave source (see Table).

3905:

around 1975. Two decades later, a W-band EPR spectrometer was produced as a small commercial line by the German

6416: 6318: 3416: 3341: = 1/2 nuclei (e.g., H, F, P), the line intensities produced by a population of radicals, each possessing 3109:

factor standards, Herb et al. introduced a precise procedure by using double resonance techniques based on the

5405:"Gamma-ray and neutron dosimetry by EPR and AMS, using tooth enamel from atomic-bomb survivors: a mini review" 2782:) allows one to "diagonalize" this tensor, thereby reducing the maximal number of its components from 9 to 3: 2724: 6246: 496: 6437: 6390: 6078: 5774: 5109:

YashRoy RC (1990). "Determination of membrane lipid phase transition temperature from 13C-NMR intensities".

5039:

Yashroy RC (1990). "Magnetic resonance studies of dynamic organisation of lipids in chloroplast membranes".

4682: 925:

For the microwave frequency of 9388.4 MHz, the predicted resonance occurs at a magnetic field of about

3793:

and micropolarity within drug delivery systems as well as the characterization of colloidal drug carriers.

3138:

mechanism for interactions between an unpaired electron and a nuclear spin, being especially important for

5865: 4294:

Accessibility of spin systems with larger zero-field splitting due to the larger microwave quantum energy

3970: 3797: 3775: 3689: 1903: 1162: 73: 1086: 6572: 6494: 6478: 6447: 6308: 6234: 6106: 5837: 5751: 3681: 3673: 3612: 4051: 123: 4132: 3110: 2535: 1403: 1057: 252: 5515: 5369: 5256: 4963:" refers to the hyperfine splitting constant, a line spacing measured in magnetic field units, while 4890: 4774: 3685: 3346: 2906:

by the number of crystallographically equivalent orientations of the EPR spin (called "EPR center").

2767: 2763: 2154: 2150: 1983: 651: 533: 89: 4400: 3909:

Company, initiating the expansion of W-band EPR techniques into medium-sized academic laboratories.

3460: 3097:

are measured together with the sample of interest. In the common spectrum, the spectral line of the

2235: 2056: 1956: 1876: 1543: 719: 6515: 6162: 5875: 5784: 4853: 4439: 3641: 118: 3422: 1691:{\displaystyle N_{\text{min}}={\frac {k_{1}V}{Q_{0}k_{f}\nu ^{2}P^{1/2}}},\qquad {\text{(Eq. 2)}}} 6562: 6442: 6370: 6210: 6147: 6126: 5942: 5920: 5853: 5764: 5385: 5056: 4567: 4451: 3854: 3127: 2161: 1448: 479: 4879:"Double resonance calibration of g factor standards: Carbon fibers as a high precision standard" 4280:

Increase in orientation selectivity and sensitivity in the investigation of disordered systems.

6344: 6339: 6289: 6111: 6038: 6012: 5670: 5645: 5612: 5461: 5426: 5227: 5196: 5161: 5126: 5091: 5021: 4940: 4918: 4857: 4826: 4816: 4790: 4607: 4365:, due to the exponential dependence of the number of excited spins on the radiation frequency 4355:

and probe method. The figure shows how spectral resolution improves with increasing frequency.

3709: 2199: 486: 57: 2346: 2326: 2033: 2013: 5637: 5554: 5523: 5488: 5453: 5416: 5377: 5341: 5314: 5291: 5264: 5219: 5188: 5153: 5118: 5083: 5048: 5011: 4908: 4898: 4845: 4782: 4752:

Paramagnetic Absorption in Perpendicular and Parallel Fields for Salts, Solutions and Metals

4358:

Saturation of paramagnetic centers occurs at a comparatively low microwave polarizing field

3873: 2676:

in an EPR experiment by measuring the field and the frequency at which resonance occurs. If

81: 4613: 2699: 2208: 2122: 1829: 1782: 1751: 1704: 696: 624: 454: 17: 6406: 4589: 4368: 4327: 4300: 4256: 3701: 3141: 2115:

An unpaired electron can gain or lose angular momentum, which can change the value of its

2095: 1570: 1478: 990: 114: 4846: 5519: 5373: 5260: 4894: 4778: 2734:

The shape of a powder-pattern EPR spectrum changes according to the distribution of the

2730: 5698: 5492: 4998:

Goswami, Monalisa; Chirila, Andrei; Rebreyend, Christophe; de Bruin, Bas (2015-09-01).

4521:{\displaystyle Q={\frac {2\pi ({\text{energy stored}})}{({\text{energy dissipated}})}}} 4277:

EPR spectra are simplified due to the reduction of second-order effects at high fields.

4273:> 40 GHz, in the millimeter wavelength region, offer the following advantages: 3790: 3732: 3090: 2737: 2679: 2659: 2577: 2522:{\displaystyle h\nu =g_{e}\mu _{B}B_{\text{eff}}=g_{e}\mu _{\text{B}}B_{0}(1-\sigma ).} 1856: 1809: 1731: 1454: 1430: 676: 85: 69: 65: 5457: 2084:

A high spectrometer frequency to minimize the Eq. 2. Common frequencies are discussed

675:

are constant) that the splitting of the energy levels is directly proportional to the

6546: 5559: 5542: 5389: 5345: 5268: 5122: 5087: 4702: 3902: 3779: 3705: 3677: 3660:

O) is decomposed by exposure to high-energy radiation, radicals such as H, OH, and HO

3624:

is one of the first STMs globally to measure electron spin resonance on single atoms.

2099: 2091: 558: 373: 5144:

Chu RD, McLaughlin WL, Miller A, Sharpe PH (December 2008). "5. Dosimetry systems".

1120: 918: 689:

An unpaired electron can change its electron spin by either absorbing or emitting a

6385: 5743: 4559: 817: 813: 809: 77: 53: 5527: 5381: 5060: 4786: 3330:

The above can be extended to predict the number of lines for any number of nuclei.

2909:

At higher temperatures, the three peaks coalesce to a singlet, corresponding to g

2232:

but also to any local magnetic fields of atoms or molecules. The effective field

2146:. This is especially significant for chemical systems with transition-metal ions. 5641: 4641: 3783: 3349:. For example, the spectrum at the right shows that the three H nuclei of the CH 1540:

The sensitivity of the EPR method (i.e., the minimal number of detectable spins

5632:

Eaton GR, Eaton SS, Barr DP, Weber RT (2010). "Basics of Continuous Wave EPR".

5192: 4913: 3368:

for each of the three H nuclei. Note again that the lines in this spectrum are

3048:{\displaystyle (g_{\mathrm {iso} })^{2}=(g_{xx})^{2}+(g_{yy})^{2}+(g_{zz})^{2}} 6380: 6258: 5016: 4999: 4903: 4878: 4697: 4426: 4418: 4352: 3877: 3824: 3728: 2182: 2165: 95: 5025: 4830: 4582: 4578: 4284: 3820: 3801: 3767: 3750:(the alanine deamination radical, the hydrogen abstraction radical, and the 3743: 3697: 3644:

in the solid, liquid, or gaseous state, and in paramagnetic centers such as

3633: 3454: 3158:-electron organic radicals, such as the benzene radical anion. The symbols " 5465: 5430: 5200: 5165: 5157: 4922: 4794: 682: 5130: 5095: 2857:

are the components of the magnetic field vector in the coordinate system (

5421: 5404: 4414: 4228: 3841: 3828: 3720: 3645: 3089:

factor is challenging due to the lack of a precise estimate of the local

1776: 748:, is obeyed. This leads to the fundamental equation of EPR spectroscopy: 5578: 5295: 1427:

is the number of paramagnetic centers occupying the upper energy state,

5052: 3837: 3747: 3724: 3637: 3629: 5318: 4219: 3684:. EPR spectroscopy is a particularly useful tool to investigate their 3449:

is the distance measured from the line's center to the point in which

917: 681: 4976:

Electron spin resonance: Elementary theory and practical applications

4728: 4242: 3906: 3833: 3628:

EPR/ESR spectroscopy is used in various branches of science, such as

3133:

Two common mechanisms by which electrons and nuclei interact are the

2080:

and a large number of spins. Therefore, the required parameters are:

2053:

A great sensitivity is therefore obtained with a low detection limit

690: 3407:

Resonance linewidths are defined in terms of the magnetic induction

3170:" is usually employed for anisotropic hyperfine coupling constants. 278:, the electron's magnetic moment aligns itself either antiparallel ( 3214: + 1 = 2(3)(1/2) + 1 = 4, which is as observed. 3101:

factor standard is then used as a reference point to determine the

565:

Therefore, the separation between the lower and the upper state is

372:) to the field, each alignment having a specific energy due to the 4399: 4288: 4246: 4224: 4218: 3881: 3771: 3611: 3180: 2729: 1152:

for frequency locking of lasers to a high-finesse optical cavity.

1119: 94: 5223: 4667: 3058:

One elementary step in analyzing an EPR spectrum is to compare g

6262: 5716: 5712: 5699:

Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (Specialist Periodical Reports)

3696:

approach is to slow down reactions by studying samples held at

621:

for unpaired free electrons. This equation implies (since both

5000:"EPR Spectroscopy as a Tool in Homogeneous Catalysis Research" 4647:

Pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance could be advanced into

3185:

Simulated EPR spectra of the methyl and methoxymethyl radicals

3166:" are used for isotropic hyperfine coupling constants, while " 1047:{\displaystyle h\nu =g_{\mathrm {N} }\mu _{\mathrm {N} }B_{0}} 249:. In the presence of an external magnetic field with strength 3812:

EPR/ESR spectroscopy is used in geology and archaeology as a

84:

in 1944, and was developed independently at the same time by

4877:

Herb K, Tschaggelar R, Denninger G, Jeschke G (April 2018).

