675:
480:
642:
339:
272:
216:
296:
133:
789:
610:, the number and level of excise duties had continued to grow. From the 1820s, however, this trend began to be reversed; by 1840 the number of duties levied had reduced from twenty-seven to ten. Salt duty (levied since 1698) was repealed first, in 1825, followed by the long-standing excise duties on beer and cider (levied since 1643). Also in 1825 the somewhat anomalous situation whereby import duties (on coffee, cocoa, tobacco, wine and spirits) were collected by the Excise Office came to an end, with responsibility for these being handed back to HM Customs. (The Excise fleet of revenue cruisers were transferred over at the same time.)
524:
576:
621:, which argued for the repeal of duties on the raw materials for building and manufacturing (including those on bricks, tiles, leather and hemp) in order to encourage manufacturing, the repeal of duties on items otherwise involved in manufacturing processes (including those on coal, glass, candles and soap) and the reduction of excise duty on wine and tobacco (in order to discourage smuggling); in order to counterbalance these proposed reductions Parnell argued for the (re-)introduction of taxes on
364:) to raise money for the maintenance of Parliamentary forces. The ordinance established a board of eight Commissioners to oversee the collection of this revenue. Duty was initially levied on beer, cider, spirits and soap, but the list of dutiable items grew year by year and before long excise duty was being levied on such day-to-day necessities as meat, fish, clothes and leather, prompting public resentment. (In 1647 the Excise office in
36:
207:) and 4 in Wales; later its remit was extended to cover Scotland and Ireland as well. The Collections were subdivided into Districts (each overseen by a Supervisor), which themselves had smaller subdivisions, known either as Rides (if covered by an Excise Officer on horseback) or Divisions (also called Footwalks), which were covered by an Excise Officer on foot.
415:). For this purpose the revenue received was divided in two: 50% (termed the 'Hereditary Excise') was granted to the monarch and his heirs in perpetuity, the other 50% (termed the 'Temporary Excise') was granted to Charles II for life. (A similar arrangement remained in place in subsequent reigns until the establishment of the
516:) sought to make the most of it. Seven years later he began to explore the possibility of using the Excise to counter problems of fraud and smuggling related to imported goods – particularly wine and tobacco – within the remit of HM Customs. When he presented his proposals to Parliament in 1733 it prompted a full-blown '
238:) would make regular visits to the manufacturers and retailers in order to assess the duty payable on relevant items and to issue 'vouchers' summarizing the duty owed. Meanwhile, the Supervisors would make regular spot-checks on the excisemen in their Districts and report any anomalies or errors in their accounts.
241:
This pattern of work remained the norm through the 18th and 19th centuries. In the 1820s, an excise officer (Joseph Pacy) wrote a detailed description of his daily routine, spent visiting a series of different manufacturers and retailers: chandlers, brewers, innkeepers, tanners, maltsters, distillers
571:
In due course, the warehousing system proved advantageous to the traders since duty was only payable on the removal of goods from the warehouse. This enabled them to delay paying duty until the goods were sold (whereas previously
Customs duty had to be paid the moment the goods arrived on dry land).
563:
where they would remain under Excise control. Despite opposition from affected merchants and retailers, the Bill was passed. The gamble paid off and within a few years the duty on tobacco had established itself as
Britain's most productive form of revenue (and it remained so until 1968). Thereafter,
558:
was introduced in 1784, as was the duty on excise licences. Then, in 1786, Pitt revisited the proposals embodied in
Walpole's withdrawn Excise Bill of 1733: the intention had been to reduce customs duty on imported wine and tobacco to a nominal amount and instead impose an Excise duty; on arrival,
658:
of the product). In addition, the excise staff inherited responsibilities from other departments of the
Revenue, such as railway passenger duty and 'establishment licences' (formerly 'assessed taxes') by which duty was payable on such luxuries as carriages, menservants and the display of armorial
632:
The following year the duties on leather and on printed cotton were repealed, followed by that on candles. (The abolition of the latter was widely welcomed: chandlers' equipment was required to be kept secure behind a crown lock outside working hours, the key to which was held by the local excise
262:
In order to be able to regulate and inspect the manufacture of dutiable products, the Excise Office issued licences to manufacturers (and it was then illegal for anyone to manufacture such items without a licence). Traders in some items were similarly licensed. In the late 18th century a duty was
202:
Following the example of HM Customs, the Board of Excise set up a network of administrative areas called 'Collections' (each with its own
Collector). Unlike HM Customs, the Excise operated inland as well as on the coast: initially it had 39 Collections in England (mostly corresponding with the
649:
During the 1840s the Excise Office contracted as further duties were repealed (e.g. that on glass in 1845). Before long, plans were being drawn up to merge the much-reduced department with the Board of Stamps and Taxes (itself formed from a recent amalgamation). The merger was achieved after
653:
The reduction in excise duties continued post-amalgamation, with duties being repealed on bricks (1850), soap (1853) and paper (1861). In 1880 malt duty (which had been in place since 1697) followed suit; but it was replaced by a new excise duty on beer (which varied depending on the
466:
and starch all became subject to excise duty. The distribution of Excise officers around the country meant that they were sometimes called upon to act for other branches of government; for example in 1693 they were called upon to provide annual statistics on inns and taverns to the
291:
in the City of London. Thereafter, as it expanded, it leased successively larger properties in and around the City. Having returned to Broad Street in the 1670s, the Excise moved out again in the early 1700s, only to move back (into a new purpose-built headquarters there) in 1769.
