320:
229:
658:
619:
614:
67:
654:
994:
41:
51:
1002:
718:
659:
657:
1141:
Siegemund, Günter; Schwertfeger, Werner; Feiring, Andrew; Smart, Bruce; Behr, Fred; Vogel, Herward; McKusick, Blaine (2010). "Fluorine
Compounds, Organic". In Bohnet, Matthias; Bellussi, Giuseppe; Bus, James; et al. (eds.).
675:
627:
594:
1022:
Most production, use, and emissions of HFC-152a have occurred within Earth's more industrialized and populated northern hemisphere following the substance's introduction in the 1990s. Its concentration in the northern
906:
in typical EI-MS, major peak at 65 m/z) distinct from anything in air. If mass peaks corresponding to 1,1-difluoroethane are observed immediately after spraying a suspect leak point, leaks may be identified.
880:. Despite its flammability, R152a also presents operating pressures and volumetric cooling capacity (VCC) similar to R134a so it can be used in large chillers or in more particular applications like
1027:
reached an annual average of about 10 parts per trillion by year 2011. The concentration of HFC-152a in the southern troposphere is about 50% lower due to its removal rate (i.e.
731:
985:, added voluntarily to some brands to deter purposeful inhalation, are often not legally required; they do not negate or counteract difluoroethane's intoxicating effects.
660:
1202:
Righetti, Giulia; Zilio, Claudio; Mancin, Simone; Longo, Giovanni A. (2018). "Heat Pipe Finned Heat
Exchanger for Heat Recovery: Experimental Results and Modeling".
1683:
369:
1618:"Observations of 1,1-difluoroethane (HFC-152a) at AGAGE and SOGE monitoring stations in 1994–2004 and derived global and regional emission estimates"
1175:
Longo, Giovanni A.; Zilio, Claudio; Righetti, Giulia (2015). "Condensation of the low GWP refrigerant HFC152a inside a Brazed Plate Heat
Exchanger".
899:
682:
1438:
876:(GWP) index of 124 and favorable thermophysical properties, 1,1-difluoroethane has been proposed as an environmentally friendly alternative to
930:
study, rats were exposed to up to 25,000 ppm (67,485 mg/m) for six hours daily, five days a week for two years. This has become the
915:
Difluoroethane is an extremely flammable gas, which decomposes rapidly on heating or burning, producing toxic and irritating fumes, including
1362:
Broussard LA, Brustowicz T, Pittman T, Atkins KD, Presley L (November 1997). "Two traffic fatalities related to the use of difluoroethane".
1159:
334:
931:
467:
573:
1319:
Avella J, Wilson JC, Lehrer M (March 2006). "Fatal cardiac arrhythmia after repeated exposure to 1,1-difluoroethane (DFE)".
1045:
738:
1111:
277:
1668:
298:
902:(GC-MS) systems. The cheap and freely available gas has a molecular weight and fragmentation pattern (base peak 51
898:
The molecular weight of difluoroethane is 66, making it a useful and convenient tool for detecting vacuum leaks in
618:
1678:
892:
806:
668:
1031:) of about 1.5 years being similar in magnitude to the global atmospheric mixing time of one to two years.
