1036:(e.g., illegal MP3 copies). Several courts have found that merely linking to someone else's website, even if by bypassing commercial advertising, is not copyright or trademark infringement, regardless of how much someone else might object. Linking to illegal or infringing content can be sufficiently problematic to give rise to legal liability. Compare for a summary of the current status of US copyright law as to hyperlinking, see the discussion regarding
823:
37:
29:
1219:
811:
website links to an external page. The intention in that case is to ensure that the person browsing is aware that there is no endorsement of the site being linked to by the site that was linked from. However, the attribute is sometimes overused and can sometimes cause many windows to be created even while browsing a single site.
810:
Creation of new windows is probably the most common use of the "target" attribute. To prevent accidental reuse of a window, the special window names "_blank" and "_new" are usually available, and always cause a new window to be created. It is especially common to see this type of link when one large
157:
that replaces the link anchor within the source document. Not only persons browsing the document may follow hyperlinks. These hyperlinks may also be followed automatically by programs. A program that traverses the hypertext, following each hyperlink and gathering all the retrieved documents is known
918:
together; in addition, it had a visually different kind of hyperlink that caused a popup help message to appear when clicked, usually to give definitions of terms introduced on the help page. The first widely used open protocol that included hyperlinks from any
Internet site to any other Internet
857:
In a series of books and articles published from 1964 through 1980, Nelson transposed Bush's concept of automated cross-referencing into the computer context, made it applicable to specific text strings rather than whole pages, generalized it from a local desk-sized machine to a theoretical
445:
The words that follow identify what is being linked; this is the only part of the code that is ordinarily visible on the screen when the page is rendered, but when the cursor hovers over the link, many browsers display the target URL somewhere on the screen, such as in the lower left-hand
806:
or window, but sites that use frames and multiple windows for navigation can add a special "target" attribute to specify where the link loads. If no window exists with that name, a new window is created with the ID, which can be used to refer to the window later in the browsing session.
1459:. The Ninth Circuit decision in this case is the first important decision of a US court on linking. In it, the Ninth Circuit held the deep linking by Arriba Soft to images on Kelly's website to be legal under the fair use doctrine.
757:
In a typical web browser, this would display as the underlined word "Example" in blue, which when clicked would take the user to the example.com website. This contributes to a clean, easy to read text or document.
882:
working with graduate student Dan
Ostroff designed and implemented the highlighted link in the HyperTIES system in 1983. HyperTIES was used to produce the world's first electronic journal, the July 1988
927:(which could handle Gopher links as well as HTML links). HTML's advantage was the ability to mix graphics, text, and hyperlinks, unlike Gopher, which just had menu-structured text and hyperlinks.
854:) in which one could link any two pages of information into a "trail" of related information, and then scroll back and forth among pages in a trail as if they were on a single microfilm reel.
1349:
657:
motif to indicate a link. In most graphical web browsers, links are displayed in underlined blue text when they have not been visited, but underlined purple text when they have. When the
874:) was the first to implement the hyperlink concept for scrolling within a single document (1966), and soon after for connecting between paragraphs within separate documents (1968), with
1627:
554:
citation index, founding that the median lifespan of Web pages was 9.3 years, and just 62% were archived. The median lifespan of a Web page constitutes high-degree variable, but its
145:
most hyperlinks cause the target document to replace the document being displayed, but some are marked to cause the target document to open in a new window (or, perhaps, in a new
1205:
Multimedia, Hypermedia, and
Virtual Reality: Models, Systems, and Application: First International Conference, MHVR'94, Moscow, Russia September (14–16), 1996. Selected Papers
960:, which incorporate the content in question into the pages of the linking site, making it seem part of the linking site's own content unless an explicit attribution is added.
775:
When the cursor hovers over a link, depending on the browser and graphical user interface, some informative text about the link can be shown, popping up, not in a regular
1203:
979:
was initially convicted in this way of copyright infringement by linking, although this ruling was overturned in 2003. The courts that advocate this view see the mere
1032:, there is a distinction between the mere act of linking to someone else's website, and linking to content that is illegal (e.g., gambling illegal in the US) or
1453:
1037:
936:
1642:
783:, which disappears when the cursor is moved away (sometimes it disappears anyway after a few seconds, and reappears when the cursor is moved away and back).
