826:
types of host plants, they are able to create webs at many different elevations and of many different shapes, and they spread very quickly. In addition, the fall webworm tends to create many webs or defoliate plants in places that humans spend time, such as recreational areas and parks; fall webworms tend to create their webs on branches and therefore defoliate parts of the tree that are very visible and draw attention. There have been methods with trying to control this organism, such as physical removal or chemical methods; however, there are some issues with these options because physical removal can be challenging with certain types of trees (based on factors like how tall the tree is, what its function is, where it is located), and the side effects of chemicals (such as important pollinators dying and therefore not being able to perform their functions). New, effective methods are needed to control this organism; Wang
605:
66:
53:
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678:) is able to maintain a warm temperature of about 40-50 °C, which allows the larvae to grow and develop faster. Inside the web, there is a temperature difference because the central part tends to have a higher temperature, while the back part tends to have a lower temperature. However, a web's heat trapping process is not always stable; wind can disturb the heat trapping.
581:
452:. Very young larvae feed only on the upper surfaces of leaves; later, they consume whole leaves. The larval stage lasts about four to six weeks. Larvae are known to wiggle vigorously at periodic intervals in synchrony. How they synchronize these movements especially when distributed over a wide area has not been established.
443:
are highly variable in coloration, ranging from a pale yellow to dark grey, with yellow spots and long and short bristles. There are two cream stripes along the sides. The two races—one more common in the north, the other in the south—differ in head capsule coloration. The maximum length
1004:
Lopez-Vaamonde, C.; Agassiz, D.; Augustin, S.; De Prins, J.; De Prins, W.; Gomboc, S.; Ivinskis, P.; Karsholt, O.; Koutroumpas, A.; Koutroumpa, F.; Laštůvka, Z. K.; Marabuto, E.; Olivella, E.; Przybylowicz, L.; Roques, A.; Ryrholm, N.; Sefrova, H.; Sima, P.; Sims, I.; Sinev, S.; Skulev, B.; Tomov,
825:
The fall webworm’s interaction with humans is important because of how adaptable this species is, which is one of the main reasons that it spread so widely across the world. Fall webworms are able to forage on large amounts of leaves inside their web, they are able to create webs on many different
484:
The adult is mostly white in the North
America regions, but in the south it may be marked with black or brown spots on the forewings. It is quite 'hairy' and the front legs have bright yellow or orange patches. The underwings will have less marking than the forewings, and the abdomen often has a
623:
The fall webworm is a gregarious insect. Groups of larvae live in self-created large webs that are found on tree branches. These webs allow for the finding of mates, temperature regulation, increased growth rate, and protection from predators, but also result in higher rates of infections and
448:(which occur only in spring and have shorter hairs and very little yellow on their bodies); also, webs from the fall webworm are concentrated to the tips of the branches, whereas the tent caterpillar webs are largely found in the unions. Larvae feed inside the tents until the late
1423:
Kiyota, Ryutaro; Arakawa, Maki; Yamakawa, Rei; Yasmin, Abeda; Ando, Tetsu (2011-06-01). "Biosynthetic pathways of the sex pheromone components and substrate selectivity of the oxidation enzymes working in pheromone glands of the fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea".
569:
Host plant selection is dependent on factors like the plant's degree of sun exposure, age, environmental stress undergone, toughness, and nutritional quality. For example, for an insect that needs energy for processes like dispersal or
374:
into other continents. Introduced to what was formerly
Yugoslavia in the 1940s (firstly recorded in 1949), it now has occupied probably its entire range in Europe from France to the Caspian Sea in the east as well as penetrated into
502:
627:
The caterpillars of the fall webworm have several strategies to defend against threats. Some examples of protective behavior or defense are shaking and jerking together, repellant scent, and irritants on hairs or spines.
686:
There are several components to the fall webworm gut, such as the foregut and the midgut. The foregut and midgut of the fall webworm are alkaline, and
Johnson and Felon found that the midgut pH ranged from 8.7 to 11.4.
