443:, to increase reliability and availability of data, it is usually pushed (replicated) to several machines. For example, the Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS) makes 2 extra copies of any object stored. RGDD focuses on efficiently casting an object from one location to many while saving bandwidth by sending minimal number of copies (only one in the best case) of the object over any link across the network. For example, Datacast is a scheme for delivery to many nodes inside data centers that relies on regular and structured topologies and DCCast is a similar approach for delivery across data centers.
370:
the server holds the request open and waits for response information to become available. Once it does have new information, the server immediately sends an HTTP response to the client, completing the open HTTP request. Upon receipt of the server response, the client often immediately issues another server request. In this way the usual response latency (the time between when the information first becomes available and the next client request) otherwise associated with polling clients is eliminated.
369:
With long polling, the client requests to get more information from the server exactly as in normal polling, but with the expectation that the server may not respond immediately. If the server has no new information for the client when the poll is received, then instead of sending an empty response,
426:
to the web server, including this identifier with it. The web application can then push messages addressed to the client to a local interface of the relay server, which relays them over the Flash socket. The advantage of this approach is that it appreciates the natural read-write asymmetry that is
356:
or other plug-ins in order to keep an open connection to the server; the client is automatically notified about new events, pushed by the server. One serious drawback to this method, however, is the lack of control the server has over the browser timing out; a page refresh is always necessary if a
500:
Push notifications are mainly divided into two approaches, local notifications and remote notifications. For local notifications, the application schedules the notification with the local device's OS. For remote notifications, the application sets a timer in the application itself, provided it is
541:
Real-time push notifications may raise privacy issues since they can be used to bind virtual identities of social network pseudonyms to the real identities of the smartphone owners. The use of unnecessary push notifications for promotional purposes has been criticized as an example of attention
263:
Generally, the web server does not terminate a connection after response data has been served to a client. The web server leaves the connection open so that if an event occurs (for example, a change in internal data which needs to be reported to one or multiple clients), it can be sent out
365:
Long polling is itself not a true push; long polling is a variation of the traditional polling technique, but it allows emulating a push mechanism under circumstances where a real push is not possible, such as sites with security policies that require rejection of incoming HTTP requests.
200:
events into a single session which ensures more efficient use of network and radio resources. A single service consolidates all events, distributing those events to applications as they arrive. This requires just one session, avoiding duplicated overhead costs.
348:, leaving the response perpetually "open" (i.e., the server never terminates the response), effectively fooling the browser to remain in "loading" mode after the initial page load could be considered complete. The server then periodically sends snippets of
377:
is a popular, long-lived HTTP technique used as a long-polling alternative to a continuous TCP connection when such a connection is difficult or impossible to employ directly (e.g., in a web browser); it is also an underlying technology in the
52:
model. In this model, a client "subscribes" to specific information channels hosted by a server. When new content becomes available on these channels, the server automatically sends, or "pushes," this information to the subscribed client.
520:, or play alert sounds to attract user's attention. Push notifications are usually used by applications to bring information to users' attention. The content of the messages can be classified in the following example categories:
427:
typical of many web applications, including chat, and as a consequence it offers high efficiency. Since it does not accept data on outgoing sockets, the relay server does not need to poll outgoing TCP connections
212:
for end-user notifications. A notification allows alerting the user of an event, such as the delivery of an email, outside the context of a web page. As part of this standard, Push API is fully implemented in
516:, and the client displays the message received. When the push notification arrives, it can transmit short notifications and messages, set badges on application icons, blink or continuously light up the
853:
501:
able to continuously run in the background. When the event's scheduled time is reached, or the event's programmed condition is met, the message is displayed in the application's user interface.
328:
Web
Applications 1.0 proposal includes a mechanism to push content to the client. On September 1, 2006, the Opera web browser implemented this new experimental system in a feature called "
1010:
1141:
431:, making it possible to hold open tens of thousands of concurrent connections. In this model, the limit to scale is the TCP stack of the underlying server operating system.
