HIAG - Knowledge (XXG)

436: 1305:, the historian George Stein writes, in his 1966 book, that the works produced by HIAG's circle were trying to show "the soldiers of the Waffen-SS were brave fighters, suffered big losses and, as far as they served in the front line, did not run exterminations camps". Stein notes that the apologists define the Waffen-SS narrowly and are silent on the matter of war crimes. He notes that only a minority of men were implicated in committing known atrocities and that the most historically significant role of the Waffen-SS was in the battles for "Hitler's Europe". But "to recognise this is not to agree with the apologists who picture the overwhelming majority of the men of the Waffen-SS as idealistic, clean-living, decent and honourable soldiers", Stein writes. 1006:) served on external detail only, "without the possibility of interfering with the internal procedure". He did not mention that the guards accompanied prisoners to labour sites and that the commanders of concentration camps generally came from the Waffen-SS. This apologist position also ignored the fact that the organisational structure of the SS tied the Waffen-SS to the Nazi annihilation machine through the transfer of personnel between various SS units and the shifting responsibilities of the units themselves, as they might perform frontline duties at one time, and then be reassigned to "bandit-fighting" operations – or 913:. According to Large, HIAG was a case study in the broader West German process of historical manipulation. HIAG's rewriting of history encompassed multi-prong publicity campaigns—including tendentious periodicals, books, and public speeches, as well as a publishing house dedicated to presenting the Waffen-SS in a positive light. The leadership viewed restoring the "tarnished shield" as a key component of the desired legal and economic rehabilitation, and thus no effort was spared. 40: 893:, and others—a prospect the federal government preferred not to contemplate, because of possible domestic and international consequences. Some of its more outspoken members sounded like Nazis, harming the public image of HIAG: "The wider aim of complete rehabilitation proved harder to achieve, in part because some of the more enthusiastic members of HIAG sounded alarmingly Nazi in their pronouncements." 711:, handled the relationship with HIAG. They maintained close contact, attending private and public meetings and keeping up regular correspondence. They often admonished HIAG leadership for the membership's "undemocratic" ways, but these efforts at reforming the veterans were futile. Such dealing with HIAG caused concerns within the SPD, where HIAG's members were thus described as "unteachables" ( 1376: 143: 1230:, notes the tendentious nature of Weidinger's narrative: it provided a sanitised version of history without any references to massacres. He argues that the unit histories, like other HIAG publications, focused on the "positive", "heroic" side of National Socialism. The researcher Danny S. Parker notes similar efforts undertaken to rewrite the history of the 1016:

Army. On another occasion, Meyer publicly denounced the "regime" that could "honour traitors" but would vilify its soldiers. He condemned the notion of "collective guilt" and equated Jews and Jesuits to the Nazis and the Waffen-SS, as all being victims of history and prejudice. In the first instance, Meyer was most likely referring to

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sees a "combination of resentment, myopia and inflated self-importance" in HIAG's efforts and attitudes. He credits West Germany's government, major political parties, and military planners with keeping distance between HIAG and other veterans' organisations sufficient to limit HIAG's role in the new republic and its armed forces.

1388:. " acclaimed aim, today , is to link older and younger generations in a common cause", notes the historians Steffen Werther and Madeleine Hurd. The publication's predominant theme continued to be "Europe against Bolshevism", with several editorials devoted to the idea that the Waffen-SS laid the foundation for the 1242:. HIAG involved a legal consultant to make sure the account would be within the framework of the strict German laws prohibiting glorification of the Nazi past. The project also included the former chief of staff of the unit, Dietrich Ziemssen, who in 1952 produced a denialist version of the massacre in his pamphlet 582:. Internal disagreements began to emerge in the early and mid-1950s as to the stance of the organisation: Some believed in the adoption of a more open stance and the centralisation of the group under Steiner and Gille, while others within the organisation believed that this would harm the goals of rehabilitation. 1333:, further retreating into its Nazi past. For a time, HIAG published a calendar that marked Nazi commemoration dates. Many of the organisation's founding members did not evolve with the times. For example, at least through the 1970s, Kumm remained "the ever unreformed Nazi enthusiast", according to Parker. 1137:). According to MacKenzie, the books' titles were symbolic of the Waffen-SS image that HIAG's leaders wanted to portray, while Sydnor describes this later generation of books as "equally tendentious". In addition to HIAG's own publishing house Munin Verlag (below), similar books were also published by 1438:

of the Waffen-SS as being "comrades-in-arms engaged in a noble crusade", according to MacKenzie, who highlights the long-term effects of HIAG's revisionism: "As older generation of Waffen-SS scribes has died off, a new, post-war cadre of writers has done much to perpetuate the image of the force as a

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For a broad public in Germany and even more throughout the rest of the world, has become the embodiment of that which all of us were clearly, intentionally and wrongly burdened in Nuremberg.... We have not forgotten what Jochen Peiper wrote to us from Landsberg Prison in 1952: "Don't forget that the

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activities, not only because it was concerned for the fate of some 40,000 members of the Waffen-SS who were missing in action, but because this outwardly humanitarian and non-political activity could help improve how it was perceived by the West German government and the society at large. Such public

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s "fire-eating editorials". HIAG's membership began to fall sharply in the 1960s, while the organisation itself was never a significant threat to democracy. "HIAG's main goal was pensions, not a restoration of the Third Reich", he notes. HIAG's performance as a lobbying organisation was mixed. Large

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The unit narratives were extensive (often in several volumes) and strived for an official-seeming representation of their history, backed by maps and operational orders. MacKenzie points out that "the older or the more famous the unit, the larger the work—to the point where no less than five volumes

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To buttress the reputation of the Waffen-SS, the memoirs of HIAG's leading members featured quotations by former Wehrmacht generals endorsing the fighting skills of the force. Steiner's, Meyer's, and Hausser's books have been characterised by historian Charles Sydnor as the "most important works of

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Even during the war, and especially after the war, infamous and lying propagandists have been able to make use of all the unfortunate events connected to the Third Reich and also with the SS to destroy and drag through the mud all of what was and is sacred to us. (...) Let us be clear about it: the

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The outburst caused a furor within West Germany. Periodicals as far as the U.S. and Canada carried headlines "Hitler's Guard Cheers Ex-chief" and "Rabble-Rousing General Is Worrying the Allies", with the latter article reporting that Ramcke's speech had been greeted with "roars of approval and cries

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followed in January 1951, distinguishing "between the regular German soldier and officer and Hitler and his criminal group... The fact that certain individuals committed in war dishonorable and despicable acts reflects on the individuals concerned and not on the great majority of German soldiers and

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In the 1970s and 1980s, as the West German public's awareness of the SS atrocities grew, the attitudes towards Waffen-SS veterans shifted dramatically. The federal organisation and local groups were ostracised, with their meetings and commemorations greeted with protests. At the same time, neo-Nazi

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Kurt Meyer embodied the voice of Waffen-SS apologists. In 1957, speaking at the HIAG convention in Karlsberg, Bavaria, he stated that "SS troops committed no crimes, except the massacre at Oradour, and that was the action of a single man". Meyer claimed that the Waffen-SS was the same as the German

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established contact with HIAG. When he first met with its leaders, Schumacher believed that 150,000 people were already members of HIAG, as evidenced by internal party correspondence; he considered that number to be "politically significant". In the same letter, Schumacher referred to the Waffen-SS

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The theme of foreign volunteers was featured prominently, with Steiner lending his voice in this area. In a 1958 editorial, he praised the foreign volunteers who, like German SS men, saw the "diabolical" threat of Bolshevism and "fought like lions" against it, as part of the Waffen-SS. The picture

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still faced heightened scrutiny, especially the officers. All Waffen-SS applicants went through the rigorous vetting process reserved for those with the higher ranks in the Wehrmacht. HIAG labeled the procedure "political inquisition" and complained bitterly about it in its publications, but to no

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Along with other veterans' organisations, HIAG campaigned for the immediate amnesty and early release of war criminals still in Allied captivity. This issue was significant, as most of these organisations made their cooperation in the area of rearmament contingent on the satisfactory resolution of

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wrote that, like any public pronouncements, these bylaws did not tell the full story of HIAG's real goals. By investigating how these statutes were applied in practice, he was able to tease out what the organisation stood for. For example, HIAG claimed to represent the entire Waffen-SS membership,

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HIAG never grew to the size of other West German veterans' organisations, the most successful of which, VdH, had membership approaching 500,000. Diehl, who studied postwar veterans' movements in West Germany, writes that the overwhelming majority of Waffen-SS veterans, who were more interested in

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During the Nuremberg Trials, HIAG's personnel, such as Hausser in his testimony as a defence witness, contended that the Waffen-SS was a purely military organisation no different from the Wehrmacht. The prosecution at Nuremberg rejected this claim and successfully argued that the Waffen-SS was an

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were members of HIAG. This was the timeframe when HIAG achieved its last success in economic rehabilitation: in 1961, the West German government partially restored pension rights to Waffen-SS personnel under the 131 legislation. HIAG greeted this development as a partial victory, which they hoped

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Lobbying by HIAG and other revisionists produced some early successes. In 1953, Chancellor Adenauer stated in a public speech in Hanover that members of the combat formations of the Waffen-SS had been "soldiers just like the rest" who had been "simply drafted". Large describes this declaration as

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The notion that Waffen-SS personnel had been "soldiers like all others" found its way into the discourse regarding war captivity. HIAG claimed that its members were victims of Allied arbitrariness and complained of harsh internment conditions. HIAG equated the status of war criminals with that of