522:
tree, where leaves are chewed; branches or the entire tree may become defoliated. Worldwide, it has been recorded from 636 species, and it is considered to be among the most polyphagous of insects. In the eastern U.S.,
656:
consists of the components (9Z,12Z)- 9,12-octadecadienal (I), (9Z,12Z,15Z)-9,12,15-octadecatrienal (II), cis-9,10-epoxy-(3Z,6Z)-3,6-henicosa- diene (III), and cis-9,10-epoxy-(3Z,6Z)-1,3,6-henicosatriene (IV).
1640:
Nordin, G. L.; Maddox, J. V. (1974-07-01). "Microsporida of the fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea: I. Identification, distribution, and comparison of Nosema sp. with similar Nosema spp. from other lepidoptera".
1740:
Wang, Chengbo; Qiao, Yanyou; Wu, Honggan; Chang, Yuanfei; Shi, Muyao (2016-12-01). "Empowering fall webworm surveillance with mobile phone-based community monitoring: a case study in northern China".
460:
The pupa stage overwinters in the bark and leaf litter at the base of the trees. It is dark brown and about 10 mm long. The thin brown cocoon is made of silk with bits of detritus interwoven.
1220:
Jang, Taehwan; Rho, Myung Suk; Koh, Sang-Hyun; Lee, Kwang Pum (2015-02-01). "Host–plant quality alters herbivore responses to temperature: a case study using the generalist
Hyphantria cunea".
574:, consuming plants that provide a lot of carbohydrates could be beneficial; for a female insect that is producing eggs, consuming plants that provide a lot of protein could be beneficial.
1265:"Electrophysiological Responses and Reproductive Behavior of Fall Webworm Moths (Hyphantria cunea Drury) are Influenced by Volatile Compounds from Its Mulberry Host (Morus alba L.)"
506:
509:
508:
504:
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395:. It was also introduced into Japan in 1945 and has adjusted its number of generations per year since its arrival. It spread into China, southern Mongolia, Korea and southern
1706:
Boucias, D. G.; Nordin, G. L. (1980-09-01). "Comparative analysis of the alkali-liberated components of the
Hyphantria cunea and the Diacrisia virginica granulosis viruses".
510:
1328:
817:(which causes granulosis disease) and nucleopolyhedrosis virus. Granulovirus has a rod-like shape. Also, an individual will be more likely to be infected at a younger age.
801:
can affect many body tissues, such as the midgut, fat body, gonads, nervous tissue, and
Malpighian tubules, and the length of its polar filament is 100 μm. Spores from
631:
The fall webworm exhibits a form of parental care, where the female will try to protect the eggs after oviposition by covering her newly laid eggs with her abdomen hairs.
2141:
1679:
Boucias, D. G.; Nordin, G. L. (1977-07-01). "Interinstar susceptibility of the fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea, to its nucleopolyhedrosis and granulosis viruses".
1472:
Rehnberg, Bradley (2002). "Heat
Retention by webs of the fall webworm Hyphantria cunea (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae): infrared warming and forced convective cooling".
2229:
507:
1935:
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of fall webworms are typically egg-shaped and can sometimes be attached to each other, and the length of its polar filament is 57.5 μm ± 8.7 μm.
358:
The adult fall webworm has a wingspan of approximately 30 mm and is generally white-colored, although some individuals may have dark-colored marks.
541:
L.), hickory, fruit trees, and some maples are preferred hosts; in some areas persimmon and sweetgum are also readily eaten. In the west, alder, willow (
1903:
2102:
2167:
1499:
Johnson, K. S.; Felton, G. W. (1996-03-01). "Physiological and dietary influences on midgut redox conditions in generalist lepidopteran larvae".
833:
A tree, when covered by the web of the fall webworm is, in the
Southern States, sometimes called a "fuzzy tree" because of its fuzzy appearance.
