583:, risky driving, tobacco use, violence, and suicideāare all predicted by low conscientiousness. Health behaviors are more strongly correlated with the "conventionality" rather than the "impulse-control" aspect of conscientiousness. Apparently, social norms influence many health-relevant behaviors, such as healthy diet, exercise, not smoking, and moderate drinking, and highly conscientious people adhere the most strongly to these norms. Conscientiousness is positively related to health behaviors such as regular visits to a doctor, checking smoke alarms, and adherence to medication regimens. Such behavior may better safeguard health and prevent disease. The only known health benefits of low conscientiousness are relaxation and reduced anxiety.
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Midlands, and most of the
Scottish Highlands. Low levels of conscientiousness were observed in London, Wales, and parts of the North of England. Higher mean levels of regional conscientiousness were positively correlated with voting for Toryism and the Conservative Party, and negatively correlated with voting for the Labour Party, in the 2005 and 2010 elections, and also correlated with a higher proportion of married residents, with higher life expectancy for men and women, fewer long-term health problems, and with lower rates of mortality from stroke, cancer, and heart disease. Higher regional conscientiousness was also correlated with lower median annual income in 2011.
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positive trait to possess, research suggests that in some situations it may be harmful for well-being. In a prospective study of 9,570 people over four years, highly conscientious people suffered more than twice as much if they became unemployed. The authors suggested this may be due to conscientious people making different attributions about why they became unemployed, or through experiencing stronger reactions following failure. This finding is consistent with perspectives which see no trait as inherently positive or negative, but rather the consequences of the trait being dependent on the situation and concomitant goals and motivations.
402:(Five-Factor Model), behavior geneticists began systematic studies of the full range of personality traits, and it soon became clear that all five factors are substantially heritable. Identical twins showed very similar personality traits even when they had been separated at birth and raised apart, and this was true for both character traits and temperament traits. Parents and communities influence the ways in which conscientiousness is expressed, but they apparently do not influence its level.
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spousal abuse, and alcohol use disorder. Conscientious behaviors may have a direct influence on relationship quality, as people low in conscientiousness are less responsible, less responsive to their partners, more condescending, and less likely to hold back offensive comments. More conscientious people are better at managing conflict and tend to provoke fewer disagreements, perhaps because they elicit less criticism due to their well-controlled and responsible behavior.
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mini-markers. Thompson revised these measures to develop the
International English Mini-Markers which has superior validity and reliability in populations both within and outside North America. Internal consistency reliability of the International English Mini-Markers for the Conscientiousness measure for native English-speakers is reported as .90, that for non-native English-speakers is .86.
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subfactor of conscientiousness show less innovative behavior, especially if coupled with a low score on the industrious subfactor. Group conscientiousness has a negative effect on group performance during creative tasks. Groups with only conscientious members have difficulty solving open-ended problems.
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more often than conscientious people. High conscientiousness is associated with more careful planning of shopping trips and less impulse buying of unneeded items. While conscientiousness is generally linked to a lower level of anti-social behaviour, it is not always the case, and conscientiousness is
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The orderliness/dependability subfactors (order, dutifulness, and deliberation) of conscientiousness correlate negatively with creativity while the industriousness/achievement subfactors (competence, achievement striving, and self-discipline) correlate positively. People who score high on the order
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Relationship quality is positively associated with partners' levels of conscientiousness. Highly conscientious people are less likely to get divorced due to their own fault. Conscientiousness is associated with lower rates of behavior associated with at-fault divorce, such as extramarital affairs,
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People who score high on the trait of conscientiousness tend to be more organized and less cluttered in their homes and offices. For example, their books tend to be neatly shelved in alphabetical order, or categorized by topic, rather than scattered around the room. Their clothes tend to be folded
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use adjectives that reflect conscientiousness traits, such as "efficient" and "systematic", and are very space- and time-efficient for research purposes. Goldberg developed a 20-word measure as part of his 100-word Big Five markers. Saucier developed a briefer 8-word measure as part of his 40-word
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Terms such as "hard-working", "reliable", and "persevering" describe desirable aspects of character. Because conscientiousness was once believed to be a moral evaluation, it was overlooked as a psychological attribute. The reality of individual differences in conscientiousness has now been clearly
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Conscientiousness has distinct sub-components, including two major branches (i.e., orderliness and industriousness). The largest set of meta-analyses found that these branches of conscientiousness have disparate connections with cognitive abilities. Orderliness has negative correlations with some
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A 2008 meta-analysis found that conscientiousness has a positive relationship with subjective well-being, particularly satisfaction with life. Highly conscientious people tend to be happier with their lives than those who score low on this trait. Although conscientiousness is generally seen as a
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A large scale survey of residents of Great
Britain found that average levels of all the Big Five, including conscientiousness, vary across regional districts in England, Wales, and Scotland. High levels of conscientiousness were found throughout much of Southern England, scattered areas of the
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Currently, little is known about conscientiousness in young children because the self-report inventories typically used to assess it are not appropriate for that age group. There are likely individual differences in this factor at an early age. It is known, for example, that some children have
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A study from 2006 found that those scoring low on conscientiousness make better decisions after unanticipated changes in the context of a task. Specifically, the subfactors order, dutifulness, and deliberation negatively correlated with decision-making quality, but not competence, achievement
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tend to comprise more words than lexical measures, so consume more research instrument space and more respondent time to complete. Respondents are asked the extent to which they, for example, often forget to put things back in their proper place, or are careful to avoid making mistakes. Some
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and emotional stability may also be important, particularly in jobs that involve a significant amount of social interaction. Of all manager/leader types, top executives show the lowest level of rule-following, a conscientious trait. Conscientiousness is not always positively related to
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established by studies of cross-observer agreement. Peer and expert ratings confirm the self-reports that people make about their degrees of conscientiousness. Furthermore, both self-reports and observer ratings of conscientiousness predict real-life outcomes such as academic success.