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On the other hand, as the war progressed, and the Waffen-SS grew to encompass conscripts (from 1943), Waffen-SS personnel began to resemble that of the Wehrmacht, contributing to the postwar confusion as to the organisation's status. The results of conscription allowed the Waffen-SS proponents to

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Increasingly ostracised, HIAG disbanded at the federal level in 1992. Regional HIAG chapters continued to exist through the 2000s, at least one into the 2010s. These groups worked to maintain momentum through the recruitment of younger generations and through outreach to foreign veterans of the

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The aim of the publishing house was to publish, in cooperation with HIAG, the works of former Waffen-SS members. Its authors were former Waffen-SS unit commanders or staff officers who were members of HIAG. The Munin Verlag titles did not go through the rigorous fact-checking processes common in

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During the 1980s, HIAG's vociferous public events created almost insurmountable image problems, such as when a 1985 meeting turned into a public relations disaster. The press reported on the singing of forbidden Nazi songs, clashes with protesters, and even Waffen-SS reenactors. In an even more

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Kurt Meyer's memoirs published in 1957, detailed his exploits at the front and served as an element in the rehabilitation campaign. He condemned the "inhuman suffering" that the Waffen-SS personnel had been subjected to "for crimes which they neither committed, nor were able to prevent". Sydnor

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The HIAG bylaws of 1952 described the aims of the organisation as providing comradeship, legal assistance, support for those in Allied captivity, help for families, and aid in searches for those still missing. The HIAG campaigned for Waffen-SS veterans to be awarded the legal status of persons

632:, a former paratroop general and a convicted war criminal, invited to demonstrate so-called solidarity with the Wehrmacht, condemned the Western Allies as the "real war criminals" and insisted that the blacklist on which all former SS members then stood would soon become "a list of honour". 409:

In 1949, the ban on forming veterans' associations was lifted. Encouraged by the shifting tone of the World War II discourse and the courting of the Wehrmacht veterans by the West German government and political parties, former Waffen-SS members came forward to campaign for their interests.

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In the mid-to-late 1970s, HIAG attempted to commission a favorable biography of Peiper, to stop "the bad rumors", according to a HIAG official. "We must steadfastly remain behind the wheel and direct this book ourselves, otherwise will do it", Harzer wrote to a fellow member in 1976. HIAG

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endorsed Waffen-SS troops in a foreword and referred to them as "the first realisation of the European idea". Hausser described the growth of the Waffen-SS into a so-called multinational force where foreign volunteers fought heroically as a "militant example of the great European idea".

1298:-like army (and an elite one at that)", notes MacKenzie. John M. Steiner, in his 1975 work, points out that SS apologists, especially strongly represented in HIAG, stressed that they were the first to fight for Europe and Western civilisation against "Asiatic Communist hordes". 691:(SPD), garnering attention by inflating its membership numbers and influence. In meetings with politicians in the early 1950s, HIAG claimed to represent 2 million potential voters, a vast exaggeration, as only 250,000 Waffen-SS veterans were living in West Germany at that time. 1045:

first Europeans killed in action were in the units of the Waffen-SS, that the ones beaten to death during the post war period mostly were men from our ranks. They had become fair game because of their belief in the indivisibility of Western Europe. Remember these martyrs."

947:, a far-right Austrian journalist and a former Nazi war correspondent, became the organisation's key employee responsible for its publishing arm. He first became active within HIAG in 1955, and then joined as a full-time employee in 1959. According to the historian 1073:) was the first major work by one of the HIAG leaders. It had an unmistakable connection to the Nazi origins of the Waffen-SS: the SS runes on the cover art and the SS motto ("My honour is called loyalty") embossed on the cloth cover. Former Wehrmacht general 1308:

Wilke argues that by the 1970s HIAG attained a monopoly on the historical representation of the Waffen-SS. Its recipe was simple and contained just four ingredients: the Waffen-SS was apolitical, elite, innocent of all war crimes or Nazi atrocities, and a

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integral part of the SS apparatus. The Tribunal found that "the units of the Waffen-SS were directly involved in the killings of prisoners of war and the atrocities in the occupied countries" and judged the entire SS to be a criminal organisation.

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would lead to a complete rehabilitation. This wider aim proved impossible to achieve: the government was cautious, as rehabilitating the Waffen-SS would have opened the door to claims by personnel of other SS and Nazi organisations, including the

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avail. As a result of this heightened review, by September 1956, only 33 of 1310 applications by ex-Waffen-SS officers had been accepted (making them 0.4% of the Bundeswehr's officer-corps), as compared to 195 of 462 applications by enlisted men.

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The main stated aims of the organisation were to provide assistance to veterans and to campaign for the rehabilitation of their legal status with respect to war pensions. During its early existence, HIAG also focused on "tracing service" actions

962:(1957), featured, as described by MacKenzie, "tales of valour and heroism" and "propaganda photographs of Aryan-ideal volunteers from all over the Continent". In 1972, HIAG produced a five-hundred page SS picture tome under the nostalgic title 562:

blur the line between the Waffen-SS and the Wehrmacht, arguing not that the Waffen-SS did not participate in atrocities, but that the Wehrmacht did so as well. Large argues that the equivalence is meaningless, as, contrary to the myth of a

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HIAG also asserted that the Waffen-SS was merely "the fourth arm of the Wehrmacht"; these claims were even "more dubious", explains Large. As a Nazi organisation combining both military and police powers, the Waffen-SS was an arm of the

530:, West Germany's parliament, denying these accusations and describing the HIAG as an advocacy organisation for former Waffen-SS troops. Hausser asserted that its members rejected all forms of radicalism and were "upstanding citizens". 1180:

peer-reviewed historical literature; they were revisionist accounts, unedited by professional historians, presenting the former Waffen-SS members' version of events. Until HIAG's dissolution in 1992, Munin-Verlag published 57 titles.

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in 1954, the cemetery there became the focal point for veterans' reunions, with distinct Nazi overtones. In 1959, the HIAG convention in Hamelin attracted a crowd of 15,000 and concluded with "comrades gathering around the tomb" of

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the amnesty issue. It was partly for this reason that the West German government was sympathetic to the fate of these individuals and made every effort to secure their early release. Chancellor Adenauer even met with Kurt Meyer in

628:. It began respectably, with Gille announcing that the veterans were ready to "do their duty for the Fatherland" and Steiner declaring support for "freedom, order and justice". But the next speaker delivered a different message. 1210:

for any information that may have implicated units and personnel in questionable activity. To rehabilitate the image of the force, HIAG underwrote the publication of works by right-wing academics sympathetic to the Waffen-SS.

827:. Similarly, the historian Karsten Wilke, who worked with the HIAG archives in the 2000s, discovered that the HIAG members' positions were "consistently racist, anti-Semitic and anti-democratic", as the German news magazine 722:(FDP), whose platform was most closely aligned to HIAG's goals. The FDP demanded the release of war criminals, seeing their incarceration as "political". Through their support of HIAG, the FDP hoped to win popular support. 662: 3953:

Wilke, Karsten (2018). "Veteranen der Waffen-SS in der frühen Bundesrepublik. Aufbau, gesellschaftliche Einbindung und Netzwerke der 'Hilfsgemeinschaft auf Gegenseitigkeit'". In Jan Erik Schulte; Michael Wildt (eds.).

370:, it became clear to the United States that German armed forces would need to be reconstituted. Former German officers used the changing political and military situation as leverage to demand the rehabilitation of the 857:

In the following months, a number of war-criminals from the ranks of the Waffen-SS were released. Many of them were made eligible for prisoner-of-war compensation from local governments. In 1956, the West German

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HIAG took on the cause of those imprisoned or executed for war crimes and openly celebrated its members' Nazi past. A partial list of ensuing controversies in the first 12 years of HIAG's existence includes:

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living and dead, as well as their families: 500,000 in total. In reality, the organisation's rolls did not exceed 20,000. HIAG attained this number in the late 1950s, and maintained it until the early 1960s.

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HIAG's history began in late 1950 by a gradual amalgamation of local groups. The majority of its members were former junior officers in the Waffen-SS. In the summer of 1951, HIAG was formally established by

4638: 1317:, while Large uses the words "extravagant fantasies about past and future". MacKenzie refers to HIAG's body of work as a "chorus of self-justification", and Stein refers to them as apologetics. Historian 1448: 1358:

infiltrated the meeting, posing as a war buff. He later published a damning article called "Nazi Family Reunion" containing statements from a Waffen-SS veteran that ranged from virulent antisemitism to

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HIAG membership was open to convicted war criminals, with the group's position being to absolve them of their responsibility. For example, the group openly embraced and advocated on behalf of Dietrich,

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quoted a HIAG member's letter to the leadership conveying the dismay at "Jews" who became "powerful once again" and could thus stand in the way of political support for the Waffen-SS rehabilitation.

1493:(mobile killing squads) members which were responsible for mass murder, especially of Jews and communists, had been recruited from Waffen-SS personnel prior to the invasion of the Soviet Union. 4220: 3875: 1533:

Danny Parker calls the pamphlet an "exculpatory manifesto" and writes: "The literary subversion worked. Now the SS veterans had moved themselves from being the prosecutors to the prosecuted!"

