347:
control, inadequate equipoise, excessive attrition of subjects, failure to investigate non-sexual HIV transmission, lead time bias, and time-out discrepancy." In addition, the 60% figure for risk reduction is dismissed as relative and misleading, with an absolute figure of only 1.3%, which is considered effectively meaningless given the "background noise produced by numerous sources of bias". They also point out that the United States has both the highest rates of circumcision and HIV/STD infections in the industrialized world, casting serious doubt that the former prevents the latter. There are also major epidemiological differences between regions: in Africa, HIV is commonly spread via inadequate infection prevention practices in health clinics, while in the US, the primary routes of infection are sharing equipment amongst people who use drugs and condomless anal intercourse among MSM. Additional criticisms are offered by George Hill: "Our results clearly show that these
African CRFs were methodologically flawed from start to finish... From the start, there was almost nothing correct with these studies. It was quite clear that these studies were unethical. They would never have been approved by a single ethics committee in the United States."
705:) trial was funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and conducted by the International Clinical Research Center at the University of Washington. The trial followed 4758 heterosexual couples in Kenya and Uganda, in which one individual was HIV positive and the other was HIV negative. The uninfected (HIV negative) partner was given either a once-daily tenofovir tablet, a once-daily combination tablet of tenofovir and emtricitabine, or a placebo tablet containing no antiretroviral drug. These couples also received counselling and had access to free male and female condoms. In couples taking tenofovir and tenofovir/emtricitabine, there was a 62% and 73% decrease, respectively, in the number of HIV infections as compared to couples who were receiving the placebo.
310:
58:
544:
needle-exchange facilities. In jurisdictions where syringe prescription status presented a legal barrier to access, physician prescription programs had shown promise in addressing risky injection behaviors. Epidemiological research demonstrating that syringe access programs are both effective and cost-effective helped change state and local laws relating to needle-exchange program (NEP) operations and the status of syringe possession more broadly. As of 2006, 48 states in the United States authorized needle exchange in some form or allowed the purchase of sterile syringes without a prescription at pharmacies.
504:
636:, president of Botswana, admitted huge infrastructure problems to the international community and requested foreign intervention in the form of consulting in health care setup and antiretroviral drug distribution programs. In Swaziland, the government chose not to immediately address the problem in the way that international health agencies advised, so many people died. In world media, the governments of African countries began to similarly be described as participating in the effort to prevent HIV actively or less actively.
258:
266:
555:, although sex work, syringe sales, and possession of syringes are not criminalized and possession of small drug amounts has been decriminalized, gaps remain between these policies and law enforcement knowledge and practice. To optimize public health efforts targeting vulnerable groups, law enforcement personnel and public health policies should be closely aligned. Such alignment can be improved through policy, training, and coordination efforts.
729:(PNAS), Khalili and colleagues detail how they created molecular tools to delete the HIV-1 proviral DNA. When deployed, a combination of DNA-snipping enzyme called a nuclease and targeting strand of RNA called a guide RNA (gRNA) hunt down the viral genome and excise the HIV-1 DNA. From there, the cell's own gene repair machinery takes over, soldering the loose ends of the genome back together β resulting in virus-free cells.
548:
actual practices of law enforcement officers, which may or may not reflect the formal law. Changes in syringe and drug-control policy can be ineffective in reducing such barriers if police continue to treat syringe possession as a crime or participation in NEP as evidence of criminal activity. Although most NEPs in the US are now operating legally, many report some form of police interference.
495:. If replacement feeding is acceptable, feasible, affordable, sustainable and safe mothers should avoid breast-feeding their infants; however, exclusive breast-feeding is recommended during the first months of life if this is not the case. If exclusive breast feeding is carried out the provision of extended antiretroviral prophylaxis to the infant decreases the risk of transmission.
658:, said that not only was the use of condoms immoral, but also that condoms were ineffective in preventing HIV. The cardinal was highly criticized by the world health community, who were trying to promote condom use as a way to prevent the spread of HIV. The WHO later conducted a study showing that condoms are 90% effective at preventing HIV.
231:
knowledge about HIV. More importantly, information sent out through advertising and social marketing also proves to be effective in promoting more favorable attitudes and intentions toward future condom use, though they did not bring significant change in actual behaviors except those were targeting at specific behavioral skills.
713:, a city known to have one of the world's highest HIV infection rates. Participants received either a once-daily tenofovir/emtricitabine combination tablet or a placebo. In those taking the antiretroviral treatment, there was found to be a 63% decrease in the risk of acquiring HIV, as compared to those receiving the placebo.
732:
Since HIV-1 is never cleared by the immune system, removal of the virus is required in order to cure the disease. The same technique could theoretically be used against a variety of viruses. The research shows that these molecular tools also hold promise as a therapeutic vaccine; cells armed with the
643:
were so high, because if the cause were known, then prevention strategies could be developed. Previously, some researchers had suggested that HIV in Africa was widespread because of unsafe medical practices which somehow transferred blood to patients through procedures such as vaccination, injection,
599:
In the 1980s, public policy makers and most of the public could not understand that the overlap of sexual and needle-sharing networks with the general community had somehow lead to many thousands of people worldwide becoming infected with HIV. In many countries, leaders and most of the general public
430:
to ascertain the effectiveness of providing people who inject drugs illicitly with daily doses of the antiretroviral drug tenofovir as a prevention measure. The results of the study revealed a 48.9% reduced incidence of the virus among the group of subjects who received the drug, in comparison to the
171:
Harm reduction is defined as "policies, programmes and practices that aim to minimise negative health, social and legal impacts associated with drug use, drug policies and drug laws". The World Health
Organization (WHO) recognizes that harm reduction is central to the prevention of HIV amongst people
615:
was formed, with one of the group's first goals being to find a way to get access to pharmaceutical drugs to treat HIV. When AZT was made publicly available, it was extremely expensive and unaffordable to all but the most wealthy AIDS patients. The availability of medicine but the lack of access to
547:
Removal of legal barriers to operation of NEPs and other syringe access initiatives has been identified as an important part of a comprehensive approach to reducing HIV transmission among injection drug users (IDUs). Legal barriers include both "law on the books" and "law on the streets", i.e., the
477:
Strategies to reduce recurrence rates of HIV have been successful in preventing reinfection. Treatment facilities encourage those previously treated for HIV return to ensure that the infection is being successfully managed. New strategies to encouraging retesting have been the use of text messaging
418:
Needle exchange programs (also known as syringe exchange programs) are effective in preventing HIV among IDUs and in the broader community. Pharmacy sales of syringes and physician prescription of syringes have been also found to reduce HIV risk. Supervised injection facilities are also understood
1661:
Moazen, B, Owusu, PN, Wiessner, P and StΓΆver, H. (2019), Coverage and
Barriers Towards Condom Provision in Prisons: A Review of the EvidenceAvailability, Coverage and Barriers Towards Condom Provision in Prisons: A Review of the EvidenceInstitut fΓΌr Suchtforschung (ISFF), Frankfurt, University of
346:
The
African studies on which this information is based have been criticized for methodological flaws. Svoboda and Howe compare them to the "lowest common denominator", citing "selection bias, randomization bias, experimenter bias, inadequate blinding, participant expectation bias, lack of placebo
121:
The consistent, correct use of condoms is one proven method for preventing the spread of HIV during sexual intercourse. In high income countries, Prevention of Mother to Child
Transmission Programs (PMTC) including HIV testing of pregnant women, antiretroviral treatment, counselling about infant
543:
Laws criminalizing HIV transmission have not been found an effective way to reduce HIV risk behavior, and may actually do more harm than good. In the past, many U.S. states criminalized the possession of needles without a prescription, even going so far as to arrest people as they leave private
338:
is undetermined. For men who have sex with men there is some evidence that the penetrative partner has a lower chance of contracting HIV. Some experts fear that a lower perception of vulnerability among circumcised men may result in more sexual risk-taking behavior, thus negating its preventive
329:
men between 38 and 66% over two years. Based on these studies, the World Health
Organization and UNAIDS both recommended male circumcision as a method of preventing female-to-male HIV transmission in 2007. Whether it protects against male-to-female transmission is disputed and whether it is of
230:
Persuasive messages delivered through health advertising and social marketing campaigns which are designed to educate people about the risks of HIV/AIDS and simple prevention strategies are also an important way of preventing HIV. These persuasive messages have successfully increased people's
221:
are less likely to engage in behaviors with high risk of contracting HIV, so HIV testing is almost always a part of any strategy to encourage people to change their behaviors to become less likely to contract HIV. Over 60 countries impose some form of travel restriction, either for short or
125:
Treatment as prevention (TasP) is also effective; in sero-different couples (where one partner is HIV-positive and the other is HIV negative), HIV is significantly less likely to be transmitted to the uninfected partner if the HIV positive partner is on treatment. It is now known that an if
234:
A 2020 systematic review of 16 studies found that financial education improved self-efficacy and lowered vulnerability to HIV in young people in low and middle income countries. Many of the studies in the review combined financial education with sexual health education and/or counselling.
