933:
919:
359:
kV and are built as overhead lines with a length of 818 (North line) and 807 (South line) kilometers. Away from their terminal stations, the two lines are at least 10 km apart to reduce risks. Each one is designed for 3150 MW at ± 600 kV D.C. and 2625 A. The lines are 4 x 689 mm (about 30 mm ∅)
358:
High
Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) was chosen both because this technique allows long transmission lines with little loss compared to other systems (like AC), and also allows interchange of the Paraguayan 50 Hz input and the Brazilian 60 Hz input and user grid. Both lines operate at ±600
434:
In its first few years, the project suffered many failures of converter transformers, with six in the first year of commercial operation and twelve in the first four years. Modifications had to be made to all of the transformers on the system, and led to markedly improved performance, with no
438:
On 29 May 1989, a complete quadrivalve in converter 5 of the Foz do Iguaçu converter station was destroyed by a fire which started as a result of a water leakage from a cooling pipe. The affected converter was out of action for 14 months. Similar incidents on the
333:
When the first bipole was completed in 1985, it became the world's largest HVDC system by both power transmission capacity and voltage, titles which it would hold for 25 years until the completion, in 2010, of the ±800 kV, 6400 MW HVDC link from
350:. Nevertheless, it suffered reliability problems in its first few years of operation, with numerous converter transformer failures and one serious converter fire, although reliability is now reported to be much improved.
365:
The incoming supply is 500 kV AC from the 50 Hz generators at the hydro dam (Foz do Iguaçu). The outgoing power is 345 and 500 kV, 60 Hz AC into the South/Southeastern grid (Ibiúna, São Paulo).
817:
765:
596:
556:
473:
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711:
55:
1116:
1101:
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868:
452:
384:
In parallel with the HVDC system, two 765 kV AC lines carry power from the 60 Hz generators on the
Brazilian side of the dam to the São Paulo region. At
95:
360:
330:, São Paulo. The system was put in service in several steps between 1984 and 1987, and remains among the most important HVDC installations in the world.
986:
346:. It also contained important innovations in real-time control systems, being one of the first HVDC schemes to use digital control equipment using
310:. The project consists of two ±600 kV bipoles, each with a rated power of 3150 MW, which transmit power generated at 50 Hz from the
1111:
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48:
399:
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398:, there is a branch into 500 kV, 60 Hz AC, delivering into the Southern grid. By introducing, in 1989 and later,
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and are connected to the converter station via lines of 66 km and 67.2 km length respectively.
550:
and are connected to the converter station via lines of 15.5 km and 16 km length respectively.
440:
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755:
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292:
673:
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of both bipoles are installed on wooden poles and consist of 2 x 689 mm 1272 MCM conductors.
668:
319:
463:
Each bipole can be operated also as monopole and is equipped with a grounding electrode. The
663:
315:
151:
961:
956:
464:
455:
publishing guidelines on the design of thyristor valves in order to reduce fire risks.
370:
347:
470:
The electrodes for Foz do Iguaçu
Station are situated at Santa Terezinha de Itaipu at
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1014:
Praça, A., Arakari, H., Alves, S.R., Eriksson, K., Graham, J., Biledt, G.,
658:
161:
553:
The electrodes for San Roque
Station are situated at Córrego Boa Vista at
339:
311:
1019:
296:
41:
343:
1016:
Itaipu HVDC Transmission System - 10 years operational experience
1078:
Fire aspects of HVDC thyristor valves and valve halls,
381:
valves arranged in two, twelve-pulse bridges per pole.
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20:
845:Ortigueira PLC Repeater Station (Southern line)
793:Ortigueira PLC Repeater Station (Northern line)
501:Santa Terezinha de Itaipu Grounding Electrode
426:) the capacity grew from 4300 MW to 6300 MW.
8:
683:
624:Córrego Boa Vista Grounding Electrode East
584:Córrego Boa Vista Grounding Electrode West
1010:
1008:
1117:Energy infrastructure completed in 1987
1102:Electric power infrastructure in Brazil
978:
541:Alvorada do Iguaçu Grounding Electrode
17:
180:Furnas Centrais Elétricas S.A. Brazil
7:
14:
931:
917:
739:Foz do Iguaçu Converter Station
148:Itaipu hydroelectric power plan
83:Foz do Iguaçu converter station
987:"The Itaipu HVDC transmission"
272:
261:
1:
1112:1984 establishments in Brazil
510:and at Alvorada do Iguaçu at
314:side of the Itaipu Dam (near
306:power plant to the region of
947:High-voltage direct current
674:GPX (secondary coordinates)
290:High-voltage direct current
190:Manufacturer of substations
1133:
1083:Technical Brochure No. 136
216:overhead transmission line
1033:"Itaipu HVDC description"
669:GPX (primary coordinates)
644:Map all coordinates using
232:780 km (480 mi)
25:
896:Ibiuna Converter Station
652:Download coordinates as:
445:Sylmar Converter Station
443:project in 1990 and the
435:failures in years 4–10.
