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319:(MMOD) impacts are simulated on spacecraft components and shields allowing designers to test threats posed by the growing orbital debris environment and evolve shield technology to stay one step ahead. At RHTL, four two-stage light-gas guns propel 0.05 to 22.2 mm (0.0020 to 0.8740 in) diameter projectiles to velocities as fast as 8.5 km/s (5.3 mi/s).
249:
programs. Given the intrinsic unpredictability of the timing and trajectories of meteors, space capsules are prime data gathering opportunities for the study of thermal protection materials at hypervelocity (in this context, hypervelocity is defined as greater than
297:. The vaporization upon impact and liquification of surfaces allow metal projectiles formed under hypervelocity forces to penetrate vehicle armor better than conventional bullets.
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and target. For structural metals, hypervelocity is generally considered to be over 2,500 m/s (5,600 mph, 9,000 km/h, 8,200 ft/s, or Mach 7.3).
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285:, or between meteorites and planetary bodies), or they may be performed in laboratories. Currently, the primary tool for laboratory experiments is a
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cannot be detected on radar. This has prompted spacecraft designers to develop shields to protect spacecraft from unavoidable collisions. At RHTL,
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to accelerate projectiles to hypervelocity. The properties of metals under hypervelocity have been integrated with weapons, such as
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the muzzle velocity must meet or exceed 3,350 ft/s (1021.08 m/s) to be considered hypervelocity, and the threshold for
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8.8). In particular, hypervelocity is velocity so high that the strength of materials upon impact is very small compared to
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The "energy flash" of a hypervelocity impact during a laboratory simulation of what happens when a piece of
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The aftermath of a hypervelocity impact, with a projectile the same size as the one that impacted for scale
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a muzzle velocity of 5,000 ft/s (1524 m/s) or greater is considered hypervelocity, while for
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of a weapon system, with the exact definition dependent upon the weapon in question. When discussing
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218:) can result in anything from minor component degradation to the complete destruction of a
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behave alike under hypervelocity impact. An impact under extreme hypervelocity results in
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The term "hypervelocity" refers to velocities in the range from a few kilometers per
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can be studied by examining the results of naturally occurring collisions (between
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to some tens of kilometers per second. This is especially relevant in the field of
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or missile. The impactor, as well as the surface it hits, can undergo temporary
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254:). Given the rarity of such observation opportunities since the 1970s, the
564:"Technology for Innovative Entrepreneurs & Businesses | TechLink"
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SRC reentry have spawned observation campaigns, most notably at NASA's
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Remote
Hypervelocity Test Laboratory (RHTL). Objects smaller than a
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2003:
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and military use of space, where hypervelocity impacts (e.g. by
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spacecraft by 6,500 feet (2 000 m) (destructive reentry)
29:
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discharges, which can interfere with spacecraft electronics.
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Sample Return
Capsule (SRC) reentries as well as the recent
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Impact depth#Newton's approximation for the impact depth
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Fastest man-made reentry on record (successful landing)
163:(11,000 km/h, 6,700 mph, 10,000 ft/s, or
303:
studies the effects of simulated orbital debris at the
822:
Self-indication assumption doomsday argument rebuttal
748:
Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments
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and deep space reentries, as carried out during the
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60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1876:List of apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction
1774:List of dates predicted for apocalyptic events
434:cannons is 3,500 ft/s (1066.8 m/s).
779:Existential risk from artificial intelligence
606:
8:
194:are also examples of hypervelocity impacts.
827:Self-referencing doomsday argument rebuttal
1127:
930:Climate change and civilizational collapse
890:
613:
599:
591:
501:Critical technologies for national defense
498:Air Force Institute of Technology (1991).
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1933:Centre for the Study of Existential Risk
1871:Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction
578:"Dictionary of United States Army Terms"
326:
490:
526:"Remote Hypervelocity Test Laboratory"
7:
950:Tipping points in the climate system
583:. Federation of American Scientists.