3884:

in materials such as diamond, silicon and gallium arsenide.

3453:

value has half of maximal absorption value in the center of

3665: 2085: 3210: = 1/2, and so the number of lines expected is 2 27:

Technique to study materials that have unpaired electrons

3819:

EPR spectroscopy has been used to measure properties of

3411:

and its corresponding units, and are measured along the

2412:{\displaystyle h\nu =g_{e}\mu _{\text{B}}B_{\text{eff}}} 1826:

is the microwave power in the spectrometer cavity. With

4708:

Albumin transport function analysis by EPR spectroscopy

4417:

to generate microwaves, but modern spectrometers use a

3093:

at the sample location. Therefore, typically so-called

5181:

European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics

3301: = 1/2, and so the number of lines expected is (2 3271: + 1). As an example, the methoxymethyl radical, 2598:-factor, so that the final resonance equation becomes 893: 846: 351: 304: 228: 181: 134: 60:. The basic concepts of EPR are analogous to those of 5708:

Using ESR to measure free radicals in used engine oil

5547:

Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety

4616: 4592: 4475: 4371: 4330: 4303: 4259: 4135: 4054: 3973: 3558: 3501: 3463: 3425: 3202: + 1. As an example, the methyl radical, CH 3144: 3105:

factor of the sample. For the initial calibration of

2926: 2740: 2702: 2682: 2662: 2607: 2580: 2538: 2428: 2419:

resonance condition (above) is rewritten as follows:

2369: 2349: 2329: 2268: 2238: 2211: 2125: 2059: 2036: 2016: 1986: 1959: 1906: 1879: 1859: 1832: 1812: 1785: 1754: 1734: 1707: 1596: 1573: 1546: 1501: 1481: 1457: 1433: 1406: 1174: 1089: 1060: 1000: 931: 873: 826: 754: 722: 699: 654: 627: 571: 536: 499: 457: 385: 331: 284: 255: 208: 161: 126: 5605:

Eaton GR, Eaton SS, Barr DP, Weber RT (2010-04-10).

5592:

2-mm Wave Band EPR Spectroscopy of Condensed Systems

4324:-factor, which increases with irradiation frequency 3845:

the case that the measurement is made upstream of a

3597:{\displaystyle \Delta B_{\text{max}}=2\Delta B_{1s}} 3297: = 1/2 and three equivalent H nuclei each with 6503: 6487: 6461: 6430: 6399: 6358: 6332: 6296: 6198: 6135: 6094: 6087: 6049: 6021: 5963: 5913: 5813: 5750: 5667:

