323:(with the opposite pole of the latter factor being emotional stability), are similar to the agreeableness and emotionality factors of the HEXACO model – but with some differences in the content of the factors. Agreeableness and emotionality from the HEXACO model represent rotated variants of their Big Five counterparts, for example, characteristics related to a quick temper are associated with neuroticism or low emotional stability in the Big Five framework, but with low agreeableness in the HEXACO framework. Therefore, the Big Five's agreeableness and HEXACO's agreeableness are not identical. The Big Five factors do not include an honesty-humility factor, but some of the characteristics belonging to honesty-humility are incorporated into the Big Five's agreeableness factor. Although earlier investigations found only the Big Five factors, more recent studies conducted in various languages (including English) with larger sets of adjectives recovered six factors, as summarized above. The names of four of the HEXACO factors (all except honesty-humility and emotionality) were adopted from existing labels for the Big Five factors. Factor names were selected on the basis of the common meaning of the characteristics within each factor. Still, other studies that compare the two show that some traits can be analyzed using the HEXACO model instead of the Big Five. For the sake of example, traits like narcissism or manipulativeness can be evaluated with the honesty-humility trait included in the model.
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Narcissism can also be defined as selfishness, but is different as this person would consider themselves of a higher importance than those around them. However, these constructs are said to be not fully represented in common five-factor models of personality. The dark triad can be conceptualized as being on the opposite pole of honesty-humility (sincere, faithful, loyal etc.), which would mean that low levels of honesty-humility corresponds to higher levels of psychopathy, Machiavellianism and/or narcissism. The dark triad personality constructs tend to only correlate with disagreeableness on the Big Five
Inventory, otherwise they are represented inconsistently on measures of the Big Five traits. For that reason, several researchers have used the HEXACO model to gain a more detailed understanding of the personality characteristics of individuals who exhibit traits/behaviors that would be considered along the dark triad dimension.
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298:. These Big Five personality traits (conscientiousness, agreeableness, openness to experience, neuroticism, and extraversion) were the result of earlier lexical studies of personality and were popularized in the 1980s. However, when similar lexical studies were conducted in multiple languages rather than only English, a sixth factor emerged, which was called the honesty-humility factor. The other languages included: Dutch, French, Korean, Polish, Croatian, Filipino, Greek, German, Italian, Hungarian, and Turkish. Additionally, the lexical studies in other languages revealed different sub-facets of the emotionality and agreeableness factors than the original five factor model suggested. Today, the HEXACO model has become a widely used model of personality.
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of universality for the HEXACO model should be cautiously considered, since many languages and cultures have yet to be assessed with appropriate personality trait studies. Furthermore, the
Honesty-Humility dimension is not always consistently replicated. Several past studies have identified inconsistent sixth-factor dimensions (e.g. hedonism–spontaneity) while other research has identified potentially more than six factors. The above criticism is not unique to the HEXACO model, given that there has been considerable debate regarding the identity of the fifth factor of personality in the Five-Factor Model, especially across cultures.
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sexual behavior. The honesty-humility factor has been found to predict endorsement of unethical business practices and even the degree to which a person will take health and safety risks (even towards fellow employees). An individual who scores low on the honesty-humility factor may have a proclivity for anti-social acts. Which anti-social acts an individual is likely to commit may be related to their personality profile along the other factors of the HEXACO model. For example, someone who scores low on honesty-humility and low on conscientiousness and agreeableness are more likely to engage in delinquency in the workplace.
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creativity and aesthetic appreciation. Of the emotionality facets, fearfulness showed the strongest negative correlation with intelligence. Other domains of HEXACO including honesty-humility appear to be uncorrelated with intelligence, although there are several differential correlations at the facet-level. Notably, across conscientiousness facets, a preference for structure and order ("organization") has a small negative correlation with intelligence, whereas prudence had a small positive correlation with intelligence.
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included a dimension of honesty-humility, the predictive ability of the HEXACO model was similar in several instances to that of the modified FFM (five factor model). The authors further acknowledge that the HEXACO model may have an advantage when the predictor variables are conceptually related to the honesty-humility factor, and that in many cases the modified FFM-plus-honesty-humility model produced similar results.