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Although right-wing authoritarianism is one of the most powerful predictors of prejudice, a large scale meta-analysis found that conscientiousness itself is uncorrelated with general prejudice. Rebellion against control is significantly negatively correlated with conscientiousness.
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cognitive abilities (e.g., fluid reasoning abilities, math knowledge, lexical knowledge, and science knowledge) whereas industriousness has strikingly positive correlations with multiple abilities (e.g., general mental ability, memory, processing speed, and knowledge).
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of the sample. For example, with students who are low on one trait and high on the other (negative relationship) using the strong one to compensate and pass the selection, while students who are low on both (positive relationship) are removed by the selection.
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Some previous studies in selected samples (e.g., job candidates, university students) have found negative correlations between conscientiousness and intelligence. One potential explanation is that these negative correlations may be artificially
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and arranged in drawers or closets instead of lying on the floor. The presence of planners and to-do lists are also signs of conscientiousness. Their homes tend to have better lighting than the homes of people who score low on this trait.
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in their behavior. People who score low on conscientiousness tend to be laid back, less goal-oriented, and less driven by success, if they also score high on Big Five
Agreeableness; otherwise, they are also more likely to engage in
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Low conscientiousness is linked to anti-social behavior, blue-collared crimes, and crimes of passion, as well as unemployment and homelessness. Low conscientiousness and low agreeableness taken together are also associated with
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Carter, Nathan L.; Guan, Li; Maples, Jessica L.; Williamson, Rachel L.; Miller, Joshua D. (2015). "The downsides of extreme conscientiousness for psychological wellbeing: The role of obsessive compulsive tendencies".
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Hence, conscientiousness is associated only with rule compliance, obedience, and integrity, not necessarily with right-wing authoritarianism, which requires reduced Big Five
Agreeableness as well.
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Murray, A.L.; Johnson, W.; McGue, M.; Iacono, W.G. (2014). "How are conscientiousness and cognitive ability related to one another? A re-examination of the intelligence compensation hypothesis".
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on over 1,500 gifted adolescent
Californians, "The strongest predictor of long life was conscientiousness." Specific behaviors associated with low conscientiousness may explain its influence on
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Higgins, D.M.; Peterson, J.B.; Lee, A.; Pihl, R.O. (2007). "Prefrontal cognitive ability, intelligence, Big Five personality and the prediction of advanced academic and workplace performance".
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Conscientiousness correlates with successful academic performance in students and workplace performance among managers and workers. Low levels of conscientiousness are strongly associated with
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Because conscientiousness is positively related to job performance, conservative service workers have been shown to earn higher ratings, evaluations, and tips than their liberal counterparts.
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Brown, Tom J.; Mowen, John C.; Donavan, D. Todd; Licata, Jane W. (2002). "The
Customer Orientation of Service Workers: Personality Trait Effects on Self-and Supervisor Performance Ratings".
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A person's level of conscientiousness is generally assessed using self-report measures, although peer-reports and third-party observation can also be used. Self-report measures are either
522:; sometimes the opposite is true. Being too conscientious could lead to taking too much time in making urgent decisions and to being too attached to the rules and lacking innovation.
418:. Deciding which measure of either type to use in research is determined by an assessment of psychometric properties and the time and space constraints of the study being undertaken.
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such as stealing and fighting with other employees. Furthermore, conscientiousness is the personality trait that correlates the most with performance across all categories of jobs.
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can be hard for non-native
English-speakers to understand, suggesting internationally validated measures might be more appropriate for research conducted with non-North Americans.
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Lepine, Jeffrey; Colquitt, Jason; Erez, Amir (2000). "Adaptability to changing task context: effects of general cognitive ability, conscientiousness, and openness to experience".
398:. Temperament traits were thought to be biologically based, whereas character traits were thought to be learned either during childhood or throughout life. With the advent of the
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Rentfrow, Peter J.; Gosling, Samuel D.; Potter, Jeff (2008). "A Theory of the
Emergence, Persistence, and Expression of Geographic Variation in Psychological Characteristics".
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Neal, Andrew; Yeo, Gillian; Koy, Annette; Xiao, Tania (2011-01-26). "Predicting the form and direction of work role performance from the Big 5 model of personality traits".
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Dewitt, S.; Schouwenburg, H. C. (2002). "Procrastination, temptations, and incentives: The struggle between the present and the future in procrastinators and the punctual".