388:
is effective in a number of groups, including men who have sex with men, couples where one is HIV positive, and young heterosexuals in Africa. Within the MSM community, the greatest barrier to PrEP use has been the stigma surrounding HIV and gay men. Gay men on PrEP have experienced
162:
as an indirect way to prevent the spread of HIV infection. Doctors treat these conditions with pharmaceutical interventions and/or vaccination. Nevertheless, it is not known if treating other sexually transmitted infections on a population scale is effective in preventing HIV.
243:
audiences need to be educated about strategies they could take to efficiently manage themselves in health behaviors such as mood control, management of drugs, and proactive planning for sexual behaviors. However, these things are not as important for
European Americans.
595:
In May 1983, scientists isolated a retrovirus which was later called HIV from an AIDS patient in France. At this point, the disease called AIDS was proposed to be caused by HIV, and people began to consider prevention of HIV infection as a strategy for preventing AIDS.
486:
Programs to prevent the transmission of HIV from mothers to children can reduce rates of transmission by 92β99%. This primarily involves the use of a combination of antivirals during pregnancy and after birth in the infant but also potentially include
172:
who inject drugs (PWID) and their sexual and drug using partners. Social strategies do not require any drug or object to be effective, but rather require persons to change their behaviors to gain protection from HIV. Some social strategies include:
468:
and may decrease the risk further. The duration of treatment is usually four weeks and is associated with significant rates of adverse effects (for zidovudine about 70% including: nausea 24%, fatigue 22%, emotional distress 13%, and headaches 9%).
4587:
721:
researchers have designed a way to "snip out" the integrated HIV-1 genes for good. This is one important step on the path toward a permanent cure for AIDS. This is the first successful attempt to eliminate latent HIV-1 virus from human cells.
689:
In July 2011, it was announced by the WHO and UNAIDS that a once-daily antiretroviral tablet could significantly reduce the risk of HIV transmission in heterosexual couples. These findings were based on the results of two trials conducted in
3558:
Beletsky L, Thomas R, Smelyanskaya M, Artamonova I, Shumskaya N, Dooronbekova A, et al. (December 2012). "Policy reform to shift the health and human rights environment for vulnerable groups: the case of
Kyrgyzstan's Instruction 417".
281:
HIV transmission by about 80% over the long-term. Where one partner of a couple has HIV infection, consistent condom use results in rates of HIV infection for the uninfected person below 1% per year. Some data support the equivalence of
1172:"Risk of HIV transmission through condomless sex in serodifferent gay couples with the HIV-positive partner taking suppressive antiretroviral therapy (PARTNER): final results of a multicentre, prospective, observational study"
238:
Research in health communication also found that importance of advocating critical skills and informing available resources are higher for people with lower social power, but not necessarily true for people with more power.
367:
provided at school may decrease high risk behavior. A substantial minority of young people continue to engage in high-risk practices despite HIV/AIDS knowledge, underestimating their own risk of becoming infected with HIV.
129:
Increased risk of contracting HIV correlates with the presence of co-infections, particularly other sexually transmissible infections. Medical professionals recommend treatment or prevention of other infections such as
708:
A similar result was observed with the TDF2 trial, conducted by the United States
Centers for Disease Control in partnership with the Botswana Ministry of Health. The trial followed 1200 HIV negative men and women in
581:
was the first organization to recognize the pandemic which came to be called AIDS. Their announcement came on June 5, 1981, when one of their journals published an article reporting five cases of pneumonia, caused by
435:
medical journal: "We now know that pre-exposure prophylaxis can be a potentially vital option for HIV prevention in people at very high risk for infection, whether through sexual transmission or injecting drug use."
4582:
3539:
Eurasian Harm
Reduction Network (2011). "Implementation of the political declaration and plan of action on international cooperation towards an integrated and balanced strategy to counter the world drug problem".
3443:
Beletsky L, Burris S, Macalino GE (2005). "Attitudes of Police Officers Towards Syringe Access, Occupational Needle-Sticks, and Drug Use: A Qualitative Study of One City Police Department in the United States".
563:
The EU-wide Joint Action on Improving Quality in HIV Prevention is seeking to increase the effectiveness of HIV prevention in Europe by using practical quality assurance (QA) and quality improvement (QI) tools.
419:
to address HIV risk in the most-at-risk populations. Multiple legal and attitudinal barriers limit the scale and coverage of these "harm reduction" programs in the United States and elsewhere around the world.
3710:
BarrΓ©-Sinoussi F, Chermann JC, Rey F, Nugeyre MT, Chamaret S, Gruest J, et al. (May 1983). "Isolation of a T-lymphotropic retrovirus from a patient at risk for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)".
716:
The HIV-1 virus has proved to be tenacious, inserting its genome permanently into patients' DNA, forcing patients to take a lifelong drug regimen to control the virus and prevent a fresh attack. Now, a team of
2972:"WHO HIV and Infant Feeding Technical Consultation Held on behalf of the Inter-agency Task Team (IATT) on Prevention of HIV β Infections in Pregnant Women, Mothers and their Infants β Consensus statement"
4894:
4858:
519:
found a partial efficacy rate around 30% and has stimulated optimism in the research community regarding developing a truly effective vaccine. Further trials of the vaccine are ongoing.
4577:
2255:"Effectiveness of peer education interventions for HIV prevention, adolescent pregnancy prevention and sexual health promotion for young people: a systematic review of European studies"
4949:
5545:
1992:
Wiysonge CS, Kongnyuy EJ, Shey M, Muula AS, Navti OB, Akl EA, Lo YR (June 2011). Wiysonge CS (ed.). "Male circumcision for prevention of homosexual acquisition of HIV in men".
1446:"A test of major assumptions about behavior change: a comprehensive look at the effects of passive and active HIV-prevention interventions since the beginning of the epidemic"
5540:
4594:
677:
trade; when the government of Afghanistan fell during the war, opium production was unchecked. By 2003, the world market had an increase in the available heroin supply; in
1949:
Templeton DJ, Millett GA, Grulich AE (February 2010). "Male circumcision to reduce the risk of HIV and sexually transmitted infections among men who have sex with men".
1298:
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or reuse of equipment. In March 2003, the WHO released a statement that almost all infections were, in fact, the result of unsafe practices in heterosexual intercourse.
2023:
1672:
Baptista M, Ramalho-Santos J (November 2009). "Spermicides, microbicides and antiviral agents: recent advances in the development of novel multi-functional compounds".
1243:
Ng BE, Butler LM, Horvath T, Rutherford GW (March 2011). "Population-based biomedical sexually transmitted infection control interventions for reducing HIV infection".
5055:
899:
Siegfried N, Muller M, Deeks JJ, Volmink J (April 2009). Cochrane HIV/AIDS Group (ed.). "Male circumcision for prevention of heterosexual acquisition of HIV in men".
4528:
3354:
726:
758:
110:
1131:"Sexual Activity Without Condoms and Risk of HIV Transmission in Serodifferent Couples When the HIV-Positive Partner Is Using Suppressive Antiretroviral Therapy"
4929:
2940:
Siegfried N, van der Merwe L, Brocklehurst P, Sint TT (July 2011). "Antiretrovirals for reducing the risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV infection".
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309:
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90:
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423:
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when the perpetrators are known to be HIV positive, but is controversial when their HIV status is unknown. Current treatment regimens typically use
4079:
The Aids virus is roughly 450 times smaller than the spermatozoon. The spermatozoon can easily pass through the 'net' that is formed by the condom.
1790:
869:
4025:
4640:
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214:
Each of these strategies has widely differing levels of efficacy, social acceptance, and acceptance in the medical and scientific communities.
662:
4889:
4261:"Transmission and prevention of HIV and sexually transmitted infections in war settings: implications for current and future armed conflicts"
3654:
3167:
2678:
444:
A course of antiretrovirals administered within 48 to 72 hours after exposure to HIV-positive blood or genital secretions is referred to as
5320:
4364:
718:
427:
286:
to latex condoms, but the evidence is not definitive. As of January 2019, condoms are available inside 30% of prisons globally. Use of the
4390:
5008:
3492:"The roles of law, client race and program visibility in shaping police interference with the operation of US syringe exchange programs"
2222:
Underhill K, Operario D, Montgomery P (October 2007). "Abstinence-only programs for HIV infection prevention in high-income countries".