1894:
1922:
674:. The fall webworms' self-created web (which is where the fall webworms live) is able to trap heat. Due to this, the fall webworm (which is an
604:
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1613:
The natural control of the fall webworm (Hyphantria cunea Drury) in Canada : together with an account of its several parasites
1359:
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The adult moth lays her eggs on the underside of leaves in 'hair'-covered clusters of a few hundred. Eggs hatch in about a week.
2288:
857:"Current status of the management of fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea : Towards the integrated pest management development"
1917:
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known principally for its larval stage, which creates the characteristic webbed nests on the tree limbs of a wide variety of
2172:
1912:
1829:
1099:
2216:
1836:
Gomi, Takeda (1996). "Changes in life-history traits of Fall
Webworm within half a century of introduction into Japan".
1038:
Gomi, Takeda (1996). "Changes in life-history traits of Fall
Webworm within half a century of introduction into Japan".
671:
2154:
2024:
830:(2016) showed the effectiveness of a community-based system to monitor webworms, which involved using mobile devices.
2081:
1189:
65:
2234:
2094:
1388:
Hunter, Alison F. (2000-11-01). "Gregariousness and repellent defences in the survival of phytophagous insects".
855:
Edosa, Tariku T.; Jo, Yong H.; Keshavarz, Maryam; Anh, Young Sang; Noh, Mi Young; Han, Yeon S. (February 2019).
2298:
2293:
783:
542:
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Xin, B (October 2017). "Identification of Venom Proteins of the Indigenous Endoparasitoid Chouioia cunea".
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there are two or more generations annually, with webs appearing progressively earlier further south.
420:
2208:
1329:"Life History Traits and Rearing Techniques for Fall Webworms (Hyphantria CuneaDrury) in Colorado"
592:
1853:
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702:
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548:), cottonwood and fruit trees are commonly used. Additional host plant examples include madrone (
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60:
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of larvae is 35 mm. Webs are progressively enlarged and much messier looking than those of
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2006:
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Male fall webworms are typically only available for mating for about 30–60 minutes per day.
347:
342:
but does not harm otherwise healthy trees. It is well known to commercial tree services and
31:
2242:
1907:
1142:
1103:
789:
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537:
1830:
https://web.archive.org/web/20130613053245/http://www.bugwood.org/factsheets/webworm.html
476:
52:
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2076:
1897:
August 18, 2001. Sandra Mason, University of Illinois Extension. Accessed May 31, 2010.
1889:
1528:"Larvae of the fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea, inhibit cyanogenesis in Prunus serotina"
1299:
1264:
1138:
396:
1485:
1401:
927:"Biology and Management of the Fall Webworm, Hyphantria cunea (Lepidoptera: Erebidae)"
468:
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343:
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1996:
1355:
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419:, with larvae appearing in late summer through early fall. South of an approximate
380:
376:
1096:
2221:
2203:
2128:
1979:
1158:
977:, Its Distribution and Natural Enemies: A World List (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae)".
488:
440:
117:
17:
1970:
1785:"A series of population models for Hyphantria cunea with delay and seasonality"
1437:
1801:
1784:
1753:
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392:
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Hyche, LL, 1999. Fall webworm: A guide to recognition and habits in Alabama.
1761:
1611:
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sprinkling of brown hairs. It has a wingspan with a range of 35–42 mm.
404:
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97:
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2016:
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Wagner, DL. 2005. Caterpillars of eastern forests. Princeton Univ. Press.
1588:
1023:
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734:
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331:
137:
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The fall webworm is parasitized by around 50 species, such as the flies
2107:
1857:
1544:
1527:
1059:
708:
35:
2133:
1878:(Drury). Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 759: 1-106.
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400:
107:
87:
1941:
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http://www.ag.auburn.edu/enpl/bulletins/fallwebworm/fallwebworm.htm
524:
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487:
475:
467:
327:
1945:
1126:"Fall webworm: A Guide to Recognition and Habits in Alabama"
813:
Several types of pathogens can infect this species, such as
973:
Warren, L. O.; Tadić, Milorad (1967). "The Fall Webworm,
1616:. Ottawa: F.A. Acland, King's Printer. pp. 88–102.