1286:
504:
Remote notifications are handled by a remote server. Under this scenario, the client application needs to be registered on the server with a unique key (e.g., a
457:
A push notification is a message that is "pushed" from a back-end server or application to a user interface, e.g. mobile applications or desktop applications.
857:
196:
to deliver real-time events, such as incoming calls or messages, which can be delivered (or "pushed") in a timely fashion. The protocol consolidates all
96:
1353:
537:
Subscribed topic changes: Users may want to get updates regarding the weather in their location, or monitor a web page to track changes, for instance.
264:
immediately; otherwise, the event would have to be queued until the client's next request is received. Most web servers offer this functionality via
1165:
293:
in 1995. Web browsers interpret this as a document that changes whenever the server pushes a new version to the client. It is still supported by
790:
64:
In these cases, the client periodically checks with the server to see if new information is available, rather than receiving automatic updates.
930:
1391:
48:
In push technology, clients can express their preferences for certain types of information or data, typically through a process known as the
1453:
508:). The server then fires the message against the unique key to deliver it to the client via an agreed client/server protocol such as
1189:
617:
167:
include software updates distribution ("push updates"), market data distribution (stock tickers), online chat/messaging systems (
1734:
189:
2019:
1675:
904:
49:
1092:
2184:
1346:
156:, but it was never very popular. CDF faded away and was removed from the browsers of the time, replaced in the 2000s with
1739:
482:
352:
to update the content of the page, thereby achieving push capability. By using this technique, the client doesn't need
2179:
1724:
257:
1313:
2189:
1601:
485:
would be expanded to make use of the
Universal Windows Platform architecture, allowing for push data to be sent to
345:
122:
61:
237:
HTTP server push (also known as HTTP streaming) is a mechanism for sending unsolicited (asynchronous) data from a
562:
273:
149:
2194:
2174:
1339:
474:
265:
72:
567:
1819:
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Event reminders: Some applications may allow the customer to create a reminder or alert for a specific time.
958:"RFC6202 - Known Issues and Best Practices for the Use of Long Polling and Streaming in Bidirectional HTTP"
1988:
470:
411:
1381:
140:, which was widely covered in the 1990s. It delivered news and stock market data as a screensaver. Both
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2124:
1423:
787:
607:
525:
302:
226:
99:) allow pushing files, which means the sender initiates the data transfer rather than the recipient.
1218:
2056:
2051:
1976:
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1376:
572:
298:
197:
113:). However, the last step—from mail server to desktop computer—typically uses a pull protocol like
92:
2149:
1971:
1795:
1775:
1488:
1443:
1418:
1310:
W3C Push
Workshop. A 1997 workshop that discussed push technology and some early examples thereof
878:
329:
269:
137:
83:
are pushed to the user as soon as they are received by the messaging service. Both decentralized
38:
1061:"Consumer Acceptance of App Push Notifications: Systematic Review on the Influence of Frequency"
1219:"How do I adjust my mobile push notifications from Facebook? | Facebook Help Center | Facebook"
806:
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command, which allows the server to tell the client when new messages arrive. The original
2139:
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1912:
1754:
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1116:
1011:"Datacast: A Scalable and Efficient Reliable Group Data Delivery Service For Data Centers"
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Saint-Andre, Peter; Loreto, Salvatore; Salsano, Stefano; Wilkins, Greg (April 2011).
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the mail server, frequently checking it for new mail. The IMAP protocol includes the
80:
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Under certain conditions, such as restrictive security policies that block incoming
1983:
1961:
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1244:"Push Attack: Binding Virtual and Real Identities Using Mobile Push Notifications"
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854:"Opera takes the lead with AJAX support among browsers: More efficient streaming"
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Vendor special offers: A vendor may want to advertise their offers to customers.
399:
391:
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171:), auctions, online betting and gaming, sport results, monitoring consoles, and
110:
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1117:"Google Cloud Messaging for Android (GCM) Unveiled, to Replace C2DM Framework"
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403:
349:
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497:, and other supported platforms using universal API calls and POST requests.