2193:"Sub-Saharan African randomised clinical trials into male circumcision and HIV transmission: Methodological, ethical and legal concerns"
743:
681:
especially, an increase in HIV infection was due to injection drug use. Efforts were renewed to prevent HIV related to sharing needles.
57:
1759:
Siegfried N, Muller M, Deeks JJ, Volmink J (April 2009). "Male circumcision for prevention of heterosexual acquisition of HIV in men".
5445:
4685:
4212:
Griffin N, Khoshnood K (July 2010). "Opium trade, insurgency, and HIV/AIDS in Afghanistan: relationships and regional consequences".
3191:
4868:
4758:
2140:
Svoboda, Steven; Van Howe, Robert (July 2013). "Out of Step: Fatal Flaws in the Latest AAP Policy Report on Neonatal Circumcision".
4615:
4423:
2050:"Risk compensation in HIV prevention: implications for vaccines, microbicides, and other biomedical HIV prevention technologies"
122:
feeding, and safe obstetric practices (avoiding invasive procedures) have reduced mother-to-child transmission to less than 1%.
5566:
612:
298:
3771:
3053:
2897:
Coutsoudis A, Kwaan L, Thomson M (October 2010). "Prevention of vertical transmission of HIV-1 in resource-limited settings".
1031:
Anglemyer A, Rutherford GW, Horvath T, Baggaley RC, Egger M, Siegfried N, et al. (Cochrane HIV/AIDS Group) (April 2013).
5348:
4610:
2027:
4365:"UNAIDS and WHO hail new results showing that a once-daily pill for HIV-negative people can prevent them from acquiring HIV"
3211:"Arrests and incarceration of injection drug users for syringe possession in Massachusetts: implications for HIV prevention"
5410:
4924:
4904:
4635:
4523:
3133:"Follow up of Thai Adult Volunteers With Breakthrough HIV Infection After Participation in a Preventive HIV Vaccine Trial"
393:". Numerous other barriers were identified, including lack of quality LGBTQ care, cost, and adherence to medication use.
356:
177:
39:
1495:"Financial education for HIV-vulnerable youth, orphans, and vulnerable children: A systematic review of outcome evidence"
5523:
4796:
4784:
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4625:
1325:"Effects of HIV counseling and testing on sexual risk behavior: a meta-analytic review of published research, 1985-1997"
604:
4991:
4310:"HIV, hepatitis C, and hepatitis B infections and associated risk behavior in injection drug users, Kabul, Afghanistan"
551:
Research elsewhere has shown similar misalignment between "law on the books" and "law on the streets". For example, in
503:
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reduces the risk of subsequent HIV infection fivefold following a needle stick injury. Treatment is recommended after
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412:
2024:"It's time to talk top: The risk of insertive, unprotected anal sex - Australian Federation of AIDS Organisations"
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unable to catch AIDS. Modifying the CCR5 gene using gene therapy can thus make people unable to catch it either.
445:
408:
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95:
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may increase the risk of transmission because it causes vaginal and rectal irritation. A vaginal gel containing
5300:
5150:
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4711:
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1394:"Persuasive communications to change actions: an analysis of behavioral and cognitive impact in HIV prevention"
702:
377:
2097:
Utz-Billing I, Kentenich H (December 2008). "Female genital mutilation: an injury, physical and mental harm".
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HIV-positive person has an undetectable viral load, there is no risk of HIV transmission to a sexual partner
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465:
301:, when used immediately before sex, was shown to reduce infection rates by roughly 40% among African women.
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denied both that AIDS and the risk behaviors which spread HIV existed outside of concentrated populations.
5230:
5203:
5193:
5115:
5100:
4998:
4818:
4748:
4545:
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Merson MH, O'Malley J, Serwadda D, Apisuk C (August 2008). "The history and challenge of HIV prevention".
1791:"WHO and UNAIDS announce recommendations from expert consultation on male circumcision for HIV prevention"
870:"WHO and UNAIDS announce recommendations from expert consultation on male circumcision for HIV prevention"
648:
584:
340:
115:
84:
80:
3150:
Cornu TI, Mussolino C, Bloom K, Cathomen T (2015). "Editing CCR5: a novel approach to HIV gene therapy".
2542:"Effectiveness of Sterile Needle and Syringe Programming in Reducing HIV/AIDS Among Injecting Drug Users"
979:
White AB, Mirjahangir JF, Horvath H, Anglemyer A, Read JS (October 2014). Cochrane HIV/AIDS Group (ed.).
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Early treatment of HIV-infected people with antiretrovirals protected 96% of partners from infection.
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678:
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147:
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104:
3388:"Addressing the "risk environment" for injection drug users: the mysterious case of the missing cop"
1082:"Effectiveness of highly active antiretroviral therapy in reducing heterosexual transmission of HIV"
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do not appear to affect subsequent HIV risk in high-income countries. Evidence for a benefit from
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within the health-care environment are believed to be effective in decreasing the risk of HIV.
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2005:
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Rodger AJ, Cambiano V, Bruun T, Vernazza P, Collins S, van Lunzen J, et al. (July 2016).
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100:
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Castilla J, Del Romero J, Hernando V, Marincovich B, GarcΓa S, RodrΓguez C (September 2005).
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1997:
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control group who received a placebo. The principal investigator of the study stated in the
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2385:"Stigma and Shame Experiences by MSM Who Take PrEP for HIV Prevention: A Qualitative Study"
5003:
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Todd CS, Abed AM, Strathdee SA, Scott PT, Botros BA, Safi N, Earhart KC (September 2007).
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1625:"A review of the effectiveness and acceptability of the female condom for dual protection"
326:
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66:
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Burris S, Blankenship KM, Donoghoe M, Sherman S, Vernick JS, Case P, et al. (2004).
2454:
1170:
Rodger AJ, Cambiano V, Bruun T, Vernazza P, Collins S, Degen O, et al. (June 2019).
4026:"Expert group stresses that unsafe sex is primary mode of transmission of HIV in Africa"
3724:
1005:
980:
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4738:
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3306:"The legal strategies used in operating syringe exchange programs in the United States"
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3004:
2826:
Kripke C (August 2007). "Antiretroviral prophylaxis for occupational exposure to HIV".
2803:
2778:
2646:
2621:
2594:
2567:
2517:
2492:
2409:
2384:
2347:
2322:
2074:
2049:
1883:
1858:
1834:
1809:
1736:
1711:
1529:
1494:
1470:
1445:
1418:
1393:
1349:
1324:
1196:
1171:
1098:
1081:
1057:
1032:
956:
931:
773:
488:
453:
404:
360:
4431:
4182:
3622:
3250:
Macalino GE, Sachdev DD, Rich JD, Becker C, Tan LJ, Beletsky L, Burris S (June 2009).
3132:
2566:
Macalino GE, Sachdev DD, Rich JD, Becker C, Tan LJ, Beletsky L, Burris S (June 2009).
2294:
LjubojeviΔ S, LipozenΔiΔ J (2010). "Sexually transmitted infections and adolescence".
1187:
5560:
4934:
4843:
4277:
4260:
4241:
4063:
3507:
3403:
3227:
3210:
1906:
Kim HH, Li PS, Goldstein M (November 2010). "Male circumcision: Africa and beyond?".
1444:
AlbarracΓn D, Gillette JC, Earl AN, Glasman LR, Durantini MR, Ho MH (November 2005).
1033:"Antiretroviral therapy for prevention of HIV transmission in HIV-discordant couples"
748:
532:
492:
385:
364:
283:
187:
43:
4198:
4169:
Parfitt T (October 2003). "Drug addiction and HIV infection on rise in Tajikistan".
3638:
3465:
2926:
2371:"Treating HIV-infected People with Antiretrovirals Protects Partners from Infection"
2177:
2126:
1978:
1115:
478:
and email. These methods of recall are now used along with phone calls and letters.
38:
and the health of those in their community, or may be instituted by governments and
4969:
4660:
4391:"HIV & AIDS Information :: The efficacy of PrEP - The Partners PrEP trial"
4294:
4097:
3948:
3896:
3783:
3020:
2949:
2794:
2231:
2001:
1935:
1825:
1768:
1252:
1048:
908:
633:
390:
322:
159:
3756:
3252:"A national physician survey on prescribing syringes as an HIV prevention measure"
3109:
2568:"A national physician survey on prescribing syringes as an HIV prevention measure"
2432:
2323:"Discerning patterns of human immunodeficiency virus risk in healthy young adults"
2153:
3805:
3457:
3154:. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Vol. 848. pp. 117β30.
3005:"Interventions for preventing late postnatal mother-to-child transmission of HIV"
2871:
2854:
2338:
1962:
1919:
1727:
1493:
Lee N, Beeler StΓΌcklin S, Lopez Rodriguez P, El Alaoui Faris M, Mukaka I (2020).