Principles of Pulse Electron Paramagnetic Resonance

5403:Nori Nakamura; Yuko Hirai; Yoshiaki Kodama (2012). 4629: 4598: 4520: 4377: 4336: 4309: 4265: 4158: 4070: 3989: 3596: 3544: 3487: 3441: 3150: 3047: 2746: 2715: 2688: 2668: 2645: 2586: 2566: 2521: 2411: 2355: 2335: 2312: 2251: 2224: 2138: 2072: 2042: 2022: 2002: 1972: 1945: 1892: 1865: 1845: 1818: 1798: 1767: 1740: 1720: 1690: 1579: 1559: 1529: 1487: 1463: 1439: 1419: 1389: 1104: 1075: 1046: 989:Because of electron-nuclear mass differences, the 978: 906: 859: 796: 740: 708: 667: 640: 614:{\displaystyle \Delta E=g_{e}\mu _{\text{B}}B_{0}} 613: 549: 520: 470: 437: 364: 317: 270: 241: 194: 147: 68:excited are those of the electrons instead of the 3375:As a second example, the methoxymethyl radical, H 1530:{\displaystyle n_{\text{upper}}/n_{\text{lower}}} 907:{\displaystyle m_{\mathrm {s} }=-{\tfrac {1}{2}}} 860:{\displaystyle m_{\mathrm {s} }=+{\tfrac {1}{2}}} 438:{\displaystyle E=m_{s}g_{e}\mu _{\text{B}}B_{0},} 365:{\displaystyle m_{\mathrm {s} }=+{\tfrac {1}{2}}} 318:{\displaystyle m_{\mathrm {s} }=-{\tfrac {1}{2}}} 242:{\displaystyle m_{\mathrm {s} }=-{\tfrac {1}{2}}} 195:{\displaystyle m_{\mathrm {s} }=+{\tfrac {1}{2}}} 4404:3D model of a typical X-band CW-EPR spectrometer 3766:radical). This method is suitable for measuring 2313:{\displaystyle B_{\text{eff}}=B_{0}(1-\sigma ),} 979:{\displaystyle B_{0}=h\nu /g_{e}\mu _{\text{B}}} 3085:The determination of the absolute value of the 797:{\displaystyle h\nu =g_{e}\mu _{\text{B}}B_{0}} 5111:Journal of Biochemical and Biophysical Methods 5076:Journal of Biochemical and Biophysical Methods 3880:is used to control the state of electron spin 6274: 5728: 4937:Encyclopedia of Spectroscopy and Spectrometry 4652:relationship between them can be determined. 4581:is central to many pulsed EPR experiments. A 3327: + 1) = = 3×4 = 12, again as observed. 2363:can be positive or negative). Therefore, the 56:is a method for studying materials that have 8: 5800:Vibrational spectroscopy of linear molecules 3545:{\displaystyle \Delta B_{1/2}=2\Delta B_{h}} 2913:, for isotropic. The relationship between g 2646:{\displaystyle h\nu =g\mu _{\text{B}}B_{0}.} 679:'s strength, as shown in the diagram below. 5216:New Applications of Electron Spin Resonance 4939:. Academic Press. 2016. pp. 521, 528. 3688:, which is fundamental to understand their 2259:experienced by an electron is thus written 6281: 6267: 6259: 6091: 5795:Nuclear resonance vibrational spectroscopy 5735: 5721: 5713: 4729:"Spin-magnetic resonance in paramagnetics" 4640: 3712:and rate constants for radical reactions. 3640:, for the detection and identification of 3062:with the g-factor for the free electron, g 1779:of the microwave cavity (sample chamber), 1475:. At 298 K, X-band microwave frequencies ( 6168:Inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy 5848:Resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization 5611:. Springer Science & Business Media. 5558: 5420: 5015: 4912: 4902: 4806: 4804: 4621: 4615: 4591: 4507: 4494: 4482: 4474: 4370: 4329: 4302: 4258: 4151: 4146: 4140: 4134: 4063: 4058: 4053: 3982: 3977: 3972: 3899:Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics 3585: 3566: 3557: 3536: 3513: 3509: 3500: 3475: 3471: 3462: 3433: 3424: 3143: 3039: 3026: 3010: 2997: 2981: 2968: 2952: 2935: 2934: 2925: 2739: 2707: 2701: 2681: 2661: 2634: 2624: 2606: 2579: 2543: 2537: 2495: 2485: 2475: 2462: 2452: 2442: 2427: 2403: 2393: 2383: 2368: 2348: 2328: 2286: 2273: 2267: 2243: 2237: 2216: 2210: 2130: 2124: 2064: 2058: 2035: 2015: 1991: 1985: 1964: 1958: 1934: 1924: 1914: 1905: 1884: 1878: 1858: 1837: 1831: 1811: 1790: 1784: 1759: 1753: 1733: 1712: 1706: 1683: 1666: 1662: 1652: 1642: 1632: 1617: 1610: 1601: 1595: 1572: 1551: 1545: 1521: 1512: 1506: 1500: 1480: 1456: 1432: 1411: 1405: 1361: 1352: 1322: 1313: 1278: 1269: 1237: 1224: 1217: 1208: 1191: 1181: 1175: 1173: 1095: 1094: 1088: 1066: 1065: 1059: 1038: 1027: 1026: 1015: 1014: 999: 970: 960: 951: 936: 930: 892: 879: 878: 872: 845: 832: 831: 825: 788: 778: 768: 753: 721: 698: 659: 653: 632: 626: 605: 595: 585: 570: 541: 535: 505: 504: 498: 462: 456: 426: 416: 406: 396: 384: 350: 337: 336: 330: 303: 290: 289: 283: 261: 260: 254: 227: 214: 213: 207: 180: 167: 166: 160: 133: 125: 5936:Extended X-ray absorption fine structure 5543:"Detection Methods for Irradiated Foods" 3911: 3753: 2656:This last equation is used to determine 5695:National High Magnetic Field Laboratory 5574: 5572: 5570: 4815:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 4719: 4610:is measured, which is described by the 4241:EPR experiments often are conducted at 3293:has two equivalent H nuclei, each with 3238:equivalent nuclei, each with a spin of 3224:equivalent nuclei, each with a spin of 3198:, the number of EPR lines expected is 2 3194:equivalent nuclei, each with a spin of 1806:is the cavity filling coefficient, and 521:{\displaystyle g_{\mathrm {e} }=2.0023} 4811:Chechik V, Carter E, Murphy D (2016). 4554:Pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance 4548:Pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance 4291:also increase at high magnetic fields. 3888:High-field high-frequency measurements 3800:) has a strong absorption band in the 2343:includes the effects of local fields ( 4688:Optically detected magnetic resonance 4467:, defined by the following equation: 4223:Variation in the EPR spectrum of the 7: 6241: 5541:Chauhan, S. K.; et al. (2008). 4320:The higher spectral resolution over 3990:{\displaystyle \lambda /{\text{mm}}} 3245:, the number of lines expected is (2 1946:{\displaystyle (Q_{0}\nu ^{2})^{-1}} 1112:depend on the nucleus under study.) 5693:Electron Magnetic Resonance Program 4283:The informativity and precision of 3861:have been examined by this method. 2119:-factor, causing it to differ from 1105:{\displaystyle \mu _{\mathrm {N} }} 716:such that the resonance condition, 5493:10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a032790 3804:region used in EPR spectrometers. 3578: 3559: 3529: 3502: 3464: 3426: 2942: 2939: 2936: 1567:) depends on the photon frequency 1281: 1096: 1067: 1028: 1016: 880: 833: 732: 572: 506: 338: 291: 215: 168: 25: 6153:Deep-level transient spectroscopy 5905:Saturated absorption spectroscopy 4852:. Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 4649:electron nuclear double resonance 4071:{\displaystyle \nu /{\text{GHz}}} 3676:research for characterization of 3337:In the often encountered case of 148:{\displaystyle s={\tfrac {1}{2}}} 6376:Dual-polarization interferometry 6240: 6229: 6228: 6158:Dual-polarization interferometry 5560:10.1111/j.1541-4337.2008.00063.x 4159:{\displaystyle B_{0}/{\text{T}}} 3206:, has three H nuclei, each with 2567:{\displaystyle g_{e}(1-\sigma )} 2157:, and can be large in magnitude. 1420:{\displaystyle n_{\text{upper}}} 1076:{\displaystyle g_{\mathrm {N} }} 271:{\displaystyle B_{\mathrm {0} }} 6553:Electron paramagnetic resonance 6173:Scanning tunneling spectroscopy 6148:Circular dichroism spectroscopy 6143:Acoustic resonance spectroscopy 5665:Schweiger A, Jeschke G (2001). 4813:Electron Paramagnetic Resonance 3774:, electrons, protons, and high- 3345:equivalent nuclei, will follow 2003:{\displaystyle \nu ^{-\alpha }} 1682: 668:{\displaystyle \mu _{\text{B}}} 550:{\displaystyle \mu _{\text{B}}} 38:Electron paramagnetic resonance 6407:Analytical ultracentrifugation 6102:Fourier-transform spectroscopy 5790:Vibrational circular dichroism 5579:EPR of low-dimensional systems 5481:Radiation Protection Dosimetry 5446:Applied Radiation and Isotopes 5409:Radiation Protection Dosimetry 4673:Electric dipole spin resonance 4512: 4504: 4499: 4491: 3622:Center for Quantum Nanoscience 3488:{\displaystyle \Delta B_{1/2}} 3457:line. First inclination width 3403:Resonance linewidth definition 3036: 3019: 3007: 2990: 2978: 2961: 2949: 2927: 2561: 2549: 2513: 2501: 2304: 2292: 2252:{\displaystyle B_{\text{eff}}} 2073:{\displaystyle N_{\text{min}}} 1973:{\displaystyle N_{\text{min}}} 1931: 1907: 1893:{\displaystyle N_{\text{min}}} 1560:{\displaystyle N_{\text{min}}} 1156:Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution 1124:The field oscillates between B 741:{\displaystyle h\nu =\Delta E} 32:Electron spin resonance dating 30:For the dating technique, see 1: 6412:Size exclusion chromatography 6304:Cryogenic electron microscopy 5900:Cavity ring-down spectroscopy 5805:Thermal infrared spectroscopy 5528:10.1016/j.radmeas.2011.05.008 5458:10.1016/S0969-8043(00)00351-1 5382:10.1016/j.radmeas.2020.106357 4883:Journal of Magnetic Resonance 4787:10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.030801 3895:Institute of Chemical Physics 3552:, and full inclination width 6511:Protein structure prediction 6034:Inelastic neutron scattering 5594:. Boca Raton, Fl: CRC Press. 