518:). Trait-based measures, including the HEXACO model, typically rely on factor analysis. Unfortunately, factor analysis does not always ensure replicable results. Models created through factor analysis can vary between samples, depending on: (i) how the researcher organizes the measures (e.g., using unipolar versus bipolar ratings), and (ii) the amount of ratings/variables that are included in the analysis.
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345:, high levels of which indicate a propensity for helping behavior and cooperation as opposed to the exploitation of others. The honesty-humility factor represents a person's tendency for pro-social altruistic behaviors, while agreeableness indicates an individual's tendency to forgive and to show tolerance. Emotionality is a measure of
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https://www.act.org/content/act/en/research/reports/act-publications/beyond-academics/behavioral-skills/framework-of-behavior.html#:~:text=The%20ACT%20behavioral%20skills%20framework%20is%20hierarchical%3B%20at,%28and%20age-appropriate%29%20components%2C%20subcomponents%2C%20and%20behavioral%20skill%20dimensions
67:(O). Each factor is composed of traits with characteristics indicating high and low levels of the factor. The HEXACO model was developed through similar methods as other trait taxonomies and builds on the work of Costa and McCrae and Goldberg. The model, therefore, shares several common elements with other
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De Raad et al. have argued that only three personality traits have fully replicated (i.e., appeared in all analyses) across cultures (extraversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness). These authors argue that beyond three traits, the factor markers become unreliable. They further argue that claims
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The dimensions of the HEXACO model of personality has been visualized in two dimensions using the Atlas of
Personality, Emotion and Behavior. The adjectives used to describe each HEXACO dimension are scored using the atlas' two orthogonal dimensions of affiliation and dominance. The scored points are
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The HEXACO model has also been used in studies of sexuality, including the association of seductive behavior and endorsement of sexual activity without emotional attachment to emotionality and honesty-humility. As well, levels of honesty-humility were associated with being faithful to one's partner
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The HEXACO model is often used in research studies when behaviors or traits found on the agreeableness, honesty-humility and emotionality dimensions are of specific interest. The factors of agreeableness, honesty-humility and emotionality are distinctly different from their counterparts on the five
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or observer report inventory. The six factors are measured through a series of questions designed to rate an individual on levels of each factor. Ashton and Lee have developed self- and observer report forms of the HEXACO Personality
Inventory-Revised (HEXACO-PI-R). The HEXACO-PI-R assesses the six
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HEXACO traits and sub-facets have been shown to predict self-reported psychological and subjective well-being. Extraversion is the largest predictor of well-being closely followed by
Conscientiousness. The extraversion sub-facets of liveliness and self-esteem have the highest positive correlations
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Many studies using the HEXACO model support the usefulness of the dimensions of agreeableness, emotionality and honesty–humility. However, the HEXACO model may not necessarily be a better personality tool in every situation. When the HEXACO model was compared to a modified five-factor model that
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Studies show that individual personality differences have a role in shaping environmentalism and HEXACO traits have been shown to predict who is more likely to adopt pro-environment attitudes and behaviors, which are attitudes and actions that are shown to positively affect the environment. The
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Strong meaningful associations are shown between the HEXACO model and job satisfaction, most notably the extraversion trait. Research also suggested relationships between the HEXACO, mostly
Honesty-Humility trait, and negative work behaviors like sexual harassment, unethical decision making and
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Meta-analytic research shows that openness has a small positive correlation with intelligence and emotionality has a small negative correlation with intelligence. Facets of openness related to inquisitiveness and unconventionality show the strongest correlation with intelligence, in contrast to
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The honesty-humility factor has been used in a variety of studies as a measure of ethical or pro-social behavior (See Ashton and Lee (2008) for further details). Low levels of the honesty-humility factor are associated with greater levels of materialism, unethical business practices and deviant
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The addition of the sixth factor, as well as the rotation of agreeableness and emotionality, allows for examination and prediction of behavior based on less prosocial behavior. Studies using the HEXACO model have found support for the relationship between agreeableness and honesty-humility on
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Research studies based on the lexical hypothesis described above were first undertaken in the
English language. Subsequent lexical studies were conducted in other languages and, by comparing the results, six emergent factors were revealed in similar form across all languages tested, including
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of personality consists of psychopathy, Machiavellianism and narcissism. Psychopathy is identified by characteristics such as remorselessness, antisociality and selfishness. Machiavellianism consists of selfishness, in that one will focus on their own needs, primarily by manipulating others.
