2235:. Tamga are of immense interest to numismatists, and are discussed in many academic works relating to the medieval Islamic coins of Central Asia. However, numismatists and historians currently have limited options for representing tamga symbols in text, and cannot reliably interchange text including tamga symbols because they are either represented as images, or are handdrawn, or use an ad hoc font. Doctor Nyamaa identifies nearly a hundred tamga signs used on coins, although only about half of them can be assigned to a specific ruler, and some of them are variant forms or presentation forms of the same tamga.
2475:
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2618:
347:
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1502:
331:
252:, and by cultures influenced by them. The tamga was used as a livestock branding for a particular tribe, clan or family. They were common among the Eurasian nomads throughout Classical Antiquity and the Middle Ages. As clan and family identifiers, the collection and systematic comparison of tamgas is regarded to provide insights into relations between families, individuals and ethnic groups in the steppe territory.
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and others to identify that the livestock belongs to a certain family, since livestock is allowed to roam during the day. Each family has their own tamga markings for easier identification. Tamga marks are not very elaborate, since they are made from curved pieces of iron by the individual families.
299:
Tamgas originate in pre-historic times, but their exact usage and development cannot be continuously traced over time. There are, however, symbols represented in rock art that are referred to as tamgas or tamga-like. If they serve to record the presence of individuals at a particular place, they may
3121:
Probably not only the strong steppe influence, but also the desire to subjugate the local population can both be seen as reasons for the use of the khagan title by some
Rurikids, along with tamga (trident), which had been a typical symbol of power in the steppes and in Middle Asia since ancient
2719:) is still used in two contexts. One is a tax or fee when dealing with the government. It is normally in the form of stamps that have to be purchased and affixed to government forms, such as a driver license or a registration deed for a contract. The term is derived from the Ottoman
2690:), which translates as "medal of services", is seventh highest honour given by the Government of Pakistan to both the military and civilians. It is admissible to non-commissioned officers and other ranks for long meritorious or distinguished services of a non-operational nature.
2226:
Over a hundred different
Mongolian tamga are known. Certain tamga were adopted by individual medieval Mongolic and Turkic rulers, and were consequently used on coins and seals issued by these rulers. Tamga are most widely found on Islamic coins issued by the descendants of
307:, the ruling dynasty applied personal tamgas, composed of a fragment representing the family and a fragment representing the individual king, apparently in continuation of steppe traditions and in an attempt to consolidate seditary and nomadic factions within the kingdom.
2510:. In East Slavic, the steppe term competes with forms assumed to originate from Germanic (Old Church Slavonic мꙑто toll, Russian (historical) мы́то "customs duty", Ukrainian мито "toll, customs duty", and Belarusian мытня, Ukrainian митниця "customs"; cf. German
376:
means "originally a `brand' or mark of ownership placed on horses, cattle, and other livestock; it became at a very early date something like a
European coat of arms or crest, and as such appears at the head of several Türkü and many O Kir funary monuments".
2211:
and designates emblematic symbols which were historically used by various
Mongolic tribes or clans in Central Asia. According to Clauson (1972, p.504), it was originally a Turkic word also "used for a Chinese 'seal' and passed into Mong in this meaning as
404:, it has remained what it originally was: a cattle brand and clan identifier. The Turks who remained pastoral nomad kings in eastern Anatolia and Iran, continued to use their clan tamgas and in fact, they became high-strung nationalistic imagery. The
316:
3079:"West, Andrew and Viacheslav Zaytsev 2019. Preliminary proposal to encode a set of 30 Tamga symbols. [Document No. JTC1/SC2/WG2 N5092 = L2/19-216], "The Unicode Consortium: [official site]". 90 pp"
2463:(Turkic) origin and have been adopted along with the expansion of the Rus into steppe territory. A similar process of acculturation of steppe elements can also be suspected for (or before) the
3063:
2940:(Buchhandelsausg. ed.). Darmstadt: Primus-Verl., LVR-LandesMuseum Bonn (Begleitbuch zur Ausstellung; LVR-LandesMuseum Bonn: 4. Juli 2013 - 19. Januar 2014).
3183:
3137:
The
Origins of the Old Rus' Weights and Monetary Systems: Two Studies in Western Eurasian Metrology and Numismatics in the Seventh to Eleventh Centuries
2908:
2374:
as part of the transition to a new president. In the presidential case, the tamag'a is a little more elaborate and is contained in a wooden box.
3273:
2680:), which translates as "medal of excellence", is fourth highest honour given by the Government of Pakistan to both the military and civilians.