233:Hypervelocity usually occurs during
58:adding citations to reliable sources
945:Extinction risk from climate change
844:New World Order (conspiracy theory)
1905:List of fictional doomsday devices
403:Other definitions of hypervelocity
226:. The impact process can generate
25:
925:Cataclysmic pole shift hypothesis
289:, but some experiments have used
2041:
2040:
2028:
1186:Decline in amphibian populations
34:
1537:Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse
1034:Land surface effects on climate
1007:Human impact on the environment
638:Future of an expanding universe
358:Crashed (drogue chute failure)
45:needs additional citations for
1:
1483:Interpretations of Revelation
1285:Cosmological phase transition
1191:Decline in insect populations
643:Ultimate fate of the universe
295:explosively formed penetrator
1938:Future of Humanity Institute
1335:Potentially hazardous object
1235:Interplanetary contamination
323:Hypervelocity reentry events
1818:Nemesis (hypothetical star)
967:Global terrestrial stilling
159:, approximately over 3,000
2133:
1330:Asteroid impact prediction
1305:Heat death of the universe
715:Mutual assured destruction
140:hits a spacecraft in orbit
2022:
1948:Nuclear Threat Initiative
1881:List of apocalyptic films
1724:2011 end times prediction
1456:Prophecy of Seventy Weeks
1451:Abomination of desolation
1325:Asteroid impact avoidance
1155:List of extinction events
997:Environmental degradation
784:Technological singularity
628:
622:Global catastrophic risks
474:Kinetic energy penetrator
305:White Sands Test Facility
1943:Future of Life Institute
1845:Resurrection of the dead
1838:Post-tribulation rapture
1220:Colony collapse disorder
444:2009 satellite collision
769:Artificial intelligence
1898:List of disaster films
1739:Apocalyptic literature
839:Malthusian catastrophe
765:Synthetic intelligence
415:can also refer to the
149:
141:
1280:Coronal mass ejection
742:Electromagnetic pulse
703:Kinetic energy weapon
504:. AIAA. p. 287.
147:
135:
2112:Spaceflight concepts
1682:War of Gog and Magog
1359:Near-Earth supernova
1109:Human overpopulation
913:Mass mortality event
807:Anthropogenic hazard
268:Ames Research Center
54:improve this article
18:Hypervelocity impact
2102:Physical quantities
1754:Blood moon prophecy
1547:Number of the Beast
1145:Holocene extinction
1091:Earth Overshoot Day
1039:Ocean acidification
1002:Habitat destruction
992:Ecological collapse
698:Kinetic bombardment
633:Future of the Earth
449:Hypersonic aircraft
2069:Doomsday scenarios
1635:Beast of the Earth
1527:Book of Revelation
1315:Virtual black hole
1295:False vacuum decay
1245:Pollinator decline
1208:Biological warfare
1198:Biotechnology risk
1049:Resource depletion
464:Hypervelocity star
409:United States Army
150:
142:
27:Very high velocity
2097:Materials science
2079:
2078:
1910:Zombie apocalypse
1811:Postmillennialism
1606:Great Tribulation
1379:Stellar collision
1340:Near-Earth object
1290:Geomagnetic storm
1258:
1257:
1181:Biodiversity loss
1165:Genetic pollution
1119:
1118:
908:Biodiversity loss
871:Societal collapse
849:Nuclear holocaust
834:Economic collapse
817:Doomsday argument
735:Antimatter weapon
479:Terminal velocity
454:Hypersonic flight
407:According to the
400:
399:
208:space exploration
161:meters per second
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
2124:
2044:
2043:
2035:World portal
2033:
2032:
1994:Financial crisis
1823:Nibiru cataclysm
1801:Premillennialism
1645:Dhul-Suwayqatayn
1613:Son of perdition
1601:Olivet Discourse
1577:Whore of Babylon
1203:Biological agent
1150:Human extinction
1140:Extinction event
1128:
1099:Overexploitation
1029:Land consumption
1024:Land degradation
891:
753:Micro black hole
661:Chemical warfare
615:
608:
601:
592:
585:
584:
582:
574:
568:
567:
560:
554:
553:
540:
534:
533:
528:. Archived from
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344:8 September 2004
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214:or an attacking
171:stresses. Thus,
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38:
30:
21:
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2131:
2127:
2126:
2125:
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2122:
2121:
2082:
2081:
2080:
2075:
2054:Future problems
2027:
2018:
1952:
1921:
1888:Climate fiction
1854:
1729:2012 phenomenon
1712:
1618:Sheep and Goats
1505:2 Thessalonians
1383:
1300:Gamma-ray burst
1254:
1169:
1160:Genetic erosion
1115:
1085:
1076:Water pollution
1044:Ozone depletion
940:Desertification
880:
795:
730:Doomsday device
710:Nuclear warfare
649:
624:
619:
589:
588:
580:
576:
575:
571:
562:
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557:
552:. 10 June 2010.
