340:
235:
855:
438:. Once Ulugh Muhammad launched his invasion of the area, many nobles changed sides, including the Shirin chief Tegene-Bey. As a result, Haji fled to the steppes and then finally Lithuania. In 1431 Haji returned with troops raised in the Lithuanian lands. Tegene-Bey joined him at Perekop. Both Ulugh and Küchük failed to drive him out.
507:
Since he was fighting the steppe warlords he was necessarily a friend of the
Lithuanians. In 1452, Sayid made a deep raid into Podolia almost as far as Lvov. Returning with many captives and much loot, Haji attacked him while crossing the Dnieper. He was surrounded and defeated, many of his soldiers
492:
In 1442, the
Genoese consul at Kaffa allied with Sayid and the Genoese republic sent troops. Haji defeated the Genoese and an arrangement was made. At the same time Sayid invaded and took Solkhat. The Shinins changed sides and Haji fled to the Dnieper. Sayid collected tribute and burned Solkhat which
511:
In 1453, the
Ottoman Turks captured Constantinople. Next year a Turkish fleet (56 ships under Demir-Khyakhi) approached Crimea to raid the Genoese ports. They landed at Kaffa in July but could not storm the fort. Three days later Haji Giray arrived with 6000 men and negotiated with the Turkish
488:
In March 1441, Genoese sources name him as the new khan. In that year he minted coins with his name at Chufut-Kale, so 1441 is often taken as the official start of his reign and the foundation of the
Crimean Khanate. Other possible dates are 1428 (above) and 1449 (below). Vasary says that the
652:
Thomas Milner, The Crimea, London, 1855, p136, with no indication of source. Howorth, History of the
Mongols, 1880, part 2, p 450 derives the story from a French surgeon in Selim Geray’s court, but does not say that the boy was Haji Devlet. This sounds like a garbled version of the story of
369:
Haji's grandfather was Tash-Timur bin Cansı and his father was Gyyas-ed-Din (Гыяс-эд-Дин, Gıyaseddin). Tash-Timur minted coins in Crimea in 1394/95 (=A.H. 797), which might imply some degree of independence. During one of
Tamerlane's wars (1395?) Tash-Timur was driven from Crimea. His sons
493:
cost him local support. Sayid returned to the steppes. While Sayid was fighting on the Don Haji entrenched himself at
Perekop. He tried to capture Sayid's steppe subjects and failed. Sayid's governor failed to break thru Perekop. Haji strengthened Perekop and awaited an attack.
533:
He moved his capital from Stary Krim to the rock-fort of Chufut-Kale. (Mengli I Geray moved it down to the valley at
Salachik and Sahib I moved it to Bakhchisaray). He died in August 1466 and was buried in Salachik which is now on the outskirts of Bakhchysarai.
378:
and in one of these battles Gyyas-ed-Din was killed. It is said that a servant of Gyyas-ed-Din hid Haji for six years. After Edigu's death in 1419, Devlet-Berdi and his nephew Haji Giray established themselves in Crimea. In 1427 Devlet-Berdi captured
418:
Crimea was held by the following: 1419: Ulugh, 1427 Devlet Berdi, 1428 Haji, c1429 Ulugh, 1431: Haji, 1434: Ulugh, 1437: Kuchuk, 1438?: Sayid, 1441: Haji, 1442: Sayid, then no clear ruler, 1447: Haji and thereafter the Giray
351:. As a boy, when his family was defeated, he was protected by a shepherd. When he grew powerful, he asked the old shepherd what reward he wanted. The man replied that Haji Devlet should take the shepherd's name of Giray.
496:
In 1445, Sayid unsuccessfully besieged
Perekop. He retreated, was defeated, lost many men and horses and fled beyond the Don. Haji, supported by the Shirins and Baryns entered Crimea and became khan (in August 1449?).
396:
For reference, in 1428 Haji was at the steppe, Crimea in 1429, the steppe in 1431, Crimea in 1434, hostage in
Lithuania in 1441, Crimea in 1442, the steppe, and then Crimea once again in 1449.