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Further research using the HEXACO model has examined the relationship between its various domains and scores on risk taking behavior. In one study: levels of emotionality were related to perceptions of risk; levels of conscientiousness were related to perceived benefits; while openness and
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The
Behavioral Skills Framework (BSF) was developed by the ACT board to focus on building knowledge and skills to be successful in education and work environments. It was structured around, but did not directly replicate, the six HEXACO facets and emphasizes the hierarchical structure of
479:(OCB) have been found. Overall, the HEXACO sub-facets have been shown to be better predictors of OCB than the broader 6 traits, with sub-facets like diligence (conscientiousness), liveliness and sociability (extraversion), and fairness (honesty-humility) being the best predictors.
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Levels of honesty-humility have also been found to be related to levels of creativity. Specifically, low levels of honesty-humility were found to be related to higher levels of self-reported creativity; though, no relationship between creativity and agreeableness was found.
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broad HEXACO personality factors, each of which contains four "facets", or narrower personality characteristics. (An additional 25th narrow facet, called altruism, is also included and represents a blend of the honesty-humility, emotionality, and agreeableness factors.)
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Currently, the most widely used model of personality structure is also based on analyses of personality-descriptive adjectives. This model consists of the five personality factors collectively known as the "Big Five". Three of the Big Five factors are similar to the
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Ashton, Michael C.; Lee, Kibeom; Perugini, Marco; Szarota, Piotr; de Vries, Reinout E.; Di Blas, Lisa; Boies, Kathleen; De Raad, Boele (2004). "A Six-Factor
Structure of Personality-Descriptive Adjectives: Solutions From Psycholexical Studies in Seven Languages".
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De Raad, B.; Al, Et; MlaÄŤić, Boris; Church, A. Timothy; Katigbak, Marcia S.; Ostendorf, Fritz; HĹ™ebĂÄŤková, Martina; Di Blas, Lisa; Szirmák, ZsĂłfia (2010). "Only three personality factors are fully replicable across languages: Reply to Ashton and Lee".
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Research shows the H-H and conscientious factors of HEXACO model are useful for predicting counterproductive student behaviors in college students. Conscientiousness may be the most consistent facet of the six in its association to student GPA.
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The HEXACO model was developed from several previous independent lexical studies. Language-based taxonomies for personality traits have been widely used as a method for developing personality models. This method, based on the logic of the
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pro-social and ethical behavior. One study showed a significant relationship between levels of
Honesty-Humility and the endorsement of revenge, while another found that levels of Agreeableness were related to the tendency to forgive.
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model, and even though it is closely related to HEXACO emotionality, slight differences between the two traits mean that emotionality is not as good of a predictor of well-being as Big Five neuroticism is.
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The HEXACO model of personality is a trait-based taxonomy of personality. As such, the criticism and limitations of the model are similar to that of other trait-based measures (see
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Silva, P.J.; Kaufman, J.C.; Reiter-Palmon, R.; Wigert, B. (2011). "Cantankerous Creativity: Honesty-Humility, Agreeablesness and the HEXACO structure of Creative Achievement".
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Saroglou, V.; Pichon, I.; Trompette, L.; Verschueren, M.; Dernelle, R. (2005). "Prosocial behavior and religion: New evidence based on projective measures and peer ratings".
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Lee, K.; Ashton, M. C.; Morrison, D. L.; Cordery, D.; Dunlop, P. D. (2008). "Predicting integrity with the HEXACO personality model: Use of self- and observer reports".
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1473:"The HEXACO and 5DPT Models of Personality: A Comparison and Their Relationships with Psychopathy, Egoism, Pretentiousness, Immorality and Machiavelliansim"
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in two dimensions. The vectors drawn on each of the six plots is a representation of the HEXACO dimension expressed in the two dimensions of the atlas.
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Thalmayer, A. G.; Saucier, G.; Eigenhuis, A. (2011). "Comparative Validity of Brief to Medium-Length Big Five and Big Six Personality Questionnaires".
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Sibley, C. G.; Harding, J. F.; Perry, R.; Asbrock, F.; Duckitt, J. (2010). "Personality and prejudice: Extension of the HEXACO personality model".