873:
810:
794:
758:
942:. Repeated or sufficiently high levels of exposure, particularly purposeful inhalation, can precipitate fatal
1569:
934:
for this substance. Prolonged exposure to 1,1-difluoroethane has been linked in humans to the development of
613:
66:
1290:
224:
1663:
1069:
186:
1673:
1085:
970:
606:
1264:
1013:) at stations around the world. Abundances are given as pollution free monthly mean mole fractions in
1629:
1211:
1040:
978:
79:
1446:
315:
132:
50:
40:
821:
1,1-Difluoroethane is a synthetic substance that is produced by the mercury-catalyzed addition of
1344:
1227:
1014:
943:
861:
802:
1550:
1532:
1501:
1483:
1420:
1379:
1336:
1155:
916:
822:
694:
166:
1637:
1540:
1491:
1473:
1410:
1371:
1328:
1219:
1184:
1147:
935:
762:
487:
392:
286:
920:
206:
1188:
1633:
1594:
1215:
319:
228:
142:
1545:
1520:
1496:
1461:
1332:
1028:
959:
845:
709:
502:
993:
1657:
1231:
1073:
966:
457:
447:
217:
1348:
1254:, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg (MD) (retrieved 2023)
891:
and numerous other retail aerosol products, particularly those subject to stringent
974:
1399:"A motor vehicle accident fatality involving the inhalation of 1,1-difluoroethane"
1244:
1223:
250:
1024:
1010:
782:
1050:
955:
888:
798:
415:
197:
1536:
1487:
1151:
1119:
982:
881:
826:
545:
1554:
1505:
1424:
1415:
1398:
1340:
1383:
1642:
1617:
700:
681:
674:
667:
640:
1478:
1001:
17:
1005:
HFC-152a measured by the
Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (
857:
429:
237:
1375:
969:
receptors. Fatalities linked to difluoroethane abuse include actress
939:
927:
177:
1597:. NOAA Earth System Research Laboratories/Global Monitoring Division
708:
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
1521:"Difluoroethane Inhalant Abuse, Skeletal Fluorosis, and Withdrawal"
1000:
992:
877:
797:-152a). It is also used as a propellant for aerosol sprays and in
261:
165:
155:
1460:
Novotny, Clara B; Irvin, Sarah; Espiridion, Eduardo D (2019).
1086:"Changes in Atmospheric Constituents and in Radiative Forcing"
903:
778:
1247:
in
Linstrom, Peter J.; Mallard, William G. (eds.);
303:
49:
39:
1519:
Custer, Adam; Corse, Andrew; Vazirani, Sondra (June 2020).
1439:"Autopsy: man in crash died from inhaling computer cleaner"
1249:
958:
with abuse potential. It appears to act primarily through
1462:"Acute Psychosis Following 1,1-Difluoroethane Inhalation"
997:
Growth of HFC-152a in Earth's atmosphere since year 2000.
887:
In addition, 1,1-difluoroethane is also commonly used in
652:
1006:
1321:
The
American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology
726:
813:(124) and a shorter atmospheric lifetime (1.4 years).
1570:"'Patriot' actress Skye McCole Bartusiak dead at 21"
249:
1314:
1312:
1091:. Cambridge University Press. 2007. p. 212
656:
141:
1144:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
1112:"Global Warming Potentials of ODS Substitutes"
8:
1252:, NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69
462:−24.7 °C (−12.5 °F; 248.5 K)
1295:National Library of Medicine HSDB Database
318:
227:
205:
28:
1641:
1544:
1495:
1477:
1414:
285:
452:−117 °C (−179 °F; 156 K)
1589:
1587:
1062:
374:
339:
314:
1397:Hahn, T; Avella, J; Lehrer, M (2006).
1177:Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science
218:
1684:Organic compounds with 2 carbon atoms
346:Key: NPNPZTNLOVBDOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N
185:
7:
1189:10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2015.06.010
1116:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
900:Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry
844:The intermediate in this process is
1616:Greally, B.R.; et al. (2007).
1271:. U.S. National Library of Medicine
356:Key: NPNPZTNLOVBDOC-UHFFFAOYAM
240:
1333:10.1097/01.paf.0000202715.71009.0e
25:
1403:Journal of Analytical Toxicology
932:no-observed-adverse-effect level
716:
617:
612:
343:InChI=1S/C2H4F2/c1-2(3)4/h2H,1H3
65:
1622:Journal of Geophysical Research
1445:. 10 March 2012. Archived from
801:products. As an alternative to
712:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
353:InChI=1/C2H4F2/c1-2(3)4/h2H,1H3
785:, where it is often listed as
574:Occupational safety and health
1:
1224:10.1080/01457632.2017.1358483
1046:IPCC list of greenhouse gases
1364:Journal of Forensic Sciences
1568:Duke, Alan (22 July 2014).
1009:) in the lower atmosphere (
35:
1700:
701:SDS for 1,1-difluoroethane
1204:Heat Transfer Engineering
1146:. John Wiley & Sons.