983:
of a hyperlink that connects to illegal material to be an illegal act in itself, regardless of whether referencing illegal material is illegal. In 2004,
906:
allowed for hyperlinking between various pages within a document, as well as to other documents and separate applications on the same computer. In 1990,
1375:
814:
Another special page name is "_top", which causes any frames in the current window to be cleared away so that browsing can continue in the full window.
1589:
1436:
2142:
531:. Permalinks are often rendered simply, that is, as friendly URLs, so as to be easy for people to type and remember. Permalinks are used in order to
1608:
449:
Typically these words are underlined and colored (for example, blue for a link that has not yet been visited and purple for a link already visited).
183:
displays remote content without the need for embedding the content. The remote content may be accessed with or without the user following the link.
213:. This allows for smaller file sizes and quicker response to changes when the full linked content is not needed, as is the case when rearranging a
1663:
Weinreich, Harald; Hartmut
Obendorf; Winfried Lamersdorf (2001). "The look of the link - concepts for the user interface of extended hyperlinks".
1615:, Decision of February 21, 2006, Case No. CV 04-9484 AHM (CD Cal. 2/21/06), CRI 2006, 76–88 No liability for thumbnail links to infringing content
1561:
1341:
858:
proprietary worldwide computer network, and advocated the creation of such a network. Though Nelson's Xanadu
Corporation was eventually funded by
329:(also known as a "one-to-many" link, an "extended link" or a "multi-tailed link") is a hyperlink which leads to multiple endpoints; the link is a
1318:
1729:
1292:
956:
or other entry point designated by the site owner, but to content elsewhere, allowing the user to bypass the site's own designated flow, and
1624:
1469:
1241:
717:
with the attribute "href" (HREF is an abbreviation for "Hypertext REFerence") and optionally also the attributes "title", "target", and "
289:
may have each country hyperlinked to further information about that country. A separate invisible hot area interface allows for swapping
141:
The effect of following a hyperlink may vary with the hypertext system and may sometimes depend on the link itself; for instance, on the
2198:
250:(in any of various ways), which is why a link to a fragment is called an anchor link (that is, a link to an anchor). For example, in
1690:
1213:
1059:
applied for by its owner, Ronald
Neville Langford, around the world relating to search techniques using hyperlinked images to other
945:, some websites object to being linked by other websites; some have claimed that linking to them is not allowed without permission.
111:, many words and terms in the text are hyperlinked to definitions of those terms. Hyperlinks are often used to implement reference
1180:
595:
with a "name" or "id" attribute at that position of the HTML document. The URL of the position is the URL of the webpage with a
527:
are URLs that are intended to remain unchanged for many years into the future, yielding hyperlinks that are less susceptible to
532:
1151:
1405:
475:
1503:
1270:
862:
in the 1980s, it never created this proprietary public-access network. Meanwhile, working independently, a team led by
1515:
1427:
229:. The fragment is generally a portion of text or a heading, though not necessarily. For instance, it may also be a
285:
One way to define a hot area in an image is by a list of coordinates that indicate its boundaries. For example, a
2002:
1722:
884:
546:
The scientific literature is a place where link persistence is crucial to the public knowledge. A 2013 study in
317:
Hyperlink is embedded into e-mail address and allows visitors to send an e-mail message to this e-mail address.
134:
In some hypertext, hyperlinks can be bidirectional: they can be followed in two directions, so both ends act as
803:
580:
259:
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such as the "rel" attribute which specifies the relationship between the current document and linked document.
1371:
2177:
1586:
650:
112:
1982:
1828:
1668:
1033:
718:
643:
610:" can be replaced with syntax that references a page number or another element of the PDF, for example, "#
293:
or labels within the linked hot areas without repetitive embedding of links in the various skin elements.