5346:10.1016/0378-3820(92)90027-N 5269:10.1016/0146-6380(90)90104-8 5123:10.1016/0165-022X(90)90097-V 5088:10.1016/0165-022X(91)90081-7 4974:Wertz JE, Bolton JR (1972). 4663:Dynamic nuclear polarisation 4564:spin–lattice relaxation time 4458:Microwave resonator (cavity) 4344:and external magnetic field 3700:temperatures, such as 77 K ( 3442:{\displaystyle \Delta B_{h}} 1148:The same idea underlies the 478:is the electron's so-called 6469:Hydrogen–deuterium exchange 6290:Protein structural analysis 6095:Data collection, processing 5971:Photoelectron/photoemission 5669:. Oxford University Press. 5642:10.1007/978-3-211-92948-3_1 4693:Site-directed spin labeling 4606:pulse. In simple cases, an 3823:, such as determination of 3789:EPR can be used to measure 3074:whereas organic radicals, g 1150:Pound-Drever-Hall technique 155:, with magnetic components 18:Hyperfine coupling constant 6594: 6180:Photoacoustic spectroscopy 6122:Time-resolved spectroscopy 5703:Royal Society of Chemistry 5334:Fuel Processing Technology 5193:10.1016/j.ejpb.2009.08.007 4678:Electron resonance imaging 4551: 3847:separator (oil production) 3737:electron resonance imaging 62:nuclear magnetic resonance 29: 6524: 6474:Site-directed mutagenesis 6224: 6206:Astronomical spectroscopy 6185:Photothermal spectroscopy 5017:10.1007/s11244-015-0414-9 4904:10.1016/j.jmr.2018.02.006 3808:Material characterization 3616:This low-temperature ESR- 3135:Fermi contact interaction 3070:is typically well above g 3066:. Metal-based radicals g 1473:thermodynamic temperature 6319:Electron crystallography 4978:. New York: McGraw-Hill. 4566:can be measured with an 4530:The higher the value of 1748:is the sample's volume, 6438:Fluorescence anisotropy 6400:Translational diffusion 6391:Fluorescence anisotropy 6190:Pump–probe spectroscopy 6079:Ferromagnetic resonance 5871:Laser-induced breakdown 4767:Physical Review Letters 4683:Ferromagnetic resonance 2917:and the components is: 2754:matrix principal values 2356:{\displaystyle \sigma } 2336:{\displaystyle \sigma } 2043:{\displaystyle \alpha } 2023:{\displaystyle \alpha } 109:Origin of an EPR signal 46:electron spin resonance 5886:Glow-discharge optical 5866:Raman optical activity 5780:Rotational–vibrational 5590:Krinichnyi VI (1995). 5508:Radiation Measurements 5362:Radiation Measurements 5041:Journal of Biosciences 4848:Molecular Spectroscopy 4631: 4600: 4522: 4405: 4379: 4338: 4311: 4267: 4235: 4160: 4072: 3991: 3798:electric dipole moment 3776:linear energy transfer 3716:Medical and biological 3682:reactive intermediates 3625: 3598: 3546: 3489: 3443: 3353:radical give rise to 2 3186: 3152: 3049: 2755: 2748: 2717: 2690: 2670: 2647: 2594:and called simply the 2588: 2568: 2523: 2413: 2357: 2337: 2314: 2253: 2226: 2140: 2074: 2044: 2024: 2004: 1974: 1947: 1894: 1867: 1847: 1820: 1800: 1769: 1742: 1722: 1692: 1581: 1561: 1531: 1495:≈ 9.75 GHz) give 1489: 1465: 1441: 1421: 1391: 1163:Boltzmann distribution 1141: 1106: 1077: 1048: 980: 922: 908: 861: 798: 742: 710: 686: 669: 642: 615: 551: 528:for the free electron, 522: 472: 439: 366: 319: 272: 243: 196: 149: 100: 74:Kazan State University 6558:Scientific techniques 6533:Quaternary structure→ 6495:Equilibrium unfolding 6479:Chemical modification 6448:Dielectric relaxation 6309:X-ray crystallography 6107:Hyperspectral imaging 4632: 4630:{\displaystyle T_{2}} 4601: 4552:Further information: 4523: 4403: 4380: 4339: 4312: 4268: 4222: 4161: 4073: 3992: 3739:of living organisms. 3686:electronic structures 3674:homogeneous catalysis 3615: 3599: 3547: 3490: 3444: 3217:For a radical having 3190:For a radical having 3184: 3153: 3050: 2749: 2733: 2718: 2716:{\displaystyle g_{e}} 2691: 2671: 2648: 2589: 2569: 2524: 2414: 2358: 2338: 2315: 2254: 2227: 2225:{\displaystyle B_{0}} 2141: 2139:{\displaystyle g_{e}} 2075: 2045: 2025: 2005: 1975: 1948: 1895: 1868: 1848: 1846:{\displaystyle k_{f}} 1821: 1801: 1799:{\displaystyle k_{f}} 1770: 1768:{\displaystyle Q_{0}} 1743: 1723: 1721:{\displaystyle k_{1}} 1693: 1582: 1562: 1532: 1490: 1466: 1442: 1422: 1392: 1123: 1107: 1078: 1049: 981: 921: 909: 862: 799: 743: 711: 709:{\displaystyle h\nu } 685: 670: 643: 641:{\displaystyle g_{e}} 616: 552: 523: 473: 471:{\displaystyle g_{e}} 440: 367: 320: 273: 244: 197: 150: 113:Every electron has a 98: 6431:Rotational diffusion 5859:Coherent anti-Stokes 5814:UV–Vis–NIR "Optical" 5284:Analytical Chemistry 5249:Organic Geochemistry 5158:10.1093/jicru/ndn027 4959:Strictly speaking, " 4614: 4599:{\displaystyle \pi } 4590: 4473: 4378:{\displaystyle \nu } 4369: 4337:{\displaystyle \nu } 4328: 4310:{\displaystyle \nu } 4301: 4266:{\displaystyle \nu } 4257: 4133: 4052: 3971: 3556: 3499: 3461: 3423: 3151:{\displaystyle \pi } 3142: 2924: 2738: 2700: 2680: 2660: 2605: 2578: 2536: 2426: 2367: 2347: 2327: 2266: 2236: 2209: 2151:zero field splitting 2123: 2057: 2034: 2030:≈ 1.5. In practice, 2014: 1984: 1957: 1904: 1877: 1857: 1830: 1810: 1783: 1752: 1732: 1705: 1594: 1580:{\displaystyle \nu } 1571: 1544: 1499: 1488:{\displaystyle \nu } 1479: 1455: 1431: 1404: 1172: 1087: 1058: 998: 986:= 0.3350 T = 3350 G 929: 871: 824: 752: 720: 697: 652: 625: 569: 534: 497: 455: 383: 329: 282: 253: 206: 159: 124: 90:University of Oxford 6528:←Tertiary structure 6163:Hadron spectroscopy 5953:Conversion electron 5914:X-ray and Gamma ray 5821:Ultraviolet–visible 5520:2011RadM...46..797T 5374:2020RadM..136j6357T 5296:10.1021/ac60186a034 5261:1990OrGeo..15..595B 5146:Journal of the ICRU 5004:Topics in Catalysis 4914:20.500.11850/245192 4895:2018JMagR.289..100H 4779:2006PhRvL..97c0801O 4750:Zavoisky E (1944). 4727:Zavoisky E (1945). 4440:square-law detector 4396:Hardware components 3778:(LET) radiation of 3710:activation energies 2725:spin–orbit coupling 2107:Spectral parameters 119:spin quantum number 6568:Russian inventions 6443:Flow birefringence 6371:Circular dichroism 6211:Force spectroscopy 6136:Measured phenomena 6127:Video spectroscopy 5831:Cold vapour atomic 5422:10.1093/rpd/ncr478 5368:(106357): 106357. 5053:10.1007/BF02702669 4844:Levine IN (1975). 4627: 4596: 4568:inversion recovery 4518: 4406: 4375: 4334: 4307: 4263: 4236: 4156: 4068: 3987: 3868:Other applications 3859:Fukushima accident 3855:Chernobyl disaster 3786:to 100 kGy range. 3652:Chemical reactions 3626: 3594: 3542: 3485: 3439: 3187: 3148: 3128:hyperfine coupling 3117:Hyperfine coupling 3095:g factor standards 3045: 2756: 2744: 2713: 2686: 2666: 2643: 2584: 2564: 2519: 2409: 2353: 2333: 2310: 2249: 2222: 2162:hyperfine coupling 2136: 2070: 2040: 2020: 2000: 1970: 1943: 1890: 1863: 1843: 1816: 1796: 1765: 1738: 1718: 1688: 1577: 1557: 1527: 1485: 1461: 1449:Boltzmann constant 1437: 1417: 1387: 1142: 1102: 1073: 1044: 976: 923: 904: 902: 857: 855: 794: 738: 706: 687: 665: 638: 611: 547: 518: 468: 435: 362: 360: 315: 313: 268: 239: 237: 192: 190: 145: 143: 101: 58:unpaired electrons 6578:Soviet inventions 6540: 6539: 6516:Molecular docking 6345:Mass spectrometry 6340:Fiber diffraction 6333:Medium resolution 6256: 6255: 6220: 6219: 6112:Spectrophotometry 6039:Neutron spin echo 6013:Beta spectroscopy 5926:Energy-dispersive 5701:Published by the 5676:978-0-19-850634-8 5651:978-3-211-92947-6 5618:978-3-211-92948-3 5319:10.2118/203286-MS 5233:978-981-02-1199-8 4863:978-0-471-53128-9 4822:978-0-19-872760-6 4608:exponential decay 4516: 4510: 4509:energy dissipated 4497: 4217: 4216: 4154: 4066: 3985: 3874:quantum computing 3672:EPR is useful in 3569: 3370:first derivatives 3347:Pascal's triangle 3231:, and a group of 2747:{\displaystyle g} 2689:{\displaystyle g} 2669:{\displaystyle g} 2627: 2587:{\displaystyle g} 2488: 2465: 2406: 2396: 2276: 2246: 2198:Knowledge of the 2155:exchange coupling 2067: 1967: 1887: 1873:being constants, 1866:{\displaystyle P} 1819:{\displaystyle P} 1741:{\displaystyle V} 1686: 1677: 1604: 1554: 1524: 1509: 1464:{\displaystyle T} 1440:{\displaystyle k} 1414: 1379: 1335: 1296: 1252: 1240: 1227: 1197: 1194: 1184: 973: 901: 854: 781: 662: 598: 544: 419: 359: 312: 236: 189: 142: 16:(Redirected from 6585: 6417:Light scattering 6283: 6276: 6269: 6260: 6244: 6243: 6232: 6231: 6092: 6003:phenomenological 5752:Vibrational (IR) 5737: 5730: 5723: 5714: 5681: 5680: 5662: 5656: 5655: 5634:Quantitative EPR 5629: 5623: 5622: 5608:Quantitative EPR 5602: 5596: 5595: 5587: 5581: 5576: 5565: 5564: 5562: 5538: 5532: 5531: 5503: 5497: 5496: 5476: 5470: 5469: 5441: 5435: 5434: 5424: 5400: 5394: 5393: 5356: 5350: 5349: 5329: 5323: 5322: 5306: 5300: 5299: 5279: 5273: 5272: 5244: 5238: 5237: 5214:Ikeya M (1993). 