893:volatile organic compound
807:ozone depletion potential
706:
593:
571:
566:
385:
365:
330:
125:
90:
78:
73:
64:
34:
1152:10.1002/14356007.a11_349
884:finned heat exchangers.
874:global warming potential
811:global warming potential
989:Environmental abundance
759:organofluorine compound
1250:NIST Chemistry WebBook
1118:. 2010. Archived from
1018:
998:
872:With a relatively low
833:HCCH + 2 HF → CH
789:(refrigerant-152a) or
663:
55:
45:
1245:Ethane, 1,1-difluoro-
1004:
996:
971:Skye McCole Bartusiak
954:Difluoroethane is an
662:
102:Ethylidene difluoride
53:
43:
1643:10.1029/2006JD007527
1525:Federal Practitioner
1416:10.1093/jat/30.8.638
1291:"1,1-Difluoroethane"
1265:"1,1-Difluoroethane"
1041:List of refrigerants
895:(VOC) requirements.
645:(fire diamond)
80:Preferred IUPAC name
1634:2007JGRD..112.6308G
1479:10.7759/cureus.5565
1216:2018HTrEn..39.1011R
803:chlorofluorocarbons
588:Extremely flammable
488:Solubility in water
468:Critical point
424:g/mol
105:Ethylidene fluoride
31:
30:1,1-Difluoroethane
1669:Hydrofluorocarbons
1122:on 16 October 2010
1070:1,1-Difluoroethane
1019:
1015:parts-per-trillion
999:
944:cardiac arrhythmia
862:polyvinyl fluoride
751:1,1-Difluoroethane
739:Infobox references
664:
84:1,1-Difluoroethane
56:
46:
29:
1449:on 12 March 2012.
1376:10.1520/JFS14284J
1210:(12): 1011–1023.
917:hydrogen fluoride
823:hydrogen fluoride
809:of zero, a lower
795:hydrofluorocarbon
777:. This colorless
747:Chemical compound
745:
744:
695:Safety data sheet
299:CompTox Dashboard
167:Interactive image
60:
59:
16:(Redirected from
1691:
1679:Greenhouse gases
1648:
1647:
1645:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1591:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1565:
1559:
1558:
1548:
1516:
1510:
1509:
1499:
1481:
1457:
1451:
1450:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1418:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1316:
1307:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1261:
1255:
1242:
1236:
1235:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1108:
1102:
1101:18 February 2019
1100:
1098:
1096:
1090:
1082:
1076:
1067:
936:coronary disease
763:chemical formula
729:
723:
720:
719:
684:
677:
670:
655:
621:
616:
561:
557:
553:
536:
532:
528:
521:
517:
513:
496:
441:
437:
423:
393:Chemical formula
323:
322:
307:
305:
289:
253:
242:
231:
220:
209:
189:
169:
145:
69:
36:
32:
21:
1699:
1698:
1694:
1693:
1692:
1690:
1689:
1688:
1654:
1653:
1652:
1651:
1615:
1614:
1610:
1600:
1598:
1593:
1592:
1585:
1575:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1562:
1518:
1517:
1513:
1459:
1458:
1454:
1437:
1436:
1432:
1396:
1395:
1391:
1361:
1360:
1356:
1318:
1317:
1310:
1300:
1298:
1289:
1288:
1284:
1274:
1272:
1263:
1262:
1258:
1243:
1239:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1162:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1125:
1123:
1110:
1109:
1105:
1094:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1068:
1064:
1059:
1037:
1021:
991:
963:
952:
921:carbon monoxide
913:
870:
855:
851:
840:
836:
819:
776:
772:
768:
748:
741:
736:
735:
734: ?)
725:
721:
717:
713:
689:
688:
687:
686:
679:
672:
665:
661:
653:
630:
609:
584:
559:
555:
551:
540:
534:
530:
526:
519:
515:
511:
494:
490:
439:
435:
421:
409:
405:
401:
395:
381:
378:
373:
372:
361:
358:
357:
354:
348:
347:
344:
338:
337:
326:
308:
301:
292:
272:
256:
243:
212:
192:
172:
159:
148:
135:
121:
120:
86:
85:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1697:
1695:
1687:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1656:
1655:
1650:
1649:
1608:
1583:
1560:
1531:(6): 288–289.