295:transmission system in
185:Construction information
123:Ibiuna converter station
1107:HVDC transmission lines
373:equipment, supplied by
203:October 1984, July 1987
27:Location of HVDC Itaipu
952:HVDC converter station
451:scheme in 1993 led to
967:List of HVDC projects
885:23.66722°S 47.10528°W
834:24.32111°S 50.85611°W
782:24.03083°S 51.09778°W
728:25.46611°S 54.54250°W
664:GPX (all coordinates)
613:23.59694°S 47.61833°W
573:23.59750°S 47.62694°W
530:25.39222°S 54.46194°W
490:25.49944°S 54.40083°W
354:Technical description
208:Technical information
172:Ownership information
112:23.66722°S 47.10528°W
72:25.46611°S 54.54250°W
1059:"Itaipu HVDC scheme"
890:-23.66722; -47.10528
839:-24.32111; -50.85611
809:PLC repeater station
787:-24.03083; -51.09778
756:PLC repeater station
733:-25.46611; -54.54250
618:-23.59694; -47.61833
578:-23.59750; -47.62694
535:-25.39222; -54.46194
495:-25.49944; -54.40083
117:-23.66722; -47.10528
77:-25.46611; -54.54250
1039:on 15 November 2005
993:on 16 February 2007
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449:Pacific DC Intertie
394:into the route, at
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861:Converter Station
704:Converter Station
412:of the line) and
400:series capacitors
324:converter station
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136:General direction
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1085:, February 1999.
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221:Type of current
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248:345 and 500 kV
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939:Energy portal
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925:Brazil portal
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814:
812:southern line
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762:
760:northern line
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701:Foz do Iguaçu
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690:Station type
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647:OpenStreetMap
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316:Foz do Iguaçu
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304:hydroelectric
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152:Foz do Iguaçu
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52:
50:
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43:
40:
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24:
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1074:
1062:. Retrieved
1053:
1041:. Retrieved
1037:the original
1027:
1018:, V SEPOPE,
995:. Retrieved
991:the original
981:
696:Coordinates
651:
650:
643:
552:
469:
462:
441:Rihand–Delhi
437:
433:
383:
368:
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237:Power rating
229:Total length
200:Commissioned
15:
1022:, May 1996.
888: /
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785: /
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616: /
576: /
533: /
493: /
430:Reliability
286:HVDC Itaipu
275:of circuits
115: /
75: /
49:Coordinates
21:HVDC Itaipu
1096:Categories
973:References
894: (
875:47°06′19″W
872:23°40′02″S
843: (
824:50°51′22″W
821:24°19′16″S
806:Ortigueira
791: (
772:51°05′52″W
769:24°01′51″S
752:Ortigueira
737: (
718:54°32′33″W
715:25°27′58″S
622: (
603:47°37′06″W
600:23°35′49″S
582: (
563:47°37′37″W
560:23°35′51″S
539: (
520:54°27′43″W
517:25°23′32″S
499: (
480:54°24′03″W
477:25°29′58″S
459:Electrodes
336:Xiangjiaba
253:DC voltage
245:AC voltage
121: (
102:47°06′19″W
99:23°40′02″S
81: (
62:54°32′33″W
59:25°27′58″S
637:Waypoints
379:thyristor
375:ABB Group
371:converter
328:São Roque
308:São Paulo
299:from the
194:ABB Group
166:São Paulo
139:East-West
1064:16 April
1043:16 April
997:16 April
911:See also
396:Ivaiporã
340:Shanghai
312:Paraguay
264:of poles
33:Location
593:and at
447:of the
421:⁄
414:Itaberá
407:⁄
389:⁄
377:, uses
338:Dam to
256:±600 kV
240:6300 MW
150:, near
38:Country
1020:Recife
858:Ibiúna
320:Paraná
301:Itaipu
297:Brazil
162:Ibiúna
42:Brazil
1080:CIGRÉ
693:Line
687:Site
453:CIGRÉ
344:China
326:near
288:is a
177:Owner
1066:2010
1045:2010
999:2010
416:(at
369:The
361:ACSR
284:The
224:HVDC
213:Type
144:From
659:KML
342:in
318:in
273:No.
267:2x2
262:No.
1098::
1007:^
164:,
158:To
1068:.
1047:.
1001:.
898:)
847:)
795:)
741:)
626:)
586:)
543:)
503:)
423:3
419:2
409:3
405:1
391:3
387:1
278:2
125:)
85:)
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