5211: 5205: 5204: 5176: 5170: 5169: 5141: 5135: 5134: 5106: 5100: 5099: 5071: 5065: 5064: 5036: 5030: 5029: 5019: 4995: 4989: 4986: 4980: 4979: 4957: 4951: 4950: 4933: 4927: 4926: 4916: 4906: 4874: 4868: 4867: 4851: 4841: 4835: 4834: 4808: 4799: 4798: 4762: 4756: 4755: 4747: 4741: 4740: 4724: 4644: 4636: 4634: 4633: 4628: 4626: 4625: 4605: 4603: 4602: 4597: 4542: 4538: 4533: 4527: 4525: 4524: 4519: 4517: 4515: 4511: 4508: 4502: 4498: 4495: 4483: 4466: 4409:Microwave bridge 4384: 4382: 4381: 4376: 4343: 4341: 4340: 4335: 4316: 4314: 4313: 4308: 4272: 4270: 4269: 4264: 4165: 4163: 4162: 4157: 4155: 4152: 4150: 4145: 4144: 4077: 4075: 4074: 4069: 4067: 4064: 4062: 3996: 3994: 3993: 3988: 3986: 3983: 3981: 3912: 3872:In the field of 3765: 3764: 3763: 3760: 3603: 3601: 3600: 3595: 3593: 3592: 3571: 3570: 3567: 3551: 3549: 3548: 3543: 3541: 3540: 3522: 3521: 3517: 3494: 3492: 3491: 3486: 3484: 3483: 3479: 3448: 3446: 3445: 3440: 3438: 3437: 3372:of absorptions. 3292: 3290: 3289: 3281: 3280: 3157: 3155: 3154: 3149: 3111:Overhauser shift 3054: 3052: 3051: 3046: 3044: 3043: 3034: 3033: 3015: 3014: 3005: 3004: 2986: 2985: 2976: 2975: 2957: 2956: 2947: 2946: 2945: 2762:factor is not a 2758:In general, the 2753: 2751: 2750: 2745: 2722: 2720: 2719: 2714: 2712: 2711: 2695: 2693: 2692: 2687: 2675: 2673: 2672: 2667: 2652: 2650: 2649: 2644: 2639: 2638: 2629: 2628: 2625: 2593: 2591: 2590: 2585: 2573: 2571: 2570: 2565: 2548: 2547: 2528: 2526: 2525: 2520: 2500: 2499: 2490: 2489: 2486: 2480: 2479: 2467: 2466: 2463: 2457: 2456: 2447: 2446: 2418: 2416: 2415: 2410: 2408: 2407: 2404: 2398: 2397: 2394: 2388: 2387: 2362: 2360: 2359: 2354: 2342: 2340: 2339: 2334: 2319: 2317: 2316: 2311: 2291: 2290: 2278: 2277: 2274: 2258: 2256: 2255: 2250: 2248: 2247: 2244: 2231: 2229: 2228: 2223: 2221: 2220: 2145: 2143: 2142: 2137: 2135: 2134: 2079: 2077: 2076: 2071: 2069: 2068: 2065: 2049: 2047: 2046: 2041: 2029: 2027: 2026: 2021: 2009: 2007: 2006: 2001: 1999: 1998: 1979: 1977: 1976: 1971: 1969: 1968: 1965: 1952: 1950: 1949: 1944: 1942: 1941: 1929: 1928: 1919: 1918: 1899: 1897: 1896: 1891: 1889: 1888: 1885: 1872: 1870: 1869: 1864: 1852: 1850: 1849: 1844: 1842: 1841: 1825: 1823: 1822: 1817: 1805: 1803: 1802: 1797: 1795: 1794: 1775:is the unloaded 1774: 1772: 1771: 1766: 1764: 1763: 1747: 1745: 1744: 1739: 1727: 1725: 1724: 1719: 1717: 1716: 1697: 1695: 1694: 1689: 1687: 1684: 1678: 1676: 1675: 1674: 1670: 1657: 1656: 1647: 1646: 1637: 1636: 1626: 1622: 1621: 1611: 1606: 1605: 1602: 1586: 1584: 1583: 1578: 1566: 1564: 1563: 1558: 1556: 1555: 1552: 1536: 1534: 1533: 1528: 1526: 1525: 1522: 1516: 1511: 1510: 1507: 1494: 1492: 1491: 1486: 1470: 1468: 1467: 1462: 1446: 1444: 1443: 1438: 1426: 1424: 1423: 1418: 1416: 1415: 1412: 1396: 1394: 1393: 1388: 1386: 1385: 1381: 1380: 1378: 1370: 1362: 1342: 1341: 1337: 1336: 1334: 1323: 1303: 1302: 1298: 1297: 1295: 1287: 1279: 1259: 1258: 1254: 1253: 1251: 1243: 1242: 1241: 1238: 1229: 1228: 1225: 1218: 1198: 1196: 1195: 1192: 1186: 1185: 1182: 1176: 1116:Field modulation 1111: 1109: 1108: 1103: 1101: 1100: 1099: 1082: 1080: 1079: 1074: 1072: 1071: 1070: 1053: 1051: 1050: 1045: 1043: 1042: 1033: 1032: 1031: 1021: 1020: 1019: 985: 983: 982: 977: 975: 974: 971: 965: 964: 955: 941: 940: 913: 911: 910: 905: 903: 894: 885: 884: 883: 866: 864: 863: 858: 856: 847: 838: 837: 836: 803: 801: 800: 795: 793: 792: 783: 782: 779: 773: 772: 747: 745: 744: 739: 715: 713: 712: 707: 674: 672: 671: 666: 664: 663: 660: 647: 645: 644: 639: 637: 636: 620: 618: 617: 612: 610: 609: 600: 599: 596: 590: 589: 556: 554: 553: 548: 546: 545: 542: 527: 525: 524: 519: 511: 510: 509: 477: 475: 474: 469: 467: 466: 444: 442: 441: 436: 431: 430: 421: 420: 417: 411: 410: 401: 400: 371: 369: 368: 363: 361: 352: 343: 342: 341: 324: 322: 321: 316: 314: 305: 296: 295: 294: 277: 275: 274: 269: 267: 266: 265: 248: 246: 245: 240: 238: 229: 220: 219: 218: 201: 199: 198: 193: 191: 182: 173: 172: 171: 154: 152: 151: 146: 144: 135: 82:Yevgeny Zavoisky 21: 6593: 6592: 6588: 6587: 6586: 6584: 6583: 6582: 6543: 6542: 6541: 6536: 6535: 6530: 6520: 6499: 6483: 6457: 6426: 6395: 6354: 6328: 6297:High resolution 6292: 6287: 6257: 6252: 6216: 6194: 6131: 6083: 6045: 6017: 5959: 5909: 5809: 5770:Resonance Raman 5746: 5741: 5689: 5684: 5677: 5664: 5663: 5659: 5652: 5631: 5630: 5626: 5619: 5604: 5603: 5599: 5589: 5588: 5584: 5577: 5568: 5540: 5539: 5535: 5505: 5504: 5500: 5478: 5477: 5473: 5443: 5442: 5438: 5402: 5401: 5397: 5358: 5357: 5353: 5331: 5330: 5326: 5308: 5307: 5303: 5281: 5280: 5276: 5246: 5245: 5241: 5234: 5213: 5212: 5208: 5178: 5177: 5173: 5143: 5142: 5138: 5108: 5107: 5103: 5073: 5072: 5068: 5038: 5037: 5033: 5010:(12): 719–750. 4997: 4996: 4992: 4987: 4983: 4973: 4958: 4954: 4947: 4935: 4934: 4930: 4876: 4875: 4871: 4864: 4843: 4842: 4838: 4823: 4810: 4809: 4802: 4764: 4763: 4759: 4749: 4748: 4744: 4733:J. Phys. (USSR) 4726: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4712: 4658: 4617: 4612: 4611: 4588: 4587: 4573:As with pulsed 4556: 4550: 4540: 4536: 4531: 4503: 4484: 4471: 4470: 4464: 4460: 4448: 4436: 4411: 4398: 4367: 4366: 4364: 4350: 4326: 4325: 4299: 4298: 4255: 4254: 4136: 4131: 4130: 4050: 4049: 3969: 3968: 3890: 3870: 3857:, and from the 3810: 3761: 3758: 3757: 3755: 3751: 3733:biological cell 3718: 3702:liquid nitrogen 3663: 3659: 3654: 3610: 3581: 3562: 3554: 3553: 3532: 3505: 3497: 3496: 3467: 3459: 3458: 3429: 3421: 3420: 3405: 3398: 3394: 3389: 3382: 3378: 3363: 3352: 3326: 3320: 3313: 3307: 3288: 3285: 3284: 3283: 3279: 3276: 3275: 3274: 3272: 3270: 3264: 3257: 3251: 3244: 3237: 3230: 3223: 3205: 3179: 3140: 3139: 3119: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3035: 3022: 3006: 2993: 2977: 2964: 2948: 2930: 2922: 2921: 2916: 2912: 2901: 2896: 2890: 2885: 2879: 2874: 2855: 2848: 2841: 2834: 2830: 2823: 2819: 2812: 2808: 2801: 2794: 2787: 2736: 2735: 2703: 2698: 2697: 2696:does not equal 2678: 2677: 2658: 2657: 2630: 2620: 2603: 2602: 2576: 2575: 2539: 2534: 2533: 2491: 2481: 2471: 2458: 2448: 2438: 2424: 2423: 2399: 2389: 2379: 2365: 2364: 2345: 2344: 2325: 2324: 2282: 2269: 2264: 2263: 2239: 2234: 2233: 2212: 2207: 2206: 2196: 2177:These effects ( 2164:, analogous to 2126: 2121: 2120: 2109: 2096:liquid nitrogen 2060: 2055: 2054: 2032: 2031: 2012: 2011: 1987: 1982: 1981: 1960: 1955: 1954: 1930: 1920: 1910: 1902: 1901: 1880: 1875: 1874: 1855: 1854: 1833: 1828: 1827: 1808: 1807: 1786: 1781: 1780: 1755: 1750: 1749: 1730: 1729: 1728:is a constant, 1708: 1703: 1702: 1658: 1648: 1638: 1628: 1627: 1613: 1612: 1597: 1592: 1591: 1569: 1568: 1547: 1542: 1541: 1517: 1502: 1497: 1496: 1477: 1476: 1453: 1452: 1429: 1428: 1407: 1402: 1401: 1371: 1363: 1357: 1353: 1327: 1318: 1314: 1288: 1280: 1274: 1270: 1244: 1233: 1220: 1219: 1213: 1209: 1187: 1177: 1170: 1169: 1158: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1118: 1090: 1085: 1084: 1061: 1056: 1055: 1034: 1022: 1010: 996: 995: 991:magnetic moment 966: 956: 932: 927: 926: 874: 869: 868: 827: 822: 821: 784: 774: 764: 750: 749: 718: 717: 695: 694: 655: 650: 649: 628: 623: 622: 601: 591: 581: 567: 566: 537: 532: 531: 500: 495: 494: 458: 453: 452: 422: 412: 402: 392: 381: 380: 332: 327: 326: 325:) or parallel ( 285: 280: 279: 256: 251: 250: 209: 204: 203: 162: 157: 156: 122: 121: 115:magnetic moment 111: 106: 64:(NMR), but the 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6591: 6589: 6581: 6580: 6575: 