267:. it is worth noting that branding of livestock was a common practice across most sedentary populations, as far back as the ancient Egyptians.
3145:
3114:
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2723:. Another is a stamp put on every piece of jewelry made from gold or silver to indicate it is genuine, and not made of baser metals.
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141:
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79:
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of the 6th–10th centuries, but since the mid-20th century, this hypothesis is widely rejected as being unverifiable.
122:
3198:
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94:
68:
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412:, like many other royal dynasties in Eurasia, put their tamga on their flags and stamped their coinage with it.
2283:
2223:, a tamgha was a seal placed on taxed items and, by extension, a tax on commerce (see Eastern Europe below).
101:
3303:
2532:
2483:
2479:
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427:
ways of life became forgotten. That is most evident in the
Turkish clans that took over western and eastern
292:
2641:
was used for any kind of official stamp or seal. This usage persisted in the early modern
Islamic Empires (
2346:
Mongolian State Seal
Monument shows 168 tamga on the Monument to the State Seal of Mongolia in Ulaanbaatar.
2328:
2313:
2268:
2241:
2578:
324:
75:
46:
35:
31:
2371:
108:
701:
3162:
The Khazar qaghanate and its impact on the early Rus’ state: The translatio imperii from Itil to Kiev
3135:
605:
287:
2494:(Russian тамга) survived in state institution of border customs, with associated cluster of terms:
436:
432:
181:
163:
3225:
2474:
993:
771:
90:
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249:
220:
195:
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in the various khanates of
Central Asia during the 13th and 14th centuries, in particular the
2125:
718:
271:
2169:
1963:
1862:
1141:
637:
463:, which was so highly stylized that the bow was stylized down eventually to a crescent moon.
3283:
2784:
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711:
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304:
187:
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2702:
2673:
2540:
2383:
2147:
1842:
1445:
1085:
739:
444:
440:
245:
203:
2506:(Russian таможенник, customs officer), derived from the use of tamga as a certificate of
748:
694:
509:
2617:
2665:
2642:
2507:
2452:
2290:
819:
456:
439:
and became Roman-style aristocrats. Most of them adopted the then-Muslim symbol of the
381:
354:
330:
260:
255:
Similar tamga-like symbols were sometimes adopted by sedentary peoples adjacent to the
2965:
1501:
796:
662:
346:
3267:
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2646:
2622:
2305:
2220:
621:
573:
557:
518:
493:
448:
397:
365:
237:
2672:. It is admissible to all ranks for gallantry and distinguished services in combat.
780:
678:
2737:
2634:
2382:
From Turkic, the term "tamga" has also been loaned into
Caucasian languages, e.g.,
2260:
2228:
732:
582:
541:
409:
320:
264:
115:
3247:
Tamga-signs of Iranic-speaking peoples of antiquity and the early medieval period
2783:
Shnanov, U. R.; Artykbaev, Z. O.; Kazhenova, G. T.; & Abdykulova, G. (2020).
598:
2720:
2556:
2417:
630:
467:
350:
57:
2785:"Historical significance of tribal Tamgas and its relation to the runic script"
812:
566:
2732:
2193:
2177:
2161:
2155:
2139:
2133:
2105:
2091:
2085:
2071:
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2018:
2012:
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486:
452:
420:
416:
405:
315:
270:
It has been speculated that Turkic tamgas represent one of the sources of the
2911:, PhD thesis, University of California, Los Angeles for a literature overview
2896:
Notes on Ethnic Composition of Turkic Tribes and People and Population Record
295:, crowned by two winged victories. The relief dates to the second century CE.
2626:
2433:
1415:
787:
534:
502:
401:
2669:
2367:
2355:
1493:
1399:
428:
424:
385:
2471:
closely resemble the Rurikid symbols in taking the shape of a trident.
2460:
2448:
2439:
1275:
885:
803:
589:
335:
2455:
used Tamga-like symbols to denote property rights over various items (
2747:
2523:
863:
653:
389:
17:
3078:
2114:
829:
2498:(Russian растаможить, Belarusian растаможыць, pay customs duties),
3243:Знаки-тамги ираноязычных народов древности и раннего средневековья
2990:
Samashev, S. K. (2021). Horse branding tradition among the Turks.