4873:
4774:
4565:
4144:
3831:
3687:
3670:
3321:
3159:
3003:
Horvath T, Madi BC, Iuppa IM, Kennedy GE, Rutherford G, Read JS (January 2009).
1712:"Tenofovir-based pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention: evolving evidence"
1461:
1392:
AlbarracΓn D, McNatt PS, Klein CT, Ho RM, Mitchell AL, Kumkale GT (March 2003).
1274:
589:
512:
290:
218:
202:
143:
139:
135:
1685:
1409:
4833:
4675:
4503:
2779:"Antiretroviral post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) for occupational HIV exposure"
2508:
2110:
2065:
1874:
996:
947:
608:
552:
449:
287:
74:
17:
4225:
4114:
3965:
3913:
2637:
2400:
1859:"Behavioral aspects of male circumcision for the prevention of HIV infection"
1520:
981:"Antiretroviral interventions for preventing breast milk transmission of HIV"
4122:
3973:
3921:
3732:
2853:
Desai M, Woodhall SC, Nardone A, Burns F, Mercey D, Gilson R (August 2015).
2455:"Recommendations for prevention of HIV transmission in health-care settings"
2192:
768:
625:
381:
294:
155:
35:
4343:
4325:
4286:
4233:
4190:
3696:
3630:
3572:
3525:
3421:
3287:
3268:
3177:
3094:
3085:
3068:
3038:
2957:
2918:
2880:
2839:
2812:
2763:
2722:
2655:
2603:
2584:
2526:
2418:
2356:
2307:
2280:
2239:
2208:
2169:
2118:
2083:
2009:
1970:
1927:
1892:
1843:
1776:
1745:
1693:
1648:
1579:
1538:
1479:
1427:
1358:
1340:
1260:
1205:
1156:
1147:
1130:
1107:
1066:
1014:
965:
916:
4424:"HIV & AIDS Information :: The efficacy of PrEP - The TDF2 trial"
3748:
3339:
3236:
2754:
2737:
2679:"Preventive drug could reduce HIV transmission among injecting drug users"
2622:"The law (and politics) of safe injection facilities in the United States"
2470:
4939:
4838:
4535:
4483:
2777:
Young TN, Arens FJ, Kennedy GE, Laurie JW, Rutherford GW (January 2007).
2493:"Combination HIV prevention: significance, challenges, and opportunities"
2271:
2254:
655:
629:
197:
151:
31:
2161:
4863:
3740:
3215:
Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes and Human Retrovirology
930:
Weller S, Davis K, et al. (Cochrane HIV/AIDS Group) (2002-01-21).
666:
2910:
1810:"Male circumcision, HIV and sexually transmitted infections: a review"
611:
as the first pharmaceutical treatment for AIDS. Around the same time,
4979:
1511:
695:
674:
640:
516:
274:
70:
34:
HIV prevention practices may be undertaken by individuals to protect
2855:"Active recall to increase HIV and STI testing: a systematic review"
2433:"PrEP slutshaming is still alive and well β and it's harming us all"
2321:
Patel VL, Yoskowitz NA, Kaufman DR, Shortliffe EH (September 2008).
1640:
1624:
1570:
1553:
1219:
2738:"Clinical practice. Care of the adult patient after sexual assault"
4448:
3875:
Loth R (12 October 1988). "AIDS Protests close FDA Headquarters".
3490:
Beletsky L, Grau LE, White E, Bowman S, Heimer R (February 2011).
691:
670:
502:
308:
256:
56:
3355:"To stop AIDS 'breeding ground' needle exchange a must, many say"
1373:"HIVTravel - Regulations on Entry, Stay, and Residence for PLHIV"
1323:
Weinhardt LS, Carey MP, Johnson BT, Bickham NL (September 1999).
639:
There came to be international discussion about why HIV rates in
5013:
4974:
932:"Condom effectiveness in reducing heterosexual HIV transmission"
528:
4452:
3586:
2369:
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID),
4498:
4479:
3858:"Police Arrest AIDS Protesters Blocking Access to FDA Offices"
4895:
European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership
733:
nuclease-RNA combination proved impervious to HIV infection.
2620:
Beletsky L, Davis CS, Anderson E, Burris S (February 2008).
313:
South Africa 1 millionth voluntary medical male circumcision
54:
Interventions for the prevention of HIV include the use of:
3304:
Burris S, Finucane D, Gallagher H, Grace J (August 1996).
3108:
U.S. Army Office of the Surgeon General (March 21, 2011).
30:
refers to practices that aim to prevent the spread of the
1793:. World Health Organization. Mar 28, 2007. Archived from
632:
reported nearly four out of 10 people were HIV positive.
4578:
WHO disease staging system for HIV infection and disease
3652:
Anonymous (1981). "Pneumocystis pneumoniaβLos Angeles".
3131:
U.S. Army Office of the Surgeon General (June 2, 2010).
515:
for HIV or AIDS is known. A single trial of the vaccine
1372:
5546:
List of HIV/AIDS cases and deaths registered by region
3192:"Gene Therapy for Controlling HIV Shows Early Promise"
2383:
Dubov A, Galbo P, Altice F, Fraenkel L (August 2018).
1439:
1437:
1623:
Gallo MF, Kilbourne-Brook M, Coffey PS (March 2012).
5541:
List of countries by HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate
5506:
5458:
5426:
5367:
5339:
5174:
5031:
5022:
4930:
President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR)
4915:
Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS)
4882:
4767:
4699:
4603:
4491:
3604:
3602:
3600:
2099:
Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynaecology
3806:"ACT UP 1987 Wall Street Action - List of Demands"
3485:
3483:
2615:
2613:
3256:Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy
2709:"HIV exposure through contact with body fluids".
2704:
2702:
2700:
2572:Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy
2453:Centers for Disease Control (CDC) (August 1987).
1026:
1024:
426:(CDC) conducted a study in partnership with the
4529:National Addiction and HIV Data Archive Program
1086:Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes
727:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
222:long-term stays, for people infected with HIV.
4418:
4416:
759:Information-Motivation-Behavioral Skills Model
616:it sparked large protests around FDA offices.
507:Various approaches for HIV vaccine development
111:Microbicides for sexually transmitted diseases
61:AIDS Prevention - Condom dispensers in toilets
4464:
2892:
2890:
1705:
1703:
1220:"Home - Australian STI Management Guidelines"
8:
4359:
4357:
4355:
4353:
2482:
2480:
4621:Diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis syndrome
4093:"Obituary: Cardinal Alfonso LΓ³pez Trujillo"
3152:Gene Therapy for HIV and Chronic Infections
3009:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2942:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2783:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2224:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1994:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1761:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1245:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1037:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
985:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
936:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
901:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
764:Relationship between education and HIV/AIDS
5373:
5028:
4854:People With AIDS Self-Empowerment Movement
4471:
4457:
4449:
4145:"EU criticises Vatican's condom 'bigotry'"
669:. The Taliban, however, had opposed local
424:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
415:appear effective in decreasing this risk.
4333:
4276:
3892:"Swaziland has world's highest Aids rate"
3686:
3515:
3411:
3329:
3277:
3267:
3226:
3084:
3028:
2870:
2802:
2753:
2645:
2593:
2583:
2516:
2408:
2346:
2270:
2073:
1882:
1833:
1735:
1569:
1554:"Condom effectiveness: where are we now?"
1528:
1510:
1469:
1417:
1348:
1195:
1146:
1097:
1056:
1004:
955:
3944:"Bush vows to join Africa's war on Aids"
3780:AIDS Education Global Information System
264:
2899:Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy
2048:Eaton LA, Kalichman S (December 2007).
1857:Eaton L, Kalichman SC (November 2009).
785:
2547:. Evidence for Action Technical Papers
1951:Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases
1716:Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases
4890:Discredited HIV/AIDS origins theories
4214:Asia-Pacific Journal of Public Health
4057:
4055:
3655:Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
647:In response to the rising HIV rates,
325:reduces the risk of HIV infection in
261:Condom in the shape of an AIDS ribbon
7:
1710:Celum C, Baeten JM (February 2012).
719:Temple University School of Medicine
167:Harm reduction and social strategies
5009:The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert
3675:The New England Journal of Medicine
3209:Case P, Meehan T, Jones TS (1998).
3069:"HIV vaccines: an attainable goal?"
2742:The New England Journal of Medicine
1674:Mini Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry
744:AIDS education and training centers
661:In 2001, the United States began a
32:human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
4255:Hankins CA, Friedman SR, Zafar T,
4064:"Vatican: condoms don't stop Aids"
4062:Bradshaw, Steve (9 October 2003).