1605:
2060:
911:
875:
498:
describes hyperlinks that offer a far greater degree of functionality than those offered in HTML. These
1558:
1118:
1310:
895:
and Greg
Kearsley used HyperTIES to publish "Hypertext Hands-On!", the world's first electronic book.
225:
An anchor hyperlink (anchor link) is a link bound to a portion of a document, which is often called a
1715:
1077:
1052:
924:
519:
638:, or with certain symbols following to visualize link target or document types. This is also called
1951:
1941:
1863:
1673:
1098:
792:
670:
596:
330:
194:
186:
An inline link may display a modified version of the content; for instance, instead of an image, a
32:
An example of a hyperlink as commonly seen in a web browser, with a mouse pointer hovering above it
20:
355:
saw the possibility of using hyperlinks to link any information to any other information over the
103:
The document containing a hyperlink is known as its source document. For example, in content from
2203:
2087:
2027:
2012:
1919:
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1858:
1757:
1696:
776:
555:
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286:
206:
124:
311:
Hyperlink is embedded into a text or an image and takes visitors to another part of a web page.
205:
section may be shown. The full content is then usually available on demand, as is the case with
1342:"The growing problem of Internet 'link rot' and best practices for media and online publishers"
2032:
1987:
1752:
1686:
1476:
1233:
1209:
920:
863:
827:
795:, and many other web browsers all show the URL. In addition, the URL is commonly shown in the
788:
665:) the browser displays the link's target. If the target is not an HTML file, depending on the
510:, which are unidirectional and therefore offer no more functionality than hyperlinks in HTML.
226:
2172:
2111:
2096:
1899:
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1772:
1738:
1678:
1596:, District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, Decision of July 28, 2004, 03 C 3231
822:
658:
371:
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61:
57:
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2017:
1972:
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784:
591:, or other resource, or to a position in a webpage. The latter is achieved by means of an
536:
352:
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65:
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2007:
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108:
72:. A hyperlink points to a whole document or to a specific element within a document.
1700:
36:
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154:
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135:
1531:
Ford Motor
Company v. 2600 Enterprises, 177 F.Supp.2d 661 (EDMi December 20, 2001)
104:
2137:
2106:
2055:
1992:
1818:
1549:
Ticketmaster Corp. v. Tickets.Com, Inc., No. 99-07654 (CD Calif. March 27, 2000)
1401:
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1103:
980:
915:
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714:
687:
623:
263:
214:
163:
77:
69:
28:
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The HTML code contains some or all of the five main characteristics of a link:
506:, remove linking from, within, and between XML documents. It can also describe
2101:
1946:
1853:
1009:
1004:
871:
835:
796:
747:
To embed a link into a web page, blogpost, or comment, it may take this form:
128:
1707:
1262:
626:
usually displays a hyperlink in some distinguishing way, e.g. in a different
299:
Hyperlink is embedded into a word or a phrase and makes this text clickable.
138:
and as targets. More complex arrangements exist, such as many-to-many links.
2162:
2157:
2039:
1977:
1848:
1823:
1808:
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968:
953:
903:
666:
524:
236:
187:
116:
73:
45:
282:, the hash character (#) precedes the name of the anchor for the fragment.
1682:
1470:"The prosecution of Taiwan sexuality researcher and activist Josephine Ho"
1997:
1934:
1868:
1833:
1798:
1782:
1123:
1108:
1093:
1072:
1060:
859:
635:
540:
528:
479:
471:
356:
80:. A software system that is used for viewing and creating hypertext is a
1540:
American Civil
Liberties Union v. Miller, 977 F.Supp. 1228 (ND Ga. 1997)
2022:
1956:
1904:
914:, had widespread use of hyperlinks to link different pages in a single
588:
923:
from 1991. It was soon eclipsed by HTML after the 1993 release of the
1056:
988:
40:
Visual abstraction of several documents being connected by hyperlinks
305:
Hyperlink is embedded into an image and makes this image clickable.