1109:) in 1958, stressing the theme of the purely military Waffen-SS, along with the notion that the Waffen-SS, by having drawn on volunteers from Europe, could serve as a model of European unity. 854:

refers to it as "the least credible" of the several claims put forth by Waffen-SS apologists. MacKenzie states that on the Eastern Front the "Wehrmacht was just as brutal as the Waffen-SS".

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further undermined these policies by reviving the idea of the necessity to fight against Soviet communism, echoing an aspect of Hitler's foreign policy. In 1950, after the outbreak of the

362:. The Allies' attempts were often perceived by the occupied population as "victors' justice" and met with limited success. For those in the Western occupation zones, the beginning of the 326:, survived until 2014. While HIAG only partially achieved its goals of legal and economic rehabilitation of the Waffen-SS, its propaganda efforts led to the reshaping of the image of the 1367:

monitored HIAG as a far-right organisation during its later history, although HIAG was briefly taken off the list of neo-Nazi and extremist groups in 1984, causing another controversy.

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Large, who studied HIAG extensively, stated in 1987 that HIAG's anti-democratic and antisemitic statements were "the essence of what HIAG was all about", concluding that the HIAG's

303:, served as a platform for its publicity. This extensive body of work, 57 book titles and more than 50 years of monthly periodicals, has been described by historians as revisionist 1364: 1083: 955:

books echoed the same themes; one of them proclaimed: "From all European lands came volunteers as genuine comrades-in-arms. They fought for their Fatherland against Bolshevism."

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officers." The same year, some former career officers of the Wehrmacht were granted war pensions. Unlike the Wehrmacht, the SS had been deemed a criminal organisation at the

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Werther, Steffen; Hurd, Madeleine (2016). "Retelling the Past, Inspiring the Future: Waffen-SS Commemorations and the Creation of a 'European' Far-right Counter-narrative".

667:(VdH). In its turn, VdH saw its role as a counterbalance to militaristic veterans' organisations such as HIAG and explicitly distanced itself from them in the early 1950s. 1439:

revolutionary European army. The degree of admiration and acceptance varies, but the overall tendency to accentuate the positive lives on, or has indeed grown stronger."

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Although HIAG's leaders discouraged political affiliations, any leanings were to be "in the spirit of European and patriotic sentiment", as described in a 1951 issue of

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relations activities ("image polishing", according to Large) were important to HIAG, as it faced ongoing scrutiny and even calls for a ban on the organisation. The

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writes that, contrary to HIAG's claims, the Waffen-SS was not the fourth branch of the Wehrmacht and it was outrageous to describe it as a precursor to NATO.

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took on the role of the official historian of HIAG, in charge of coordinating the writing of the histories of Waffen-SS divisions. HIAG worked with historian

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apologist literature". They demanded rehabilitation of the combat branch of the Nazi Party and presented Waffen-SS members as "soldiers just like any other".

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battle was directed not only against the authoritarian regime of the Third Reich, but, above all, against the resurgence of the strength of the German people.

4593: 1290:. The positive image of the Waffen-SS indeed found a receptive audience during the Cold War. Senior Waffen-SS personnel were "not shy about suggesting that 656:, HIAG made use of the same drawings of emaciated German POWs behind barbed wire used by the publications of another post-war organisation—the West German 4648: 4633: 4623: 4598: 4049: 1434:

As a "crucible of historical revisionism" (in Picaper's phrase), HIAG attempted to rewrite and manipulate history. HIAG was instrumental in creating the

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To accommodate the West German government, the Allies commuted a number of sentences for war crimes. A public declaration by Supreme Allied Commander

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By the mid-1950s, HIAG had been able to differentiate the Waffen-SS from other SS formations; the crimes that could not be denied were attributed to

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Large, David C. (1987). "Reckoning without the Past: The HIAG of the Waffen-SS and the Politics of Rehabilitation in the Bonn Republic, 1950–1961".

522:("Viking Call"), in late 1951, HIAG was beginning to draw attention to itself and generate public controversy, including speculation that it was a 483:

became active members upon their release from prison, in 1955 and 1954. Meyer became HIAG's most effective spokesman. After Meyer's death in 1961,

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in its later history; it disbanded in 1992 at the federal level, but local groups continue to exist into the 21st century. Its monthly periodical,

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Both Hausser and Steiner followed up their 1950s books with works published in the 1960s. Published in 1963, Steiner's book was called

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characterised them in its 2011 article "The Brown Bluff: How Waffen SS Veterans Exploited Postwar Politics". Referencing Wilke's work,

4195: 3969: 3917: 3649: 3213: 3067: 1086:. The index was created in 1960 to limit the sale of such works to minors, due to the works' chauvinism and glorification of violence. 688: 777:(tracing service meeting), citing the German Red Cross's decision not to lend its support, due to these meetings being "superfluous". 3699: 990:. Its regimental commander Lombard reported eliminating close to 11,000 "plunderers" in the first two weeks of the same operation.) 435: 754:

hierarchy. Federal government officials intervened: the event was first postponed, and then its scope was significantly curtailed.

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HIAG leadership denied that there was any connection between the Waffen-SS and Nazi atrocities. In 1957, Paul Hausser wrote, in

382:. It included the demands that German war criminals be released and that the "defamation" of the German soldiers, including the 4628: 1036:, which had previously been quoted in Hausser's 1953 books. Hubert Meyer's speech later appeared in the November 1976 issue of 719: 4042: 876:

At the height of HIAG activity in the early 1960s, around 8% of the approximately 250,000 former Waffen-SS members living in

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faced strong opposition from the local Social Democratic Party (SPD), the Jewish Council, the Students' Association, and the

640:!' ('Pig – Dog')". HIAG and its spokesperson Steiner hastily tried to distance the organisation from Ramcke and his remarks. 554:: its members stood under SS jurisdiction separate from that of the Wehrmacht; its personnel were responsible for guarding 4175: 4129: 3791: 3537: 1330: 440: 314:

past, HIAG was a subject of significant controversy, both in West Germany and abroad. The organisation drifted into open

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The Beast Reawakens: Fascism's Resurgence from Hitler's Spymasters to Today's Neo-Nazi Groups and Right-Wing Extremists

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In 1963, a HIAG convention planned for the city of Hamelin had to be cancelled on short notice, due to public pressure.

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Wilking, Dirk (2004). "'Der Landser' – Wie ein Mann ein Mann wird". In Wolfram Hülsemann; Michael Kohlstruck (eds.).

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and nationalist movements found in the Waffen-SS something on which to project their understanding of World War II.

3589: 3314: 3112: 2987: 1238:, to produce what Parker calls an "exculpating multi-volume chronicle" of the division, which even whitewashed the 1223: 751: 649:

prisoners of war and obfuscated the differences between the veterans of the Wehrmacht and those of the Waffen-SS.

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announced that former members of the Waffen-SS, up to the grade of lieutenant colonel, would be accepted into the

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Sydnor, Charles W. (1973). "The History of the SS Totenkopfdivision and the Postwar Mythology of the Waffen SS".

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Janson, Henrik (2006). "The Organism Within". In Anders Andrén; Kristina Jennbert; Catharina Raudvere (eds.).

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Pioneer of the Shoah: The Waffen-SS, Kommandostab Reichsführer-SS and the Extermination of the Jews, 1939–1945

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HIAG's informal successor was the international War Grave Memorial Foundation "When All Brothers Are Silent" (

986:, was responsible for the murder of an estimated 23,700 Jews and others in July–August 1941 alone, during the 3357:

Power Politics and Social Change in National Socialist Germany: A Process of Escalation Into Mass Destruction

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The Rise and Fall of Comradeship: Hitler's Soldiers, Male Bonding and Mass Violence in the Twentieth Century

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in 1951. Its main objective was to achieve legal, economic, and historical rehabilitation of the Waffen-SS.

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Die "Hilfsgemeinschaft auf Gegenseitigkeit" (HIAG) 1950–1990: Veteranen der Waffen-SS in der Bundesrepublik

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recorded in 2010, was found not guilty.) HIAG was indignant when the newspaper refused to run the obituary.

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Wegbereiter der Shoah: Die Waffen-SS, der Kommandostab Reichsführer-SS und die Judenvernichtung, 1939–1945

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par excellence, the Army of Europe. Historians dismiss this characterisation. Picaper labels it as a self-

1025: 910: 797: 292: 127: 1002:, an open letter to West Germany's minister of defence, stating that the concentration camp guard units ( 841:

also reported Wilke's findings that the HIAG leadership maintained close contacts with far-right groups.

4395: 4215: 4170: 4104: 3615: 935:). A 1952 editorial by Kumm highlighted key themes that were used throughout HIAG's subsequent history: 800:

courts had convicted Simon as a war criminal and sentenced him to life imprisonment for his role in the

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To achieve these aims, the organisation used contacts with political parties, and employed multi-prong

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rebuilding their civilian lives or getting too old to consider returning to military service, ignored

1353: 4290: 3935: 3223: 1389: 948: 390: 374:. In October 1950, a group of former senior officers produced a document, which became known as the " 3851: 1318: 542: 4430: 4390: 4380: 4124: 4079: 3907: 3624: 3061: 2938: 2916: 1580:

Der Freiwillige : Militärmagazin ; Militärgeschichte, Wehrtechnik, Bundeswehr, Suchdienst

1393: 1235: 1138: 1061: 1008: 801: 625: 375: 315: 267: 3770:"Report Shows That 89 Neo-Nazi and Extremist Groups in Germany Have Combined Membership of 22,000" 804:, but he received a pardon in 1954. He was subsequently tried twice in the Federal courts for the 4658: 4245: 4205: 4190: 4180: 3636: 3601: 3566: 3558: 3493: 1256: 983: 4300: 4027: 1502:

Large: They "never cast off the political philosophy in which they had been reared and trained"

558:

and were thoroughly implicated in war crimes during the campaigns in the West and in the East.