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refers to a communication method, where the communication is initiated by a
60:
requests, push technology is sometimes simulated using a technique called
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1993:
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1571:
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17:
121:. Modern e-mail clients make this step seem instantaneous by repeatedly
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Method of network communication where requests are sent by the publisher
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relay on the server. The relay server does not read anything from this
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245:. HTTP server push can be achieved through any of several mechanisms.
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632:
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466:
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325:
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1325:
1038:"DCCast: Efficient Point to Multipoint Transfers Across Datacenters"
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was the first popular example of push-email in a wireless context.
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102:
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1998:
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118:
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106:
57:
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1242:
Loreti, Pierpaolo; Bracciale, Lorenzo; Caponi, Alberto (2018).
1690:
1316:
A description of HTTP Streaming from the Ajax
Patterns website
990:"XEP-0124: Bidirectional-streams Over Synchronous HTTP (BOSH)"
931:"Pushlets: Send events from servlets to DHTML client browsers"
788:
Server-Push
Documents (HTML & XHTML: The Definitive Guide)
209:
205:
157:
807:
Remove support for multipart/x-mixed-replace main resources
469:
released "Google Cloud to Device
Messaging" (superseded by
79:
are examples of push services. Chat messages and sometimes
45:" method where the communication is initiated by a client.
41:
rather than a client. This approach is different from the "
678:
M. Thomson, E. Damaggio and B. Raymor (October 22, 2016).
256:
API allows a web server and client to communicate over a
1065:
International
Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies
778:
O'Reilly book explaining how to use
Netscape server-push
1093:"iPhone push notification service for devs announced"
1190:"Android and iOS Push Notifications – Blog – JatApp"
2107:
2012:
1947:
1940:
1808:
1763:
1717:
1689:
1646:
1615:
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1543:
1536:
1400:
1142:"Windows Push Notification Services (WNS) overview"
524:Chat messages from a messaging application such as
1036:M. Noormohammadpour; et al. (July 10, 2017).
1287:Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
344:In this technique, the server takes advantage of
272:). The underlying mechanism for this approach is
382:, which Apple uses for its iCloud push support.
152:(CDF) into their software at the height of the
1347:
418:; instead, it immediately sends the client a
8:
317:documents, and also for streaming images in
1944:
1812:
1540:
1406:
1354:
1340:
1332:
453:Mobile marketing § Push notifications
279:Another mechanism is related to a special
1259:
1166:"Local and Remote Notifications in Depth"
1076:
1009:C. Guo; et al. (November 1, 2012).
680:"Generic Event Delivery Using HTTP Push"
645:
148:integrated push technology through the
929:Van Den Broecke, Just (1 March 2000).
776:CGI Programming on the World Wide Web
268:(e.g., Non-Parsed Headers scripts on
7:
879:"HTML Standard – Server-sent events"
819:"Web Applications 1.0 specification"
797:O'Reilly book explaining server-push
91:) and centralized programs (such as
435:Reliable Group Data Delivery (RGDD)
357:timeout occurs on the browser end.
309:and is only partially supported by
461:introduced push notifications for
204:Web Notifications are part of the
25:
833:"Event Streaming to Web Browsers"
686:. Internet Engineering Task Force
618:SQL Server Notification Services
1275:McFedries, Paul (22 May 2014).
394:applications, makes use of the
225:, and partially implemented in
190:Internet Engineering Task Force
1:
710:notifications.spec.whatwg.org
188:The Web push proposal of the
856:. 2006-09-01. Archived from
706:"Notifications API Standard"
483:Windows Notification Service
422:. Next, the client makes an
402:movie. Under the control of
305:today, but it is ignored by
1725:Inter-process communication
752:"Push API - Web APIs | MDN"
406:, the client establishes a
346:persistent HTTP connections
192:is a simple protocol using
163:Other uses of push-enabled
105:may also be a push system:
2211:
1392:Web syndication technology
1059:Wohllebe, Atilla. (2020).
450:
289:, which was introduced by
229:as of February 2023.
1878:
1815:
1409:
1369:
1078:10.3991/ijim.v14i13.14563
563:Channel Definition Format
398:object in a single-pixel
332:". It is now part of the
286:multipart/x-mixed-replace
274:chunked transfer encoding
150:Channel Definition Format
1326:HTML5 Server-Sent Events
1322:candidate recommendation
1314:HTTP Streaming with Ajax
1277:"Stop, Attention Thief!"