3995:"Bogus Aids cures flood Swaziland"
3110:"HIV Vaccine Trial in Thai Adults"
3067:Reynell L, Trkola A (2012-03-02).
2984:from the original on April 9, 2008
1099:10.1097/01.qai.0000157389.78374.45
794:"How to Use a Female Condom | CDC"
428:Thailand Ministry of Public Health
339:effects. Women who have undergone
25:
4595:Countries by AIDS prevalence rate
4143:Devichand, Mukul (27 June 2004).
3363:. pp. A1, A5. Archived from
3310:American Journal of Public Health
2717:(126): 100β1, 103β5. April 2012.
2626:American Journal of Public Health
2296:Acta Dermatovenerologica Croatica
1552:Crosby R, Bounse S (March 2012).
1329:American Journal of Public Health
5056:Democratic Republic of the Congo
4616:AIDS-defining clinical condition
4278:10.1097/00002030-200211220-00003
3890:Carroll, Rory (2 January 2003).
3508:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03149.x
3404:10.1111/j.0887-378x.2004.00304.x
3228:10.1097/00042560-199802001-00013
2389:American Journal of Men's Health
2327:The American Journal of Medicine
819:"How to Use a Male Condom | CDC"
403:is an important risk factor and
3542:Eurasian Harm Reduction Network
2859:Sexually Transmitted Infections
2191:Boyle, G. J.; Hill, G. (2011).
844:"How to Use a Dental Dam | CDC"
343:have an increased risk of HIV.
299:reverse transcriptase inhibitor
3353:Chris Barrish (10 June 2006).
3054:"The quest for an HIV vaccine"
3021:10.1002/14651858.CD006734.pub2
2950:10.1002/14651858.CD003510.pub3
2795:10.1002/14651858.CD002835.pub3
2685:. The Conversation Media Group
2491:, Wasserheit JN (March 2011).
2487:Kurth AE, Celum C, Baeten JM,
2232:10.1002/14651858.CD005421.pub2
2002:10.1002/14651858.CD007496.pub2
1826:10.12968/bjon.2010.19.10.48201
1769:10.1002/14651858.CD003362.pub2
1253:10.1002/14651858.CD001220.pub3
1049:10.1002/14651858.CD009153.pub3
909:10.1002/14651858.CD003362.pub2
448:. The use of the single agent
365:Comprehensive sexual education
351:Education and health promotion
1:
4925:Misconceptions about HIV/AIDS
4905:International AIDS Conference
4859:HIV/AIDS in the porn industry
4802:Discrimination against people
4183:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14560-6
4024:de Santis D (14 March 2003).
3623:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60884-3
2154:10.1136/medethics-2013-101346
1600:. August 2003. Archived from
1188:10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30418-0
531:gene have been known to make
178:Needle-and-syringe programmes
40:community-based organizations
4785:Catholic Church and HIV/AIDS
4666:HIV Drug Resistance Database
4314:Emerging Infectious Diseases
4091:Stanford P (22 April 2008).
3832:"ACT UP/ NY Chronology 1989"
3772:"AEGiS-FDA: Approval of AZT"
3458:10.1016/j.drugpo.2005.01.009
2872:10.1136/sextrans-2014-051930
2736:Linden JA (September 2011).
2339:10.1016/j.amjmed.2008.04.022
1963:10.1097/QCO.0b013e328334e54d
1920:10.1097/MOU.0b013e32833f1b21
1728:10.1097/QCO.0b013e32834ef5ef
1279:Harm Reduction International
725:In a study published by the
654:, speaking on behalf of the
5086:CΓ΄te d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast)
4920:Media portrayal of HIV/AIDS
4849:List of HIV-positive people
3688:10.1056/NEJM200106073442306
3322:10.2105/ajph.86.8_pt_1.1161
3160:10.1007/978-1-4939-2432-5_6
2540:World Health Organization.
2197:Journal of Law and Medicine
1499:Campbell Systematic Reviews
1462:10.1037/0033-2909.131.6.856
603:In 1987, the United States
588:, all in gay men living in
579:Centers for Disease Control
413:opioid substitution therapy
305:Voluntary male circumcision
269:Various personal lubricants
101:Voluntary male circumcision
5583:
4986:Reports from the Holocaust
4910:International AIDS Society
4900:Elton John AIDS Foundation
3942:Boseley S (11 July 2003).
3671:"AIDS--the first 20 years"
3669:Sepkowitz KA (June 2001).
2683:The Conversation Australia
1908:Current Opinion in Urology
1814:British Journal of Nursing
1686:10.2174/138955709790361548
1594:"Condom Facts and Figures"
1410:10.1037/0278-6133.22.2.166
868:Nandra I (28 March 2008).
409:needle-exchange programmes
5536:
5376:
4945:Treatment Action Campaign
4661:Tuberculosis co-infection
4524:disease progression rates
4034:World Health Organization
3770:Brown J (20 March 1987).
2828:American Family Physician
2677:Bourke E (14 June 2013).
2509:10.1007/s11904-010-0063-3
2259:Health Education Research
2253:Tolli MV (October 2012).
2142:Journal of Medical Ethics
2111:10.1080/01674820802547087
2066:10.1007/s11904-007-0024-7
1875:10.1007/s11904-009-0025-9
1275:"What is harm reduction?"
1224:www.sti.guidelines.org.au
997:10.1002/14651858.CD011323
948:10.1002/14651858.CD003255
527:Certain mutations on the
511:As of 2020, no effective
446:post-exposure prophylaxis
336:men who have sex with men
226:Advertising and campaigns
183:Supervised injection site
96:Post-exposure prophylaxis
4671:Innate resistance to HIV
4641:Neurocognitive disorders
4226:10.1177/1010539510374524
2638:10.2105/ajph.2006.103747
2497:Current HIV/AIDS Reports
2401:10.1177/1557988318797437
2054:Current HIV/AIDS Reports
1863:Current HIV/AIDS Reports
703:pre-exposure prophylaxis
665:related to fighting the
378:Pre-exposure prophylaxis
277:use reduces the risk of
91:Pre-exposure prophylaxis
81:Antiretroviral medicines
4992:AIDSβHolocaust metaphor
4975:Gay Men's Health Crisis
4651:Opportunistic infection
3733:10.1126/science.6189183
3561:Health and Human Rights
3052:UNAIDS (May 18, 2012).
2977:. October 25β27, 2006.
2711:Prescrire International
466:emtricitabine/tenofovir
217:Populations who access
116:Low dead space syringes
5567:Prevention of HIV/AIDS
4819:HIV-affected community
4759:HIV and homosexual men
4430:. 2012. Archived from
4326:10.3201/eid1309.070036
4220:(3 Suppl): 159Sβ167S.
3269:10.1186/1747-597X-4-13
3086:10.4414/smw.2012.13535
2585:10.1186/1747-597X-4-13
1450:Psychological Bulletin
1341:10.2105/ajph.89.9.1397
1148:10.1001/jama.2016.5148
652:Alfonso LΓ³pez Trujillo
585:Pneumocystis jirovecii
508:
341:female genital cutting
314:
270:
262:
85:antiretroviral therapy
77:during sexual activity
62:
4999:Silence=Death Project
4797:Criminal transmission
4717:Multiple sex partners
3392:The Milbank Quarterly
2755:10.1056/NEJMcp1102869
754:List of global issues
711:Francistown, Botswana
559:Quality in prevention
506:
462:lamivudine/zidovudine
397:Universal precautions
380:with a daily dose of
355:Programs encouraging
317:Studies conducted in
312:
268:
260:
69:, such as the use of
60:
50:Prevention strategies
5321:United Arab Emirates
4792:Circumcision and HIV
4749:City of Hope Patient
4509:structure and genome
3591:www.qualityaction.eu
3446:Int'l. J. Drug Pol'y
3112:. ClinicalTrials.gov
3073:Swiss Medical Weekly
2373:, NIH News, 2011 May
1808:Larke N (May 2010).
1182:(10189): 2428β2438.
679:former Soviet states
401:Intravenous drug use
148:human papillomavirus
105:Circumcision and HIV
4869:AIDS Memorial Quilt
4681:HIV-positive people
4003:Mail & Guardian
3725:1983Sci...220..868B
3367:on 2 September 2006
2148:(7). BMJ: 434β441.
1604:on October 18, 2012
701:The Partners PrEP (
458:lopinavir/ritonavir
407:strategies such as
332:developed countries
5446:Dominican Republic
4829:HIV/AIDS denialism
4754:Women and HIV/AIDS
4744:The London Patient
4611:Signs and symptoms
4519:CDC classification
4040:on August 27, 2004
4005:. 30 December 2003
3221:(Suppl 1): S71-5.
3137:ClinicalTrials.gov
2272:10.1093/her/cys055
1797:on April 11, 2007.