639:
712:
Howorth implies that Podolia was Polish and Kiev Lithuanian and that the two were sufficiently hostile for this to be reasonable. Howorth, Hist Mongols, 1880, part 2, p. 451
561:
After his death, in 1466–1478 Haji's sons Mengli and Nur Devlet fought for the throne. In 1475, the Turks captured the Genoese colonies on the south coast and in 1478 made
500:
Haji allied with Alexios I of Theodoro (1410–1447), gave him financial and military support and sent troops to help him re-take Kalamita/Inkerman from the Genoese. His son
725:
The original sources are poor and contradictory, as are the sources in English. This is extracted from the Russian Knowledge (XXG) which appears to follow Gaivoronsky.
508:
went over to Haji and Sayid broke out with a few men. He went to Kiev and asked for Lithuanian help (sic). He was arrested and spent the rest of his life in Kovno.
468:
gained Crimea. He became unpopular when his officials greatly increased taxes and nomads several times raided the peninsula. Around 1440 the Crimean nobles asked
683:
Togay Timur'un oğullarının Kırım'la ilgisi, Öreng Timur'un Altın Orda hükümdarı Mengü Timur'dan (1266-1280) Kırım ve Kefe'yi yurtluk olarak almasıyla başlar.
801:
565:(1478–1515) khan as a vassal or ally, an arrangement that lasted until 1774. In 1502 Mengli destroyed the remnant of the Golden Horde. Mengli's son
347:
Milner (1855) tells this story. His original name was Devlet, and he was called Haji, although there seems to be no evidence that he had made the
453:
and moved inland, but were defeated by Haji near Stary Krym. When Haji besieged Kaffa, the Genoese paid a ransom and recognized him as Khan.
733:
569:(1515–1523), tried to rejoin the three khanates but was killed. In 1523–1532 the khanate was contested by Mehmed's sons and brothers until
456:
In 1434, Ulugh Mohammad once again invaded Crimea, the Shirins changed sides, and Haji fled to the Lithuanian lands to gather a new army.
269:
was breaking up, he established himself in Crimea and spent most of his life fighting off other warlords. He was usually allied with the
1175:
512:
commander. We do not know what was said, but the next day the Turks withdrew, received supplies from the Genoese and headed out to sea.
678:
523:
and fled to Astrakhan. Many of his men took service with Haji and were settled on Haji's lands, further increasing his strength.
625:
362:. According to historical record, the story of the Girays begins with Öreng Timur, son of Togay Timur, receiving Crimea from
794:
234:
449:. In the summer of 1434 the Genoese returned with a fleet and captured Balaklava and Alexios. They then took Kalamita/
520:
480:(the founder of the Radziwills) and drove out Sayid's governor. Tegene-Bey of the Shirins then swore his allegiance.
1170:
1165:
672:
787:
442:
270:
119:
854:
457:
516:
282:
810:
761:
593:
38:
975:
404:
1036:
423:
According to Vasary, in 1426/27 Crimea was ruled by Ulugh Mohammad and by March 1427 by Devlet Berdi.
1160:
1155:
1091:
1041:
1026:
1005:
940:
904:
469:
1101:
339:
1111:
1056:
995:
1086:
924:
914:
884:
965:
945:
874:
667:
504:
lived in Alexios's court and Alexios's heir was brought up in Stary Krim with Haji's children.
1076:
1046:
729:
640:"A History of Ukraine. Episode 33. The Crimean Khanate and ITS Permanent Invasions of Ukraine"
588:
158:
1000:
955:
844:
834:
551:
543:
527:
501:
178:
66:
426:
In 1428, Haji took over Crimea with the support of 16,000 men, derived from the support of
1129:
1096:
1081:
1010:
970:
909:
899:
477:
247:
135:
960:
1106:
1061:
1051:
1031:
894:
879:
869:
566:
562:
555:
400:
324:
519:
as he was crossing the Don after a raid on Russia. Mahmud was replaced by his brother
331:, described him as a person of outstanding personal values and an effective governor.