475:Firebase Cloud Messaging
390:This technique, used by
109:is a push protocol (see
73:Synchronous conferencing
905:"Pushlets introduction"
386:Flash XML Socket relays
313:. It can be applied to
208:standard and define an
136:Another example is the
471:Google Cloud Messaging
756:developer.mozilla.org
477:). In November 2015,
465:in 2009, and in 2010
2185:Internet terminology
2125:Glossary of blogging
2089:Social communication
883:html.spec.whatwg.org
608:Push Access Protocol
528:sent by other users.
439:In services such as
1328:draft specification
1200:on October 20, 2017
1170:developer.apple.com
573:Comet (programming)
568:Client–server model
481:announced that the
2180:Ajax (programming)
2150:Uses of podcasting
1888:Collaborative blog
1883:Anonymous blogging
1776:RSS Advisory Board
1444:Electronic journal
1320:The Web Socket API
1261:10.3390/fi10020013
1146:docs.microsoft.com
1015:Microsoft Research
793:2008-04-17 at the
526:Facebook Messenger
330:Server-Sent Events
270:Apache HTTP Server
87:programs (such as
2190:Mobile technology
2162:
2161:
2158:
2157:
1949:Alternative media
1936:
1935:
1898:Instant messaging
1804:
1803:
1532:
1531:
654:"Push Technology"
491:Windows 10 Mobile
447:Push notification
420:unique identifier
307:Internet Explorer
160:(a pull system.)
138:PointCast Network
77:instant messaging
50:publish–subscribe
16:(Redirected from
2202:
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1825:Enhanced podcast
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1223:www.facebook.com
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1196:. Archived from
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907:. Archived from
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598:Notification LED
518:notification LED
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260:TCP connection.
233:HTTP server push
165:web applications
31:Push technology,
21:
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2195:Web development
2175:Push technology
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2140:Slashdot effect
2103:
2094:Social software
2008:
1932:
1913:Mobile blogging
1874:
1800:
1759:
1755:Streaming media
1713:
1685:
1642:
1638:Synchronization
1611:
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1556:Feed URI scheme
1528:
1424:Classical music
1396:
1365:
1363:Web syndication
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885:. 31 March 2022
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412:unidirectional
408:TCP connection
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321:applications.
234:
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194:HTTP version 2
185:
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173:sensor network
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33:also known as
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2145:Spam in blogs
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2135:Posting style
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2130:Pay per click
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19:
1984:Online diary
1928:Motovlogging
1903:Liveblogging
1850:Slidecasting
1750:RSS tracking
1671:Product feed
1419:Bloggernacle
1290:. Retrieved
1280:
1270:
1251:
1247:
1237:
1226:. Retrieved
1222:
1213:
1202:. Retrieved
1198:the original
1193:
1184:
1173:. Retrieved
1169:
1160:
1149:. Retrieved
1145:
1135:
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1100:. Retrieved
1096:
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1031:
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993:. Retrieved
984:
973:. Retrieved
961:
951:
940:. Retrieved
934:
924:
913:. Retrieved
909:the original
899:
887:. Retrieved
882:
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862:. Retrieved
858:the original
848:
837:. Retrieved
835:. 2006-09-01
827:
813:
802:
783:
771:
760:. Retrieved
758:. 2023-02-22
755:
746:
734:. Retrieved
725:
713:. Retrieved
709:
700:
688:. Retrieved
683:
673:
662:. Retrieved
660:. 2012-11-18
657:
648:
540:
503:
499:
473:and then by
456:
438:
428:
424:HTTP request
389:
372:
368:
364:
361:Long polling
354:Java applets
343:
323:
283:type called
278:
262:
247:
236:
203:
187:
175:monitoring.