2351:(This book is written for the general audience and explores the importance of the Honesty-Humility factor in various aspects of people's lives.)
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Edwin SK, Boon SD (January 2012). "Predicting appraisals of romantic revenge: The roles of Honesty–Humility, Agreeableness, and vengefulness".
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Chirumbolo, A.; Leone, L. (2010). "Personality and politics: The role of the HEXACO model of personality in predicting ideology and voting".
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The H Factor of Personality: Why Some People are Manipulative, Self-Entitled, Materialistic, and Exploitive—And Why It Matters for Everyone
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Ashton, M. C.; Lee, K. (2008). "The prediction of Honesty–Humility-related criteria by the HEXACO and Five-Factor Models of personality".
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The HEXACO model of personality started initial development in 2000. It was derived from earlier used models of personality such as the
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Lee K, Ashton MC (2008). "The HEXACO personality factors in the indigenous personality lexicons of English and 11 other languages".
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The six factors, their facets, and the personality-descriptive adjectives that typically belong to these six groups are as follows:
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Saucier G (October 2009). "Recurrent personality dimensions in inclusive lexical studies: indications for a big six structure".
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traits of honesty-humility and openness to experience are the strongest predictors of pro-environmental attitudes/behaviors.
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Noftle EE, Robins RW (July 2007). "Personality predictors of academic outcomes: big five correlates of GPA and SAT scores".
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Bourdage, J. S.; Lee, K.; Ashton, M. C.; Perry, A. (2007). "Big Five and HEXACO model personality correlates of sexuality".
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Ashton MC; Lee K (2007). "Empirical, theoretical, and practical advantages of the HEXACO model of personality structure".
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Zettler, I.; Hilbig, B. E.; Haubrich, J. (2011). "Altruism at the ballots: Predicting political attitudes and behavior".
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Lee, K.; Ashton, M.C. (2004). "The HEXACO Personality Inventory: A New Measure of the Major Dimensions of Personality".
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2345:, including interactive online administration as well as free downloading for academic research and teaching purposes.
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Paulhus, D.L.; Williams, K.M. (2002). "The Dark Triad of Personality: Narcissism, Machiavellianism, and Psychopathy".
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Zettler, I.; Hilbig, B. E. (2010). "Attitudes of the selfless: Explaining political orientation with altruism".
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is a six-dimensional model of human personality that was created by Ashton and Lee and explained in their book,
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Ashton, M. C.; Lee, K. (2008). "The HEXACO Model of Personality Structure and the Importance of the H Factor".
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The HEXACO dimensions visualized in two-dimensions according to the Atlas of Personality, Emotion and Behavior
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Anglim, Jeromy; Dunlop, Patrick D.; Wee, Serena; Horwood, Sharon; Wood, Joshua K.; Marty, Andrew (May 2022).
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with well-being and the emotionality facet of anxiety has the highest negative correlation with wellbeing.
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With the exception of the emotionality factor, strong correlations between the other 5 HEXACO factors and
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1041:"The HEXACO Personality Factors in the Indigenous Personality Lexicons of English and 11 Other Languages"
626:(NEO-PI-R) and NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) manual.Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
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1898:"Broad versus narrow traits: Conscientiousness and honesty-humility as predictors of academic criteria"
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Ashton, M.C.; Lee, K. (2009). "The HEXACO-60: A Short Measure of the Major Dimensions of Personality".
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versus antagonistic behavior. Honesty-humility and agreeableness both measure two different aspects of
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Anglim, Jeromy; Horwood, Sharon; Smillie, Luke D.; Marrero, Rosario J.; Wood, Joshua K. (April 2020).
2078:"HEXACO Personality and Organizational Citizenship Behavior: A Domain- and Facet-Level Meta-Analysis"
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2117:"Big Five and HEXACO Personality Traits, Proenvironmental Attitudes, and Behaviors: A Meta-Analysis"
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factor model (FFM). Honesty-humility, emotionality and agreeableness are proposed to be measures of
71:. However, the HEXACO model is unique mainly due to the addition of the honesty-humility dimension.
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is used on the adjectives to identify a minimal set of independent groups of personality traits.
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in a relationship. Other topics of study that utilized the HEXACO model include: religiosity,
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The HEXACO model of personality conceptualizes human personality in terms of six dimensions.