1149:
1134:
985:
950:
919:
889:
570:
465:
408:
251:
205:
56:
741:
370:
Gyyas-ed-Din and Devlet-Berdi fled to Lithuania. Haji was born in 1397, probably at
1066:
828:
380:
266:
146:
1071:
990:
435:
363:
223:
980:
839:
771:
654:
547:
431:
412:
384:
355:
92:
446:
17:
728:
Oleksa Gaivoronsky «Повелители двух материков», Kyiv-Bakhchysarai, 2007,
450:
427:
319:
197:
703:
Istvan Vasary in The Crimean Khanate between East and West, 2012, p15
694:
Istvan Vasary in The Crimean Khanate between East and West, 2012, p15
582:
371:
255:
150:
131:
115:
779:
375:
359:
554:(three reigns 1468–1515). For more descendants see Mengli's son
473:
461:
348:
783:
476:, met the Beys and went to Crimea with a large army joined by
327:
insignia of the Golden Horde. A contemporary European source,
323:, or "the trident of the Girays", which is derived from the
464:. In 1437, Ulugh was driven out by Kuchuk Mohammad. Soon
460:
decided to hold him hostage and gave him a castle at
445:. That fall Alexios took the Genoese port of Cembalo/
530:
briefly seized the throne, but this is not certain.
430:
of Lithuania and the Shirin mirzas. He took Solkhat/
316:
He is said to have introduced the new state symbol,
1019:
933:
862:
817:
343:
Crimean Tatar national flag with golden Taraq Tamğa
308:
301:
294:
287:
229:
219:
211:
196:
157:
141:
125:
102:
98:
88:
80:
72:
62:
52:
44:
37:
32:
441:In 1433, Haji allied with Prince Alexios I of the
550:(three reigns between 1466 and 1476), sixth son
399:At this time the steppe was being contested by
795:
374:. The brothers supported Tokhtamysh against
8:
489:traditionally accepted date is August 1449
802:
788:
780:
750:
29:
681:, Centre for Islamic Studies. 1988–2016.
612:
472:of Lithuania to release Haji. He went to
411:, a grandson of Tokhtamysh near the Don.
309:
295:
338:
605:
273:. His name has many spellings, such as
573:(1532–1551) established a firm rule.
202:Tuqa Timurid branch of House of Jochi
7:
27:1st Khan of Crimea from 1441 to 1456
746:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
246:(1397–1466) was the founder of the
129:August 1466 (aged 68–69)
542:His important sons were: Mubarek,
25:
526:It is said that in 1456, his son
853:
265:until his death in 1466. As the
233:
407:(Big and Little Muhammad) and
383:, but was killed by ‘Borak’ (?
1:
259:
302:
288:
1192:
1176:15th-century Crimean khans
740:Vernadsky, George (1953).
679:Turkiye Diyanet Foundation
391:Gaining Crimea (1428–1441)
1120:
851:
768:
759:
753:
673:TDV Encyclopedia of Islam
677:(in Turkish). Istanbul:
626:"Entry Display Web Page"
443:Principality of Theodoro
329:The Chronicle of Dlugosz
120:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
515:In 1456, Haji defeated
743:The Mongols and Russia
415:was east of the Volga.