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512:
497:
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440:
417:muzzle velocity
405:
363:15 January 2006
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279:micrometeorites
252:escape velocity
200:
126:
115:
109:
106:
69:"Hypervelocity"
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51:
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28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
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5:
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2083:
2077:
2076:
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2071:
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2061:
2056:
2051:
2049:Apocalypticism
2038:
2023:
2020:
2019:
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2011:
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1996:
1991:
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1907:
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1901:
1900:
1893:Disaster films
1890:
1885:
1884:
1883:
1878:
1868:
1866:Alien invasion
1862:
1860:
1856:
1855:
1853:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1841:
1840:
1835:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1814:
1813:
1808:
1806:Amillennialism
1803:
1793:
1791:Millenarianism
1788:
1787:
1786:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1744:Apocalypticism
1741:
1736:
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1726:
1720:
1718:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1710:
1709:
1708:
1698:
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1690:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1669:
1668:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1640:Dhu al-Qarnayn
1637:
1632:
1622:
1621:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1609:
1608:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1586:Great Apostasy
1583:
1582:
1581:
1580:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
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1502:
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1492:
1487:
1486:
1485:
1475:
1465:
1460:
1459:
1458:
1453:
1443:
1433:
1431:Last Judgement
1428:
1427:
1426:
1421:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1404:
1393:
1391:
1389:Eschatological
1385:
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1371:
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1354:
1349:
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1205:
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1188:
1177:
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1170:
1168:
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1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1136:
1134:
1125:
1121:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1114:
1113:
1112:
1111:
1104:Overpopulation
1101:
1095:
1093:
1087:
1086:
1084:
1083:
1081:Water scarcity
1078:
1073:
1068:
1067:
1066:
1056:
1054:Sea level rise
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1020:
1019:
1017:on marine life
1014:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
972:Global warming
969:
964:
962:Global dimming
959:
954:
953:
952:
942:
937:
932:
927:
922:
920:Cascade effect
917:
916:
915:
905:
899:
897:
895:Climate change
888:
882:
881:
879:
878:
873:
868:
867:
866:
861:
856:
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841:
836:
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786:
781:
776:
762:
761:
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755:
745:
739:
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737:
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727:
725:Doomsday Clock
722:
717:
707:
706:
705:
695:
690:
685:
684:
683:
678:
676:Cyberterrorism
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663:
657:
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629:
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603:
595:
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586:
569:
555:
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532:on 2012-04-04.