1577:
Universal City
Studios Inc v Reimerdes, 111 FSupp2d 294 (DCNY 2000)
1665:
Proceedings of the 12th ACM conference on Hypertext and Hypermedia
1202:
Brusilovski, Peter; Kommers, Piet; Streitz, Norbert (1996-05-15).
1013:
851:
821:
627:
495:
76:
is text with hyperlinks. The text that is linked from is known as
35:
27:
987:
was acquitted of 'hyperlinks that corrupt traditional values' in
941:
While hyperlinking among webpages is an intrinsic feature of the
1499:
654:
631:
364:
279:
240:
1711:
850:. In the essay, Bush described a microfilm-based machine (the
761:
By default, browsers will usually display hyperlinks as such:
491:
435:
427:
274:
apps, anchors can be inserted where desired and may be called
251:
975:, but are devices for copying web pages. In the Netherlands,
642:. The behavior and style of links can be specified using the
359:. Hyperlinks were therefore integral to the creation of the
363:. Web pages are written in the hypertext mark-up language
834:
The term "link" was coined in 1965 (or possibly 1964) by
649:
In a graphical user interface, the appearance of a mouse
550:
analyzed 15,000 links in abstracts from Thomson Reuters'
967:, it is or has been held that hyperlinks are not merely
887:, which was cited as the source for the link concept in
1402:"Making a Server ("HREF" is for "hypertext reference")"
1559:
Intellectual Reserve v. Utah Lighthouse Ministry, Inc.
1234:"The Anchor element - HTML: HyperText Markup Language"
752:<a href="https://example.com/">Example</a>
673:, another program may be activated to open the file.
661:
activates the link (e.g., by clicking on it with the
606:
When linking to PDF documents from an HTML page the "
2130:
2084:
2048:
1965:
1877:
1791:
1745:
243:), a designated, often irregular part of an image.
370:This is what a hyperlink to the home page of the
1587:Comcast of Illinois X LLC v. Hightech Elec. Inc.
891:'s Spring 1989 manifesto for the Web. In 1988,
765:An unvisited link is usually blue and underlined
566:A link from one domain to another is said to be
417:The hyperlink starts with an anchor opening tag
19:For help creating links on Knowledge (XXG), see
768:A visited link is usually purple and underlined
482:as vertices and hyperlinks, as directed edges.
1435:(1 ed.). Apple Computer Inc. p. 49.
1002:, claiming that Prodigy infringed its patent (
431:for the page. (The URL is enclosed in quotes.)
258:provides anchoring capability (as long as the
1723:
1293:"HTML, Web Browsers, and Other Paraphernalia"
937:Copyright aspects of hyperlinking and framing
8:
771:An active link is usually red and underlined
442:, marking the end of the anchor opening tag.
270:is a typical example of implementing it. In
1730:
1716:
1708:
1311:"Definition of Permanent Link (Permalink)"
1263:"XML Linking Language (XLink) Version 1.0"
92:). A user following hyperlinks is said to
16:Method of referencing visual computer data
2143:List of graphical user interface elements
1672:
1208:. Springer Science & Business Media.
543:, blog post or any online digital media.
209:software – e.g., with an
1020:'s patent did not cover web hyperlinks.
579:The most common destination anchor is a
1352:from the original on September 19, 2014
1135:
587:. This can refer to a document, e.g. a
1378:from the original on September 8, 2016
802:Normally, a link opens in the current
1321:from the original on November 1, 2018
421:, and includes a hyperlink reference
7:
1643:All your Interwibble is belong to us
1504:Hyperlink patent case fails to click
1372:"The Average Lifespan of a Webpage"
409:This HTML code consists of several
1273:from the original on July 17, 2021
826:Douglas Engelbart and his team at
14:
1340:W. Kille, Leighton (2015-10-09).
1183:from the original on May 26, 2021
952:, which do not point to a site's
153:, for which the link target is a
1625:TelecomTV – TelecomTV One – News
1475:. Sex.ncu.edu.tw. Archived from
1442:from the original on 2018-01-23.
1222:from the original on 2018-02-07.
463:tag can also consist of various
456:) terminates the hyperlink code.