1263:
Tang, Rui; Zhang, Feng; Zhang, Zhong-Ning (2016-05-03).
1143:"Synchronous rhythmic movements of fall web-worm larvae"
415:
One generation per year emerges in the northern part of
1783:
Lu, Haixia; Song, Haitao; Zhu, Huaiping (2017-10-01).
700:
There are many predators of the fall webworm, such as
1954:
1895:Bagworm, Fall Webworm or Eastern Tent Caterpillar?
1198:Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin
518:The fall webworm feeds on just about any type of
1874:Warren, LO and M Tadic. 1970. The fall webworm,
554:Pursh), mulberry, ailanthus, American sycamore (
338:in the late summer and fall. It is considered a
1071:
1069:
925:Schowalter, T. D.; Ring, D. R. (2017-01-01).
370:, ranging from Canada to Mexico and has been
8:
979:Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society
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51:
42:
1800:
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1426:Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
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1222:Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
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1118:
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1114:
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1080:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press.
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576:
1336:Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society
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931:Journal of Integrated Pest Management
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761:. There are also several species of
387:(Fergana valley from 1996 to 1997),
775:Pleistophora schubergi hyphantriae
25:
1828:Bat Man, 2003. The fall webworm.
1708:Journal of Invertebrate Pathology
1681:Journal of Invertebrate Pathology
1643:Journal of Invertebrate Pathology
1402:10.1034/j.1600-0706.2000.910202.x
1188:Warren, L. O.; Tadic, M. (1970).
1526:Fitzgerald, T. D. (2008-03-01).
1005:R.; Zilli, A.; Lees, D. (2010).
603:
591:
579:
64:
1532:Journal of Experimental Biology
1078:Caterpillars of Eastern Forests
1577:Journal of Economic Entomology
492:Illustration of webworm (1917)
1:
1486:10.1016/S0306-4565(02)00026-8
861:Journal of Applied Entomology
765:that can be harmful, such as
514:Webworms moving in their nest
403:so that now it is considered
1742:Journal of Forestry Research
1720:10.1016/0022-2011(80)90032-4
1693:10.1016/0022-2011(77)90038-6
1655:10.1016/0022-2011(74)90156-6
1513:10.1016/0022-1910(95)00096-8
1501:Journal of Insect Physiology
560:L.), and Asian white birch (
1159:10.1126/science.45.1169.501
1128:. Accessed August 21, 2006.
1106:. Accessed August 21, 2006.
672:behavioral thermoregulation
2330:
1938:Featured Creatures website
1474:Journal of Thermal Biology
1438:10.1016/j.ibmb.2011.02.004
29:
1868:Accessed August 21, 2006.
1802:10.1016/j.mbs.2017.07.010
1754:10.1007/s11676-016-0230-5
1610:Tothill, John D. (1922).
1007:"Lepidoptera. Chapter 11"
670:Fall webworms experience
212:
205:
186:
179:
61:Scientific classification
59:
50:
45:
1832:. Accessed Aug 21, 2006.
1789:Mathematical Biosciences
30:Not to be confused with
2314:Taxa named by Dru Drury
2309:Moths described in 1773
1890:Fall webworm on UKmoths
1795:(Supplement C): 57–66.
1622:10.5962/bhl.title.63051
1327:Loewy, Katrina (2013).
821:Interaction with humans
346:. Fall webworms are an
2289:Moths of North America
1348:10.18473/lepi.v67i3.a6
1282:10.3390/insects7020019
515:
493:
481:
473:
366:The moth is native to
232:Phalaena punctatissima
715:Coleomegilla maculata
557:Platanus occidentalis
513:
491:
479:
471:
383:(from 1990 to 1993),
2090:Fauna Europaea (new)
1024:10.3897/biorisk.4.50
1190:"The fall webworm,
1076:Wagner, DL (2005).