663:war in Afghanistan
509:
319:sub-Saharan Africa
315:
271:
263:
193:LGBT sex education
63:
5554:
5553:
5532:
5531:
5454:
5453:
4935:The SING Campaign
4824:HIV/AIDS activism
4812:Cost of treatment
4734:Timothy Ray Brown
4729:World AIDS Museum
4259:(November 2002).
3862:Los Angeles Times
3169:978-1-4939-2431-8
2911:10.1586/eri.10.94
1662:Applied Sciences.
1398:Health Psychology
880:on April 11, 2007
363:is equally poor.
357:sexual abstinence
208:Sexual abstinence
16:(Redirected from
5574:
5524:Papua New Guinea
5374:
5029:
4473:
4466:
4459:
4450:
4444:
4443:
4441:
4439:
4420:
4411:
4410:
4408:
4406:
4397:. Archived from
4387:
4381:
4380:
4378:
4376:
4361:
4348:
4347:
4337:
4305:
4299:
4298:
4280:
4252:
4246:
4245:
4209:
4203:
4202:
4166:
4160:
4159:
4157:
4155:
4140:
4134:
4133:
4131:
4129:
4088:
4082:
4081:
4076:
4074:
4059:
4050:
4049:
4047:
4045:
4036:. Archived from
4021:
4015:
4014:
4012:
4010:
3991:
3985:
3984:
3982:
3980:
3939:
3933:
3932:
3930:
3928:
3887:
3881:
3880:
3872:
3866:
3865:
3854:
3848:
3847:
3845:
3843:
3828:
3822:
3821:
3819:
3817:
3802:
3796:
3795:
3793:
3791:
3782:. Archived from
3767:
3761:
3760:
3719:(4599): 868β71.
3707:
3701:
3700:
3690:
3666:
3660:
3659:
3649:
3643:
3642:
3617:(9637): 475β88.
3606:
3595:
3594:
3587:"Quality Action"
3583:
3577:
3576:
3555:
3546:
3545:
3536:
3530:
3529:
3519:
3487:
3478:
3477:
3440:
3434:
3433:
3415:
3383:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3372:
3360:The News Journal
3350:
3344:
3343:
3333:
3301:
3292:
3291:
3281:
3271:
3247:
3241:
3240:
3230:
3206:
3200:
3199:
3188:
3182:
3181:
3147:
3141:
3140:
3128:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3117:
3105:
3099:
3098:
3088:
3064:
3058:
3057:
3049:
3043:
3042:
3032:
3000:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2989:
2983:
2976:
2968:
2962:
2961:
2937:
2931:
2930:
2894:
2885:
2884:
2874:
2850:
2844:
2843:
2823:
2817:
2816:
2806:
2774:
2768:
2767:
2757:
2733:
2727:
2726:
2706:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2690:
2674:
2668:
2667:
2649:
2617:
2608:
2607:
2597:
2587:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2546:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2520:
2484:
2475:
2474:
2459:MMWR Supplements
2450:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2440:
2429:
2423:
2422:
2412:
2395:(6): 1843β1854.
2380:
2374:
2367:
2361:
2360:
2350:
2318:
2312:
2311:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2274:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2077:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2035:
2026:. Archived from
2020:
2014:
2013:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1946:
1940:
1939:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1886:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1837:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1739:
1707:
1698:
1697:
1669:
1663:
1659:
1653:
1652:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1573:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1532:
1514:
1512:10.1002/cl2.1071
1490:
1484:
1483:
1473:
1441:
1432:
1431:
1421:
1389:
1383:
1382:
1380:
1379:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1352:
1320:
1314:
1313:
1311:
1310:
1303:www.euro.who.int
1299:"Harm reduction"
1295:
1289:
1288:
1286:
1285:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1231:
1230:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1199:
1167:
1161:
1160:
1150:
1126:
1120:
1119:
1101:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1060:
1028:
1019:
1018:
1008:
991:(10): CD011323.
976:
970:
969:
959:
927:
921:
920:
896:
890:
889:
887:
885:
876:. Archived from
865:
859:
858:
856:
855:
840:
834:
833:
831:
830:
815:
809:
808:
806:
805:
790:
698:, and Botswana.
673:growers and the
384:with or without
321:have found that
284:internal condoms
253:Condoms and gels
241:African American
36:their own health
21:
5582:
5581:
5577:
5576:
5575:
5573:
5572:
5571:
5557:
5556:
5555:
5550:
5528:
5502:
5450:
5422:
5363:
5335:
5281:Myanmar (Burma)
5170:
5018:
5004:Day Without Art
4950:The Global Fund
4878:
4807:Economic impact
4763:
4695:
4599:
4551:pathophysiology
4487:
4477:
4447:
4437:
4435:
4422:
4421:
4414:
4404:
4402:
4389:
4388:
4384:
4374:
4372:
4363:
4362:
4351:
4307:
4306:
4302:
4271:(17): 2245β52.
4254:
4253:
4249:
4211:
4210:
4206:
4168:
4167:
4163:
4153:
4151:
4142:
4141:
4137:
4127:
4125:
4090:
4089:
4085:
4072:
4070:
4061:
4060:
4053:
4043:
4041:
4023:
4022:
4018:
4008:
4006:
3993:
3992:
3988:
3978:
3976:
3941:
3940:
3936:
3926:
3924:
3889:
3888:
3884:
3874:
3873:
3869:
3856:
3855:
3851:
3841:
3839:
3830:
3829:
3825:
3815:
3813:
3804:
3803:
3799:
3789:
3787:
3786:on 29 June 2011
3769:
3768:
3764:
3709:
3708:
3704:
3681:(23): 1764β72.
3668:
3667:
3663:
3651:
3650:
3646:
3608:
3607:
3598:
3585:
3584:
3580:
3557:
3556:
3549:
3538:
3537:
3533:
3489:
3488:
3481:
3442:
3441:
3437:
3385:
3384:
3380:
3370:
3368:
3352:
3351:
3347:
3303:
3302:
3295:
3249:
3248:
3244:
3208:
3207:
3203:
3190:
3189:
3185:
3170:
3149:
3148:
3144:
3130:
3129:
3125:
3115:
3113:
3107:
3106:
3102:
3066:
3065:
3061:
3051:
3050:
3046:
3015:(1): CD006734.
3002:
3001:
2997:
2987:
2985:
2981:
2974:
2970:
2969:
2965:
2944:(7): CD003510.
2939:
2938:
2934:
2905:(10): 1163β75.
2896:
2895:
2888:
2852:
2851:
2847:
2825:
2824:
2820:
2789:(1): CD002835.
2776:
2775:
2771:
2735:
2734:
2730:
2708:
2707:
2698:
2688:
2686:
2676:
2675:
2671:
2619:
2618:
2611:
2565:
2564:
2560:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2539:
2538:
2534:
2486:
2485:
2478:
2452:
2451:
2447:
2438:
2436:
2431:
2430:
2426:
2382:
2381:
2377:
2368:
2364:
2320:
2319:
2315:
2293:
2292:
2288:
2252:
2251:
2247:
2226:(4): CD005421.
2221:
2220:
2216:
2190:
2189:
2185:
2139:
2138:
2134:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2047:
2046:
2042:
2033:
2031:
2022:
2021:
2017:
1996:(6): CD007496.
1991:
1990:
1986:
1948:
1947:
1943:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1856:
1855:
1851:
1807:
1806:
1802:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1763:(2): CD003362.
1758:
1757:
1753:
1709:
1708:
1701:
1680:(13): 1556β67.
1671:
1670:
1666:
1660:
1656:
1641:10.1071/SH11037
1622:
1621:
1617:
1607:
1605:
1592:
1591:
1587:
1571:10.1071/SH11036
1551:
1550:
1546:
1492:
1491:
1487:
1443:
1442:
1435:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1335:(9): 1397β405.
1322:
1321:
1317:
1308:
1306:
1297:
1296:
1292:
1283:
1281:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1247:(3): CD001220.
1242:
1241:
1237:
1228:
1226:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1169:
1168:
1164:
1128:
1127:
1123:
1079:
1078:
1074:
1043:(4): CD009153.
1030:
1029:
1022:
978:
977:
973:
942:(1): CD003255.
929:
928:
924:
903:(2): CD003362.