6570: 6565: 6560: 6555: 6545: 6544: 6538: 6537: 6531: 6526: 6525: 6522: 6521: 6519: 6518: 6513: 6507: 6505: 6501: 6500: 6498: 6497: 6491: 6489: 6485: 6484: 6482: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6465: 6463: 6459: 6458: 6456: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6434: 6432: 6428: 6427: 6425: 6424: 6419: 6414: 6409: 6403: 6401: 6397: 6396: 6394: 6393: 6388: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6362: 6360: 6356: 6355: 6353: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6336: 6334: 6330: 6329: 6327: 6326: 6321: 6316: 6311: 6306: 6300: 6298: 6294: 6293: 6288: 6286: 6285: 6278: 6271: 6263: 6254: 6253: 6251: 6250: 6238: 6225: 6222: 6221: 6218: 6217: 6215: 6214: 6208: 6202: 6200: 6196: 6195: 6193: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6176: 6175: 6165: 6160: 6155: 6150: 6145: 6139: 6137: 6133: 6132: 6130: 6129: 6124: 6119: 6114: 6109: 6104: 6098: 6096: 6089: 6085: 6084: 6082: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6065: 6064: 6053: 6051: 6047: 6046: 6044: 6043: 6042: 6041: 6031: 6025: 6023: 6019: 6018: 6016: 6015: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5994: 5993: 5988: 5986:Angle-resolved 5983: 5978: 5967: 5965: 5961: 5960: 5958: 5957: 5956: 5955: 5945: 5940: 5939: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5917: 5915: 5911: 5910: 5908: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5896: 5895: 5890: 5889: 5888: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5862: 5861: 5851: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5834: 5833: 5823: 5817: 5815: 5811: 5810: 5808: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5756: 5754: 5748: 5747: 5742: 5740: 5739: 5732: 5725: 5717: 5711: 5710: 5705: 5696: 5688: 5687:External links 5685: 5683: 5682: 5675: 5657: 5650: 5624: 5617: 5597: 5582: 5566: 5533: 5514:(9): 797–800. 5498: 5471: 5436: 5395: 5351: 5340:(3): 133–141. 5324: 5301: 5290:(6): 694–700. 5274: 5255:(6): 595–599. 5239: 5232: 5206: 5171: 5136: 5101: 5066: 5047:(4): 281–288. 5031: 4990: 4981: 4952: 4945: 4928: 4869: 4862: 4836: 4821: 4800: 4757: 4742: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4624: 4620: 4595: 4549: 4546: 4514: 4506: 4501: 4493: 4490: 4487: 4481: 4478: 4459: 4456: 4447: 4444: 4435: 4432: 4410: 4407: 4397: 4394: 4390: 4389: 4386: 4374: 4362: 4356: 4348: 4333: 4318: 4306: 4292: 4281: 4278: 4262: 4215: 4214: 4211: 4208: 4205: 4202: 4199: 4196: 4193: 4190: 4187: 4184: 4181: 4178: 4175: 4172: 4169: 4166: 4149: 4143: 4139: 4127: 4126: 4123: 4120: 4117: 4114: 4111: 4108: 4105: 4102: 4099: 4096: 4093: 4090: 4087: 4084: 4081: 4078: 4061: 4057: 4046: 4045: 4042: 4039: 4036: 4033: 4030: 4027: 4024: 4021: 4018: 4015: 4012: 4009: 4006: 4003: 4000: 3997: 3980: 3976: 3965: 3964: 3961: 3958: 3955: 3952: 3949: 3946: 3943: 3940: 3937: 3934: 3931: 3928: 3925: 3922: 3919: 3916: 3889: 3886: 3869: 3866: 3809: 3806: 3791:microviscosity 3717: 3714: 3680:complexes and 3661: 3657: 3653: 3650: 3609: 3606: 3591: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3577: 3574: 3565: 3561: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3528: 3525: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3404: 3401: 3396: 3392: 3387: 3380: 3376: 3361: 3350: 3332: 3331: 3328: 3324: 3318: 3311: 3305: 3286: 3277: 3268: 3262: 3255: 3249: 3242: 3235: 3228: 3221: 3215: 3203: 3178: 3175: 3147: 3118: 3115: 3091:magnetic field 3079: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3056: 3055: 3042: 3038: 3032: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3018: 3013: 3009: 3003: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2989: 2984: 2980: 2974: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2960: 2955: 2951: 2944: 2941: 2938: 2933: 2929: 2914: 2910: 2899: 2894: 2888: 2883: 2877: 2872: 2853: 2846: 2839: 2832: 2828: 2821: 2817: 2810: 2806: 2799: 2792: 2785: 2743: 2710: 2706: 2685: 2665: 2654: 2653: 2642: 2637: 2633: 2623: 2619: 2616: 2613: 2610: 2583: 2563: 2560: 2557: 2554: 2551: 2546: 2542: 2530: 2529: 2518: 2515: 2512: 2509: 2506: 2503: 2498: 2494: 2484: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2461: 2455: 2451: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2434: 2431: 2402: 2392: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2375: 2372: 2352: 2332: 2321: 2320: 2309: 2306: 2303: 2300: 2297: 2294: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2272: 2242: 2219: 2215: 2195: 2188: 2187: 2186: 2175: 2172: 2158: 2147: 2133: 2129: 2108: 2105: 2104: 2103: 2088: 2063: 2039: 2019: 1997: 1994: 1990: 1963: 1940: 1937: 1933: 1927: 1923: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1883: 1862: 1840: 1836: 1815: 1793: 1789: 1777:quality factor 1762: 1758: 1737: 1715: 1711: 1699: 1698: 1681: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1655: 1651: 1645: 1641: 1635: 1631: 1625: 1620: 1616: 1609: 1600: 1576: 1550: 1520: 1515: 1505: 1484: 1460: 1436: 1410: 1398: 1397: 1384: 1377: 1374: 1369: 1366: 1360: 1356: 1351: 1348: 1345: 1340: 1333: 1330: 1326: 1321: 1317: 1312: 1309: 1306: 1301: 1294: 1291: 1286: 1283: 1277: 1273: 1268: 1265: 1262: 1257: 1250: 1247: 1236: 1232: 1223: 1216: 1212: 1207: 1204: 1201: 1190: 1180: 1157: 1154: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1117: 1114: 1098: 1093: 1069: 1064: 1041: 1037: 1030: 1025: 1018: 1013: 1009: 1006: 1003: 969: 963: 959: 954: 950: 947: 944: 939: 935: 900: 897: 891: 888: 882: 877: 853: 850: 844: 841: 835: 830: 791: 787: 777: 771: 767: 763: 760: 757: 737: 734: 731: 728: 725: 705: 702: 677:magnetic field 658: 635: 631: 608: 604: 594: 588: 584: 580: 577: 574: 563: 562: 540: 529: 517: 514: 508: 503: 485:(see also the 465: 461: 446: 445: 434: 429: 425: 415: 409: 405: 399: 395: 391: 388: 358: 355: 349: 346: 340: 335: 311: 308: 302: 299: 293: 288: 264: 259: 235: 232: 226: 223: 217: 212: 188: 185: 179: 176: 170: 165: 141: 138: 132: 129: 110: 107: 105: 102: 86:Brebis Bleaney 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6590: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6550: 6548: 6534: 6529: 6523: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6508: 6506: 6504:Computational 6502: 6496: 6493: 6492: 6490: 6488:Thermodynamic 6486: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6466: 6464: 6460: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6435: 6433: 6429: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6404: 6402: 6398: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6363: 6361: 6359:Spectroscopic 6357: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6337: 6335: 6331: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6301: 6299: 6295: 6291: 6284: 6279: 6277: 6272: 6270: 6265: 6264: 6261: 6249: 6248: 6239: 6237: 6236: 6227: 6226: 6223: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6203: 6201: 6197: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6174: 6171: 6170: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6140: 6138: 6134: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6105: 6103: 6100: 6099: 6097: 6093: 6090: 6086: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6063: 6060: 6059: 6058: 6055: 6054: 6052: 6048: 6040: 6037: 6036: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6026: 6024: 6020: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5973: 5972: 5969: 5968: 5966: 5962: 5954: 5951: 5950: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5923: 5922: 5919: 5918: 5916: 5912: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5894: 5891: 5887: 5884: 5883: 5882: 5879: 5878: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5860: 5857: 5856: 5855: 5852: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5843:Near-infrared 5841: 5839: 5836: 5832: 5829: 5828: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5818: 5816: 5812: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5757: 5755: 5753: 5749: 5745: 5738: 5733: 5731: 5726: 5724: 5719: 5718: 5715: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5700: 5697: 5694: 5691: 5690: 5686: 5678: 5672: 5668: 5661: 5658: 5653: 5647: 5643: 5639: 5635: 5628: 5625: 5620: 5614: 5610: 5609: 5601: 5598: 5593: 5586: 5583: 5580: 5575: 5573: 5571: 5567: 5561: 5556: 5552: 5548: 5544: 5537: 5534: 5529: 5525: 5521: 5517: 5513: 5509: 5502: 5499: 5494: 5490: 5486: 5482: 5475: 5472: 5467: 5463: 5459: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5440: 5437: 5432: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5399: 5396: 5391: 5387: 5383: 5379: 5375: 5371: 5367: 5363: 5355: 5352: 5347: 5343: 5339: 5335: 5328: 5325: 5320: 5316: 5312: 5311:SPE-203286-MS 5305: 5302: 5297: 5293: 5289: 5285: 5278: 5275: 5270: 5266: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5243: 5240: 5235: 5229: 5225: 5221: 5217: 5210: 5207: 5202: 5198: 5194: 5190: 5186: 5182: 5175: 5172: 5167: 5163: 5159: 5155: 5151: 5147: 5140: 5137: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5116: 5112: 5105: 5102: 5097: 5093: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5070: 5067: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5035: 5032: 5027: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5009: 5005: 5001: 4994: 4991: 4985: 4982: 4977: 4970: 4966: 4962: 4956: 4953: 4948: 4946:9780128032251 4942: 4938: 4932: 4929: 4924: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4873: 4870: 4865: 4859: 4855: 4850: 4849: 4840: 4837: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4818: 4814: 4807: 4805: 4801: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4773:(3): 030801. 