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Ashton, M.C.; Lee, K. (2005). "Honesty-Humility, the Big Five and the Five-Factor Model".
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honesty-humility predicted social risk taking and health/safety risk taking respectively.
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factors of the HEXACO model. The two remaining Big Five factors, called agreeableness and
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Goldberg, L. R. (1992). "The development of markers for the Big-Five factor structure".
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Moshagen, Morten; Thielmann, Isabel; Hilbig, Benjamin E.; Zettler, Ingo (July 2019).
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Soutter, Alistair Raymond Bryce; Bates, Timothy C.; Mõttus, René (2020-05-08).
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1701:"Predicting domain-specific risk taking with the HEXACO personality structure"
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Goldberg LR (January 1993). "The structure of phenotypic personality traits".
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McAbee, Samuel T.; Casillas, Alex; Way, Jason D.; Guo, Feng (July 2019).
192:: {outgoing, lively, extraverted, sociable, talkative, cheerful, active}
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has a public domain collection of scales that measure the HEXACO traits.
802:(3rd ed.). London, United Kingdom: Academic Press. pp. 59–83.
267:: Aesthetic appreciation, inquisitiveness, creativity, unconventionality
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Pletzer, Jan Luca; Oostrom, Janneke; De Vries, Reinout (August 2020).
165:{emotional, oversensitive, sentimental, fearful, anxious, vulnerable}
142:{sly, deceitful, greedy, pretentious, hypocritical, boastful, pompous}
2017:
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349:, that is, the tendency to show empathy and attachment to one's kin.
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Theoretical basis of agreeableness, honesty-humility and emotionality
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involving several European and Asian languages. The six factors, or
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Personality Psychology: Domains of knowledge about human behaviour
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219:: {patient, tolerant, peaceful, mild, agreeable, lenient, gentle}
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250:{sloppy, negligent, reckless, lazy, irresponsible, absent-minded}
246:: {organized, disciplined, diligent, careful, thorough, precise}
273:: {intellectual, creative, unconventional, innovative, ironic}
186:: Social self-esteem, social boldness, sociability, liveliness
138:: {sincere, honest, faithful, loyal, modest/unassuming}
196:{shy, passive, withdrawn, introverted, quiet, reserved}
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Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology
1896:de Vries A, de Vries RE, Born MPh (October 2010).
240:: Organization, diligence, perfectionism, prudence
213:: Forgivingness, gentleness, flexibility, patience
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169:{brave, tough, independent, self-assured, stable}
1579:"An atlas of personality, emotion and behaviour"
1039:Lee, Kibeom; Ashton, Michael C. (October 2008).
725:Thurstone, L. L. (1934). "The vectors of mind".
159:Fearfulness, Anxiety, Dependence, Sentimentality
83:A visualization of a young woman's HEXACO scores
2018:"Personality and intelligence: A meta-analysis"
223:{ill-tempered, quarrelsome, stubborn, choleric}
132:: Sincerity, fairness, greed avoidance, modesty
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1791:Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion
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978:"The HEXACO Personality Inventory - Revised"
830:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
582:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
2330:, third edition. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
1180:(2nd ed.). Amsterdam: Academic Press.
622:Costa, P.T.,Jr. & McCrae, R.R. (1992).
516:Big Five personality traits § Critique
501:is the best predictor of well-being in the
2300:Becker, P. (1999). "Beyond the Big Five".
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16:Six-dimensional model of human personality
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1266:Social and Personality Psychology Compass
1532:"The HEXACO Model in Education and Work"
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2326:Larsen, R.J., & Buss, D.M. (2008).
1471:de Vries, R.E.; van Kampen, D. (2010).
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2302:Personality and Individual Differences
1991:Personality and Individual Differences
1964:Personality and Individual Differences
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1638:Personality and Individual Differences
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800:Individual Differences and Personality
483:Pro-environment attitudes and behavior
277:{shallow, unimaginative, conventional}
106:Personality is often assessed using a
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1705:Journal of Behavioral Decision Making
1327:Journal of Behavioral Decision Making
536:Alternative five model of personality
445:, and political attitudes/behaviors.