674:
801:, vintners (and other dealers or retailers of alcoholic beverages), tobacco and snuff dealers and retailers, and traders in coffee, tea, cocoa-nuts, chocolate and pepper. Licence duty often remained payable even if duty on the product itself had been repealed.
242:
and tea and tobacco merchants (with substantial amounts of administrative work to be done in the intervening moments). The excise officer carried various specialist items of equipment for testing and measuring different dutiable products; for example the Sikes
479:
633:
officer, who was obliged during working hours to monitor the chandlers' work every four hours.) Where excise duties remained in place (e.g. on spirits, malt, soap and paper) the requirement for officers to monitor the manufacturing process was reduced.
227:
Each Excise
Collector was required to tour his Collection eight times a year, visiting each Market Town in turn in order to hold 'sittings' and receive revenue payments. In the intervening time, locally based Excise Officers (known informally as
315:: it consisted of two ranges, one of stone, the other of brick, with a spacious courtyard laid out between them. The Excise remained there until 1852, when its staff moved to join the other departments of the newly-formed Inland Revenue in
263:
imposed on the licences themselves: Excise
Licence duty (the rate of which often varied depending on the scale of production) had to be paid in addition to any duty payable on the goods that were being manufactured or traded under licence.
430:
on and off (i.e. leased to speculators in return for an annual rent) until a Board
Commissioners of Excise was established on a permanent footing in 1683. In addition to excise revenue, the Board and its officers were required to collect
520:': there was public frenzy, fuelled by fears that the Bill marked the first stage of a General Excise being imposed on all manner of domestic goods and other articles. When the Bill was withdrawn there were widespread celebrations.
960:
Hawkers, pedlars and petty chapmen had first been licensed in 1697, the
Hawkers and Pedlars Office being established the following year. Its work passed to the Hackney Carriage Office in 1810 and thence to the Stamp Office in
792:
A Licence permitting Samuel Gun to trade in, sell and vend coffee, tea and chocolate; signed by the
Collector of Excise in Oxfordshire Collection and the Supervisor of Excise of Banbury District, 11 September
797:
From 1784 an excise duty was payable on licences taken out by manufacturers and traders of dutiable goods, including brewers, maltsters, distillers, glassmakers, paper manufacturers, soap-makers,
167:. While 'HM Revenue of Excise' was a phrase used in early legislation to refer to this form of duty, the body tasked with its collection and general administration was usually known as the
446:
expanding and fighting multiple campaigns, levels of duty were increased and new duties were raised: beer duty was doubled and over the next twenty-five years such diverse commodities as
934:
Made-wine is, by the current HMRC definition, "any other drink that has alcohol made by fermentation (apart from cider), not by distillation or any other process. For example,
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338:
271:
641:
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Smuggling remained a problem with which both Excise and Customs officers were now having to engage. As part of their response, both services were provided with
572:
In 1803 an Act was passed allowing the warehousing of all types of goods liable to Excise duty, and new warehouses were built in ports all round the country.
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215:
1174:
832:
1415:
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132:
603:
In 1823 the thitherto separate Boards of Commissioners for England, Scotland and Wales were consolidated into a single UK-wide Board of Excise.
788:
498:
a separate Excise Board was established for Scotland. When malt duty was imposed there in 1725 it caused widespread outcry and opposition.