2937:
Die Krim goldene Insel im Schwarzen Meer; Griechen, Skythen, Goten
2694:
2661:
2616:
2432:
2341:
2320:
2275:
1211:
901:
359:
345:
329:
314:
286:
241:
39:
2935:
2772:
International Journal of Humanities & Social Science Studies
2653:
339:
3040:
The Coins of Mongol Empire and Clan Tamgha of Khans (XIII–XIV)
2550:
2521:
In the 20th century, the Rurikid trident, colloquially called
51:
3184:"The "Rurikid sign" from the B3 church at Basarabi-Murfatlar"
2967:
An etymological dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish
2768:"About To the Question of the Main Origin of Sogdian Rulers"
2207:"Tamga", or "tamag'a", literally means "stamp" or "seal" in
2920:
Rogozhinskiy, A. E. (2011). Rock art sites in Kazakhstan.
443:
after the Sultanate disintegrated into a mass of feuding
3083:
Preliminary Proposal to Encode a Set of 30 Tamga Symbols
2868:
The Origins of the Old Rus' Weights and Monetary Systems
174:
2411:
435:. The Turks who took over western Anatolia founded the
231:
2354:
on domesticated animals such as horses in present-day
3197:(1). Translated by Galkova, I.: 29–44. Archived from
2830:(2nd ed.). Rowman and Littlefield. p. 154.
455:). Only the Ottoman ghazi state (later to become the
2394:
372:
According to Clauson (1972, p.504f.), Common Turkic
214:
82:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
392:belonging to a specific Turkic clan, usually as a
2649:), and in some of their modern successor states.
300:be functionally equivalent with medieval tamgas.
3095:Цуекъо, Алый. Адыгэ лъэкъуацIэхэмрэ тамыгъэхэмрэ
2420:, almost every family has a tamga to this day.
828:List of Kazakh tamga symbols that were used by
3025:A History of Russia, Mongolia and Central Asia
2789:Opción: Revista de Ciencias Humanas y Sociales
2970:. Internet Archive. Oxford, Clarendon Press.
2656:language (which absorbed Turkic vocabulary),
2543:, Oleksii Kokhan, and Ivan Turetskyi (1992).
8:
3168:, Routledge, London and New York, p. 76-102.
2714:
2851:Franklin, Simon; Shepard, Jonathan (1996).
2585:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
3062:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2685:
2535:. The modern version has been designed by
27:Symbol branding a group of Eurasian nomads
3107:Khazaria in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries
2605:Learn how and when to remove this message
142:Learn how and when to remove this message
3164:. In: A.M. Khazanov and A. Wink (eds.),
3140:. Harvard University Press. p. 78.
2668:is the fourth highest Military medal of
2473:
834:
3226:"Identity Markers: Uran, Tamga, Dastan"
3042:(in Mongolian). Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.
2759:
2237:
482:
3055:
2447:Throughout the early Middle Ages, the
3249:]. Moscow: Восточная литература.
2959:
2957:
470:(as Charuklug had none) according to
7:
2872:Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute
2855:. London: Longman. pp. 120–121.
2583:adding citations to reliable sources
2366:is also used as the "state seal" of
384:, the tamga is a design identifying
167:
80:adding citations to reliable sources
3217:"Online Ottoman Turkish Dictionary"
2715:
2706:
2686:
2677:
2490:In East Slavic languages, the term
3077:Zaytsev, Viacheslav (2019-01-01).
415:When Turkish clans took over more
25:
2992:Вестник КазНУ. Серия историческая
2514:"street toll" and Medieval Latin
3012:. Kabalcı Yayınevi. p. 354.
2555:
2327:
2312:
2297:
2282:
2267:
2252:
2240:
2192:
2176:
2160:
2154:
2138:
2132:
2104:
2090:
2084:
2070:
2056:
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2036:
2031:
2017:
2011:
2005:
1991:
1985:
1979:
1945:
1939:
1933:
1910:
1904:
1890:
1884:
1878:
1853:
1847:
1831:
1825:
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1805:
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1706:
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1600:
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1528:
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1478:
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1436:
1422:
1406:
1390:
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1356:
1342:
1328:
1322:
1316:
1302:
1288:
1282:
1266:
1252:
1238:
1232:
1218:
1202:
1188:
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1154:
1148:
1132:
1118:
1112:
1098:
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1032:
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1000:
984:
970:
956:
942:
936:
930:
914:
908:
892:
876:
870:
854:
811:
795:
779:
763:
747:
731:
710:
693:
677:
661:
645:
629:
613:
597:
581:
565:
549:
533:
517:
501:
485:
56:
2934:Müller, Stephanie, ed. (2013).
423:, tamgas dropped out of use as
67:needs additional citations for
2527:(тризуб), has been adopted as
2370:, which is handed over by the
278:Tamgas in the steppe tradition
1:
3274:Archaeological artefact types
3166:Nomads in the Sedentary World
2853:The Emergence of Rus 750–1200
2459:). Very likely, these are of
2909:"A Grammar of Orkhon Turkic"
2870:. Cambridge, Massachusetts:
2801:Neubecker, Ottfried (2002).