35:, based on findings from a series of
29:HEXACO model of personality structure
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2356:International Personality Item Pool
477:organizational citizenship behavior
353:Honesty-humility and the dark triad
2275:Journal of Research in Personality
1937:Journal of Research in Personality
1737:Journal of Research in Personality
1438:Journal of Research in Personality
1354:C., Ashton, Michael (2017-06-13).
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2082:Academy of Management Proceedings
1699:Weller JA, Tikir A (April 2011).
1321:Weller, J. A.; Tikir, A. (2011).
850:Journal of Personality Assessment
624:Revised NEO Personality Inventory
556:Revised NEO Personality Inventory
472:counterproductive work behavior.
23:The six HEXACO personality traits
2094:10.5465/ambpp.2020.10335abstract
1813:10.1111/j.1468-5906.2005.00289.x
1480:Journal of Personality Disorders
1415:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2005.00351.x
1278:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2008.00134.x
1147:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2009.00593.x
1057:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2008.00512.x
893:Multivariate Behavioral Research
777:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2008.00512.x
1902:European Journal of Personality
1828:European Journal of Personality
387:Visualization in two dimensions
370:ACT Behavioral Skills Framework
1004:Ashton, Michael Craig (2017).
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2314:10.1016/s0191-8869(98)00168-8
1577:Mobbs, Anthony E. D. (2020).
1450:10.1016/S0092-6566(02)00505-6
302:Relations with Big Five model
1662:Shepherd & Belicki, 2008
1604:10.1371/journal.pone.0227877
1176:C., Ashton, Michael (2013).
798:C., Ashton, Michael (2018).
1536:Zeitschrift fĂĽr Psychologie
1092:Zeitschrift fĂĽr Psychologie
541:Big five personality traits
441:, ethical decision making,
33:The H Factor of Personality
2393:
2003:10.1016/j.paid.2009.11.002
1976:10.1016/j.paid.2010.03.004
1875:10.1037/0022-3514.93.1.116
1776:10.1016/j.paid.2007.04.008
1686:10.1016/j.paid.2011.06.011
1650:10.1016/j.paid.2011.09.014
1492:10.1521/pedi.2010.24.2.244
905:10.1207/s15327906mbr3902_8
594:10.1037/0022-3514.86.2.356
2287:10.1016/j.jrp.2010.05.005
1949:10.1016/j.jrp.2010.11.010
1749:10.1016/j.jrp.2008.03.006
1548:10.1027/2151-2604/a000376
1104:10.1027/2151-2604/a000377
862:10.1080/00223890902935878
653:10.1037/0003-066X.48.1.26
2251:10.1037/1040-3590.4.1.26
2239:Psychological Assessment
2134:10.1177/1745691620903019
1308:10.1348/096317907x195175
1228:Psychological Assessment
948:10.1177/1088868306294907
696:10.1177/1088868306294907
2343:Website for HEXACO-PI-R
294:factors covered in the
2377:Personality typologies
2188:Psychological Bulletin
2022:Psychological Bulletin
1403:Journal of Personality
1045:Journal of Personality
551:Personality psychology
392:then visualized using
383:
317:openness to experience
257:Openness to experience
84:
65:openness to experience
24:
492:Subjective well-being
400:Psychological effects
381:
108:self-report inventory
82:
22:
936:Pers Soc Psychol Rev
727:Psychological Review
684:Pers Soc Psychol Rev
443:academic performance
394:kernel density plots
1595:2020PLoSO..1527877M
343:reciprocal altruism
2372:Personality traits
2200:10.1037/bul0000226
2043:20.500.11937/89668
2034:10.1037/bul0000373
1863:J Pers Soc Psychol
546:Lexical hypothesis
384:
93:lexical hypothesis
85:
25:
1017:978-0-12-809845-5
458:Cognitive ability
313:conscientiousness
230:Conscientiousness
61:conscientiousness
2384:
2331:
2324:
2318:
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2297:
2291:
2290:
2269:
2263:
2262:
2234:
2228:
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2179:
2173:
2172:
2154:
2136:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2073:
2064:
2063:
2045:
2028:(5–6): 301–336.
2013:
2007:
2006:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1806:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1770:(6): 1506–1516.
1759:
1753:
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1732:
1723:
1722:
1720:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1669:
1663:
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1510:
1504:
1503:
1477:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1409:(5): 1321–1353.
1398:
1392:
1391:
1385:
1377:
1358:(3rd ed.).