1568:, 75 FSupp2d 1290 (D Utah 1999)
1426:(Atkinson, Bill?) (1987). "3".
1408:from the original on 2012-10-25
1244:from the original on 2022-08-30
1154:from the original on 2022-09-08
1016:found for Prodigy, ruling that
842:. Nelson had been inspired by "
391:"https://www.w3.org/"
84:, and to create a hyperlink is
948:Contentious in particular are
738:" class="db-PGkbGluayBjbA">
603:" – appended.
374:could look like in HTML code:
262:or schema defines it), and in
64:can follow or be guided to by
1:
1516:Cybertelecom:: Legal to Link?
618:Link behavior in web browsers
1890:Head-up display in computing
910:, which was introduced with
337:Uses in various technologies
115:such as tables of contents,
56:, is a digital reference to
1008:) on web hyperlinks. After
846:", a popular 1945 essay by
669:and on the browser and its
570:from its source anchor and
562:How hyperlinks work in HTML
558:usually is of some months.
2222:
2199:Graphical control elements
1739:Graphical control elements
1522:. Retrieved June 11, 2012.
1051:Somewhat controversially,
934:
683:("href" pointing to a URL)
517:
423:href="https://www.w3.org/"
348:HTML element § Anchor
345:
246:Fragments are marked with
149:). Another possibility is
18:
1238:Mozilla Developer Network
898:Released in 1987 for the
885:Communications of the ACM
452:The anchor closing tag (
396:W3C organization website
376:
2178:Zoomable user interface
1346:journalistsresource.org
902:, the database program
287:political map of Africa
1983:Client-side decoration
1429:Hypercard User's Guide
831:
644:Cascading Style Sheets
494:recommendation called
41:
33:
2061:Breadcrumb navigation
1683:10.1145/504216.504225
1055:has tried to enforce
1005:U.S. patent 4,873,662
912:Microsoft Windows 3.0
825:
599: – "#
39:
31:
1606:Perfect 10 v. Google
1374:. November 8, 2011.
1053:Vuestar Technologies
539:readers to the same
520:Digital preservation
1482:on February 8, 2012
1099:Object hyperlinking
779:, but in a special
597:fragment identifier
331:set-valued function
309:Bookmark hyperlink.
21:Help:Contents/Links
1920:Progress indicator
1895:HUD in video games
1649:, 21 February 2009
1630:2008-12-23 at the
1611:2008-12-17 at the
1592:2008-12-17 at the
1564:2008-12-20 at the
1506:. August 23, 2002.
1119:Xenu's Link Sleuth
832:
653:may change into a
556:order of magnitude
548:BMC Bioinformatics
42:
34:
2186:
2185:
2033:Window decoration
1988:Disclosure widget
1792:Data input-output
1753:Adjustment handle
1173:"Tabbed browsing"
864:Douglas Engelbart
315:E-mail hyperlink.
256:<anchor />"
155:document fragment
2211:
2131:Related concepts
2112:Inspector window
2097:Alert dialog box
2090:
1993:Frame / Fieldset
1773:Hamburger button
1732:
1725:
1718:
1709:
1704:
1676:
1650:
1645:, Silvie Barak,
1640:
1634:
1622:
1616:
1603:
1597:
1584:
1578:
1575:
1569:
1556:
1550:
1547:
1541:
1538:
1532:
1529:
1523:
1520:Internet Archive
1513:
1507:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1488:
1487:
1481:
1474:
1466:
1460:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1434:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1413:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1299:on July 4, 2013.
1295:. Archived from
1289:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1249:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1179:. Dec 31, 2020.
1169:
1163:
1162:
1160:
1159:
1140:
1007:
838:at the start of
753:
743:
715:HTML element "a"
681:link destination
646:(CSS) language.
504:multidirectional
405:
402:
399:
395:
392:
389:
386:
383:
380:
372:W3C organization
303:Image hyperlink.