4420: 4415: 4410: 4375: 4305: 4270: 3965: 3939: 3913: 3695: 3514: 3483: 3464: 3436: 3417: 3400: 3381: 3360: 3341: 3318: 3292: 3273: 3254: 3231: 3209: 3186: 3163: 3140: 3116: 3090: 3071: 3035: 3014: 2991: 2965: 2946: 2924: 1584: 1483: 1251: 1161: 886: 740: 538:, so that they would qualify for the same rights and pensions as Wehrmacht's career soldiers. 399: 4502: 4385: 4370: 4365: 4255: 3664: 3628: 3593: 3550: 2979: 1360: 1343: 1302: 1239: 1033: 1021: 786: 763: 495: 452: 444: 424: 395: 359: 347: 210: 3674: 3045: 299:

efforts, including periodicals, books, and public speeches. A HIAG-owned publishing house,

4460: 4435: 4350: 4340: 4335: 4265: 4160: 3957:

Die SS nach 1945: Entschuldungsnarrative, populäre Mythen, europäische Erinnerungsdiskurse

3130: 1410:), formed with a stated goal of maintaining war graves. In the 1990s and 2000s, after the 1400: 1157: 1130: 1118: 1102: 1066: 1032:. At Jochen Peiper's memorial in 1976, Hubert Meyer referenced Peiper's open letter from 927: 851: 695: 616:("veterans' reunions"), which were large-scale conventions, often accompanied by rallies. 563: 507: 484: 379: 355: 321: 258: 235: 4571: 3104: 4260: 3306: 3156: 1489: 1481:, the Waffen-SS had played a "paramount role" in the ideological war of extermination ( 1282: 1074: 1017: 882: 743:

in Bavaria, chanting Nazi songs, including "This Is the Guard that Adolf Hitler Loves".

704: 351: 273: 4587: 4495: 4405: 4400: 4345: 4285: 4275: 4225: 4119: 4094: 4089: 4015: 3903: 3640: 3605: 3570: 3450: 3270:

Fegelein's Horsemen and Genocidal Warfare: The SS Cavalry Brigade in the Soviet Union

3205: 3182: 1310: 1270: 1188: 1156:

In 1958, HIAG established its own publishing house—Munin Verlag. The name comes from

967: 824: 476: 472: 468: 190: 185: 163: 3962:

The SS After 1945: Apology Narrative, Popular Myths, European Remembrance Discourses

3497: 3334: 4559: 4553: 4528: 4360: 4355: 4330: 4320: 4315: 4250: 3927: 3134: 1143: 1029: 970:, a controversial Waffen-SS figure, as a contributor. Other similar books included 951:, Kern remained an "unrepentant and unreconstructed Nazi" up to his death in 1991. 890: 877: 739:(the manner in which Christmas was celebrated in Nazi Germany). They marched up to 503: 464: 456: 403: 339: 285: 220: 205: 81: 4011: 3746:[In Brettheim: The SS general and brutal "military policeman" Max Simon]. 3632: 1082:

was included in the index of objectionable war books maintained by West Germany's

747: 3955: 3202:

Fatal Crossroads: The Untold Story of the Malmedy Massacre at the Battle of Bulge

4565: 4539: 3721: 3669: 3087:

Old Norse Religion in Long-Term Perspectives: Origins, Changes, and Interactions

2547: 2545: 1215:

and well over 2,000 pages were devoted to the doings of the 2nd Panzer Division

1192: 829: 672: 406:. Consequently, Waffen-SS career personnel were not covered under the 1951 law. 3686: 1375: 4325: 4295: 4020: 3597: 3311:

The Myth of the Eastern Front: The Nazi-Soviet War in American Popular Culture

1487:), and not just as frontline or rear area security formations: a third of the 944: 906: 864: 480: 367: 296: 263:

Hilfsgemeinschaft auf Gegenseitigkeit der Angehörigen der ehemaligen Waffen-SS

215: 200: 30:

Hilfsgemeinschaft auf Gegenseitigkeit der Angehörigen der ehemaligen Waffen-SS

3375: 1588: 4425: 4310: 1379:"HIAG Ostsachsen" at the Ulrichsberg meeting at Ulrichsberg mountain in 2003 1314: 1173: 1028:. In the second instance, he was apparently referring to the members of the 925:, which was launched in 1951. In 1955, HIAG launched its other publication 808:

and for other crimes, but "to the horror of the West German public," as the

805: 781: 527: 448: 420: 383: 371: 281: 277: 195: 110: 3480:

Returning Memories: Former Prisoners of War in Divided and Reunited Germany

1396:, and "freedom of Fatherlands", as stated in one of the magazine's issues. 1363:

and mentions of happy concentration camp inmates "singing like birds". The

467:

was HIAG's first spokesperson. Two well-known former Waffen-SS commanders,

3421: 3404: 1578: 523: 363: 304: 122: 402:

of that title suggested), as being solely responsible for crimes of the

4509: 3964:]. Göttingen, Germany: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. pp. 75–98. 3562: 758: 683:

Behind the scenes, HIAG cultivated close relationships with the ruling

612:

events (literally: tracing service meetings) later evolved into annual

39: 4114: 2114: 2112: 1524:

According to Parker, "the way the old comrades wanted it remembered".

1024:. Meyer himself had served a lengthy prison term for his role in the 820: 699:

as a "branch of the Wehrmacht". Later, the SPD defence policy expert

3717:"The Brown Bluff: How Waffen SS Veterans Exploited Postwar Politics" 3031:

Thanks of the Fatherland: German Veterans After the Second World War

272:'Mutual aid association of former Waffen-SS members') was a 3554: 3414:

Beyond Eagle and Swastika: German Nationalism Since 1945, Volume II

1094:

as "perhaps the boldest and most truculent of the apologist works".

3744:"In Brettheim: Der SS-General und brutale "Feldgendarm" Max Simon" 3397:

Beyond Eagle and Swastika: German Nationalism Since 1945, Volume I

3013:] (in German). Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft. 1452: 1374: 1254:, a prolific screenwriter who had served in a propaganda company ( 770: 434: 427:. By October 1951, HIAG claimed to consist of 376 local branches. 1234:

division. HIAG worked with Rudolf Lehmann, chief of staff of the

3650:"Go East Old Man: The Ritual Spaces of SS Veteran's Memory Work" 3377:

Soldiers of Destruction: The SS Death's Head Division, 1933–1945

2921:

Modern Genocide: The Definitive Resource and Document Collection

1479:

Modern Genocide: The Definitive Resource and Document Collection

1295: 1165: 982:(1984), and many others. (One of the cavalry units in question, 735:

In 1953, HIAG conventioneers staged a torchlit procession for a

311: 4031: 3179:

Hitler's Warrior: The Life and Wars of SS Colonel Jochen Peiper

2272: 2270: 868:

at their old rank. Former Waffen-SS men who wished to join the

850:"irresponsible and unhistorical", while the military historian 526:

organisation. In response, Hausser wrote an open letter to the

3136:

Revolutionary Armies in the Modern Era: A Revisionist Approach

3063:

Count Not the Dead: The Popular Image of the German Submarine

1511:

See the chapter "Tarnished Shield: Waffen-SS Criminality" in

1164:

is one of the two ravens that are the companions of the god

4221:

Volkssozialistische Bewegung Deutschlands/Partei der Arbeit

3289:

Murderous Elite: The Waffen-SS and Its Record of Atrocities

2438: 2436: 2344: 2342: 2340: 2338: 1735: 1733: 1731: 1729: 1727: 1725: 1723: 1219:", authored by one of its former officers, Otto Weidinger. 551: 3511:

HIAG 1950–1990: Waffen-SS veterans in the Federal Republic

3272:. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. 2087: 2085: 2024: 2022: 2020: 2018: 2016: 1679: 1677: 1449:

Gesellschaft zur Rechtlichen und Humanitären Unterstützung

1286:. The Waffen-SS was thus successfully integrated into the 624:

In 1952, the organisation held its first major meeting in

3513:] (in German). Paderborn: Schoeningh Ferdinand GmbH. 1911: 1909: 1907: 1858: 1856: 1854: 905:

HIAG aimed to reverse that judgement through significant

534:

formerly in the public service, under article 131 of the

16:

20th-century pro-Waffen-SS lobbying group in West Germany

4639:

Non-profit organisations based in North Rhine-Westphalia

2865: 2863: 2634: 2632: 2630: 2628: 2481: 2479: 2477: 2475: 2363: 2361: 2359: 2357: 1979: 1977: 1975: 780:

In 1961, HIAG attempted to place an obituary glorifying

707:, a member of SPD parliamentary delegation and a future 570:

in the racial war of extermination in the Soviet Union.

463:

By December 1951, former high-ranking Waffen-SS general

3034:. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. 2586: 2584: 2289: 2287: 2285: 2129: 2127: 1966: 1781: 1779: 4151:

Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists

2615: 2613: 2611: 2257: 2255: 2253: 2156: 2154: 2118: 1938: 1936: 1754: 1752: 1750: 1748: 1710: 1708: 1706: 1704: 980:

Panzer Grenadiers of the 'Viking' Division in Pictures

658:

Association of Returnees and Families of POWs and MIAs

386:

personnel, cease, which Adenauer worked to implement.