1511:
1452:
1443:The Times News
1430:
1389:
1354:
1308:
1282:
1256:
1237:
1194:
1167:
1161:978-3527306732
1160:
1133:
1103:
1077:
1061:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1036:
1033:
990:
987:
961:
951:
948:
912:
909:
869:
866:
853:
849:
846:vinyl fluoride
842:
841:
838:
834:
818:
815:
774:
770:
766:
746:
743:
742:
737:
715:
714:
710:standard state
707:
704:
703:
698:
691:
690:
680:
673:
666:
651:
650:
649:
648:
646:
637:
636:
631:
626:
623:
622:
610:
605:
602:
601:
591:
590:
585:
582:
579:
578:
569:
568:
564:
563:
554:μPa·s (0.00887
548:
542:
541:
539:
538:
523:
507:
505:
503:Vapor pressure
499:
498:
491:
486:
483:
482:
479:
464:
463:
460:
454:
453:
450:
444:
443:
432:
426:
425:
418:
412:
411:
407:
403:
399:
396:
391:
388:
387:
383:
382:
380:
379:
376:
368:
367:
366:
363:
362:
360:
359:
355:
352:
351:
349:
345:
342:
341:
333:
332:
331:
328:
327:
325:
324:
311:
309:
297:
294:
293:
291:
290:
282:
280:
274:
273:
271:
270:
266:
264:
258:
257:
255:
254:
246:
244:
236:
233:
232:
222:
214:
213:
211:
210:
202:
200:
194:
193:
191:
190:
182:
180:
174:
173:
171:
170:
162:
160:
153:
150:
149:
147:
146:
138:
136:
131:
128:
127:
123:
122:
119:
118:
115:
112:
109:
106:
103:
100:
97:
96:Difluoroethane
93:
92:
88:
87:
83:
82:
76:
75:
71:
70:
62:
61:
58:
57:
54:Difluoroethane
47:
44:Difluoroethane
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1696:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1664:Fluoroalkanes
1662:
1661:
1659:
1644:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1612:
1609:
1596:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1571:
1564:
1561:
1556:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1515:
1512:
1507:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1456:
1453:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1434:
1431:
1426:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1409:(8): 638–42.
1408:
1404:
1400:
1393:
1390:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1370:(6): 1186–7.
1369:
1365:
1358:
1355:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1296:
1292:
1286:
1283:
1270:
1266:
1260:
1257:
1253:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1238:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1198:
1195:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1171:
1168:
1163:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1137:
1134:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1107:
1104:
1087:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1074:Sigma-Aldrich
1071:
1066:
1063:
1056:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1003:
995:
988:
986:
984:
980:
977:and wrestler
976:
972:
968:
964:
957:
949:
947:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
924:
922:
918:
910:
908:
905:
901:
896:
894:
890:
885:
883:
879:
875:
867:
865:
863:
860:precursor to
859:
847:
832:
831:
830:
828:
824:
816:
814:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
781:is used as a
780:
764:
760:
756:
752:
740:
733:
728:
711:
705:
702:
699:
696:
693:
692:
685:
678:
671:
647:
644:
643:
639:
638:
635:
632:
629:
625:
624:
620:
615:
611:
608:
604:
603:
599:
597:
592:
589:
586:
581:
580:
576:
575:
570:
565:
549:
547:
544:
543:
524:
509:
508:
506:
504:
501:
500:
492:
489:
485:
484:
480:
477:
473:
469:
466:
465:
461:
459:
458:Boiling point
456:
455:
451:
449:
448:Melting point
446:
445:
433:
431:
428:
427:
419:
417:
414:
413:
397:
394:
390:
389:
384:
375:
371:
364:
350:
340:
336:
329:
321:
317:
316:DTXSID0024050
313:
312:
310:
300:
296:
295:
288:
284:
283:
281:
279:
276:
275:
268:
267:
265:
263:
260:
259:
252:
248:
247:
245:
239:
235:
234:
230:
226:
223:
221:
219:ECHA InfoCard
216:
215:
208:
204:
203:
201:
199:
196:
195:
188:
184:
183:
181:
179:
176:
175:
168:
164:
163:
161:
157:
152:
151:
144:
140:
139:
137:
134:
130:
129:
124:
116:
113:
110:
107:
104:
101:
98:
95:
94:
89:
81:
77:
72:
68:
63:
52:
48:
42:
38:
37:
33:
27:
19:
1674:Refrigerants
1625:
1621:
1611:
1599:. Retrieved
1574:. Retrieved
1563:
1528:
1524:
1514:
1472:(9): e5565.