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is the only one that scores in the top ten for this personality trait. The four states with the lowest scores on conscientiousness on average were, in descending order,
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Individual differences are strongly preserved, meaning that a careful, neat, and scrupulous 30-year-old is likely to become a careful, neat, and scrupulous 80-year-old.
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Piedmont, R.L.; Chae, J.H. (1997). "Cross-cultural generalizability of the five-factor model of personality ā Development and validation of the NEO PI-R for
Koreans".
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statement-based measures of conscientiousness have similarly acceptable psychometric properties in North American populations to lexical measures, but their generally
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De Fruyt, F.; Van De Wiele, L.; Van Heeringen, C. (2000). "Cloninger's Psychobiological Model of Temperament and Character and the Five-Factor Model of Personality".
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Conscientiousness in psychology is defined, as noted above, by notions such as "orderliness and industriousness", not by reference to the ordinary language notion of
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Soto, C.J. (2019). "How replicable are links between personality traits and consequential life outcomes? The life outcomes of personality replication project".
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Goldberg, L.R.; Johnson, J.A.; Eber, H.W.; et al. (2006). "The international personality item pool and the future of public-domain personality measures".
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Robert, Christopher; Cheung, Yu Ha (April 2010). "An examination of the relationship between conscientiousness and group performance on a creative task".
579:. Nine different behaviors that are among the leading causes of mortalityāalcohol use, disordered eating (including obesity), drug use, lack of exercise,
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Sibley, Chris G.; Osborne, Danny; Duckitt, John (2012). "Personality and political orientation: Meta-analysis and test of a Threat-Constraint Model".
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Chen, Philip G.; Palmer, Carl L. (2017-08-04). "The Prejudiced Personality? Using the Big Five to Predict Susceptibility to Stereotyping Behavior".
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Mount, M.K.; Barrick, M.R.; Stewart, G.L. (1998). "Five-factor model of personality and Performance in jobs involving interpersonal interactions".
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associated with conscientiousness are frequently assessed by self-report integrity tests given by various corporations to prospective employees.
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rather than spontaneous behavior; and they are generally dependable. Conscientiousness manifests in characteristic behaviors such as being neat,
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Roberts, B.W.; Jackson, J.J.; Fayard, J.V.; Edmonds, G.; Meints, J. (2009). "25. Conscientiousness". In Leary, Mark R.; Hoyle, Rick H. (eds.).
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Davidson, Alexander; Theriault, Derek A. (2021-03-25). "How Consumer Experience Is Shaped by the Political Orientation of Service Providers".
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1989:"Demographic and personality predictors of intelligence: a study using the Neo Personality Inventory and the MyersāBriggs Type Indicator"
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Walton, K.E.; Roberts, B.W. (2004). "On the relationship between substance use and personality traits: abstainers are not maladjusted".
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49:. Conscientiousness implies a desire to do a task well, and to take obligations to others seriously. Conscientious people tend to be
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not always negatively correlated with criminality. It has been shown that conscientiousness is positively correlated with business,
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development makes them less suited to use in other populations. For instance, statements in colloquial North American English like
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Conscientious employees are generally more reliable, more motivated, and harder working. They have lower rates of absenteeism and
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1654:"The dark side of conscientiousness: Conscientious people experience greater drops in life satisfaction following unemployment"
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2103:"The secret lives of liberals and conservatives: Personality profiles, interaction styles, and the things they leave behind"
498:. Conscientiousness has a moderate to large positive correlation with performance in the workplace, and in contrast, after
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Kern, Margaret L.; Friedman, Howard S. (2008ā2009). "Do conscientious individuals live longer? A quantitative review".
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During most of the 20th century, psychologists believed that personality traits could be divided into two categories:
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J. F. Salgado (February 1997). "The five factor model of personality and job performance in the European community".
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General religiosity was mainly correlated with high Agreeableness and Conscientiousness among the Big Five traits.
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DeYoung, C.G.; Quilty, L. C.; Peterson, J.B. (2007). "Between facets and domains: 10 aspects of the Big Five".
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Thompson, E.R. (October 2008). "Development and Validation of an International English Big-Five Mini-Markers".
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1839:"The Longevity Project: Surprising Discoveries for Health and Long Life from the Landmark Eight-Decade Study"
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Sibley, Chris; Duckitt, John (2008). "Personality and Prejudice: A Meta-Analysis and Theoretical Review".
1824:"Psychological Predictors of Long Life: An 80-year study discovers traits that help people to live longer"
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Saroglou, Vassilis (2002). "Religion and the five-factors of personality: A meta-analytic review".
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Blickle, G.; Schlegel, A. (2006). "Some Personality Correlates of Business White-Collar Crime".
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Saucier, G (1994). "Mini-Markers ā a brief version of Goldberg's unipolar big-five markers".
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also have relatively high average scores on conscientiousness. Among the eastern states,
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Rentfrow, Peter J.; Jokela, Markus; Lamb, Michael E. (March 24, 2015).
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Conscientiousness also appears in other models of personality, such as
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No best way: an evolutionary perspective on human resource management
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Conscientiousness correlates with conservative political attitudes.
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2367:"Procrastination and the five-factor model: a facet level analysis"
1924:"Meta-analytic relations between personality and cognitive ability"
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Boyce, Christopher J.; Wood, Alex M.; Brown, Gordon D.A. (2010).