280:

veterans' organisation founded by former high-ranking

3876:"Titles published by Munin-Verlag, 1951 through 2000" 3663:(2). Linköping University Electronic Press: 327–359. 3657:

Culture Unbound. Journal of Current Cultural Research

3432:

A Global History of Execution and the Criminal Corpse

2520: 2518: 1513:

The Waffen SS: Hitler's Elite Guard at War, 1939–1945

1451:(GRH) — A similar organization advocating for former 1365:

Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution

1222:

The French author Jean-Paul Picaper, who studied the

1084:

Federal Department for Media Harmful to Young Persons

109:

Legal, economic and historical rehabilitation of the

3336:

The Waffen-SS: Hitler's Elite Guard at War 1939–1945

757:

Following the reburial of executed war criminals in

4521: 4470: 4444: 4238: 4143: 4065: 3228:

The Faustian Bargain: The Art World in Nazi Germany

1125:). Hausser's work appeared in 1966 under the title 229: 154: 135: 116: 105: 87: 76: 58: 46: 3932:The Waffen-SS: Organization, Ideology and Function 3333: 3155: 1107:Die Freiwilligen der Waffen-SS: Idee und Opfergang 2984:The Wehrmacht Retreats: Fighting a Lost War, 1943 1405:Kriegsgräberstiftung 'Wenn alle Brüder schweigen' 1384:Waffen-SS, aided by the continued publication of 718:HIAG found its best champion in the centre-right 398:and could thus act as an "alibi of a nation" (as 52:Kriegsgräberstiftung "Wenn alle Brüder schweigen" 2943:Snow and Steel: The Battle of the Bulge, 1944–45 2915:Bartrop, Paul R.; Jacobs, Leonard, eds. (2014). 2415: 1260:) of the Waffen-SS, but nothing came out of it. 1199:in Freiburg, to screen materials donated to the 510:, former SS men convicted of wartime massacres. 3813:"Rabble-Rousing General Is Worrying the Allies" 3253:] (in French). Paris: Éditions l'Archipel. 2536: 2497: 2403: 1099:The Volunteers of Waffen-SS: Idea and Sacrifice 459:, who became key figures in HIAG after the war. 346:in Germany implemented policies which included 1954: 1020:who was the senior officer present during the 518:With the publication of its first periodical, 4043: 3416:. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press. 3399:. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press. 3380:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 1886: 1770: 1668: 1644: 1632: 8: 4059:Far-right politics in Germany (1945–present) 3089:. Lund: Nordic Academic Press. p. 393. 2923:. Vol. 1. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. 766:, a convicted war criminal executed in 1949. 319: 233: 50: 28: 21: 4000:. The text appeared in Kromschröder's book 3792:"4000 Germans Protest Reunion of SS Troops" 2854: 2842: 2830: 2818: 2806: 2758: 2551: 2329: 2028: 1565: 4140: 4135:Young Homeland Association of East Germany 4050: 4036: 4028: 3694:. Brandenburgische Universitätsdruckerei. 3648:Werther, Steffen; Hurd, Madeleine (2014). 2917:"Armenia, Bosnian, and Cambodian Genocide" 675:when he went there on an inspection tour. 20: 3668: 2893: 2348: 2276: 2208: 2184: 2172: 1739: 1683: 1250:contemplated approaching (or approached) 3340:. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. 1809: 746:In 1954, plans for a HIAG convention in 2674: 2619: 2575: 2317: 1995: 1983: 1915: 1797: 1558: 1546:for the text of the article (in German) 1470: 1197:Military History Research Office (MGFA) 966:. Hausser spearheaded the project with 769:Also in 1959, the Interior Minister of 183: 4201:Gesinnungsgemeinschaft der Neuen Front 2770: 2662: 2650: 2638: 2602: 2563: 2524: 2485: 2466: 2391: 2379: 2367: 4100:German League for People and Homeland 3456:The Wehrmacht: History, Myth, Reality 3230:. New York: Oxford University Press. 2945:. New York: Oxford University Press. 2881: 2869: 2746: 2734: 2722: 2710: 2698: 2686: 2590: 2509: 2454: 2442: 2427: 2305: 2293: 2261: 2244: 2232: 2220: 2196: 2160: 2145: 2133: 2103: 2076: 2064: 2052: 2040: 2007: 1942: 1927: 1898: 1874: 1862: 1845: 1833: 1821: 1785: 1758: 1714: 1695: 1656: 1620: 1608: 7: 4644:Organizations disestablished in 1992 4609:Aftermath of World War II in Germany 4110:National Democratic Party of Germany 3251:The Shadows of Oradour: 10 June 1944 2091: 1325:Transition into right-wing extremism 1301:Quoting German political journalist 4594:1951 establishments in West Germany 3158:Dictionary of Norse Myth and Legend 2794: 2782: 1543: 1329:HIAG then began its drift into the 1160:popular with right-wing movements. 790:in the SS, in the German newspaper 679:Relationship with political parties 242: 3482:. Rochester, NY: Camden Housedie. 3291:. Stockholm: Leandoer and Ekholm. 3247:Les Ombres d'Oradour: 10 Juin 1944 976:Cavalry Divisions of the Waffen-SS 644:Waffen-SS war criminals as victims 310:Always in touch with its members' 147: 14: 4649:Organizations established in 1951 4634:Neo-Nazi organizations in Germany 4599:1992 disestablishments in Germany 3688:Mobiles Beratungsteam – Einblicke 917:Periodicals and illustrated books 773:prohibited the holding of a HIAG 494:, assumed that role. As of 1977, 3996:article by Gerhard Kromschröder 3832:"Hitler's Guard Cheers Ex-chief" 3435:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 3359:. The Hague: De Gruyter Mouton. 2469:, pp. 295–296, 416 note 67. 964:When All Our Brothers Are Silent 897:Waffen-SS historical negationism 475:, became early leading figures. 142: 141: 38: 4080:Atomwaffen Division Deutschland 3068:McGill-Queen's University Press 1201:German Federal Military Archive 344:Allied occupational authorities 4624:German veterans' organisations 3355:Steiner, John Michael (1975). 1226:perpetrated by the men of the 1184:Unit histories and biographies 687:(CDU) and the main opposition 378:", for West German chancellor 1: 4619:Far-right politics in Germany 4130:Young Alternative for Germany 3811:The Associated Press (1952). 3633:10.1080/0031322X.2016.1243346 3538:The Journal of Modern History 1436:perception in popular culture 1294:had once organised and led a 441:Mauthausen concentration camp 400:Gerald Reitlinger's 1956 book 4156:Awakening of German Patriots 3478:Wienand, Christiane (2015). 3374:Sydnor, Charles W. (1990) . 3309:; Davies, Edward J. (2008). 2964:(in French). Paris: Ramsay. 2665:, pp. 298, 418 note 78. 2653:, pp. 217, 390 note 41. 1967:Sarasota Herald-Tribune 1952 1264:Successes and other outcomes 921:HIAG's first periodical was 328:Waffen-SS in popular culture 27: 4614:Cold War history of Germany 3752:(in German). Archived from 3670:10.3384/cu.2000.1525.146327 3547:University of Chicago Press 3429:Ward, Richard, ed. (2015). 3245:Picaper, Jean-Paul (2014). 3060:Hadley, Michael L. (1995). 2773:, pp. 389–390 note 38. 2119:Frankfurter Allgemeine 2010 1288:myth of the clean Wehrmacht 1274:(security and police), the 860:Federal Ministry of Defence 447:(centre). Taking part were 93:; 32 years ago 64:; 73 years ago 4677: 4604:Advocacy groups in Germany 4261:Gudrun Burwitz née Himmler 4176:Free German Workers' Party 4018:on Waffen-SS reenactment, 3986:"Nazi Family Reunion [ 3590:Cambridge University Press 3315:Cambridge University Press 3287:Pontolillo, James (2009). 3113:Cambridge University Press 2988:University Press of Kansas 2960:Chairoff, Patrice (1977). 685:Christian Democratic Union 498:served as the chairman. 4166:Deutsche Heidnische Front 4008:, Eichborn-Verlag, 1987). 3988:Familientreffen der Nazis 3775:Jewish Telegraphic Agency 3742:Christopher Dowe (2010). 3598:10.1017/S0008938900000960 3200:Parker, Danny S. (2013). 3177:Parker, Danny S. (2014). 2554:, Chapter III, Section 4. 