944:10.1093/jipm/pmw019
529:Carya illinoinensis
391:, and southeastern
272:Hyphantria punctata
1923:Texas A&M site
1918:Ohio State U. site
1906:2011-09-28 at the
1838:Functional Ecology
1589:10.1093/jee/tox200
1545:10.1242/jeb.013664
1102:2013-06-13 at the
1097:"The Fall Webworm"
1040:Functional Ecology
703:Monomorium minimum
640:Mating limitations
563:Betula platyphylla
516:
494:
482:
474:
304:Hyphantria brunnea
296:Hyphantria suffusa
280:Hyphantria pallida
2271:
2270:
2256:Open Tree of Life
1948:Taxon identifiers
1234:10.1111/eea.12261
1153:(1169): 501–502.
874:10.1111/jen.12562
741:Muscina stabulans
721:Rogas hyphantriae
586:Late instar larva
551:Arbutus menziesii
511:
446:tent caterpillars
407:in distribution.
314:
313:
308:
300:
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288:Spilosoma candida
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276:
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256:Hyphantria textor
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224:Phalaena liturata
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16:(Redirected from
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2222:NHMSYS0021157674
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1876:Hyphantria cunea
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1748:(6): 1407–1414.
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1192:Hyphantria cunea
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779:P.s. hyphantriae
682:Intestinal tract
666:Thermoregulation
607:
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535:, American elm (
512:
421:latitude of 40°N
348:invasive species
344:arboriculturists
323:Hyphantria cunea
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264:Spilosoma mutans
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32:tent caterpillar
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18:Hyphantria cunea
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2299:Moths of Europe
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1913:U. Georgia site
1908:Wayback Machine
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1850:10.2307/2390287
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1052:10.2307/2390287
1037:
1036:
1032:
1003:
1002:
998:
972:
971:
952:
924:
923:
890:
854:
853:
844:
839:
823:
811:
799:Nosema bombycis
790:Nosema bombycis
767:Nosema necatrix
746:parasitic wasps
735:Musca domestica
730:
698:
693:
691:Natural enemies
684:
668:
663:
650:
642:
637:
621:
614:
608:
599:
596:
587:
584:
538:Ulmus americana
501:
499:
466:
458:
437:
429:
413:
364:
356:
201:
194:
188:
175:
63:
39:
28:
27:Species of moth
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2327:
2325:
2317:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2294:Moths of Japan
2291:
2286:
2276:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2265:
2252:
2239:
2226:
2213:
2200:
2190:
2177:
2164:
2151:
2138:
2125:
2112:
2099:
2086:
2077:Fauna Europaea
2073:
2060:
2047:
2034:
2021:
2011:
2001:
1991:
1976:
1960:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1946:
1940:
1939:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1898:
1892:
1885:
1884:External links
1882:
1880:
1879:
1872:
1869:
1862:
1844:(3): 384–389.
1833:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1775:
1725:
1714:(2): 264–272.
1698:
1668:
1627:
1602:
1567:
1538:(5): 671–677.
1518:
1507:(3): 191–198.
1491:
1480:(6): 525–530.
1451:
1432:(6): 362–369.
1415:
1396:(2): 213–224.
1375:
1342:(3): 196–205.
1314:
1255:
1228:(2): 120–130.
1207:
1180:
1141:(1917-05-25).
1130:
1108:
1083:
1065:
1046:(3): 384–389.
1030:
996:
985:(2): 194–202.
950:
888:
841:
840:
838:
835:
822:
819:
810:
807:
729:
726:
697:
694:
692:
689:
683:
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667:
664:
662:
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620:
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436:
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428:
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412:
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397:Primorsky Krai
363:
360:
355:
352:
350:in East Asia.