682:
The following duties were levied by the Excise Office and by the Excise Department of the Inland Revenue (this is not an exhaustive list):
513:
419:
in 1760, since when monarchs have customarily ceded the Hereditary Excise and other hereditary revenues to Parliament at the time of their
328:
666:
was formed in 1909, leaving the Inland Revenue to administer direct taxes (principally income tax, which had been re-introduced in 1842).
1281:
Loftus's Inland Revenue Officer's Manual: A Guide to the Duties and Qualifications of Persons Employed in the Excise Surveying Department
164:
614:
546:
In the wake of the crisis no new excise duties were introduced for the next fifty years (except for a relatively short-lived duty on
1068:
523:
119:
19:
This article is about British and English Excise services 1643-1909. For the Government department responsible from 1909-2005, see
554:
arrived as Prime Minister, he brought with him a determination to raise revenue more effectively by way of the Excise service. A
488:
The royal gauger; or, gauging made perfectly easy, as it is actually practised by the officers of His Majesty's revenue of excise
395:. The rights to the revenue of excise were granted to the King (to cover the general expenses of government), in lieu of certain
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57:
204:
100:
186:. Sixty years later the Excise department was demerged from the Inland Revenue and amalgamated with HM Customs to form
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506:
412:
72:
875:
Playing card makers & sellers (1864-1960); playing cards had previously been subject to stamp duty (since 1711)
53:
1186:
46:
565:
79:
575:
551:
539:
662:
In the early 20th century a decision was taken to unite the two Boards responsible for indirect taxation; the
678:"An Exciseman made out of the Necessaries of Life now Tax'd in Great Britain..." a satirical cartoon of 1765.
591:(sea-going vessels to help them patrol the nation's coastal waters). The Excise Board had a fleet of seven
86:
427:
362:
Ordinance for the speedy raising and levying of moneys by way of charge or impost upon several commodities
308:
280:
191:
24:
372:
187:
20:
951:(in 1664), then by the Hackney Coach Office (from 1694-1831) and then by the Stamp Office (from 1831).
68:
887:
798:
439:
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in operation by 1784; HM Customs had twenty vessels of its own and two dozen more under contract.
907:
By the 1840s there were 55 Collections in England and Wales (excluding London) and 315 Districts.
495:
463:
365:
349:
234:
1361:"Records of the Boards of Customs, Excise, and Customs and Excise, and HM Revenue and Customs"
1151:"Records of the Boards of Customs, Excise, and Customs and Excise, and HM Revenue and Customs"
1102:"19th Report of the Commissioners of Enquiry into the Excise Establishment: Excise Licences".
1064:
982:"Records of the Boards of Customs, Excise, and Customs and Excise, and HM Revenue and Customs"
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814:
483:
420:
375:
the Excise (which had begun as a temporary measure) was retained; duty was levied on beer and
300:
220:
1122:
740:
655:
560:
547:
468:
400:
392:
288:
276:
160:
148:
136:
New Wing, Somerset House: home of the Inland Revenue's Excise Department from 1852 to 1909.
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863:
607:
588:
357:
312:
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1150:
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250:, in the 18th century and used by Excise officers from 1816 until 1980 for measuring the
925:
Excise and customs duties on salt were administered by a separate Salt Office from 1702.
916:
Namely: auctions, bricks, glass, hops, licences, malt, paper, soap, spirits and vinegar.
850:
502:
404:
316:
247:
183:
163:), the Excise was administered by a Board of Commissioners who were accountable to the
93:
761:
Railway passengers (1847-1929); had previously been subject to stamp duty (since 1832)
1409:
878:
838:
592:
517:
251:
622:
501:
The Excise was now seen as an efficient and effective means of raising revenue and
443:
432:
179:
826:
583:, an Excise Cutter (wearing the ensign and pennant of the Excise Board) in 1794.
35:
884:
Saddle and carriage horses (1869-1875); previously an assessed tax (since 1784)
626:
459:
416:
408:
384:
243:
156:
808:
776:
555:
533:
451:
396:
342:
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had prompted the introduction of new forms of duty and further increases.
455:
447:
368:
was burned to the ground during a riot against the Excise duty on meat.)
345:
1319:
872:
Plate-dealers (1865-1949); previously subject to stamp duty (since 1758)
645:
Combined Customs, Excise and Stamp Office in Bradford, dating from 1899.
190:(which was itself amalgamated with the Inland Revenue in 2005 to create
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House agents (1865-1949); previously subject to stamp duty (since 1861)
770:
528:
399:
and royal hereditary rights which had lately been abolished (including
869:
Pawnbrokers (1864–1974); previously subject to stamp duty (since 1785)
152:
1086:
The New Whitehall Series, vol. 10: Her Majesty's Customs and Excise
859:
Male servants (1869-1938); previously an assessed tax (since 1777)
787:
673:
640:
522:
478:
380:
337:
270:
214:
1385:
650:
Parliament passed the Inland Revenue Board Act in January, 1849.