269:
257:
207:print publishing
82:hypertext system
2221:
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2214:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2209:
2208:
2189:
2188:
2187:
2182:
2126:
2085:
2080:
2076:Virtual desktop
2044:
1961:
1873:
1787:
1741:
1736:
1693:
1662:
1659:
1657:Further reading
1654:
1653:
1641:
1637:
1632:Wayback Machine
1623:
1619:
1613:Wayback Machine
1604:
1600:
1594:Wayback Machine
1585:
1581:
1576:
1572:
1566:Wayback Machine
1557:
1553:
1548:
1544:
1539:
1535:
1530:
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1514:
1510:
1498:
1494:
1485:
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1468:
1467:
1463:
1451:
1447:
1439:
1432:
1425:
1424:
1420:
1411:
1409:
1398:Tim Berners-Lee
1396:
1395:
1391:
1381:
1379:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1355:
1353:
1339:
1338:
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1166:
1157:
1155:
1142:
1141:
1137:
1132:
1069:
1018:British Telecom
1003:
996:British Telecom
939:
933:
921:Gopher protocol
900:Apple Macintosh
893:Ben Shneiderman
889:Tim Berners-Lee
880:Ben Shneiderman
844:As We May Think
820:
785:Mozilla Firefox
751:
725:
640:link decoration
620:
576:to its target.
564:
522:
516:
488:
438:is followed by
407:
406:
403:
400:
397:
393:
390:
387:
384:
381:
378:
353:Tim Berners-Lee
350:
344:
339:
323:
297:Text hyperlink.
268:{{anchor|name}}
267:
255:
223:
177:
172:
105:Knowledge (XXG)
100:the hypertext.
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2219:
2218:
2215:
2207:
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2201:
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1844:Radio button
1839:List builder
1814:Cycle button
1804:Color picker
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1647:The Inquirer
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1147:
1144:"HTML Links"
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1114:URI fragment
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993:
985:Josephine Ho
977:Karin Spaink
962:
958:inline links
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931:Legal issues
908:Windows Help
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86:to hyperlink
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2138:File viewer
2107:File dialog
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1819:Date picker
1518: The
1455:Arriba Soft
1104:Overlinking
1078:Dereference
1040:Arriba Soft
981:publication
963:In certain
736:link target
721:" or "id":
699:link target
624:web browser
264:wiki markup
215:page layout
181:inline link
88:(or simply
78:anchor text
2193:Categories
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1966:Containers
1947:Status bar
1854:Search box
1502:News.com,
1486:2012-10-25
1412:2012-10-25
1248:2021-10-13
1158:2019-05-21
1130:References
1080:(operator)
1044:Perfect 10
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1010:litigation
969:references
950:deep links
872:programmer
836:Ted Nelson
797:status bar
742:</a>
740:link label
734:" target="
732:link title
704:link class
694:link title
688:link label
525:Permalinks
514:Permalinks
465:attributes
454:</a>
129:glossaries
113:mechanisms
2204:Hypertext
2163:Scrolling
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2066:Hyperlink
2040:Workspace
1978:Tree view
1973:Accordion
1849:Scrollbar
1824:Grid view
1809:Combo box
1669:CiteSeerX
1148:W3Schools
994:In 2000,
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916:help file
904:HyperCard
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480:web pages
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203:magnified
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158:as a Web
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74:Hypertext
60:that the
50:hyperlink
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2086:Special
1998:Menu bar
1935:Throbber
1869:Text box
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1628:Archived
1609:Archived
1590:Archived
1562:Archived
1437:Archived
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1376:Archived
1350:Archived
1319:Archived
1277:July 26,
1271:Archived
1242:Archived
1220:Archived
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1181:Archived
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1124:Nofollow
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1067:See also
1061:websites
860:Autodesk
612:page=386
568:outbound
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537:redirect
529:link rot
472:Webgraph
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2008:Popover
1957:Tooltip
1942:Sidebar
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1864:Spinner
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1382:Oct 31,
1356:Oct 30,
1325:Oct 31,
1057:patents
1000:Prodigy
818:History
708:link id
671:plugins
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573:inbound
502:can be
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425:to the
248:anchors
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1900:Icon
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1500:CNET
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