1351:
1345:
1344:
1342:
1318:
1312:
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1207:
1199:
1173:
1167:
1166:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1083:
1077:
1076:
1051:(5): 1001–1054.
1036:
1030:
1029:
1010:(3rd ed.).
1001:
992:
991:
989:
988:
974:
968:
967:
931:
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888:
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845:
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722:
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636:
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576:
122:Honesty-humility
45:honesty-humility
2392:
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2015:
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1988:
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1983:
1961:
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1956:
1934:
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1860:
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1825:
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1804:10.1.1.503.7559
1788:
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1761:
1760:
1756:
1734:
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1589:(1): e0227877.
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1320:
1319:
1315:
1293:
1292:
1285:
1263:
1262:
1255:
1234:(4): 995–1009.
1225:
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1217:
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1188:
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1170:
1141:(5): 1577–614.
1132:
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1080:
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1037:
1033:
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1002:
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2174:
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2107:
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2008:
1997:(3): 338–342.
1981:
1954:
1927:
1908:(5): 336–348.
1888:
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1834:(6): 515–534.
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1797:(3): 323–348.
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1078:
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899:(2): 329–358.
883:
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203:Agreeableness
200:
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57:agreeableness
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2191:
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2088:(1): 10335.
2085:
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2011:
1994:
1990:
1984:
1967:
1963:
1957:
1940:
1936:
1930:
1905:
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985:. Retrieved
981:
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730:
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687:
683:
677:
647:(1): 26–34.
644:
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618:
585:
581:
574:
561:Trait theory
524:
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486:
474:
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452:
435:
426:
417:
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390:
375:personality.
373:
360:
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347:kin altruism
335:
309:extraversion
305:
289:
274:
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193:
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176:Extraversion
174:
166:
162:
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149:Emotionality
147:
139:
135:
129:
120:
113:
105:
101:
89:
86:
69:trait models
53:extraversion
49:emotionality
32:
28:
26:
1943:: 130–133.
1743:(5): 1216.
1302:: 147–167.
1272:(5): 1952.
733:(1): 1–32.
499:Neuroticism
423:Risk taking
321:neuroticism
163:Adjectives:
2366:Categories
1333:(2): 180.
987:2022-04-25
641:Am Psychol
567:References
510:Criticisms
467:Employment
414:Creativity
363:dark triad
339:altruistic
271:Adjectives
244:Adjectives
217:Adjectives
190:Adjectives
136:Adjectives
43:, include
41:dimensions
2259:144709415
2245:: 26–42.
2224:210698453
2208:1939-1455
2169:218563688
2143:1745-6916
2102:0065-0668
2060:253344751
2052:1939-1455
1970:: 43–48.
1848:144042194
1799:CiteSeerX
1564:201478382
1556:2190-8370
1382:cite book
1374:987583452
1204:cite book
1196:835227535
1120:201398756
1112:2190-8370
1065:0022-3506
1026:987583452
826:cite book
818:987583452
747:0033-295X
602:0022-3514
449:Education
439:prejudice
432:Sexuality
103:English.
63:(C), and
2216:31944795
2161:32384257
1922:18908590
1883:17605593
1623:31961895
1583:PLOS ONE
1500:20420478
1423:16138875
1248:21859221
1155:19678873
1073:18665898
964:13183244
956:18453460
921:27763606
913:26804579
878:17179958
870:20017063
785:18665898
712:13183244
704:18453460
669:20595956
610:14769090
530:See also
503:Big Five
292:Big Five
2152:7333518
1614:6974095
1591:Bibcode
1458:6535576
1163:7106403
661:8427480
286:History
157:Facets:
75:Concept
2257:
2222:
2214:
2206:
2167:
2159:
2149:
2141:
2100:
2058:
2050:
1920:
1881:
1846:
1801:
1621:
1611:
1562:
1554:
1498:
1456:
1421:
1372:
1362:
1246:
1194:
1184:
1161:
1153:
1135:J Pers
1118:
1110:
1071:
1063:
1024:
1014:
962:
954:
919:
911:
876:
868:
816:
806:
783:
765:J Pers
745:
710:
702:
667:
659:
608:
600:
315:, and
296:NEO-PI
275:versus
265:Facets
248:versus
238:Facets
221:versus
211:Facets
194:versus
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