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364:
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359:
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353:
345:
341:
340:
337:
334:
331:
324:
321:
317:orbital debris
313:micrometeoroid
273:Hypervelocity
235:meteor showers
199:
196:
138:orbital debris
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2129:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2107:Space hazards
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2064:Risk analysis
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2039:
2037:
2036:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2021:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2009:Social crisis
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
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1980:
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1961:
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1926:Organizations
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1916:
1913:
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1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
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1891:
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1879:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1857:
1851:
1850:World to come
1848:
1846:
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1834:
1831:
1830:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1797:
1796:Millennialism
1794:
1792:
1789:
1785:
1784:Messianic Age
1782:
1781:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1769:Gog and Magog
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1759:Earth Changes
1757:
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1750:
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1745:
1742:
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1623:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1596:New Jerusalem
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1572:War in Heaven
1570:
1568:
1567:Two witnesses
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1555:
1553:
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1548:
1545:
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1538:
1535:
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1520:
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1513:
1511:
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1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1479:
1476:
1474:
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1436:Second Coming
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791:Transhumanism
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654:Technological
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511:1-56347-009-8
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413:hypervelocity
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392:Leading main
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291:linear motors
288:
287:light-gas gun
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155:is very high
154:
153:Hypervelocity
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110:November 2021
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
2026:
1969:Cyberwarfare
1687:Third Temple
1542:Lake of fire
1352:Rogue planet
1320:Impact event
1310:Proton decay
1263:Astronomical
1213:Bioterrorism
1059:Supervolcano
957:Flood basalt
903:Anoxic event
812:Collapsology
800:Sociological
671:Cyberwarfare
572:
558:
547:
538:
530:the original
520:
500:
493:
412:
406:
380:13 June 2010
336:Speed (km/s)
299:
272:
232:
224:liquefaction
212:space debris
201:
181:vaporization
152:
151:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
2045:Categories
2014:Survivalism
1701:Zoroastrian
1557:Seven seals
1552:Seven bowls
1478:Historicism
1374:Solar flare
1250:Overfishing
1225:Defaunation
1012:coral reefs
774:AI takeover
693:Nanoweapons
681:Cybergeddon
666:Cyberattack
544:"Space.com"
2086:Categories
1974:Depression
1964:Ransomware
1779:Messianism
1749:Armageddon
1734:Apocalypse
1522:Antichrist
1510:Man of sin
1407:Three Ages
1270:Big Crunch
1132:Extinction
1124:Biological
886:Ecological
758:Strangelet
485:References
459:Hypersonic
421:small arms
283:spacecraft
275:collisions
220:spacecraft
216:projectile
80:newspapers
2092:Collision
1859:Fictional
1706:Saoshyant
1591:New Earth
1562:The Beast
1495:Preterism
1468:Christian
1424:Kali Yuga
1369:Micronova
1364:Hypernova
1230:Dysgenics
1071:Verneshot
977:Hypercane
720:Dead Hand
549:Space.com
432:artillery
189:Meteorite
2117:Velocity
1999:Pandemic
1984:Epidemic
1979:Droughts
1833:Prewrath
1764:End time
1630:Al-Qa'im
1515:Katechon
1500:2 Esdras
1490:Idealism
1473:Futurism
1402:Maitreya
1397:Buddhist
1240:Pandemic
688:Gray goo
438:See also
394:Hayabusa
384:Hayabusa
367:Stardust
309:softball
264:Hayabusa
260:Stardust
198:Overview
185:impactor
169:inertial
157:velocity
2059:Hazards
1957:General
1828:Rapture
1677:Messiah
1665:Sufyani
1655:Israfil
1625:Islamic
1463:Messiah
1441:1 Enoch
1275:Big Rip
987:Ecocide
982:Ice age
428:cannons
348:Genesis
256:Genesis
192:craters
183:of the
94:scholar
1989:Famine
1915:Zombie
1717:Others
1672:Jewish
1650:Dajjal
1532:Events
1446:Daniel
1347:winter
1174:Others
1064:winter
864:winter
859:famine
854:cobalt
508:
339:Notes
243:Apollo
228:plasma
204:second
177:fluids
173:metals
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
2004:Riots
1696:Norse
1660:Mahdi
1419:Kalki
1414:Hindu
744:(EMP)
581:(PDF)
372:12.79
355:11.04
333:Event
101:JSTOR
87:books
506:ISBN
425:tank
389:12.2
330:Date
315:and
301:NASA
281:and
258:and
247:Luna
245:and
239:Zond
175:and
165:Mach
73:news
386:SRC
369:SRC
351:SRC
56:by
2088::
767:/
546:.
411:,
270:.
241:,
614:e
607:t
600:v
566:.
514:.
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
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