354:An early ancestor was
344:
594:List of Crimean Khans
521:Ahmed Khan bin Küchük
458:Sigismund Kęstutaitis
342:
585:for places mentioned
546:(1456?), second son
470:Casimir IV Jagiellon
335:Origin of the Girays
358:, a younger son of
345:
1171:Founding monarchs
1143:
1142:
778:
777:
769:Succeeded by
734:978-966-96917-1-2
589:History of Crimea
517:Mahmud bin Küchük
484:Reign (1441–1466)
241:
240:
16:(Redirected from
1183:
1166:People from Lida
1112:Bahadır II Giray
1057:Selâmet II Giray
1037:Devlet III Giray
1001:Saadet III Giray
956:Mehmed III Giray
857:
804:
797:
790:
781:
754:Preceded by
751:
747:
713:
710:
704:
701:
695:
692:
686:
685:
664:
658:
650:
644:
643:
636:
630:
629:
622:
616:
610:
583:Crimea#Geography
544:Hayder of Crimea
528:Hayder of Crimea
312:
311:
305:
303:Melek Hacı Geray
298:
297:
291:
279:Melek Haji Girai
264:
261:
237:
113:30 November 1397
112:
110:
30:
21:
1191:
1190:
1186:
1185:
1184:
1182:
1181:
1180:
1146:
1145:
1144:
1139:
1130:Crimean Khanate
1116:
1097:Qaplan II Giray
1092:Devlet IV Giray
1082:Selim III Giray
1042:Saadet IV Giray
1015:
1011:Devlet II Giray
976:İslâm III Giray
971:Mehmed IV Giray
966:Bahadır I Giray
946:Selâmet I Giray
929:
910:Saadet II Giray
900:Mehmed II Giray
858:
849:
813:
811:Khans of Crimea
808:
774:
765:
757:
739:
722:
717:
716:
711:
707:
702:
698:
693:
689:
666:
665:
661:
651:
647:
638:
637:
633:
624:
623:
619:
611:
607:
602:
579:
540:
486:
478:Radvila Astikas
405:Küchük Muhammad
393:
337:
262:
248:Crimean Khanate
203:
192:
153:
136:Crimean Khanate
130:
114:
108:
106:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1189:
1187:
1179:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1148:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1138:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1115:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1102:Sahib II Giray
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1062:Selim II Giray
1059:
1054:
1052:Fetih II Giray
1049:
1047:Meñli II Giray
1044:
1039:
1034:
1032:Qaplan I Giray
1029:
1027:Ğazı III Giray
1023:
1021:
1017:
1016:
1014:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
941:Toqtamış Giray
937:
935:
931:
930:
928:
927:
922:
917:
912:
907:
905:İslâm II Giray
902:
897:
895:Devlet I Giray
892:
887:
882:
880:Saadet I Giray
877:
872:
870:Mehmed I Giray
866:
864:
860:
859:
852:
850:
848:
847:
842:
837:
832:
821:
819:
815:
814:
809:
807:
806:
799:
792:
784:
776:
775:
770:
767:
762:Khan of Crimea
758:
755:
749:
748:
737:
726:
721:
718:
715:
714:
705:
696:
687:
668:"HACI GİRAY I"
659:
645:
631:
617:
615:, p. 329.
613:Vernadsky 1953
604:
603:
601:
598:
597:
596:
591:
586:
578:
575:
567:Mehmed I Giray
563:Mengli I Giray
556:Mehmed I Giray
539:
536:
485:
482:
421:
420:
416:
401:Ulugh Muhammad
397:
392:
389:
336:
333:
289:Bır Hacı Geray
239:
238:
231:
227:
226:
221:
217:
216:
213:
209:
208:
200:
194:
193:
191:
190:
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176:
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155:
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104:
100:
99:
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90:
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85:
82:
78:
77:
74:
70:
69:
64:
60:
59:
54:
50:
49:
46:
42:
41:
39:Khan of Crimea
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1188:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1136:
1135:Giray dynasty
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
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1090:
1088:
1085:
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1080:
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1050:
1048:
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1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