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According to a multi-decade study begun in 1921 by psychologist
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193:'s NEO-IPIP. According to these models, conscientiousness is a
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Moutafi, Joanna; Furnham, Adrian; Crump, John (January 2003).
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The International Journal of Creativity & Problem Solving
1003:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 155ā185,
687:. People living in the central part, including the states of
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Reiter-Palmon, Roni; Illies, Jody; Kobe-Cross, Lisa (2009).
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Carney, D.R.; Jost, J.T.; Gosling, S.D.; Potter, J. (2008).
1498:"Which Personality Traits Are Most Important to Employers?"
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Kim, Lisa E.; Poropat, Arthur E.; MacCann, Carolyn (2016),
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1476:. New York/London: The Guildford Press. pp. 257ā273.
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Personality trait of being orderly and following the rules
1551:"New research shows leaders are persuasive rule-breakers"
2448:"Which personality traits do innovative people possess?"
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In the NEO framework, Conscientiousness has six facets:
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Conscientiousness is one of the five traits of both the
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Hogan, Robert; Johnson, John; Briggs, Stephen (1997).
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Friedman, Howard S.; Martin, Leslie R. (March 2012).
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Steel, Piers; Schmidt, Joseph; Shultz, Jonas (2008).
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Handbook of Individual Differences in Social Behavior
670:, by concern with preventing unconscionable actions.
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Often forget to put things back in their proper place
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2647:"Regional Personality Differences in Great Britain"
896:. Odessa, Fla.: Psychological Assessment Resources.
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756: ā Branch of psychology focused on personality
185:that assess these traits are Costa and McCrae's
1928:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1922:Stanek, Kevin C.; Ones, Deniz S. (2023-06-06).
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247:Other Big Five personality traits such as low
116:. When taken to an extreme, they may also be "
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894:NEO personality Inventory professional manual
224:. Other models suggest a smaller set of two "
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2450:. Universiteit van Amsterdam. Archived from
1403:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
1239:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
1040:McCrae, Robert (2004). "Conscientiousness".
927:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
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683:Average levels of conscientiousness vary by
93:(tending to think carefully before acting).
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1502:Association for Psychological Science - APS
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1001:The Springer Series on Human Exceptionality
149:Conscientiousness is one of the five major
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2942:Four Cardinal Principles and Eight Virtues
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108:. Conscientious individuals are generally
2680:
2670:
2505:. Westport, Conn.: Praeger. p. 159.
2118:
1963:
1701:Wood, Alex M.; Tarrier, Nicholas (2010).
1614:
1415:
506:do not aid in predicting career success.
374:Learn how and when to remove this message
1393:Schmidt, Frank L.; Hunter, John (2004).
1035:
1033:
472:attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
197:dimension of personality, rather than a
2989:Values in Action Inventory of Strengths
1573:Positively Related to Job Performance?"
765:
2555:Personality and Individual Differences
2371:Personality and Individual Differences
2036:Personality and Individual Differences
1224:Snoop: What your stuff says about you?
970:Personality and Individual Differences
860:10.1146/annurev.psych.57.102904.190127
782:Personality and Individual Differences
502:is taken into account, the other four
263:are linked to high conscientiousness.
2601:Perspectives on Psychological Science
908:"International Personality Item Pool"
234:an intermediate level of organization
7:
1165:Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology
356:adding citations to reliable sources
2974:Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers
2794:International Personality Item Pool
454:Am careful to avoid making mistakes
301:. It is negatively associated with
272:Temperament and Character Inventory
2540:10.1111/j.1744-6570.2000.tb00214.x
2474:Journal of Research in Personality
2399:Handbook of Personality Psychology
2200:Journal of Organizational Behavior
2130:Journal of Research in Personality
1661:Journal of Research in Personality
1331:10.1111/j.1744-6570.1999.tb00174.x
1060:Journal of Research in Personality
1042:Encyclopedia of Applied Psychology
892:Costa, P.T.; McCrae, R.R. (1992).
490:Academic and workplace performance
14:
2804:Revised NEO Personality Inventory
2327:(2). SAGE Publications: 276ā307.
2169:(1). SAGE Publications: 110ā119.
1843:Population and Development Review
1130:Journal of Personality Assessment
274:, in which it is related to both
2613:10.1111/j.1745-6924.2008.00084.x
2120:10.1111/j.1467-9221.2008.00668.x
1855:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2012.00481.x
1807:10.1111/j.1464-0597.2006.00226.x
511:counterproductive work behaviors
332:
2583:Simon, Stephanie (2008-09-23).
2402:. Academic Press. p. 856.
1993:European Journal of Personality
1567:Tett, Robert P. (1 July 1998).
1274:European Journal of Personality
646:striving, and self-discipline.
343:needs additional citations for
2927:Catalogue of Vices and Virtues
2238:Journal of Consumer Psychology
1199:"Neurodevelopmental Disorders"
1044:. Academic Press. p. 470.