898:
897:
893:
883:
881:
867:
866:
862:
853:
851:
842:
841:
837:
828:
826:
817:
816:
812:
803:
801:
792:
791:
787:
783:
778:
739:
687:
622:
575:
570:
561:
541:
525:
501:
484:
482:Mother-to-child
475:
442:
374:
372:Before exposure
353:
307:
255:
250:
228:
212:
169:
67:Barrier methods
52:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5580:
5578:
5570:
5569:
5559:
5558:
5552:
5551:
5549:
5548:
5543:
5537:
5534:
5533:
5530:
5529:
5527:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5510:
5508:
5504:
5503:
5501:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5464:
5462:
5456:
5455:
5452:
5451:
5449:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5432:
5430:
5424:
5423:
5421:
5420:
5419:
5418:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5377:
5371:
5365:
5364:
5362:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5349:United Kingdom
5345:
5343:
5337:
5336:
5334:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5227:
5226:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5180:
5178:
5172:
5171:
5169:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5037:
5035:
5026:
5020:
5019:
5017:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4995:
4994:
4989:
4982:
4977:
4967:
4962:
4960:YAA/Youthforce
4957:
4955:World AIDS Day
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4886:
4884:
4880:
4879:
4877:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4815:
4814:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4788:
4787:
4777:
4771:
4769:
4765:
4764:
4762:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4739:Berlin Patient
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4720:
4719:
4709:
4703:
4701:
4697:
4696:
4694:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4656:Superinfection
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4636:Cardiomyopathy
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4607:
4605:
4601:
4600:
4598:
4597:
4592:
4591:
4590:
4588:Teens / Adults
4585:
4575:
4574:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4533:
4532:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4495:
4493:
4489:
4488:
4478:
4476:
4475:
4468:
4461:
4453:
4446:
4445:
4434:on 24 May 2019
4412:
4401:on 16 May 2012
4382:
4371:. 13 July 2011
4349:
4320:(9): 1327β31.
4300:
4247:
4204:
4177:(9391): 1206.
4161:
4135:
4083:
4051:
4016:
3986:
3934:
3882:
3867:
3864:. 11 Oct 1988.
3849:
3823:
3797:
3762:
3702:
3661:
3644:
3596:
3578:
3547:
3531:
3479:
3452:(4): 267β274.
3435:
3378:
3345:
3293:
3242:
3201:
3183:
3168:
3142:
3123:
3100:
3059:
3044:
2995:
2963:
2932:
2886:
2845:
2818:
2769:
2728:
2696:
2669:
2609:
2558:
2532:
2476:
2445:
2424:
2375:
2362:
2313:
2286:
2245:
2214:
2183:
2132:
2089:
2040:
2015:
1984:
1941:
1898:
1849:
1820:(10): 629β34.
1800:
1782:
1751:
1699:
1664:
1654:
1615:
1585:
1544:
1485:
1433:
1384:
1364:
1315:
1290:
1266:
1235:
1211:
1162:
1121:
1072:
1020:
971:
922:
891:
860:
835:
810:
784:
782:
779:
777:
776:
774:World AIDS Day
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
740:
738:
735:
686:
683:
621:
618:
574:
571:
569:
566:
560:
557:
540:
537:
533:certain people
524:
521:
500:
497:
489:bottle feeding
483:
480:
474:
473:Follow-up care
471:
454:sexual assault
441:
440:After exposure
438:
405:harm reduction
373:
370:
361:peer education
352:
349:
306:
303:
254:
251:
249:
248:Sexual contact
246:
227:
224:
211:
210:
205:
200:
195:
190:
185:
180:
174:
168:
165:
119:
118:
113:
108:
98:
93:
88:
78:
51:
48:
28:HIV prevention
24:
18:HIV prevention
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5579:
5568:
5565:
5564:
5562:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5538:
5535:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5511:
5509:
5505:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5465:
5463:
5461:
5460:South America
5457:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5433:
5431:
5429:
5425:
5417:
5416:New York City
5414:
5413:
5412:
5411:United States
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5378:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5369:North America
5366:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5346:
5344:
5342:
5338:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5225:
5222:
5221:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5181:
5179:
5177:
5173:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5038:
5036:
5034:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5021:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4987:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4972:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4887:
4885:
4881:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4844:Sex education
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4813:
4810:
4809:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4786:
4783:
4782:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4772:
4770:
4766:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4718:
4715:
4714:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4704:
4702:
4698:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4626:Lipodystrophy
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4608:
4606:
4602:
4596:
4593:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4580:
4579:
4576:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4538:
4537:
4534:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4501:
4500:
4497:
4496:
4494:
4490:
4485:
4481:
4474:
4469:
4467:
4462:
4460:
4455:
4454:
4451:
4433:
4429:
4425:
4419:
4417:
4413:
4400:
4396:
4392:
4386:
4383:
4370:
4366:
4360:
4358:
4356:
4354:
4350:
4345:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4304:
4301:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4262:
4258:
4251:
4248:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4208:
4205:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4165:
4162:
4150:
4146:
4139:
4136:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4099:
4094:
4087:
4084:
4080:
4069:
4065:
4058:
4056:
4052:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4020:
4017:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3990:
3987:
3975:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3950:
3945:
3938:
3935:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3898:
3893:
3886:
3883:
3878:
3871:
3868:
3863:
3859:
3853:
3850:
3837:
3833:
3827:
3824:
3811:
3807:
3801:
3798:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3766:
3763:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3706:
3703:
3698:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3665:
3662:
3658:(30): 250β52.
3657:
3656:
3648:
3645:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3605:
3603:
3601:
3597:
3592:
3588:
3582:
3579:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3554:
3552:
3548:
3543:
3535:
3532:
3527:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3502:(2): 357β65.
3501:
3497:
3493:
3486:
3484:
3480:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3439:
3436:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3398:(1): 125β56.
3397:
3393:
3389:
3382:
3379:
3366:
3362:
3361:
3356:
3349:
3346:
3341:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3316:(8): 1161β6.
3315:
3311:
3307:
3300:
3298:
3294:
3289:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3246:
3243:
3238:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3205:
3202:
3197:
3193:
3187:
3184:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3146:
3143:
3138:
3134:
3127:
3124:
3111:
3104:
3101:
3096:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3063:
3060:
3055:
3048:
3045:
3040:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
2999:
2996:
2980:
2973:
2967:
2964:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2936:
2933:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2893:
2891:
2887:
2882:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2865:(5): 314β23.
2864:
2860:
2856:
2849:
2846:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2822:
2819:
2814:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2773:
2770:
2765:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2748:(9): 834β41.
2747:
2743:
2739:
2732:
2729:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2697:
2684:
2680:
2673:
2670:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2616:
2614:
2610:
2605:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2562:
2559:
2543:
2536:
2533:
2528:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2483:
2481:
2477:
2472:
2468:
2465:(2): 1Sβ18S.
2464:
2460:
2456:
2449:
2446:
2434:
2428:
2425:
2420:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2379:
2376:
2372:
2366:
2363:
2358:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2333:(9): 758β64.
2332:
2328:
2324:
2317:
2314:
2309:
2305:
2302:(4): 305β10.
2301:
2297:
2290:
2287:
2282:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2265:(5): 904β13.
2264:
2260:
2256:
2249:
2246:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2218:
2215:
2210:
2206:
2203:(2): 316β34.
2202:
2198:
2194:
2187:
2184:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2136:
2133:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2093:
2090:
2085:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2060:(4): 165β72.
2059:
2055:
2051:
2044:
2041:
2030:on 2014-06-25
2029:
2025:
2019:
2016:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1988:
1985:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1945:
1942:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1902:
1899:
1894:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1869:(4): 187β93.
1868:
1864:
1860:
1853:
1850:
1845:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1804:
1801:
1796:
1792:
1786:
1783:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1755:
1752:
1747:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1706:
1704:
1700:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1668:
1665:
1658:
1655:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1629:Sexual Health
1626:
1619:
1616:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1589:
1586:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1558:Sexual Health
1555:
1548:
1545:
1540:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1489:
1486:
1481:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1456:(6): 856β97.
1455:
1451:
1447:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1429:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1404:(2): 166β77.
1403:
1399:
1395:
1388:
1385:
1374:
1368:
1365:
1360:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1319:
1316:
1304:
1300:
1294:
1291:
1280:
1276:
1270:
1267:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1239:
1236:
1225:
1221:
1215:
1212:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1166:
1163:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1141:(2): 171β81.
1140:
1136:
1132:
1125:
1122:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1092:(1): 96β101.
