158:
being
Portuguese immigrants and a similar number in Nanterre with the majority population being Algerian immigrants. The Movement for France (MPF), which was a political party, pushed for the betterment of living conditions initially stating that social demands such as the need for shelter were basic and thus universal. MPF’s agenda slowly changed from housing being a universal need, to an exclusive right for citizens and the working class. The new HLM buildings improved living conditions; however, social commentaries coined the term Sarcellitis which is used to describe living in a depressing environment. The dramatic change from living in bidonvilles would overlook the unsightly buildings, but the environmental challenges (via police brutally) would soon follow in the coming years within the newly formed HLM communities. The French government hoped that by sheltering low-income populations, it would bring the standard of living up, but it instead stratified a hierarchical system. Surveillance of immigrant groups (in HLMs) were issued by government officials to procure cultural information on immigrant communities so as to better acclimate them into French society. This racially motivated approach was perpetuated by the Fifth Republic officials because they believed the immigrant communities were incapable of living in France. The lack of assimilation was a result of inequality and discrimination thus keeping immigrants in the HLM suburbs.
27:
136:
124:
216:. Courant's plan had the goal of construction of at least 240,000 residences each year, and it was an unexpected success: from 1956 on, there were more than 300,000 new residences built annually, with a good number of them HLM. In 1964, there were 95,000 new HLM apartments. The residences were often constructed in large complexes, by
250:
The emphasis shifted to improving the standard of living in the residences already in existence. In 1968, for example, only 41% of the HLM apartments had toilet and sanitary facilities. By the end of the 1970s, the figure had risen to about 80%. New HLM sites, with more rooms per residence, were
157:
In the early 1960s, “bidonvilles” housed most low-income immigrants. Bidonvilles were housing developments, commonly referred to as “shanty towns” located in the metropole with little to no running water or utilities. The largest bidonvilles were located in
Champigny with the majority population
263:
in ZUP communities. In 2001, each HLM residence had, on average, 2.4 persons living in it (compared to 3.2 in 1954), four rooms (three in 1954), and 96% of all HLM apartments had toilet and sanitary facilities, compared to only 10% in 1954.
106:
72% of French HLMs built before 2001 (and 95% of those built between 2001 and 2011) are small buildings or individual houses. The average size of buildings is 20 apartments. Construction of HLM is mainly financed by funds collected on
102:
HLMs constitute 16% of all housing in France. There are approximately four million such residences, housing an estimated 10 million people. The standard of living in the HLM housing projects is often the lowest in the country.
185:, the Minister for Reconstruction and Urbanisation, promoted a scheme of massive construction of socially subsidised residences to address this problem. The new system took its foundations from the HBM (
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to roll along a track and place components on both sides of the building simultaneously, saving both time and effort.
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829:"Citizens, Squatters, and Asocials: The Right to Housing and the Politics of Difference in Post-Liberation France"
135:
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152:
92:
182:
1087:
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912:"Policing the Post-Colonial Order: Surveillance and the African Immigrant Community in France, 1960-1979"
883:
34:, in Survilliers. In France, 72% of HLM (95% since 2000) are houses or small buildings of 20 apartments.
17:
733:
224:("the way of the crane"). The new, large apartment buildings were perfectly rectangular, to allow a
643:
633:
628:
96:
72:
786:
970:
951:"Quels logements et quels quartiers ? L'intégration résidentielle des immigrés en France"
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The greatest increase in the number of HLMs came in the late 1960s and early 1970s, when many
123:
193: – "inexpensive housing") system, which had been created in 1889 and financed mainly by
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243:: "priority urbanisation zones") were constructed. They were built mostly in the suburbs of
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115:. In 2011, the French people have placed 280 billion euros on this type of savings account.
247:. A total of 195 ZUP were created, producing over two million new, mostly HLM, residences.
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built in smaller cities and towns, and numerous programmes were launched to combat
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The level of social construction did not significantly rise until minister
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launched an ambitious plan in 1956, warranted by the increased rate of
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787:"French Bidonvilles in the 1960s: Urban & individual initiatives"
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Percentage of group households in HLMs out of total group households
181:, contributed to a deficit of an estimated four million residences.