1:
2567:10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00233-6
2383:10.1016/s0191-8869(00)00019-2
2163:Journal of Marketing Research
1536:10.1080/08959285.1998.9668029
1356:Journal of Applied Psychology
982:10.1016/S0191-8869(99)00204-4
165:or OCEAN), which consists of
3576:
3567:
3544:
2672:10.1371/journal.pone.0122245
53:and organized as opposed to
3673:
3510:
3487:
2739:Big Five personality traits
2597:Original research article:
2499:Colarelli, Stephen (2003).
2175:10.1509/jmkr.39.1.110.18928
1716:(7). Elsevier BV: 819ā829.
1667:(4). Elsevier BV: 535ā539.
1607:10.1037/0033-2909.134.1.138
1009:10.1007/978-3-319-28606-8_7
848:Annual Review of Psychology
504:Big Five personality traits
3947:
2321:American Politics Research
2048:10.1016/j.paid.2014.06.014
1893:10.1037/0278-6133.27.5.505
1710:Clinical Psychology Review
1575:. Wright State University.
1426:10.1037/0022-3514.86.1.162
1251:10.1037/0022-3514.93.2.298
1142:10.1207/s15327752jpa6303_8
939:10.1037/0022-3514.93.5.880
794:10.1016/j.paid.2008.06.013
685:state in the United States
529:
18:
2486:10.1016/j.jrp.2010.01.005
2142:10.1016/j.jrp.2012.08.002
1780:10.1016/j.jrp.2004.01.002
1722:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.06.003
1673:10.1016/j.jrp.2010.05.001
1369:10.1037/0021-9010.82.1.30
1072:10.1016/j.jrp.2005.08.007
541:Problematic life outcomes
2333:10.1177/1532673x17719720
2296:10.1177/1088868308319226
2078:10.1177/0956797619831612
1226:. New York: Basic Books.
1177:10.1177/0022022197282001
1107:10.1037/1040-3590.4.1.26
1095:Psychological Assessment
607:created by the selection
216:, Achievement Striving,
19:Not to be confused with
2284:Pers. Soc. Psychol. Rev
1948:10.1073/pnas.2212794120
1556:. Psychometrics Canada.
1310:Judge, Timothy (1999).
548:substance use disorders
3902:
3886:
3838:
3815:
3806:
3797:
2753:Openness to experience
2365:Watson, David (2001).
1595:Psychological Bulletin
1569:"Is Conscientiousness
810:Journal of Personality
754:Personality psychology
500:general mental ability
167:openness to experience
41:of being responsible,
25:conscientious objector
3391:Righteous indignation
2244:(4). Wiley: 792ā800.
2206:(2). Wiley: 175ā192.
2066:Psychological Science
581:risky sexual behavior
532:Subjective well-being
526:Subjective well-being
169:, conscientiousness,
2909:BodhipakkhiyÄ dhammÄ
2799:Personality theories
2528:Personnel Psychology
2107:Political Psychology
1319:Personnel Psychology
1222:Gosling, S. (2008).
567:Health and longevity
352:improve this article
135:blue-collared crimes
133:behavior and commit
61:. They tend to show
2979:Theological virtues
2882:Positive psychology
2663:2015PLoSO..1022245R
1940:2023PNAS..12012794S
1934:(23): e2212794120.
614:Political attitudes
563:criminal behavior.
228:": orderliness and
71:aim for achievement
3931:Personality traits
3411:Self-transcendence
3003:Individual virtues
2947:Nine Noble Virtues
2876:Nicomachean Ethics
2789:Facet (psychology)
1795:Applied Psychology
822:10.1111/jopy.12177
441:Statement measures
285:rule consciousness
145:Personality models
3918:
3917:
3914:
3913:
3065:Conscientiousness
2932:Epistemic virtues
2817:
2816:
2758:Conscientiousness
2512:978-0-275-95739-1
2409:978-0-12-134645-4
2250:10.1002/jcpy.1233
1881:Health Psychology
1524:Human Performance
1483:978-1-59385-647-2
1018:978-3-319-28604-4
552:predatory lending
384:
383:
376:
307:sensation-seeking
276:self-directedness
183:personality tests
163:Five Factor Model
139:crimes of passion
98:Five Factor Model
39:personality trait
35:Conscientiousness
3938:
3907:
3891:
3843:
3820:
3811:
3802:
3678:
3581:
3572:
3549:
3515:
3492:
3477:
3406:Self-cultivation
2959:Prussian virtues
2922:Cardinal virtues
2844:
2837:
2830:
2821:
2732:
2725:
2718:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2684:
2674:
2642:
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2413:
2393:
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2352:
2315:
2276:
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2269:
2233:
2227:
2223:
2194:
2155:
2149:
2145:
2124:
2122:
2097:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2031:
2025:
2024:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1967:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1876:
1870:
1866:
1833:
1829:Psychology Today
1817:
1811:
1810:
1790:
1784:
1783:
1768:J. Res. Personal
1763:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1748:. Archived from
1707:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1683:. Archived from
1658:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1640:
1639:
1633:
1627:. Archived from
1618:
1592:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1549:MacNab, Donald.