1469:
1465:
1455:
1447:the original
1442:
1433:
1406:
1402:
1392:
1367:
1363:
1357:
1327:(1): 58–60.
1324:
1320:
1299:. Retrieved
1294:
1285:
1273:. Retrieved
1268:
1259:
1248:
1240:
1207:
1203:
1197:
1180:
1176:
1170:
1143:
1136:
1126:20 September
1124:. Retrieved
1120:the original
1115:
1106:
1093:. Retrieved
1080:
1065:
1020:
975:Aaron Carter
953:
925:
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886:
871:
843:
820:
805:, it has an
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587:
583:Main hazards
572:
518:mmHg) @ 21.1
475:
471:
262:RTECS number
187:ChEMBL325493
126:Identifiers
91:Other names
26:
1601:12 February
1576:24 February
1183:: 509–515.
1025:troposphere
1011:troposphere
889:gas dusters
783:refrigerant
628:Signal word
577:(OHS/OSH):
386:Properties
225:100.000.788
117:Tinned Wind
1658:Categories
1628:(D06308).
1595:"HFC-152a"
1057:References
1051:Canned air
983:Bitterants
956:intoxicant
817:Production
799:gas duster
607:Pictograms
481:113.45 °C
416:Molar mass
287:0B1U8K2ME0
198:ChemSpider
154:3D model (
133:CAS Number
99:Freon 152a
1537:1078-4497
1488:2168-8184
1232:126263840
979:Mike Bell
973:, singer
967:glutamate
882:heat pipe
858:monomeric
827:acetylene
761:with the
598:labelling
546:Viscosity
533:bar) @ 20
514:kPa (4020
493:0.54% @ 0
269:KI1410000
1555:32669782
1506:31695984
1425:17132266
1349:22312214
1341:16501351
1269:WebWISER
1035:See also
1029:lifetime
856:F), the
791:HFC-152a
757:, is an
642:NFPA 704
567:Hazards
558:cP) @ 25
529:kPa (5.1
438:g/L @ 25
108:HFC-152a
18:HFC-152a
1630:Bibcode
1546:7357883
1497:6820689
1384:9397568
1275:2 April
1212:Bibcode
732:what is
730: (
430:Density
410:
238:PubChem
143:75-37-6
1553:
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1494:
1486:
1466:Cureus
1423:
1382:
1347:
1339:
1301:8 June
1297:. 1994
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1158:
1095:11 May
940:angina
928:DuPont
911:Safety
787:R-152a
727:verify
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697:(SDS)
634:Danger
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377:FC(F)C
370:SMILES
178:ChEMBL
111:R-152a
74:Names
1572:. CNN
1345:S2CID
1228:S2CID
1089:(PDF)
1007:AGAGE
950:Abuse
926:In a
878:R134a
753:, or
420:66.05
335:InChI
156:JSmol
1603:2021
1578:2019
1551:PMID
1533:ISSN
1502:PMID
1484:ISSN
1421:PMID
1380:PMID
1337:PMID
1303:2010
1277:2022
1156:ISBN
1128:2010
1097:2017
965:and
960:GABA
938:and
919:and
868:Uses
550:8.87
278:UNII
251:6368
207:6128
1638:doi
1626:112
1541:PMC
1492:PMC
1474:doi
1411:doi
1372:doi
1329:doi
1220:doi
1185:doi
1148:doi
1072:at
904:m/z
837:CHF
825:to
779:gas
755:DFE
596:GHS
562:°C
525:510
510:536
497:°C
442:°C
434:900
304:EPA
241:CID
114:DFE
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