88:
76:
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174:
134:
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Les Français confient 280 milliards d'euros au livret A et au LDD
169:
that had started to take place in France (directed mainly at
1009:"Immigration, 'Race' and Ethnicity in Contemporary France"
161:
The low level of construction during and between the two
1033:"Le logement des immigrés vivant en France en 2018"
916:Historical Reflections/Reflexions Historiques
743:, Union sociale pour l'habitat, February 2012
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111:, a type of savings account regulated by the
8:
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1056:Les organismes d'habitation à loyer modéré
754:Où va vraiment l'argent du Livret A ?
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639:Subsidized housing in the United States
368:Average monthly rent over time in HLMs
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7:
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992:"Les Hlm en chiffres: Édition 2020"
785:Rosello, Mireille (January 1997).
512:European Community/European Union
273:Units of HLMS (including vacants)
113:Caisse des dépôts et consignations
14:
438:Nationality of head of household
1038:. Ministre de l'Intérieur. 2021.
127:HBM of rue Jean Fautrier in the
1093:Residential buildings in France
833:The American Historical Review
827:Nasiali, Minayo (April 2014).
791:Renaissance and Modern Studies
1:
910:Glaes, Gillian (2010-01-01).
866:Stovall, Tyler (2018-04-20).
772:, La Tribune, 21 october 2011
656:(Czech Republic and Slovakia)
239:zones à urbaniser en priorité
949:McAvay, Haley (2018-10-10).
129:13th arrondissement of Paris
734:10 idées reçues sur les HLM
666:Large panel system building
1111:
150:
23:Form of low-income housing
15:
1013:Routledge & CRC Press
803:10.1080/14735789709366607
707:Housing Development Board
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40:habitation à loyer modéré
928:10.3167/hrrh.2010.360208
153:Public housing in France
66:housing at moderate rent
189:habitation à bon marché
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967:10.3917/popu.1802.0351
891:Cite journal requires
868:"Transnational France"
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322:Numbers (in millions)
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876:10.4324/9780429492631
845:10.1093/ahr/119.2.434
662:(Former Soviet Union)
212:from France's former
183:Eugène Claudius-Petit
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18:HLM (disambiguation)
16:For other uses, see
760:, February 22, 2012
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233:planned communities
139:HLM in the area of
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634:Subsidized housing
629:Affordable housing
578:South East Asians
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73:low-income housing
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257:unemployment
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167:rural exodus
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91:. It may be
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709:(Singapore)
501:Portuguese
261:delinquency
210:immigration
1077:Categories
1018:2024-05-04
955:Population
758:La Tribune
714:References
556:Tunisians
545:Moroccans
534:Algerians
268:Statistics
235:, or ZUP (
163:world wars
151:See also:
48:pronounced
975:0032-4663
936:0315-7997
853:1937-5239
811:0486-3720
680:(Hungary)
668:(Germany)
644:Section 8
179:baby boom
131:, France.
737:Archived
702:Banlieue
678:Panelház
674:(Sweden)
654:Sídlisko
613:See also
490:Italian
479:Spanish
468:Foreign
214:colonies
145:Besançon
141:Planoise
109:Livret A
650:Panelák
600:Others
457:French
253:poverty
119:History
85:Senegal
81:Algeria
60:
30:HLM of
1067:French
973:
934:
851:
809:
603:15.3%
592:45.1%
589:Turks
581:43.4%
570:36.6%
559:34.4%
548:44.3%
537:43.4%
515:18.4%
504:24.8%
493:14.2%
482:20.5%
460:13.7%
402:Euros
173:, the
165:, the
93:public
89:Quebec
87:, and
77:France
1036:(PDF)
995:(PDF)
922:(2).
646:(USA)
444:2018
441:1990
426:€390
423:€390
420:€380
417:€360
414:€290
411:€260
408:€190
405:€120
397:2018
394:2014
391:2012
388:2008
385:2002
382:1996
379:1990
376:1984
373:Year
314:2011
311:2006
308:2002
305:1996
302:1992
299:1988
296:1984
293:1978
290:1973
287:1967
284:1961
281:1955
278:Year
245:Paris
226:crane
199:state
175:Paris
143:, in
1065:(in
971:ISSN
932:ISSN
897:help
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807:ISSN
686:(UK)
652:and
606:20%
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551:45%
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