1887:Bartrop & Jacobs 2014 1669:Smelser & Davies 2008 1645:Smelser & Davies 2008 1633:Smelser & Davies 2008 1598:– via worldcat.org. 1515:(1966) by George H. Stein 1059:Paul Hausser's 1953 book 988:Pripyat Marshes massacres 514:Organisational principles 37: 26: 3710:Websites and periodicals 3581:Central European History 3461:Harvard University Press 3268:Pieper, Henning (2015). 3028:Diehl, James M. (1993). 3005:Cüppers, Martin (2005). 2857:, pp. 332, 348–349. 2701:, pp. 257–281, 293. 1998:, p. 299, note 151. 1135:Soldaten wie andere auch 1123:Die Armee der Geächteten 1097:Felix Steiner published 972:Scattered are the Traces 599:Tracing service meetings 439:The 1941 SS tour of the 4075:Alternative for Germany 4006:Ich war einer von ihnen 3836:Sarasota Herald-Tribune 3505:Wilke, Karsten (2011). 3332:Stein, George (1984) . 3139:. New York: Routledge. 2855:Werther & Hurd 2014 2843:Werther & Hurd 2014 2831:Werther & Hurd 2014 2819:Werther & Hurd 2014 2807:Werther & Hurd 2016 2759:Werther & Hurd 2014 2605:, p. 387, note 20. 1566:Werther & Hurd 2014 1412:fall of the Berlin Wall 1347:investigative reporter 1127:Soldiers Like Any Other 823:remained true to their 689:Social Democratic Party 630:Hermann-Bernhard Ramcke 338:In the years following 4629:Historical negationism 4085:Autonome Nationalisten 3749:Frankfurter Allgemeine 3725:. 2011. Archived from 3204:(paperback ed.). 3154:Orchard, Andy (1997). 1404: 1380: 1341:damaging development, 1134: 1122: 1106: 1070: 1047: 1026:Ardenne Abbey massacre 958:Glossy books, such as 942: 911:historical negationism 909:in the service of its 810:Frankfurter Allgemeine 793:Frankfurter Allgemeine 737:"solstice celebration" 460: 320: 293:historical negationism 262: 246: 'The volunteer' 234: 128:Historical negationism 51: 29: 4483:Far-right periodicals 4396:Gertrud Scholtz-Klink 4216:Socialist Reich Party 4186:German People's Union 4171:Deutsche Reichspartei 4105:Identitarian movement 3616:Patterns of Prejudice 3412:Tauber, Kurt (1967). 3395:Tauber, Kurt (1967). 3224:Petropoulos, Jonathan 2416:Tauber Volume II 1967 1418:Assessment and legacy 1390:unification of Europe 1378: 1042: 960:Waffen-SS in Pictures 937: 806:killings in Brettheim 720:Free Democratic Party 709:Chancellor of Germany 614:Kameradschaftstreffen 568:actively participated 438: 4478:Far-right publishers 3936:Blackwell Publishers 3625:Taylor & Francis 3498:10.7722/j.ctt13wzt4c 2939:Caddick-Adams, Peter 2821:, pp. 331, 339. 2713:, pp. 379, 405. 2537:Tauber Volume I 1967 2498:Tauber Volume I 1967 2404:Tauber Volume I 1967 1349:Gerhard Kromschröder 1277:SS-Totenkopfverbände 1152:Munin Verlag imprint 1071:Waffen-SS im Einsatz 1004:SS-Totenkopfverbände 949:Jonathan Petropoulos 694:In 1951, SPD leader 620:Inaugural convention 593:Kameraden-Suchdienst 391:Dwight D. Eisenhower 4431:Gertraud Winkelvoss 4196:German Social Union 4012:"On Being a Wiking" 3162:. London: Cassell. 2962:Dossier Néo-nazisme 2884:, pp. 111–112. 2833:, pp. 330–331. 2761:, pp. 331–332. 2445:, pp. 255–256. 2430:, pp. 257–263. 2406:, pp. 337–338. 2279:, pp. 137–138. 2247:, pp. 250–251. 2211:, pp. 136–137. 2199:, pp. 107–108. 2187:, pp. 141–142. 1955:Ottawa Citizen 1952 1824:, pp. 271–272. 1583:(in German). 1956. 1544:HIAG#External links 1244:Der Malmedy Prozess 1236:1st SS Panzer Corps 1115:The Army of Outlaws 1080:Waffen-SS in Action 1062:Waffen-SS in Action 802:Marzabotto massacre 556:concentration camps 451:(front row, left), 376:Himmerod memorandum 316:far-right extremism 23: 4246:Bela Ewald Althans 4206:National Offensive 4191:German Right Party 4181:German Alternative 3796:The New York Times 3756:on 9 December 2015 2094:, p. see url. 2055:, pp. 99–101. 1771:Caddick-Adams 2014 1381: 1257:Propagandakompanie 984:SS Cavalry Brigade 907:propaganda efforts 652:In its periodical 603:HIAG embraced the 586:Waffen-SS advocacy 461: 164:Herbert Otto Gille 4581: 4580: 4421:Friedrich Thielen 4416:Adolf von Thadden 4411:Michael Swierczek 4376:Hans-Ulrich Rudel 4291:Wolf Rüdiger Hess 4234: 4233: 4211:Nationalist Front 4066:Political parties 4002:I Was One of Them 3945:978-0-631-14073-3 3862:(in German). 2009 3529:Academic journals 3520:978-3-506-77235-0 3489:978-1-57113-904-7 3470:978-0-67-402577-6 3459:. Cambridge, MA: 3442:978-1-137-44399-1 3387:978-0-691-00853-0 3366:978-90-279-7651-2 3347:978-0-8014-9275-4 3324:978-0-521-83365-3 3298:978-91-85657-02-5 3279:978-1-137-45631-1 3260:978-2-8098-1467-5 3237:978-0-19-512964-9 3192:978-0-306-82154-7 3169:978-0-304-34520-5 3146:978-0-415-09690-4 3122:978-1-107-65828-8 3096:978-91-89116-81-8 3077:978-0-7735-1282-5 3041:978-0-8078-5730-4 3020:978-3-534-16022-8 2997:978-0-7006-1826-2 2980:Citino, Robert M. 2971:978-2-85956-030-0 2952:978-0-19-933514-5 2930:978-1-61069-363-9 2457:, pp. 93–94. 2106:, pp. 92–93. 2067:, pp. 95–96. 2043:, pp. 97–98. 2010:, pp. 88–89. 1930:, pp. 90–91. 1901:, pp. 86–87. 1877:, pp. 84–85. 1865:, pp. 83–84. 1836:, pp. 82–83. 1671:, pp. 74–75. 1635:, pp. 73–74. 1623:, pp. 79–80. 1484:Vernichtungskrieg 1477:According to the 1394:expansion of NATO 1252:Herbert Reinecker 775:Suchdiensttreffen 741:Staufeneck Castle 610:Suchdiensttreffen 271: 252: 251: 4666: 4522:Related articles 4503:National-Zeitung 4391:Wilhelm Stäglich 4381:Franz Schönhuber 4366:Otto Ernst Remer 4256:Wilhelm Bittrich 4141: 4052: 4045: 4038: 4029: 3999: 3992:": Text of 1985 3975: 3949: 3923: 3891: 3889: 3887: 3871: 3869: 3867: 3857: 3847: 3845: 3843: 3827: 3825: 3823: 3807: 3805: 3803: 3787: 3785: 3783: 3765: 3763: 3761: 3738: 3736: 3734: 3705: 3693: 3681: 3679: 3673:. Archived from 3672: 3654: 3644: 3609: 3574: 3524: 3501: 3474: 3446: 3425: 3408: 3391: 3370: 3351: 3339: 3328: 3302: 3283: 3264: 3241: 3219: 3196: 3173: 3161: 3150: 3126: 3100: 3081: 3056: 3054: 3053: 3044:. Archived from 3024: 3001: 2986:. Lawrence, KS: 2975: 2956: 2934: 2897: 2891: 2885: 2879: 2873: 2867: 2858: 2852: 2846: 2840: 2834: 2828: 2822: 2816: 2810: 2804: 2798: 2792: 2786: 2780: 2774: 2768: 2762: 2756: 2750: 2744: 2738: 2732: 2726: 2720: 2714: 2708: 2702: 2696: 2690: 2684: 2678: 2672: 2666: 2660: 2654: 2648: 2642: 2636: 2623: 2617: 2606: 2600: 2594: 2588: 2579: 2573: 2567: 2561: 2555: 2552:SPD Inquiry 2009 2549: 2540: 2534: 2528: 2522: 2513: 2507: 2501: 2495: 2489: 2483: 2470: 2464: 2458: 2452: 2446: 2440: 2431: 2425: 2419: 2413: 2407: 2401: 2395: 2389: 2383: 2382:, p. 81–82. 2377: 2371: 2365: 2352: 2346: 2333: 2330:Petropoulos 2000 2327: 2321: 2315: 2309: 2303: 2297: 2291: 2280: 2274: 2265: 2259: 2248: 2242: 2236: 2230: 2224: 2218: 2212: 2206: 2200: 2194: 2188: 2182: 2176: 2170: 2164: 2158: 2149: 2143: 2137: 2131: 2122: 2116: 2107: 2101: 2095: 2089: 2080: 2074: 2068: 2062: 2056: 2050: 2044: 2038: 2032: 2029:Der Spiegel 2011 2026: 2011: 2005: 1999: 1993: 1987: 1981: 1970: 1964: 1958: 1952: 1946: 1940: 1931: 1925: 1919: 1913: 1902: 1896: 1890: 1884: 1878: 1872: 1866: 1860: 1849: 1843: 1837: 1831: 1825: 1819: 1813: 1807: 1801: 1795: 1789: 1783: 1774: 1768: 1762: 1756: 1743: 1737: 1718: 1712: 1699: 1693: 1687: 1681: 1672: 1666: 1660: 1654: 1648: 1642: 1636: 1630: 1624: 1618: 1612: 1606: 1600: 1599: 1597: 1595: 1575: 1569: 1563: 1547: 1540: 1534: 1531: 1525: 1522: 1516: 1509: 1503: 1500: 1494: 1475: 1429: 1408: 1361:Holocaust denial 1357: 1303:Karl Otto Paetel 1240:Malmedy massacre 1224:Oradour massacre 1209: 1147: 1034:Landsberg Prison 1022:Oradour massacre 1009:Bandenbekämpfung 764:Bernhard Siebken 666: 636:of 'Eisenhower, 496:Wilhelm Bittrich 453:Wilhelm Bittrich 445:Heinrich Himmler 396:Nuremberg trials 360:decentralisation 348:demilitarisation 325: 266: 247: 244: 239: 211:Wilhelm Bittrich 180: 176: 149: 145: 144: 101: 99: 94: 72: 70: 65: 54: 42: 32: 24: 4676: 4675: 4669: 4668: 4667: 4665: 4664: 4663: 4584: 4583: 4582: 4577: 4517: 4466: 4461:Volksverhetzung 4453:Strafgesetzbuch 4440: 4436:Christian Worch 4351:Harald Neubauer 4341:Martin Mussgnug 