4772: 4768: 4761: 4758: 4754:(PhD thesis). 4753: 4746: 4743: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4723: 4720: 4714: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4703:Spin trapping 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4660: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4645: 4643: 4638: 4622: 4618: 4609: 4593: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4571: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4555: 4547: 4545: 4528: 4496:energy stored 4488: 4485: 4479: 4476: 4468: 4457: 4455: 4453: 4445: 4443: 4441: 4434:Reference arm 4433: 4431: 4428: 4422: 4420: 4416: 4408: 4402: 4395: 4393: 4387: 4372: 4361: 4357: 4354: 4347: 4331: 4323: 4319: 4304: 4297: 4293: 4290: 4286: 4285:pulse methods 4282: 4279: 4276: 4275: 4274: 4260: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4239: 4233: 4231: 4226: 4221: 4212: 4209: 4206: 4203: 4200: 4197: 4194: 4191: 4188: 4185: 4182: 4179: 4176: 4173: 4170: 4167: 4147: 4141: 4137: 4129: 4128: 4124: 4121: 4118: 4115: 4112: 4109: 4106: 4103: 4100: 4097: 4094: 4091: 4088: 4085: 4082: 4079: 4059: 4055: 4048: 4047: 4043: 4040: 4037: 4034: 4031: 4028: 4025: 4022: 4019: 4016: 4013: 4010: 4007: 4004: 4001: 3998: 3978: 3974: 3967: 3966: 3962: 3959: 3956: 3953: 3950: 3947: 3944: 3941: 3938: 3935: 3932: 3929: 3926: 3923: 3920: 3917: 3914: 3913: 3910: 3908: 3904: 3903:Chernogolovka 3900: 3896: 3887: 3885: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3867: 3865: 3862: 3860: 3856: 3850: 3848: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3817: 3815: 3807: 3805: 3803: 3799: 3794: 3792: 3787: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3752:(CO(OH))=C(CH 3749: 3745: 3740: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3715: 3713: 3711: 3707: 3706:liquid helium 3703: 3699: 3693: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3670: 3667: 3651: 3649: 3647: 3643: 3642:free radicals 3639: 3635: 3631: 3623: 3619: 3614: 3607: 3605: 3589: 3586: 3582: 3575: 3572: 3563: 3537: 3533: 3526: 3523: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3456: 3452: 3434: 3430: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3402: 3400: 3386: 3373: 3371: 3367: 3360: 3356: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3335: 3329: 3323: 3317: 3314: + 1) (2 3310: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3267: 3261: 3258: + 1) (2 3254: 3248: 3241: 3234: 3227: 3220: 3216: 3213: 3209: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3188: 3183: 3176: 3174: 3171: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3145: 3136: 3131: 3129: 3123: 3116: 3114: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3083: 3040: 3030: 3027: 3023: 3016: 3011: 3001: 2998: 2994: 2987: 2982: 2972: 2969: 2965: 2958: 2953: 2931: 2920: 2919: 2918: 2907: 2903: 2898: 2887: 2876: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2849: 2842: 2835: 2824: 2813: 2802: 2795: 2788: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2741: 2732: 2728: 2726: 2708: 2704: 2683: 2663: 2640: 2635: 2631: 2621: 2617: 2614: 2611: 2608: 2601: 2600: 2599: 2597: 2581: 2558: 2555: 2552: 2544: 2540: 2532:The quantity 2516: 2510: 2507: 2504: 2496: 2492: 2482: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2459: 2453: 2449: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2432: 2429: 2422: 2421: 2420: 2400: 2390: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2373: 2370: 2350: 2330: 2307: 2301: 2298: 2295: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2270: 2262: 2261: 2260: 2240: 2217: 2213: 2204: 2202: 2193: 2189: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2173: 2170: 2168: 2163: 2159: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2131: 2127: 2118: 2114: 2113: 2112: 2106: 2101: 2100:liquid helium 2097: 2093: 2092:boiling point 2089: 2087: 2083: 2082: 2081: 2061: 2051: 2037: 2017: 1995: 1992: 1988: 1961: 1938: 1935: 1925: 1921: 1915: 1911: 1881: 1860: 1838: 1834: 1813: 1791: 1787: 1778: 1760: 1756: 1735: 1713: 1709: 1679: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1653: 1649: 1643: 1639: 1633: 1629: 1623: 1618: 1614: 1607: 1598: 1590: 1589: 1588: 1587:according to 1574: 1548: 1538: 1518: 1513: 1503: 1482: 1474: 1458: 1450: 1434: 1408: 1382: 1375: 1372: 1367: 1364: 1358: 1354: 1349: 1346: 1343: 1338: 1331: 1328: 1324: 1319: 1315: 1310: 1307: 1304: 1299: 1292: 1289: 1284: 1275: 1271: 1266: 1263: 1260: 1255: 1248: 1245: 1234: 1230: 1221: 1214: 1210: 1205: 1202: 1199: 1188: 1178: 1168: 1167: 1166: 1164: 1155: 1153: 1151: 1146: 1122: 1115: 1113: 1091: 1062: 1039: 1035: 1023: 1011: 1007: 1004: 1001: 992: 987: 967: 961: 957: 952: 948: 945: 942: 937: 933: 920: 916: 898: 895: 889: 886: 875: 851: 848: 842: 839: 828: 819: 815: 811: 805: 789: 785: 775: 769: 765: 761: 758: 755: 735: 729: 726: 723: 703: 700: 692: 684: 680: 678: 656: 633: 629: 606: 602: 592: 586: 582: 578: 575: 560: 559:Bohr magneton 538: 530: 515: 512: 501: 492: 490: 484: 482: 463: 459: 451: 450: 449: 432: 427: 423: 413: 407: 403: 397: 393: 389: 386: 379: 378: 377: 375: 374:Zeeman effect 356: 353: 347: 344: 333: 309: 306: 300: 297: 286: 262: 257: 233: 230: 224: 221: 210: 186: 183: 177: 174: 163: 139: 136: 130: 127: 120: 116: 108: 103: 97: 93: 91: 87: 83: 79: 75: 71: 70:atomic nuclei 67: 63: 59: 55: 51: 47: 43: 39: 33: 19: 6573:Neuroimaging 6386:Fluorescence 6323: 6245: 6233: 6213:(a misnomer) 6199:Applications 6117:Time-stretch 6073: 6008:paramagnetic 6007: 5826:Fluorescence 5744:Spectroscopy 5666: 5660: 5633: 5627: 5607: 5600: 5591: 5585: 5550: 5546: 5536: 5511: 5507: 5501: 5484: 5480: 5474: 5449: 5445: 5439: 5415:(1): 79–83. 5412: 5408: 5398: 5365: 5361: 5354: 5337: 5333: 5327: 5310: 5304: 5287: 5283: 5277: 5252: 5248: 5242: 5224:10.1142/1854 5215: 5209: 5187:(1): 55–66. 5184: 5180: 5174: 5152:(2): 29–70. 5149: 5145: 5139: 5117:(4): 353–6. 5114: 5110: 5104: 5079: 5075: 5069: 5044: 5040: 5034: 5007: 5003: 4993: 4984: 4975: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4955: 4936: 4931: 4886: 4882: 4872: 4847: 4839: 4812: 4770: 4766: 4760: 4751: 4745: 4736: 4732: 4722: 4646: 4639: 4572: 4570:experiment. 4560:Bloch sphere 4557: 4529: 4469: 4461: 4449: 4437: 4423: 4412: 4391: 4359: 4345: 4321: 4295: 4250: 4240: 4237: 4229: 3891: 3871: 3863: 3851: 3818: 3811: 3795: 3788: 3741: 3719: 3704:) or 4.2 K ( 3694: 3678:paramagnetic 3671: 3655: 3627: 3608:Applications 3412: 3408: 3406: 3384: 3374: 3369: 3365: 3358: 3354: 3342: 3338: 3336: 3333: 3321: 3315: 3308: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3265: 3259: 3252: 3246: 3239: 3232: 3225: 3218: 3211: 3207: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3177:Multiplicity 3172: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3132: 3124: 3120: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3086: 3084: 3057: 2908: 2904: 2892: 2881: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2851: 2844: 2837: 2826: 2815: 2804: 2797: 2790: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2759: 2757: 2655: 2595: 2531: 2322: 2200: 2197: 2191: 2178: 2166: 2116: 2110: 2052: 1700: 1539: 1399: 1159: 1147: 1143: 988: 924: 818:paramagnetic 806: 688: 564: 488: 480: 447: 112: 54:spectroscopy 49: 45: 41: 37: 36: 5785:Vibrational 5487:: 515–520. 