1091:
1087:
1083:
1076:
1073:
1068:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1027:
1025:
1021:
1016:
1012:
1007:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
975:
972:
967:
963:
958:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
926:
923:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
895:
892:
879:
875:
871:
864:
861:
849:
845:
839:
836:
824:
820:
814:
811:
799:
795:
789:
786:
780:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
749:HIV denialism
747:
745:
742:
741:
736:
734:
730:
728:
723:
720:
714:
712:
706:
704:
699:
697:
693:
684:
682:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
659:
657:
653:
650:
645:
642:
637:
635:
631:
627:
619:
617:
614:
610:
606:
601:
597:
593:
591:
587:
586:
580:
572:
567:
565:
558:
556:
554:
549:
545:
538:
536:
534:
530:
522:
520:
518:
514:
505:
498:
496:
494:
493:breastfeeding
490:
481:
479:
472:
470:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
439:
437:
434:
429:
425:
422:The American
420:
416:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
392:
387:
386:emtricitabine
383:
379:
371:
369:
366:
362:
358:
350:
348:
344:
342:
337:
333:
328:
324:
320:
311:
304:
302:
300:
296:
292:
289:
285:
280:
276:
267:
259:
252:
247:
245:
242:
236:
232:
225:
223:
220:
215:
209:
206:
204:
201:
199:
196:
194:
191:
189:
188:Sex education
186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
175:
173:
166:
164:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
127:
123:
117:
114:
112:
109:
106:
102:
99:
97:
94:
92:
89:
86:
82:
79:
76:
72:
68:
65:
64:
59:
55:
49:
47:
45:
44:public health
41:
37:
33:
29:
19:
5311:Taiwan (ROC)
5301:Saudi Arabia
5151:South Africa
4984:
4970:Larry Kramer
4712:Epidemiology
4555:
4436:. Retrieved
4432:the original
4427:
4403:. Retrieved
4399:the original
4394:
4385:
4373:. Retrieved
4368:
4317:
4313:
4303:
4268:
4264:
4257:Strathdee SA
4250:
4217:
4213:
4207:
4174:
4170:
4164:
4152:. Retrieved
4148:
4138:
4126:. Retrieved
4098:The Guardian
4096:
4086:
4078:
4071:. Retrieved
4068:the Guardian
4067:
4042:. Retrieved
4038:the original
4029:
4019:
4007:. Retrieved
3998:
3989:
3977:. Retrieved
3949:The Guardian
3947:
3937:
3925:. Retrieved
3897:The Guardian
3895:
3885:
3877:Boston Globe
3876:
3870:
3861:
3852:
3840:. Retrieved
3835:
3826:
3814:. Retrieved
3812:. March 1987
3809:
3800:
3788:. Retrieved
3784:the original
3775:
3765:
3716:
3712:
3705:
3678:
3674:
3664:
3653:
3647:
3614:
3610:
3590:
3581:
3567:(2): 34β48.
3564:
3560:
3541:
3534:
3499:
3495:
3449:
3445:
3438:
3395:
3391:
3381:
3369:. Retrieved
3365:the original
3358:
3348:
3313:
3309:
3259:
3255:
3245:
3218:
3214:
3204:
3195:
3186:
3151:
3145:
3136:
3126:
3114:. Retrieved
3103:
3076:
3072:
3062:
3047:
3012:
3008:
2998:
2986:. Retrieved
2966:
2941:
2935:
2902:
2898:
2862:
2858:
2848:
2834:(3): 375β6.
2831:
2827:
2821:
2786:
2782:
2772:
2745:
2741:
2731:
2714:
2710:
2687:. Retrieved
2682:
2672:
2632:(2): 231β7.
2629:
2625:
2575:
2571:
2561:
2549:. Retrieved
2535:
2503:(1): 62β72.
2500:
2496:
2462:
2458:
2448:
2437:. Retrieved
2435:. 3 May 2024
2427:
2392:
2388:
2378:
2365:
2330:
2326:
2316:
2299:
2295:
2289:
2262:
2258:
2248:
2223:
2217:
2200:
2196:
2186:
2145:
2141:
2135:
2105:(4): 225β9.
2102:
2098:
2092:
2057:
2053:
2043:
2032:. Retrieved
2028:the original
2018:
1993:
1987:
1957:(1): 45β52.
1954:
1950:
1944:
1914:(6): 515β9.
1911:
1907:
1901:
1866:
1862:
1852:
1817:
1813:
1803:
1795:the original
1785:
1760:
1754:
1719:
1715:
1677:
1673:
1667:
1657:
1635:(1): 18β26.
1632:
1628:
1618:
1606:. Retrieved
1602:the original
1588:
1561:
1557:
1547:
1505:(1): e1071.
1502:
1498:
1488:
1453:
1449:
1401:
1397:
1387:
1376:. Retrieved
1367:
1332:
1328:
1318:
1307:. Retrieved
1305:. 2020-02-25
1302:
1293:
1282:. Retrieved
1278:
1269:
1244:
1238:
1227:. Retrieved
1223:
1214:
1179:
1175:
1165:
1138:
1134:
1124:
1089:
1085:
1075:
1040:
1036:
988:
984:
974:
939:
935:
925:
900:
894:
882:. Retrieved
878:the original
873:
863:
852:. Retrieved
850:. 2019-02-22
847:
838:
827:. Retrieved
825:. 2019-02-22
822:
813:
802:. Retrieved
800:. 2019-02-22
797:
788:
731:
724:
715:
707:
700:
688:
660:
646:
638:
634:Festus Mogae
623:
602:
598:
594:
583:
576:
562:
550:
546:
542:
539:Legal system
526:
523:Gene therapy
510:
491:rather than
485:
476:
443:
432:
421:
417:
395:
391:slut-shaming
375:
354:
345:
327:heterosexual
323:circumcision
316:
279:heterosexual
272:
237:
233:
229:
216:
213:
170:
160:tuberculosis
128:
124:
120:
53:
27:
26:
5519:New Zealand
5391:El Salvador
5296:Philippines
5266:North Korea
5219:China (PRC)
5184:Afghanistan
4874:Product Red
4775:AIDS orphan
4631:Nephropathy
4566:vaccination
4428:aidsmap.com
4395:aidsmap.com
3836:actupny.org
3810:actupny.org
1722:(1): 51β7.
1608:January 17,
1564:(1): 10β7.
848:www.cdc.gov
823:www.cdc.gov
798:www.cdc.gov
590:Los Angeles
499:Vaccination
330:benefit in
291:nonoxynol-9
273:Consistent
219:HIV testing
203:Serosorting
144:hepatitis C
140:hepatitis B
136:hepatitis A
75:dental dams
5231:East Timor
5204:Bangladesh
5194:Azerbaijan
5116:Mozambique
5101:Madagascar
4834:Red ribbon
4676:Serostatus
4604:Conditions
4556:prevention
4546:management
4504:Lentivirus
4369:unaids.org
3079:: w13535.
2489:Vermund SH
2439:2024-05-15
2034:2014-06-13
1378:2012-02-26
1309:2020-02-25
1284:2020-02-25
1229:2020-07-25
854:2019-10-31
829:2019-10-31
804:2019-10-31
781:References
553:Kyrgyzstan
450:zidovudine
334:and among
288:spermicide
103:(see also
46:policies.
5514:Australia
5468:Argentina
5428:Caribbean
5406:Nicaragua
5396:Guatemala
5306:Sri Lanka
5241:Indonesia
5024:Locations
4965:"Free Me"
4691:Pregnancy
4686:Nutrition
4541:diagnosis
4242:206615556
4115:0261-3077
3966:0261-3077
3914:0261-3077
3776:aegis.com
3496:Addiction
3262:(1): 13.
2988:March 12,
2551:7 January
1521:1891-1803
769:TeachAids
685:From 2011
626:Swaziland
624:In 2003,
620:From 2003
607:approved
382:tenofovir
295:tenofovir
156:gonorrhea
5561:Category
5483:Colombia
5401:Honduras
5316:Thailand
5291:Pakistan
5276:Malaysia
5214:Cambodia
5166:Zimbabwe
5146:Tanzania
5071:Ethiopia
5066:Eswatini
5051:Botswana
4940:Solidays
4839:Safe sex
4780:Religion
4724:Timeline
4646:Pruritus
4583:Children
4561:research
4536:HIV/AIDS
4514:subtypes
4344:18252103
4287:12441795
4234:20566549
4199:11892428
4191:14570036
4149:BBC News
4123:60623878
3999:mg.co.za
3974:60623878
3922:60623878
3697:11396444
3639:26554589
3631:18687461
3573:23568946
3526:21054615
3466:57946984
3422:15016246
3288:19505336
3178:25757618
3116:June 28,
3095:22389197
3039:19160297
2979:Archived
2958:21735394
2927:46624541
2919:20954881
2881:25759476
2840:17708137
2813:17253483
2764:21879901
2723:22515138
2656:18172151
2604:19505336
2527:20941553
2419:30160195
2357:18724961
2308:21251451
2281:22641791
2240:17943855
2209:22320006
2178:39693618
2170:23508208
2162:43282781
2127:36904088
2119:19065392
2084:18366947
2010:21678366
1979:43878584
1971:19935420
1928:20844437
1893:19849961
1844:20622758
1777:19370585
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