162:
154:browser wars
135:
101:
85:peer-to-peer
71:
55:
47:
35:server Push,
34:
30:
29:
2115:Blogosphere
2020:Aggregation
1840:Peercasting
1740:Referencing
1434:Dream diary
690:October 28,
400:Adobe Flash
258:full-duplex
243:web browser
111:Push e-mail
68:General use
2169:Categories
2013:Micromedia
1967:Journalism
1870:Web series
1845:Screencast
1830:Mobilecast
1745:RSS editor
1628:Geotagging
1592:Reblogging
1551:BitTorrent
1537:Technology
1382:Podcasting
1228:2016-10-18
1204:2017-10-20
1194:jatapp.com
1175:2016-10-18
1151:2017-10-20
1140:mijacobs.
1126:2016-10-18
1102:2016-10-18
995:2012-06-26
975:2016-05-14
942:2020-07-13
915:2008-06-05
864:2007-03-23
839:2007-03-23
762:2023-05-16
731:"Push API"
664:2023-07-23
658:Techopedia
640:References
613:Push email
487:Windows 10
451:See also:
404:JavaScript
396:XML Socket
350:JavaScript
336:standard.
254:Web Socket
239:web server
131:BlackBerry
2099:Web Slice
1957:Carnivals
1918:Spam blog
1908:Microblog
1893:Columnist
1855:Videocast
1666:Photofeed
1661:Data feed
1656:Atom feed
1616:Mechanism
1607:Trackback
1577:Permalink
1504:Political
1494:Photoblog
1429:Corporate
1254:(2): 13.
936:JavaWorld
736:April 30,
715:April 30,
628:WebSocket
583:GraniteDS
479:Microsoft
198:real-time
146:Microsoft
18:HTTP push
1999:Software
1994:Sideblog
1977:Database
1860:Webcomic
1764:Standard
1730:Livemark
1681:Web feed
1676:RDF feed
1648:Memetics
1602:Rollback
1587:Pingback
1572:Linkback
1565:Features
1387:Vlogging
1377:Blogging
1292:9 August
1097:Engadget
1040:. USENIX
791:Archived
546:See also
291:Netscape
184:Web push
179:Examples
142:Netscape
62:polling.
2108:Related
2067:Hashtag
2057:AtomPub
1972:Citizen
1962:Fiction
1865:Webtoon
1597:Refback
1544:General
1524:Warblog
1514:Reverse
1509:Project
1479:Lifelog
1459:Fashion
1439:Edublog
1373:History
889:1 April
553:BlazeDS
542:theft.
340:Pushlet
295:Firefox
219:Firefox
169:webchat
123:polling
2072:NewsML
2040:Search
2035:Review
1781:Usenet
1735:Mashup
1718:Social
1709:RSS TV
1699:GeoRSS
1623:Thread
1519:Travel
1499:Police
1469:Health
1454:Family
1044:Jun 6,
1021:Jun 6,
633:WebSub
588:HTTP/2
467:Google
463:iPhone
429:at all
416:socket
326:WHATWG
319:webcam
311:Chrome
303:Safari
301:, and
227:Safari
221:, and
215:Chrome
39:server
2045:Video
1941:Media
1402:Types
1121:InfoQ
1017:. ACM
459:Apple
410:to a
334:HTML5
299:Opera
250:HTML5
241:to a
103:Email
89:WASTE
81:files
2052:Atom
2030:Poll
2025:News
1809:Form
1796:XOXO
1791:XBEL
1771:OPML
1704:MRSS
1582:Ping
1489:News
1464:Food
1449:Fake
1294:2021
1046:2017
1023:2017
891:2022
738:2024
717:2024
692:2016
514:XMPP
510:HTTP
506:UUID
495:Xbox
392:chat
380:XMPP
375:BOSH
324:The
315:HTML
281:MIME
252:the
223:Edge
144:and
127:IDLE
119:IMAP
115:POP3
107:SMTP
97:XMPP
75:and
58:HTTP
43:pull
1691:RSS
1484:MP3
1474:Law
1414:Art
1256:doi
1073:doi
966:doi
512:or
266:CGI
210:API
206:W3C
158:RSS
117:or
95:or
93:IRC
2171::
2082:G2
1285:.
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20:)
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