5452:(1): 71–9. 5082:(1): 55–9. 4889:: 100–106. 3814:dating tool 3729:spin labels 2574:is denoted 6547:Categories 6381:Absorbance 5991:Two-photon 5893:absorption 5775:Rotational 5313:. ADIPEC. 4715:References 4698:Spin label 4452:Hall probe 4427:circulator 4419:Gunn diode 4353:spin label 3878:pulsed EPR 3825:asphaltene 3742:A type of 3725:biological 3690:reactivity 3451:absorption 3417:halfwidths 2766:but a 3×3 2183:anisotropy 693:of energy 80:physicist 6563:Magnetism 6069:Terahertz 6050:Radiowave 5948:Mössbauer 5390:218993842 5026:1572-9028 4831:945390515 4594:π 4583:Hahn echo 4579:Hahn echo 4489:π 4373:ν 4332:ν 4305:ν 4261:ν 4056:ν 3975:λ 3821:crude oil 3802:microwave 3782:in the 1 3744:dosimetry 3698:cryogenic 3646:F-centers 3634:chemistry 3579:Δ 3560:Δ 3530:Δ 3503:Δ 3465:Δ 3455:resonance 3427:Δ 3146:π 2622:μ 2612:ν 2559:σ 2556:− 2511:σ 2508:− 2483:μ 2450:μ 2433:ν 2391:μ 2374:ν 2351:σ 2331:σ 2302:σ 2299:− 2169:-coupling 2038:α 2018:α 1996:α 1993:− 1989:ν 1936:− 1922:ν 1650:ν 1575:ν 1483:ν 1368:ν 1359:− 1350:⁡ 1325:ϵ 1320:− 1311:⁡ 1282:Δ 1276:− 1267:⁡ 1231:− 1215:− 1206:⁡ 1092:μ 1024:μ 1005:ν 968:μ 949:ν 890:− 776:μ 759:ν 733:Δ 727:ν 704:ν 657:μ 593:μ 573:Δ 539:μ 414:μ 301:− 225:− 6462:Chemical 6235:Category 5964:Electron 5931:Emission 5881:emission 5838:Vibronic 5636:: 1–14. 5466:11339534 5431:22267275 5201:19723580 5166:24174520 4923:29476927 4795:16907490 4656:See also 4415:klystron 4287:, e.g., 3915:Waveband 3842:pyridine 3829:vanadium 2010:, where 1953:, i.e., 6247:Commons 6074:ESR/EPR 6022:Nucleon 5850:(REMPI) 5516:Bibcode 5370:Bibcode 5257:Bibcode 5131:2365951 5096:1848569 4891:Bibcode 4775:Bibcode 3838:heptane 3748:alanine 3721:Medical 3638:physics 3630:biology 3620:in the 2836:. Here 2203:-factor 1685:(Eq. 2) 1471:is the 1447:is the 557:is the 491:-factor 483:-factor 88:at the 6088:Others 5876:Atomic 5673: 5648: 5615: 5464: 5429: 5388: 5230: 5199: 5164: 5129: 5094: 5061:360223 5059: 5024: 4943: 4921: 4860: 4829: 4819: 4793: 4739:: 245. 4637:time. 4577:, the 4562:. The 4446:Magnet 4232:strain 3907:Bruker 3882:qubits 3834:hexane 3772:X-rays 3383:the OC 3162:" or " 2768:matrix 2764:number 2323:where 2194:factor 1701:where 1451:, and 1400:where 1054:where 812:(0.35 691:photon 516:2.0023 487:Landé 448:where 104:Theory 78:Soviet 6029:Alpha 5998:Auger 5976:X-ray 5943:Gamma 5921:X-ray 5854:Raman 5765:Raman 5760:FT-IR 5553:: 4. 5386:S2CID 5057:S2CID 4289:ENDOR 4247:radar 4225:TEMPO 4213:12.8 4044:0.83 3780:doses 3768:gamma 3364:= 23 3282:C(OCH 2086:below 1523:lower 1508:upper 1413:upper 1239:lower 1226:upper 1193:lower 1183:upper 1136:and I 1128:and B 66:spins 44:) or 6350:SAXS 5671:ISBN 5646:ISBN 5613:ISBN 5462:PMID 5427:PMID 5228:ISBN 5197:PMID 5162:PMID 5127:PMID 5092:PMID 5022:ISSN 4967:and 4941:ISBN 4919:PMID 4858:ISBN 4827:OCLC 4817:ISBN 4791:PMID 4668:EDMR 4210:10.2 4186:1.25 4183:0.86 4180:0.54 4177:0.33 4174:0.14 4171:0.11 4168:0.03 4125:360 4014:12.5 3827:and 3770:and 3723:and 3636:and 3379:COCH 2891:and 2850:and 2796:and 2190:The 2153:and 1853:and 1083:and 867:and 648:and 117:and 6453:NMR 6422:NMR 6366:NMR 6324:EPR 6314:NMR 6057:NMR 5638:doi 5555:doi 5524:doi 5489:doi 5454:doi 5417:doi 5413:149 5378:doi 5366:136 5342:doi 5315:doi 5292:doi 5265:doi 5220:doi 5189:doi 5154:doi 5119:doi 5084:doi 5049:doi 5012:doi 4909:hdl 4899:doi 4887:289 4854:380 4783:doi 4575:NMR 4207:6.8 4204:4.9 4201:3.9 4198:3.5 4195:2.7 4192:2.3 4189:1.8 4122:285 4119:190 4116:140 4113:111 4065:GHz 4041:1.1 4038:1.6 4035:2.1 4032:2.7 4029:3.2 4023:4.6 4017:8.5 4002:100 3999:300 3756:)NH 3618:STM 3568:max 3399:). 3078:~ g 3076:iso 3068:iso 3060:iso 2915:iso 2911:iso 2464:eff 2405:eff 2275:eff 2245:eff 2098:or 2094:of 2066:min 1966:min 1886:min 1603:min 1553:min 1347:exp 1308:exp 1264:exp 1203:exp 493:), 202:or 76:by 50:ESR 42:EPR 6549:: 6062:2D 5981:UV 5644:. 5569:^ 5549:. 5545:. 5522:. 5512:46 5510:. 5485:84 5483:. 5460:. 5450:55 5448:. 5425:. 5411:. 5407:. 5384:. 5376:. 5364:. 5338:32 5336:. 5288:34 5286:. 5263:. 5253:15 5251:. 5226:. 5218:. 5195:. 5185:74 5183:. 5160:. 5148:. 5125:. 5115:20 5113:. 5090:. 5080:22 5078:. 5055:. 5045:15 5043:. 5020:. 5008:58 5006:. 5002:. 4917:. 4907:. 4897:. 4885:. 4881:. 4856:. 4825:. 4803:^ 4789:. 4781:. 4771:97 4769:. 4735:. 4731:. 4234:). 4110:95 4107:75 4104:65 4101:50 4098:35 4095:24 4092:15 4089:10 4011:20 4008:30 4005:75 3984:mm 3963:— 3901:, 3876:, 3840:, 3836:, 3784:Gy 3692:. 3666:UV 3648:. 3632:, 3604:. 3395:CH 3355:MI 3212:MI 3200:MI 3113:. 3082:. 2902:. 2895:zz 2884:yy 2880:, 2873:xx 2843:, 2829:zz 2825:+ 2818:yy 2814:+ 2807:xx 2800:zz 2793:yy 2789:, 2786:xx 1980:~ 1900:~ 1165:: 804:. 376:: 92:. 52:) 6282:e 6275:t 6268:v 5736:e 5729:t 5722:v 5679:. 5654:. 5640:: 5621:. 5563:. 5557:: 5551:8 5530:. 5526:: 5518:: 5495:. 5491:: 5468:. 5456:: 5433:. 5419:: 5392:. 5380:: 5372:: 5348:. 5344:: 5321:. 5317:: 5298:. 5294:: 5271:. 5267:: 5259:: 5236:. 5222:: 5203:. 5191:: 5168:. 5156:: 5150:8 5133:. 5121:: 5098:. 5086:: 5063:. 5051:: 5028:. 5014:: 4969:B 4965:A 4961:a 4949:. 4925:. 4911:: 4901:: 4893:: 4866:. 4833:. 4797:. 4785:: 4777:: 4737:9 4623:2 4619:T 4541:Q 4537:Q 4532:Q 4513:) 4505:( 4500:) 4492:( 4486:2 4480:= 4477:Q 4465:Q 4363:1 4360:B 4349:0 4346:B 4322:g 4317:. 4296:h 4251:g 4243:X 4230:g 4153:T 4148:/ 4142:0 4138:B 4086:4 4083:3 4080:1 4060:/ 4026:4 4020:6 3979:/ 3960:J 3957:— 3954:D 3951:F 3948:W 3945:E 3942:V 3939:U 3936:Q 3933:K 3930:P 3927:X 3924:C 3921:S 3918:L 3762:2 3759:+ 3754:3 3662:2 3658:2 3590:s 3587:1 3583:B 3576:2 3573:= 3564:B 3538:h 3534:B 3527:2 3524:= 3519:2 3515:/ 3511:1 3507:B 3481:2 3477:/ 3473:1 3469:B 3435:h 3431:B 3413:x 3409:B 3397:3 3393:2 3388:2 3385:H 3381:2 3377:3 3366:G 3362:H 3359:a 3351:3 3343:M 3339:I 3325:2 3322:I 3319:2 3316:M 3312:1 3309:I 3306:1 3303:M 3299:I 3295:I 3291:) 3287:3 3278:2 3273:H 3269:2 3266:I 3263:2 3260:M 3256:1 3253:I 3250:1 3247:M 3243:2 3240:I 3236:2 3233:M 3229:1 3226:I 3222:1 3219:M 3208:I 3204:3 3196:I 3192:M 3168:B 3164:A 3160:a 3107:g 3103:g 3099:g 3087:g 3080:e 3072:e 3064:e 3041:2 3037:) 3031:z 3028:z 3024:g 3020:( 3017:+ 3012:2 3008:) 3002:y 2999:y 2995:g 2991:( 2988:+ 2983:2 2979:) 2973:x 2970:x 2966:g 2962:( 2959:= 2954:2 2950:) 2943:o 2940:s 2937:i 2932:g 2928:( 2900:0 2897:B 2893:g 2889:0 2886:B 2882:g 2878:0 2875:B 2871:g 2867:z 2865:, 2863:y 2861:, 2859:x 2854:z 2852:B 2847:y 2845:B 2840:x 2838:B 2833:z 2831:B 2827:g 2822:y 2820:B 2816:g 2811:x 2809:B 2805:g 2798:g 2791:g 2784:g 2780:z 2778:, 2776:y 2774:, 2772:x 2760:g 2742:g 2709:e 2705:g 2684:g 2664:g 2641:. 2636:0 2632:B 2626:B 2618:g 2615:= 2609:h 2596:g 2582:g 2562:) 2553:1 2550:( 2545:e 2541:g 2517:. 2514:) 2505:1 2502:( 2497:0 2493:B 2487:B 2477:e 2473:g 2469:= 2460:B 2454:B 2444:e 2440:g 2436:= 2430:h 2401:B 2395:B 2385:e 2381:g 2377:= 2371:h 2308:, 2305:) 2296:1 2293:( 2288:0 2284:B 2280:= 2271:B 2241:B 2218:0 2214:B 2201:g 2192:g 2179:g 2167:J 2132:e 2128:g 2117:g 2102:. 2062:N 1962:N 1939:1 1932:) 1926:2 1916:0 1912:Q 1908:( 1882:N 1861:P 1839:f 1835:k 1814:P 1792:f 1788:k 1761:0 1757:Q 1736:V 1714:1 1710:k 1680:, 1672:2 1668:/ 1664:1 1660:P 1654:2 1644:f 1640:k 1634:0 1630:Q 1624:V 1619:1 1615:k 1608:= 1599:N 1549:N 1519:n 1514:/ 1504:n 1459:T 1435:k 1409:n 1383:) 1376:T 1373:k 1365:h 1355:( 1344:= 1339:) 1332:T 1329:k 1316:( 1305:= 1300:) 1293:T 1290:k 1285:E 1272:( 1261:= 1256:) 1249:T 1246:k 1235:E 1222:E 1211:( 1200:= 1189:n 1179:n 1138:2 1134:1 1130:2 1126:1 1097:N 1068:N 1063:g 1040:0 1036:B 1029:N 1017:N 1012:g 1008:= 1002:h 972:B 962:e 958:g 953:/ 946:h 943:= 938:0 934:B 899:2 896:1 887:= 881:s 876:m 852:2 849:1 843:+ 840:= 834:s 829:m 814:T 810:G 790:0 786:B 780:B 770:e 766:g 762:= 756:h 736:E 730:= 724:h 701:h 661:B 634:e 630:g 607:0 603:B 597:B 587:e 583:g 579:= 576:E 561:. 543:B 513:= 507:e 502:g 489:g 481:g 464:e 460:g 433:, 428:0 424:B 418:B 408:e 404:g 398:s 394:m 390:= 387:E 357:2 354:1 348:+ 345:= 339:s 334:m 310:2 307:1 298:= 292:s 287:m 263:0 258:B 234:2 231:1 222:= 216:s 211:m 187:2 184:1 178:+ 175:= 169:s 164:m 140:2 137:1 131:= 128:s 48:( 40:( 34:. 20:)

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