1546:
1540:
1539:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1509:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1469:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1448:
1442:
1436:. Archived from
1419:
1399:
1390:
1384:
1380:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1316:
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1298:
1297:
1269:
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1234:
1228:
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1055:
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1027:
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915:
904:
898:
897:
889:
880:
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843:
834:
833:
804:
798:
797:
777:
428:Lexical measures
379:
372:
368:
365:
359:
336:
328:
312:alternative five
294:are included in
282:. The traits of
235:
3946:
3945:
3941:
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3939:
3937:
3936:
3935:
3921:
3920:
3919:
3910:
3853:
3771:
3598:
3525:
3475:
2998:
2984:Three Treasures
2901:Virtue families
2896:
2870:Moral character
2853:
2848:
2818:
2813:
2777:
2741:
2736:
2706:
2657:(3): e0122245.
2644:
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2277:
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2226:
2212:10.1002/job.742
2197:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2127:
2100:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2033:
2032:
2028:
2005:10.1002/per.471
1986:
1985:
1981:
1921:
1920:
1916:
1878:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1836:
1832:. June 5, 2012.
1822:
1818:
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1792:
1791:
1787:
1765:
1764:
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1471:
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1440:
1417:10.1.1.394.8878
1397:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1352:
1343:
1341:
1314:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1286:10.1002/per.461
1271:
1270:
1266:
1236:
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1231:
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1220:
1216:
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520:job performance
496:procrastination
492:
483:
467:
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424:
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380:
369:
363:
360:
349:
337:
326:
310:in Zuckerman's
233:
230:industriousness
218:Self-Discipline
147:
73:; they display
63:self-discipline
32:
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3010:Accountability
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2607:(5): 339ā369.
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2534:(3): 563ā593.
2518:
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2125:
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2072:(5): 711ā727.
2060:
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1914:
1887:(5): 505ā512.
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1867:
1849:(1): 175ā176.
1834:
1819:
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1801:(2): 220ā233.
1785:
1758:
1755:on 2011-07-17.
1693:
1690:on 2011-02-24.
1644:
1601:(1): 138ā161.
1578:
1559:
1541:
1530:(2): 145ā165.
1514:
1489:
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1453:
1410:(1): 162ā173.
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1280:(6): 469ā489.
1264:
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1171:(2): 131ā155.
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1136:(3): 506ā516.
1120:
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987:
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960:
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816:(4): 510ā522.
799:
788:(6): 542ā548.
764:
762:
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757:
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651:
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639:
633:
630:
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594:
588:
585:
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565:
557:white-collared
542:
539:
530:Main article:
527:
524:
491:
488:
482:
479:
466:
463:
461:
458:
437:
434:
423:
420:
407:
404:
382:
381:
340:
338:
331:
325:
322:
181:. Two of many
155:Big Five model
146:
143:
122:perfectionists
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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3929:
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3431:Sportsmanship
3429:
3427:
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3422:
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3417:
3414:
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3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
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3396:Righteousness
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3344:
3340:
3337:
3336:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3309:Nonattachment
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3239:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3072:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3001:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2969:Seven virtues
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2954:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2917:
2916:BrahmavihÄrÄs
2913:
2911:
2910:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2899:
2893:
2892:Virtue ethics
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2877:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2858:About virtues
2856:
2852:
2845:
2840:
2838:
2833:
2831:
2826:
2825:
2822:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2780:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2768:Agreeableness
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2733:
2728:
2726:
2721:
2719:
2714:
2713:
2710:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2641:
2638:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2596:
2592:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2580:
2576:
2573:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2549:
2546:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2522:
2519:
2514:
2508:
2504:
2503:
2495:
2492:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2468:
2465:
2454:on 2016-01-31
2453:
2449:
2442:
2439:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2419:
2416:
2411:
2405:
2401:
2400:
2392:
2389:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2361:
2358:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2290:(3): 248ā79.
2289:
2285:
2280:
2279:
2275:
2272:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2232:
2229:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2151:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2062:
2061:
2057:
2054:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2030:
2027:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1983:
1980:
1975:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1918:
1915:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1875:
1872:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1835:
1831:
1830:
1825:
1821:
1820:
1816:
1813:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1789:
1786:
1781:
1777:
1774:(6): 515ā35.
1773:
1769:
1762:
1759:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1704:
1697:
1694:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1655:
1648:
1645:
1634:on 2019-02-14
1630:
1626:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1589:
1582:
1579:
1574:
1572:
1563:
1560:
1552:
1545:
1542:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1518:
1515:
1503:
1499:
1493:
1490:
1485:
1479:
1475:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1454:
1443:on 2011-10-28
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1404:
1396:
1389:
1386:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1357:
1351:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1313:
1308:
1307:
1303:
1300:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1268:
1265:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1233:
1230:
1225:
1218:
1215:
1204:
1200:
1194:
1191:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1159:
1156:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1124:
1121:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1089:
1086:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1020:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
991:
988:
983:
979:
975:
971:
964:
961:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
921:
918:
913:
909:
903:
900:
895:
888:
886:
882:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
842:
840:
836:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
803:
800:
795:
791:
787:
783:
776:
774:
772:
770:
766:
760:
755:
752:
751:
747:
745:
739:Great Britain
738:
736:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
679:United States
678:
673:
671:
669:
665:
657:
655:
649:
647:
640:
638:
631:
629:
626:
622:
619:
613:
611:
608:
602:
595:
593:
587:Relationships
586:
584:
582:
578:
574:
566:
564:
562:
558:
553:
549:
540:
538:
533:
525:
523:
521:
516:
515:Agreeableness
512:
507:
505:
501:
497:
489:
487:
480:
478:
475:
473:
464:
459:
457:
455:
451:
447:
442:
435:
433:
430:
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421:
419:
417:
413:
405:
403:
401:
397:
393:
388:
378:
375:
367:
357:
353:
347:
346:
341:This section
339:
335:
330:
329:
323:
321:
319:
315:
313:
309:
308:
305:
300:
297:
293:
292:
291:perfectionism
287:
286:
281:
277:
273:
269:
264:
262:
258:
254:
253:agreeableness
250:
245:
243:
239:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
206:
205:" of person.