4336:Martin Kohlmann 4301:Götz Kubitschek 4266:Friedhelm Busse 4230: 4161:Artgemeinschaft 4139: 4067: 4061: 4056: 3997: 3982: 3972: 3952: 3946: 3926: 3920: 3902: 3899: 3897:Further reading 3894: 3885: 3883: 3874: 3865: 3863: 3855: 3850: 3841: 3839: 3830: 3821: 3819: 3810: 3801: 3799: 3790: 3781: 3779: 3768: 3759: 3757: 3741: 3732: 3730: 3715: 3712: 3702: 3691: 3684: 3677: 3652: 3647: 3612: 3577: 3534: 3531: 3521: 3504: 3490: 3477: 3471: 3449: 3443: 3428: 3411: 3394: 3388: 3373: 3367: 3354: 3348: 3331: 3325: 3307:Smelser, Ronald 3305: 3299: 3286: 3280: 3267: 3261: 3244: 3238: 3222: 3216: 3199: 3193: 3176: 3170: 3153: 3147: 3131:MacKenzie, S.P. 3129: 3123: 3103: 3097: 3084: 3078: 3059: 3051: 3049: 3042: 3027: 3021: 3004: 2998: 2978: 2972: 2959: 2953: 2937: 2931: 2914: 2911: 2905: 2900: 2892: 2888: 2880: 2876: 2868: 2861: 2853: 2849: 2841: 2837: 2829: 2825: 2817: 2813: 2805: 2801: 2793: 2789: 2781: 2777: 2769: 2765: 2757: 2753: 2745: 2741: 2733: 2729: 2721: 2717: 2709: 2705: 2697: 2693: 2685: 2681: 2673: 2669: 2661: 2657: 2649: 2645: 2637: 2626: 2618: 2609: 2601: 2597: 2589: 2582: 2574: 2570: 2562: 2558: 2550: 2543: 2535: 2531: 2523: 2516: 2508: 2504: 2496: 2492: 2484: 2473: 2465: 2461: 2453: 2449: 2441: 2434: 2426: 2422: 2418:, p. 1163. 2414: 2410: 2402: 2398: 2390: 2386: 2378: 2374: 2366: 2355: 2347: 2336: 2328: 2324: 2316: 2312: 2304: 2300: 2292: 2283: 2275: 2268: 2260: 2251: 2243: 2239: 2231: 2227: 2219: 2215: 2207: 2203: 2195: 2191: 2183: 2179: 2171: 2167: 2159: 2152: 2144: 2140: 2132: 2125: 2117: 2110: 2102: 2098: 2090: 2083: 2075: 2071: 2063: 2059: 2051: 2047: 2039: 2035: 2027: 2014: 2006: 2002: 1994: 1990: 1982: 1973: 1965: 1961: 1953: 1949: 1941: 1934: 1926: 1922: 1914: 1905: 1897: 1893: 1889:, p. 1424. 1885: 1881: 1873: 1869: 1861: 1852: 1844: 1840: 1832: 1828: 1820: 1816: 1808: 1804: 1796: 1792: 1784: 1777: 1769: 1765: 1757: 1746: 1738: 1721: 1713: 1702: 1694: 1690: 1682: 1675: 1667: 1663: 1655: 1651: 1643: 1639: 1631: 1627: 1619: 1615: 1607: 1603: 1593: 1591: 1577: 1576: 1572: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1551: 1550: 1541: 1537: 1532: 1528: 1523: 1519: 1510: 1506: 1501: 1497: 1476: 1472: 1467: 1462: 1445: 1427: 1425:Der Freiwillige 1420: 1406: 1386:Der Freiwillige 1373: 1351: 1327: 1266: 1203: 1186: 1158:Norse mythology 1154: 1141: 1052: 1038:Der Freiwillige 1012:— in the rear. 1000:Der Freiwillige 996: 994:Public speeches 928:Der Freiwillige 919: 899: 852:Simon MacKenzie 847: 728: 696:Kurt Schumacher 681: 660: 646: 622: 601: 588: 576: 564:clean Wehrmacht 516: 508:Herbert Kappler 485:Erich Eberhardt 433: 416: 380:Konrad Adenauer 356:democratisation 336: 322:Der Freiwillige 245: 240: 236:Der Freiwillige 225: 182: 181: 178:and many others 174: 172: 168: 157: 138: 97: 95: 92: 68: 66: 63: 33: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4674: 4673: 4670: 4662: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4621: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4586: 4585: 4579: 4578: 4576: 4575: 4568: 4563: 4556: 4551: 4543: 4536: 4531: 4525: 4523: 4519: 4518: 4516: 4515: 4514: 4513: 4506: 4499: 4492: 4480: 4474: 4472: 4468: 4467: 4465: 4464: 4457: 4448: 4446: 4442: 4441: 4439: 4438: 4433: 4428: 4423: 4418: 4413: 4408: 4403: 4398: 4393: 4388: 4383: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4363: 4358: 4353: 4348: 4343: 4338: 4333: 4328: 4323: 4318: 4313: 4308: 4306:Michael Kühnen 4303: 4298: 4293: 4288: 4283: 4278: 4273: 4271:Günter Deckert 4268: 4263: 4258: 4253: 4248: 4242: 4240: 4236: 4235: 4232: 4231: 4229: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4188: 4183: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4147: 4145: 4138: 4137: 4132: 4127: 4122: 4117: 4112: 4107: 4102: 4097: 4092: 4087: 4082: 4077: 4071: 4069: 4063: 4062: 4057: 4055: 4054: 4047: 4040: 4032: 4026: 4025: 4009: 3981: 3980:External links 3978: 3977: 3976: 3971:978-3847108207 3970: 3950: 3944: 3924: 3919:978-0415925464 3918: 3904:Lee, Martin A. 3898: 3895: 3893: 3892: 3872: 3848: 3828: 3817:Ottawa Citizen 3808: 3788: 3766: 3739: 3711: 3708: 3707: 3706: 3700: 3682: 3680:on 2016-01-02. 3645: 3610: 3575: 3555:10.1086/243161 3530: 3527: 3526: 3525: 3519: 3502: 3488: 3475: 3469: 3451:Wette, Wolfram 3447: 3441: 3426: 3409: 3392: 3386: 3371: 3365: 3352: 3346: 3329: 3323: 3303: 3297: 3284: 3278: 3265: 3259: 3242: 3236: 3220: 3215:978-0306821523 3214: 3197: 3191: 3174: 3168: 3151: 3145: 3127: 3121: 3101: 3095: 3082: 3076: 3057: 3040: 3025: 3019: 3002: 2996: 2976: 2970: 2957: 2951: 2935: 2929: 2910: 2907: 2906: 2904: 2901: 2899: 2898: 2896:, p. 139. 2894:MacKenzie 1997 2886: 2874: 2872:, p. 236. 2859: 2847: 2845:, p. 334. 2835: 2823: 2811: 2809:, p. 425. 2799: 2787: 2775: 2763: 2751: 2749:, p. 225. 2739: 2737:, p. 252. 2727: 2725:, p. 112. 2715: 2703: 2691: 2689:, p. 258. 2679: 2667: 2655: 2643: 2641:, p. 217. 2624: 2607: 2595: 2593:, p. 379. 2580: 2578:, p. 115. 2568: 2566:, p. 393. 2556: 2541: 2529: 2514: 2512:, p. 256. 2502: 2500:, p. 539. 2490: 2488:, p. 319. 2471: 2459: 2447: 2432: 2420: 2408: 2396: 2394:, p. 120. 2384: 2372: 2370:, p. 215. 2353: 2351:, p. 138. 2349:MacKenzie 1997 2334: 2332:, p. 151. 2322: 2320:, p. 278. 2310: 2298: 2296:, p. 399. 2281: 2277:MacKenzie 1997 2266: 2249: 2237: 2235:, p. 102. 2225: 2213: 2209:MacKenzie 1997 2201: 2189: 2185:MacKenzie 1997 2177: 2175:, p. 141. 2173:MacKenzie 1997 2165: 2150: 2138: 2136:, p. 101. 2123: 2108: 2096: 2081: 2069: 2057: 2045: 2033: 2012: 2000: 1988: 1971: 1959: 1947: 1932: 1920: 1918:, p. 277. 1903: 1891: 1879: 1867: 1850: 1838: 1826: 1814: 1812:, p. 460. 1802: 1800:, p. 336. 1790: 1788:, p. 254. 1775: 1773:, p. 753. 1763: 1744: 1742:, p. 137. 1740:MacKenzie 1997 1719: 1700: 1698:, p. 224. 1688: 1686:, p. 136. 1684:MacKenzie 1997 1673: 1661: 1659:, p. 237. 1649: 1637: 1625: 1613: 1601: 1570: 1557: 1555: 1552: 1549: 1548: 1535: 1526: 1517: 1504: 1495: 1490:Einsatzgruppen 1469: 1468: 1466: 1463: 1461: 1458: 1457: 1456: 1444: 1441: 1419: 1416: 1372: 1369: 1326: 1323: 1319:James M. Diehl 1283:Einsatzgruppen 1265: 1262: 1185: 1182: 1176:for "memory". 1153: 1150: 1148:in Göttingen. 1111: 1110: 1095: 1087: 1075:Heinz Guderian 1051: 1048: 1018:Adolf Diekmann 995: 992: 918: 915: 898: 895: 846: 843: 817: 816: 813: 778: 767: 755: 744: 727: 724: 705:Helmut Schmidt 680: 677: 645: 642: 621: 618: 600: 597: 587: 584: 575: 572: 543:David C. Large 541:The historian 515: 512: 487:, formerly of 432: 429: 423:, a former SS- 415: 412: 352:denazification 335: 332: 250: 249: 231: 227: 226: 224: 223: 218: 213: 208: 203: 198: 193: 188: 171: 170: 169: 167: 166: 160: 158: 155: 152: 151: 146:20,000 (1960s 139: 136: 133: 132: 131: 130: 125: 118: 114: 113: 107: 103: 102: 89: 85: 84: 78: 74: 73: 60: 56: 55: 48: 44: 43: 35: 34: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4672: 4671: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4654:Pseudohistory 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4591: 4589: 4574: 4573: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4561: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4548: 4544: 4542: 4541: 4537: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4526: 4524: 4520: 4512: 4511: 4507: 4505: 4504: 4500: 4498: 4497: 4496:Nation Europa 4493: 4491: 4490: 4486: 4485: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4475: 4473: 4469: 4463: 4462: 4458: 4456: 4454: 4450: 4449: 4447: 4443: 4437: 4434: 4432: 4429: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4417: 4414: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4406:Otto Strasser 4404: 4402: 4401:Felix Steiner 4399: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4389: 4387: 4386:Fritz Rössler 4384: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4371:Jürgen Rieger 4369: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4346:Raoul Nahrath 4344: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4294: 4292: 4289: 4287: 4286:Herbert Gille 4284: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4276:Sepp Dietrich 4274: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4254: 4252: 4249: 4247: 4244: 4243: 4241: 4237: 4227: 4226:Wiking-Jugend 4224: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4169: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4149: 4148: 4146: 4142: 4136: 4133: 4131: 4128: 4126: 4123: 4121: 4120:The III. Path 4118: 4116: 4113: 4111: 4108: 4106: 4103: 4101: 4098: 4096: 4093: 4091: 4088: 4086: 4083: 4081: 4078: 4076: 4073: 4072: 4070: 4064: 4060: 4053: 4048: 4046: 4041: 4039: 4034: 4033: 4030: 4023: 4022: 4017: 4016:Robert Citino 4013: 4010: 4007: 4003: 3995: 3991: 3989: 3984: 3983: 3979: 3973: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3958: 3951: 3947: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3928:Wegner, Bernd 3925: 3921: 3915: 3912:. Routledge. 