330:in the family
312:
311:
310:
309:
307:Strecker, 1900
301:
299:Strecker, 1900
293:
285:
277:
269:
261:
253:
245:
237:
229:
221:
216:Phalaena cunea
210:
209:
203:
202:
195:
184:
183:
177:
176:
169:
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163:
162:
155:
151:
150:
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105:
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95:
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81:
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75:
71:
70:
57:
56:
48:
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26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2326:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2304:Moths of Asia
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2262:
2257:
2253:
2249:
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2240:
2236:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2191:
2187:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2012:
2008:
2002:
1998:
1992:
1987:
1981:
1977:
1972:
1966:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1944:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
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1365:on 2018-05-06
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1139:Peairs, L. M.
1134:
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1127:
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921:
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907:
905:
903:
901:
899:
897:
895:
893:
889:
884:
880:
875:
870:
867:(1–2): 1–10.
866:
862:
858:
851:
849:
847:
843:
836:
834:
831:
829:
820:
818:
816:
808:
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804:
800:
796:
792:
791:
786:
785:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
759:
758:Therion morio
754:
752:
747:
743:
742:
737:
736:
727:
725:
723:
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717:
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711:
710:
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695:
690:
688:
681:
679:
677:
673:
665:
660:
658:
655:
654:sex pheromone
648:Sex pheromone
647:
645:
639:
634:
632:
629:
625:
618:
613:
606:
601:
598:Web on willow
594:
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582:
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455:
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451:
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424:
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418:
417:North America
410:
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402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
373:
369:
368:North America
361:
359:
353:
351:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
324:
319:
305:
302:
297:
294:
289:
286:
283:Packard, 1864
281:
278:
273:
270:
265:
262:
257:
254:
249:
248:Arctia textor
246:
241:
238:
233:
230:
225:
222:
217:
214:
213:
211:
208:
204:
199:
193:
191:
185:
182:
181:Binomial name
178:
174:
173:
172:H. cunea
168:
165:
164:
161:
160:
156:
153:
152:
149:
146:
143:
142:
139:
136:
133:
132:
129:
126:
124:Superfamily:
123:
122:
119:
116:
113:
112:
109:
106:
103:
102:
99:
96:
93:
92:
89:
86:
83:
82:
79:
76:
73:
72:
67:
62:
58:
54:
49:
46:Fall webworm
44:
41:
37:
33:
19:
1955:
1928:Fall webworm
1901:U. Mass site
1875:
1841:
1837:
1792:
1788:
1778:
1745:
1741:
1711:
1707:
1701:
1687:(1): 68–75.
1684:
1680:
1646:
1642:
1612:
1605:
1580:
1576:
1570:
1535:
1531:
1521:
1504:
1500:
1494:
1477:
1473:
1429:
1425:
1418:
1393:
1389:
1367:. Retrieved
1360:the original
1339:
1335:
1272:
1268:
1258:
1225:
1221:
1201:
1197:
1191:
1183:
1150:
1146:
1133:
1077:
1043:
1039:
1033:
1014:
1010:
999:
982:
978:
974:
934:
930:
864:
860:
832:
827:
824:
815:granulovirus
812:
802:
798:
794:
788:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
763:microsporida
756:
749:
739:
733:
731:
719:
713:
707:
701:
699:
685:
669:
651:
643:
635:Reproduction
630:
626:
622:
612:Acer negundo
611:
568:
561:
555:
549:
543:
536:
533:black walnut
528:
517:
483:
459:
441:caterpillars
438:
430:
414:
381:Turkmenistan
377:Central Asia
365:
362:Distribution
357:
322:
321:
318:fall webworm
317:
315:
303:
295:
287:
279:
271:
267:Walker, 1856
263:
259:Harris, 1841
255:
251:Harris, 1823
247:
243:Hübner, 1823
240:Cycnia budea
239:
231:
223:
215:
189:
187:
171:
170:
158:
40:
2284:Spilosomina
2204:NatureServe
2129:iNaturalist
1994:AfroMoths:
1980:Wikispecies
1649:(1): 1–13.