935:
804:
In addition, licence duty was payable by or for (among others):
542:
urging on a pack of parliamentary hounds from the Excise Office.
767:
Racehorses (1856-1874); previously an assessed tax (since 1784)
376:
29:
16:
One of the predecessors of HM Revenue and Customs (1643–1909)
471:(for the billeting of soldiers and the stabling of horses).
287:
Initially, in 1643, the Excise Office had a headquarters in
938:
is a made-wine". It was historically also known as 'sweet'.
1123:"The Civil List and the Hereditary Revenues of the Crown"
881:(1837-1869); previously subject to stamp duty (since 1779)
823:
Carriages (1869-); previously an assessed tax (since 1747)
811:(1865-1949); previously subject to stamp duty (since 1806)
1347:
The Excise Officer's Manual and Improved Practical Gauger
1320:"Wine Duty and licences for wine and made-wine producers"
1214:
Nelson's Navy: the Ships, Men and Organisation, 1793-1815
279:, London: headquarters of the Excise from 1769 to 1852 (
307:
This new Excise Office in Broad Street was designed by
1061:
Something to Declare: 1000 years of Customs and Excise
151:
levied on articles at the time of their manufacture.
1097:
1095:
841:(1860-2007); previously an assessed tax (since 1784)
829:(1867-1988); previously an assessed tax (since 1796)
817:(1869-1945); previously an assessed tax (since 1798)
1268:. London: Effingham Wilson. 1884. pp. 183–217.
1023:. London: Charles Knight & Co. pp. 97–112.
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1193:. Liverpool Museums: Maritime Archives and Library
1386:"1697 An Act for licensing Hawkers & Pedlars"
947:Hackney carriages had first been licensed by the
23:. For the modern-day Government department, see
299:Interior of the Excise Office in Broad Street (
155:duty was first raised in England in 1643. Like
1225:
1223:
866:(1865-1941); previously subject to stamp duty
8:
1054:
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1014:
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629:(i.e. direct, rather than indirect, taxes).
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120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1248:History of Taxation and Taxes in England
574:
559:the goods would be placed directly in a
435:until the latter was abolished in 1689.
391:beverages of tea, coffee, chocolate and
294:
131:
1349:. London: A. Maxwell. pp. 290–354.
1283:. London: W. R. Loftus. pp. 16–40.
1088:. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd.
973:
949:Commissioners for the Streets and Wayes
900:
490:(compiled by Charles Leadbetter, 1750).
1104:Sessional Papers of the House of Lords
7:
329:History of the English fiscal system
58:adding citations to reliable sources
246:(invented by an officer of Excise,
165:Lords Commissioners of the Treasury
1266:Ham's Inland Revenue Yearbook 1885
1251:. London: Longman, Green & co.
617:published an influential treatise
360:passed the 'Excise Ordinance' (an
14:
689:Cider (1643-1830, 1916-23, 1976-)
670:List of excise duties (1643-1909)
1232:The Ancient and Rightful Customs
1216:. London: Conway Maritime Press.
34:
352:calls the father of the Excise.
45:needs additional citations for
1416:Taxation in the United Kingdom
536:, baited by the dogs of excise
182:to form a new department: the
1:
1019:Knight, Charles, ed. (1843).
784:List of excise licence duties
426:From 1662 Excise revenue was
1234:. London: Faber & Faber.
1191:Border Force National Museum
692:Salt (1643-1660, 1694-1825);
1121:Percival, G. (March 1901).
1084:Crombie, Sir James (1962).
664:Board of Customs and Excise
507:Chancellor of the Exchequer
413:Court of Wards and Liveries
159:(a far older branch of the
1432:
458:, candles, hops, leather,
326:
18:
1295:"Salt & the Salt Tax"
746:Cotton prints (1774-1831)
695:Soap (1643-60, 1712-1853)
311:and built on the site of
180:Board of Stamps and Taxes
1345:Bateman, Joseph (1840).
1324:HM Revenue & Customs
1279:Johnston, W. H. (1865).
1245:Dowell, Stephen (1888).
764:Sugar (1837-74, 1915-62)
552:William Pitt the Younger
1230:Carson, Edward (1972).