3911: 3910: 3905: 3901: 3900: 3896: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3861: 3853: 3849: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3818: 3814: 3809: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3777: 3776: 3771: 3767: 3755: 3751: 3750: 3745: 3740: 3729:on 2015-12-01 3728: 3724: 3723: 3718: 3714: 3713: 3709: 3703: 3701:3-00-015288-1 3697: 3690: 3689: 3683: 3676: 3671: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3651: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3617: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3582: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3539: 3533: 3532: 3528: 3522: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3485: 3481: 3476: 3472: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3457: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3438: 3434: 3433: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3393: 3389: 3383: 3379: 3378: 3372: 3368: 3362: 3358: 3353: 3349: 3343: 3338: 3337: 3330: 3326: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3294: 3290: 3285: 3281: 3275: 3271: 3266: 3262: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3243: 3239: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3211: 3207: 3206:Da Capo Press 3203: 3198: 3194: 3188: 3184: 3183:Da Capo Press 3180: 3175: 3171: 3165: 3160: 3159: 3152: 3148: 3142: 3138: 3137: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3118: 3114: 3111:. Cambridge: 3110: 3106: 3105:Kühne, Thomas 3102: 3098: 3092: 3088: 3083: 3079: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3064: 3058: 3048:on 2016-11-23 3047: 3043: 3037: 3033: 3032: 3026: 3022: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3003: 2999: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2967: 2963: 2958: 2954: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2913: 2912: 2908: 2902: 2895: 2890: 2887: 2883: 2878: 2875: 2871: 2866: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2851: 2848: 2844: 2839: 2836: 2832: 2827: 2824: 2820: 2815: 2812: 2808: 2803: 2800: 2796: 2791: 2788: 2784: 2779: 2776: 2772: 2767: 2764: 2760: 2755: 2752: 2748: 2743: 2740: 2736: 2731: 2728: 2724: 2719: 2716: 2712: 2707: 2704: 2700: 2695: 2692: 2688: 2683: 2680: 2677:, p. 96. 2676: 2671: 2668: 2664: 2659: 2656: 2652: 2647: 2644: 2640: 2635: 2633: 2631: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2616: 2614: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2599: 2596: 2592: 2587: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2572: 2569: 2565: 2560: 2557: 2553: 2548: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2533: 2530: 2526: 2521: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2506: 2503: 2499: 2494: 2491: 2487: 2482: 2480: 2478: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2463: 2460: 2456: 2451: 2448: 2444: 2439: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2424: 2421: 2417: 2412: 2409: 2405: 2400: 2397: 2393: 2388: 2385: 2381: 2376: 2373: 2369: 2364: 2362: 2360: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2345: 2343: 2341: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2326: 2323: 2319: 2314: 2311: 2308:, p. 84. 2307: 2302: 2299: 2295: 2290: 2288: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2273: 2271: 2267: 2264:, p. 81. 2263: 2258: 2256: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2241: 2238: 2234: 2229: 2226: 2223:, p. 78. 2222: 2217: 2214: 2210: 2205: 2202: 2198: 2193: 2190: 2186: 2181: 2178: 2174: 2169: 2166: 2163:, p. 90. 2162: 2157: 2155: 2151: 2148:, p. 89. 2147: 2142: 2139: 2135: 2130: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2115: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2100: 2097: 2093: 2088: 2086: 2082: 2079:, p. 92. 2078: 2073: 2070: 2066: 2061: 2058: 2054: 2049: 2046: 2042: 2037: 2034: 2030: 2025: 2023: 2021: 2019: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2004: 2001: 1997: 1992: 1989: 1986:, p. 39. 1985: 1980: 1978: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1963: 1960: 1956: 1951: 1948: 1945:, p. 91. 1944: 1939: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1924: 1921: 1917: 1912: 1910: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1895: 1892: 1888: 1883: 1880: 1876: 1871: 1868: 1864: 1859: 1857: 1855: 1851: 1848:, p. 83. 1847: 1842: 1839: 1835: 1830: 1827: 1823: 1818: 1815: 1811: 1810:Chairoff 1977 1806: 1803: 1799: 1794: 1791: 1787: 1782: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1767: 1764: 1761:, p. 93. 1760: 1755: 1753: 1751: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1736: 1734: 1732: 1730: 1728: 1726: 1724: 1720: 1717:, p. 82. 1716: 1711: 1709: 1707: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1692: 1689: 1685: 1680: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1665: 1662: 1658: 1653: 1650: 1647:, p. 74. 1646: 1641: 1638: 1634: 1629: 1626: 1622: 1617: 1614: 1610: 1605: 1602: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1581: 1574: 1571: 1567: 1562: 1559: 1553: 1545: 1539: 1536: 1530: 1527: 1521: 1518: 1514: 1508: 1505: 1499: 1496: 1492: 1491: 1486: 1485: 1480: 1474: 1471: 1464: 1459: 1454: 1450: 1447: 1446: 1442: 1440: 1437: 1432: 1426: 1417: 1415: 1413: 1409: 1402: 1397: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1377: 1370: 1368: 1366: 1362: 1355: 1350: 1346: 1345: 1338: 1334: 1332: 1324: 1322: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1311:European army 1306: 1304: 1299: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1284: 1279: 1278: 1273: 1272: 1271:Allgemeine-SS 1263: 1261: 1259: 1258: 1253: 1247: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1232:Leibstandarte 1229: 1225: 1220: 1218: 1212: 1207: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1189:Walter Harzer 1183: 1181: 1177: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1151: 1149: 1145: 1140: 1139:Plesse Verlag 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1093: 1088: 1085: 1081: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1063: 1058: 1057: 1056: 1049: 1046: 1041: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1013: 1011: 1010: 1005: 1001: 993: 991: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 969: 968:Jochen Peiper 965: 961: 956: 952: 950: 946: 941: 936: 934: 933:The Volunteer 930: 929: 924: 916: 914: 912: 908: 903: 896: 894: 892: 888: 884: 879: 874: 871: 867: 866: 861: 855: 853: 845:Effectiveness 844: 842: 840: 836: 832: 831: 826: 825:Nazi ideology 822: 814: 811: 807: 803: 799: 795: 794: 789: 788: 787:Gruppenführer 783: 779: 776: 772: 768: 765: 760: 756: 753: 749: 745: 742: 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