996:Hacı II Giray
994:
992:
989:
987:
986:Selim I Giray
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
951:Canibek Giray
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
938:
936:
932:
926:
925:Ğazı II Giray
923:
921:
920:Fetih I Giray
918:
916:
915:Ğazı II Giray
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
890:Sahib I Giray
888:
886:
885:İslâm I Giray
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
867:
865:
861:
856:
846:
845:Meñli I Giray
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
830:
826:
823:
822:
820:
816:
812:
805:
800:
798:
793:
791:
786:
785:
782:
773:
764:
763:
752:
745:
744:
738:
736:, pages 13–30
735:
731:
727:
724:
723:
719:
709:
706:
700:
697:
691:
688:
684:
680:
676:
674:
669:
663:
660:
656:
649:
646:
641:
635:
632:
627:
621:
618:
614:
609:
606:
599:
595:
592:
590:
587:
584:
581:
580:
576:
574:
572:
571:Sahib I Giray
568:
564:
559:
557:
553:
552:Meñli I Giray
549:
545:
537:
535:
531:
529:
524:
522:
518:
513:
509:
505:
503:
502:Meñli I Giray
498:
494:
490:
483:
481:
479:
475:
471:
467:
466:Sayid Ahmad I
463:
459:
454:
452:
448:
444:
439:
437:
433:
429:
424:
417:
414:
410:
409:Sayid Ahmad I
406:
402:
398:
395:
394:
390:
388:
386:
382:
377:
373:
367:
365:
361:
357:
352:
350:
341:
334:
332:
330:
326:
322:
321:
314:
310:ملک خاجى كراى
306:
304:
296:بیر-حاجى كراى
292:
290:
284:
283:Crimean Tatar
280:
276:
272:
268:
257:
253:
252:Giray dynasty
249:
245:
236:
232:
228:
225:
222:
218:
214:
210:
207:
206:Giray dynasty
201:
199:
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188:
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165:
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162:
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105:
101:
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87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
68:
65:
61:
58:
57:Sayid Ahmad I
55:
51:
47:
43:
40:
36:
31:
19:
1087:Maqsud Giray
1067:Arslan Giray
1020:18th century
961:İnayet Giray
934:17th century
875:Ğazı I Giray
863:16th century
829:Devlet Berdi
825:Hacı I Giray
824:
818:15th century
760:
742:
708:
699:
690:
682:
675:(44+2 vols.)
671:
662:
648:
634:
620:
608:
560:
541:
532:
525:
514:
510:
506:
499:
495:
491:
487:
455:
440:
434:and Kyrk-Er/
425:
422:
368:
353:
346:
328:
317:
315:
300:
286:
278:
274:
267:Golden Horde
258:ruling from
244:Hacı I Giray
243:
242:
183:Kutluk-Zaman
147:Bakhchysarai
84:Hayder Giray
67:Hayder Giray
33:Hacı I Giray
18:Haci I Giray
1161:1397 births
1156:1466 deaths
1124:Khan topics
1107:Şahin Giray
1077:Qırım Giray
1072:Halim Giray
991:Murad Giray
436:Chufut-Kale
364:Mengu-Timur
356:Togay Timur
271:Lithuanians
263: 1441
224:Sunni Islam
81:Predecessor
53:Predecessor
1150:Categories
1006:Safa Giray
981:Adil Giray
840:Nur Devlet
772:Nur Devlet
766:1441–1466
655:Adil Giray
600:References
548:Nur Devlet
432:Stary Krym
413:Barak Khan
385:Barak Khan
275:Haji-Girei
215:Giyaseddin
204:later the
169:Nur Devlet
109:1397-11-30
93:Nur Devlet
538:Aftermath
447:Balaklava
299:;
189:Yamgurchi
166:Devletyar
89:Successor
76:1456–1466
73:2nd reign
63:Successor
48:1441–1456
45:1st reign
577:See also
451:Inkerman
428:Vytautas
419:dynasty.
250:and the
220:Religion
175:Uz-Temur
720:Sources
198:Dynasty
186:Kildysh
835:Hayder
732:
372:Trakai
325:scales
318:taraq
256:Crimea
212:Father
179:Meñli
172:Hayder
151:Crimea
142:Burial
132:Crimea
116:Trakai
381:Sarai
376:Edigu
360:Jochi
320:tamğa
159:Issue
730:ISBN
474:Kiev
462:Lida
349:Hajj
277:and
230:Seal
126:Died
103:Born
387:).
313:).
254:of
1152::
670:.
558:.
403:,
366:.
307:,
293:,
285::
260:c.
149:,
134:,
118:,
831:)
827:(
803:e
796:t
789:v
756:-
657:.
642:.
628:.
281:(
111:)
107:(
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