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
175:agreeableness
172:
168:
164:
161:(also called
160:
156:
152:
144:
142:
140:
136:
132:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
94:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
30:
29:consciousness
26:
22:
3894:
3878:
3871:
3864:
3846:
3830:
3823:
3789:
3782:
3764:
3757:
3750:
3744:
3737:
3730:
3723:
3716:
3709:
3702:
3695:
3688:
3681:
3665:
3658:
3653:Brahmacharya
3651:
3644:
3637:
3630:
3623:
3616:
3609:
3591:
3584:
3559:
3552:
3536:
3518:
3502:
3495:
3451:Tranquillity
3401:Self-control
3371:Renunciation
3329:Philanthropy
3324:Perspicacity
3284:Magnificence
3237:Intelligence
3217:Impartiality
3137:Faithfulness
3064:
3025:Authenticity
2951:
2937:Five virtues
2914:
2907:
2887:Trait theory
2874:
2809:Trait theory
2763:Extraversion
2757:
2654:
2650:
2640:
2604:
2600:
2588:
2575:
2558:
2554:
2548:
2531:
2527:
2521:
2501:
2494:
2477:
2473:
2467:
2456:. Retrieved
2452:the original
2446:Bakx, Nina.
2441:
2432:
2428:
2418:
2398:
2391:
2374:
2370:
2360:
2324:
2320:
2287:
2283:
2274:
2241:
2237:
2231:
2203:
2199:
2166:
2162:
2153:
2133:
2129:
2110:
2106:
2069:
2065:
2056:
2039:
2035:
2029:
1999:(1): 79ā94.
1996:
1992:
1982:
1931:
1927:
1917:
1884:
1880:
1874:
1846:
1842:
1827:
1815:
1798:
1794:
1788:
1771:
1767:
1761:
1750:the original
1713:
1709:
1696:
1685:the original
1664:
1660:
1647:
1636:. Retrieved
1629:the original
1598:
1594:
1581:
1570:
1562:
1544:
1527:
1523:
1517:
1506:. Retrieved
1504:. 2014-09-25
1501:
1492:
1473:
1445:. Retrieved
1438:the original
1407:
1401:
1388:
1363:(1): 30ā43.
1360:
1354:
1342:. Retrieved
1322:
1318:
1302:
1277:
1273:
1267:
1242:
1238:
1232:
1223:
1217:
1206:. Retrieved
1202:
1193:
1168:
1164:
1158:
1133:
1129:
1123:
1101:(1): 26ā42.
1098:
1094:
1088:
1066:(1): 84ā96.
1063:
1059:
1041:
1022:, retrieved
1000:
990:
973:
969:
963:
930:
926:
920:
912:ipip.ori.org
911:
902:
893:
851:
847:
813:
809:
802:
785:
781:
742:
721:Rhode Island
682:
661:
653:
644:
641:Adaptability
635:
627:
623:
620:
617:
603:
599:
596:Intelligence
590:
573:Lewis Terman
570:
561:premeditated
544:
535:
508:
493:
484:
476:
468:
453:
449:
440:
439:
427:
425:
415:
414:or based on
411:
409:
389:
385:
370:
361:
350:Please help
345:verification
342:
316:
302:
289:
283:
265:
249:extraversion
246:
238:productivity
222:Deliberation
207:
171:extraversion
148:
110:hard-working
102:HEXACO model
95:
34:
33:
3471:Workmanship
3361:Punctuality
3279:Magnanimity
3202:Hospitality
3152:Forgiveness
3097:Discernment
3055:Cleanliness
2773:Neuroticism
2377:: 149ā158.
854:: 401ā421.
650:Religiosity
465:Development
406:Measurement
392:temperament
299:16 PF model
280:persistence
261:neuroticism
214:Dutifulness
199:categorical
179:neuroticism
159:personality
131:anti-social
118:workaholics
3784:Auctoritas
3632:Aparigraha
3611:Adhiį¹į¹hÄna
3593:Sophrosyne
3561:Eutrapelia
3446:Temperance
3426:Solidarity
3416:Simplicity
3376:Resilience
3351:Politeness
3319:Patriotism
3299:Moderation
3172:Good faith
3162:Generosity
3122:Equanimity
3102:Discipline
3060:Compassion
2458:2015-04-12
1638:2012-07-11
1616:1880/47915
1508:2021-03-16
1447:2010-07-12
1208:2021-03-09
1024:2024-01-26
761:References
705:New Mexico
664:conscience
658:Conscience
632:Creativity
481:Daily life
416:statements
259:, and low
242:work ethic
210:Competence
195:continuous
151:dimensions
126:compulsive
91:deliberate
79:systematic
59:disorderly
55:easy-going
21:conscience
3832:Humanitas
3578:Phronesis
3569:Philotimo
3421:Sincerity
3386:Reverence
3254:Judgement
3242:Emotional
3232:Integrity
3222:Innocence
3177:Gratitude
3157:Frugality
3147:Foresight
3127:Etiquette
3117:Endurance
3092:Diligence
3015:Alertness
2964:Scout Law
2865:Endowment
2561:: 15ā25.