1124:Hyche, LL.
1095:Douce, GK.
1017:: 603–668.
795:N. bombycis
771:N. necatrix
624:predation.
497:Food plants
354:Description
275:Fitch, 1857
235:Smith, 1797
227:Goeze, 1781
219:Drury, 1773
144:Subfamily:
118:Lepidoptera
2278:Categories
1369:2017-12-01
837:References
661:Physiology
610:Damage on
411:Life cycle
393:Kazakhstan
389:Kyrgyzstan
385:Uzbekistan
372:introduced
159:Hyphantria
128:Noctuoidea
98:Arthropoda
2196:HyphCunea
1770:255345324
1762:1007-662X
1554:0022-0949
1410:1600-0706
1291:2075-4450
1275:(2): 19.
1242:1570-7458
1167:0036-8075
787:sp., and
728:Parasites
696:Predators
676:ectotherm
520:deciduous
405:holarctic
336:hardwoods
166:Species:
148:Arctiinae
84:Kingdom:
78:Eukaryota
2209:2.120407
2193:MaBENA:
2181:LepIndex
2147:11128537
2038:BugGuide
2014:BioLib:
2004:BAMONA:
1997:HYPHCUNE
1971:Q1333342
1965:Wikidata
1904:Archived
1811:28735086
1597:28981711
1562:18281329
1446:21338674
1356:87027424
1309:27153095
1250:84658376
1204:: 1–106.
1194:(Drury)"
1175:17833470
1100:Archived
991:25083620
883:92540632
809:Diseases
777:Weiser (
769:Kramer (
751:Chouioia
748:such as
619:Behavior
572:diapause
332:Erebidae
291:Walker,
207:Synonyms
138:Erebidae
134:Family:
94:Phylum:
88:Animalia
74:Domain:
2261:1003216
2108:1817797
1930:on the
1858:2390287
1663:4212168
1300:4931431
1269:Insects
1147:Science
1060:2390287
1011:BioRisk
709:Vespula
527:trees (
450:instars
326:) is a
200:, 1773)
154:Genus:
114:Order:
108:Insecta
104:Class:
36:bagworm
2248:151794
2173:117304
2134:127133
2082:446994
2069:309203
2056:HYPHCU
1856:
1809:
1768:
1760:
1661:
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1408:
1354:
1307:
1297:
1289:
1248:
1240:
1173:
1165:
1058:
989:
881:
828:et al.
803:Nosema
784:Nosema
744:, and
718:, and
712:spp.,
480:Female
401:Russia
2235:39466
2186:42725
2160:28302
2142:IRMNG
2064:EUNIS
2030:10330
2017:54894
1854:JSTOR
1766:S2CID
1390:Oikos
1363:(PDF)
1352:S2CID
1332:(PDF)
1246:S2CID
1056:JSTOR
987:JSTOR
937:(1).
879:S2CID
753:cunea
544:Salix
525:pecan
464:Adult
435:Larva
198:Drury
2230:NCBI
2168:ITIS
2121:1201
2116:GISD
2103:GBIF
2051:EPPO
2025:BOLD
1936:IFAS
1807:PMID
1758:ISSN
1659:PMID
1593:PMID
1558:PMID
1550:ISSN
1442:PMID
1406:ISSN
1305:PMID
1287:ISSN
1238:ISSN
1171:PMID
1163:ISSN
755:and
738:and
652:The
546:spp.
472:Male
456:Pupa
439:The
427:Eggs
340:pest
328:moth
316:The
2217:NBN
2155:ISC
2043:453
1846:doi
1797:doi
1793:292
1750:doi
1716:doi
1689:doi
1651:doi
1618:doi
1585:doi
1581:110
1540:doi
1536:211
1509:doi
1482:doi
1434:doi
1398:doi
1344:doi
1295:PMC
1277:doi
1230:doi
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1155:doi
1048:doi
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399:of
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1982::
1967::
1934:/
1932:UF
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