820:Auctioneers (1777-1949)
686:Beer (1643-1830, 1880-)
1212:Lavery, Brian (1989).
1187:"History of Smuggling"
1130:The Fortnightly Review
1059:Smith, Graham (1980).
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543:
491:
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309:George Dance the Elder
304:
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192:HM Revenue and Customs
137:
25:HM Revenue and Customs
1365:The National Archives
1155:The National Archives
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710:Made-wine (1696-1834)
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606:During and after the
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356:On 22 July 1643, the
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188:HM Customs and Excise
135:
21:HM Customs and Excise
749:Auctions (1777-1845)
178:was merged with the
145:Her Majesty's Excise
54:improve this article
722:Leather (1711-1831)
716:Candles (1710-1832)
698:Vinegar (1643-1844)
619:On Financial Reform
440:Glorious Revolution
275:The Excise Office,
219:Gauger's office in
147:refers to 'inland'
1063:. London: Harrap.
795:
734:Bricks (1750-1850)
731:Starch (1713-1834)
680:
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585:
550:). When, however,
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442:of 1688, with the
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1021:London (volume V)
986:National Archives
845:Hackney carriages
815:Armorial bearings
755:Licences (1784-)
737:Tiles (1750-1839)
725:Paper (1712-1861)
707:Glass (1695-1845)
615:Sir Henry Parnell
496:Act of Union 1707
484:Slide rule scales
301:Thomas Rowlandson
221:Wadsworth Brewery
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752:Wine (1786-1825)
728:Wire (1712-1826)
719:Hops (1711-1862)
713:Malt (1697-1880)
656:specific gravity
561:bonded warehouse
469:Secretary at War
401:tenure in capite
205:English Counties
161:revenue services
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704:Tea (1660-1834)
701:Spirits (1660-)
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608:Napoleonic Wars
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589:revenue cutters
566:war with France
564:the developing
548:household plate
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358:Long Parliament
343:Parliamentarian
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313:Gresham College
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258:Excise licences
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176:Board of Excise
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556:duty on bricks
514:Prime Minister
503:Robert Walpole
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462:, wire, soap,
438:Following the
405:knight-service
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317:Somerset House
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248:Benjamin Sikes
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184:Inland Revenue
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65:Find sources:
59:
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43:This article
41:
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22:
1393:. Retrieved
1390:Pedlars.info
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599:19th century
586:
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545:
540:William Pitt
538:, depicting
532:
510:
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487:
475:18th century
444:English Army
437:
433:hearth money
425:
389:Coffee House
379:, cider and
370:
361:
355:
334:17th century
306:
289:Broad Street
286:
277:Broad Street
267:Headquarters
261:
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198:Organisation
175:
174:In 1849 the
173:
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107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
1160:27 November
879:Post horses
862:Sellers of
853:(1864-1966)
773:(1860-1926)
397:feudal dues
373:Restoration
69:"HM Excise"
969:References
809:Appraisers
659:bearings.
581:Resolution
494:After the
417:Civil List
409:purveyance
385:aqua vitae
371:After the
366:Smithfield
350:Blackstone
327:See also:
244:hydrometer
157:HM Customs
110:April 2018
80:newspapers
799:publicans
779:(1901-62)
777:Saccharin
757:see below
743:(1756-77)
613:In 1830,
534:John-Bull
531:cartoon:
421:accession
230:excisemen
211:Personnel
1410:Category
1395:25 March
1370:25 March
1330:24 March
1304:24 March
1135:18 March
847:(1847-)
623:property
511:de facto
411:and the
387:and the
346:John Pym
303:, 1810).
283:, 1816).
1197:2 March
1175:Details
991:2 April
890:(1888-)
851:Hawkers
835:(1870-)
771:Chicory
625:and on
593:cutters
529:Gillray
527:A 1790
460:windows
393:sherbet
348:, whom
323:History
235:gaugers
94:scholar
1067:
627:income
428:farmed
153:Excise
149:duties
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
1126:(PDF)
961:1832.
895:Notes
793:1818.
741:Plate
486:from
464:paper
452:glass
381:perry
101:JSTOR
87:books
1397:2023
1372:2023
1332:2023
1306:2023
1199:2018
1162:2017
1137:2023
1108:XLII
1065:ISBN
993:2018
936:mead
839:Game
833:Guns
827:Dogs
579:The
509:and
505:(as
456:malt
448:salt
423:).
73:news
377:ale
232:or
194:).
143:or
141:His
56:by
1412::
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1257:^
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27:.
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