2349:142142664
2341:1532-673X
2266:233791649
2258:1057-7408
2220:0894-3796
2191:144095642
2183:0022-2437
2042:: 17ā22.
2021:143599504
2013:0890-2070
1956:0027-8424
1901:1930-7810
1863:0098-7921
1730:0272-7358
1681:0092-6566
1412:CiteSeerX
1185:145053137
1115:144709415
674:Geography
577:longevity
436:Statement
396:character
364:July 2023
304:impulsive
296:Cattell's
268:Cloninger
212:, Order,
106:character
67:dutifully
51:efficient
3925:Category
3825:Gravitas
3808:Dignitas
3554:Ataraxia
3436:Sympathy
3366:Religion
3356:Prudence
3314:Patience
3289:Meekness
3264:Kindness
3212:Humility
3207:Humanity
3142:Fidelity
3087:Courtesy
3050:Chivalry
3045:Chastity
3035:Charisma
3030:Calmness
3020:Altruism
2699:14827579
2691:25803819
2651:PLOS ONE
2629:17059908
2621:26158954
2435:: 27ā45.
2304:18641385
2094:96436304
2086:30950321
1974:37252971
1965:10266031
1909:18823176
1746:11952756
1738:20655136
1625:18193998
1434:14717634
1344:8 August
1259:17645401
1203:NeuronUP
1080:13274640
947:17983306
876:20451934
868:16318601
830:25858019
748:See also
701:Missouri
697:Oklahoma
693:Nebraska
460:Behavior
257:openness
191:Goldberg
187:NEO PI-R
114:reliable
100:and the
87:thorough
47:diligent
3880:Sadaqah
3866:Ganbaru
3799:Decorum
3791:Caritas
3746:ÅraddhÄ
3732:Shaucha
3697:Kshanti
3625:Akrodha
3480:Chinese
3381:Respect
3304:Modesty
3274:Loyalty
3259:Justice
3227:Insight
3187:Honesty
3182:Heroism
3112:Empathy
3070:Courage
3040:Charity
2953:PÄramÄ«s
2851:Virtues
2782:Related
2682:4372610
2659:Bibcode
2590:WSJ.com
2312:5156899
1936:Bibcode
1377:9119797
1339:1601484
1294:7065818
1150:7844738
955:8261816
717:Florida
713:Arizona
422:Lexical
412:lexical
314:model.
251:, high
226:aspects
153:in the
83:careful
75:planned
43:careful
37:is the
3848:Virtus
3840:Pietas
3759:Upekį¹£Ä
3752:SaddhÄ
3718:PrajƱÄ
3711:MuditÄ
3690:Kshama
3683:Karuį¹Ä
3646:Asteya
3639:Ärjava
3618:Ahimsa
3603:Indian
3586:Sophia
3461:Wisdom
3339:Filial
3247:Social
3192:Honour
2746:Traits
2697:
2689:
2679:
2627:
2619:
2509:
2406:
2347:
2339:
2310:
2302:
2264:
2256:
2218:
2189:
2181:
2092:
2084:
2019:
2011:
1972:
1962:
1954:
1907:
1899:
1861:
1744:
1736:
1728:
1679:
1623:
1571:Always
1480:
1432:
1414:
1375:
1337:
1292:
1257:
1183:
1148:
1113:
1078:
1015:
953:
945:
874:
866:
828:
733:Alaska
731:, and
725:Hawaii
711:, and
699:, and
689:Kansas
668:equity
559:, and
324:Origin
318:Traits
255:, low
220:, and
177:, and
124:, and
89:, and
69:, and
65:, act
3904:VirtĆ¹
3858:Other
3817:Fides
3776:Latin
3766:VÄ«rya
3725:Satya
3704:MettÄ
3667:Dhį¹ti
3546:Arete
3538:Agape
3530:Greek
3456:Trust
3441:Taste
3334:Piety
3294:Mercy
3167:Glory
3132:Faith
3080:Moral
3075:Civil
2994:Yamas
2695:S2CID
2625:S2CID
2345:S2CID
2308:S2CID
2262:S2CID
2187:S2CID
2090:S2CID
2017:S2CID
1753:(PDF)
1742:S2CID
1706:(PDF)
1688:(PDF)
1657:(PDF)
1632:(PDF)
1591:(PDF)
1554:(PDF)
1441:(PDF)
1398:(PDF)
1335:S2CID
1315:(PDF)
1290:S2CID
1181:S2CID
1111:S2CID
1076:S2CID
951:S2CID
872:S2CID
729:Maine
232:form
45:, or
27:, or
3896:Sisu
3888:Seny
3873:Giri
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