2502:(Russian таможня, customs),
2438:The personal symbols of the
2412:
2395:
232:
215:
175:
3299:Mongolian words and phrases
3224:Paksoy, H. B. (June 2004).
364:A page from a 15th-century
303:In the later phases of the
291:Tamga of the Bosporan king
3325:
2826:Brook, Kevin Alan (2006).
2676:or Tamgha-e-Imtiaz (Urdu:
2404:
2387:
2247:Naran Tamga or Ongin Tamga
224:
207:
44:
29:
3309:Nomadic groups in Eurasia
3294:Turkish words and phrases
3134:Pritsak, Omeljan (1998).
3027:. Blackwell. p. 415.
3023:Christian, David (1999).
2866:Pritsak, Omeljan (1998).
353:, the national symbol of
199:
3241:Yatsenko, S. A. (2001).
3038:Badarch, Nyamaa (2005).
2964:Clauson, Gerard (1972).
2922:Rock Art in Central Asia
30:Not to be confused with
2533:coat of arms of Ukraine
2480:coat of arms of Ukraine
2465:Second Bulgarian Empire
2352:stamped using hot irons
368:, listing Oghuz tamgas.
293:Tiberius Julius Eupator
186:'stamp, seal';
3160:Noonan, T. S. (2001).
3109:. Brill. p. 275.
3105:Boris Zhivkov (2015).
2766:Bobir Gayibov (2016).
2630:
2487:
2444:
2347:
369:
357:
343:
327:
325:First Turkic Khaganate
296:
191:
47:Tamga (disambiguation)
2684:or Tamgha-e-Khidmat (
2633:In the late medieval
2620:
2477:
2436:
2372:President of Mongolia
2345:
363:
349:
333:
318:
290:
257:Pontic–Caspian steppe
3182:Fetisov, A. (2007).
3010:Divânü Lugâti't-Türk
2907:Talat Tekin (1965),
2894:Aristov, N. (1896).
2828:The Jews of Khazaria
2805:(in German). Orbis.
2579:improve this section
477:Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk
76:improve this article
45:For other uses, see
2898:. ZhS 3–4, 277–456
433:Battle of Manzikert
3008:Mahmûd, Kâşgarlı.
2874:. pp. 78–79.
2791:(91). pp. 833–850.
2631:
2488:
2482:, an example of a
2445:
2348:
472:Mahmud al-Kashgari
370:
358:
344:
328:
297:
250:Livestock branding
236:) was an abstract
3147:978-0-916458-48-5
3116:978-90-04-29307-6
2977:978-0-19-864112-4
2947:978-3-86312-060-3
2637:states, the term
2615:
2614:
2607:
2410:
2393:
2233:Chaghatai Khanate
2200:
2199:
466:Tamgas of the 21
272:Old Turkic script
230:
213:
185:
173:
152:
151:
144:
126:
16:(Redirected from
3316:
3289:Heraldic charges
3279:Seals (insignia)
3260:
3237:
3220:
3212:
3210:
3209:
3203:
3191:Studia Patzinaka
3188:
3169:
3158:
3152:
3151:
3131:
3125:
3124:
3102:
3096:
3093:
3087:
3086:
3074:
3068:
3067:
3061:
3053:
3035:
3029:
3028:
3020:
3014:
3013:
3005:
2999:
2988:
2982:
2981:
2961:
2952:
2951:
2931:
2925:
2918:
2912:
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2848:
2842:
2841:
2823:
2817:
2816:
2798:
2792:
2781:
2775:
2774:III(I): 235–242.
2764:
2718:
2717:
2708:
2689:
2688:
2682:Tamgha-i-Khidmat
2679:
2610:
2603:
2599:
2596:
2590:
2559:
2551:
2537:Vasyl Krychevsky
2467:(1185–1396), as
2415:
2409:romanized:
2408:
2406:
2398:
2392:romanized:
2391:
2389:
2350:Tamgas are also
2331:
2316:
2301:
2286:
2271:
2256:
2244:
2196:
2180:
2164:
2158:
2142:
2136:
2108:
2094:
2088:
2074:
2060:
2054:
2040:
2035:
2021:
2015:
2009:
1995:
1989:
1983:
1949:
1943:
1937:
1914:
1908:
1894:
1888:
1882:
1857:
1851:
1835:
1829:
1823:
1809:
1803:
1797:
1791:
1777:
1771:
1765:
1758:Altıbas (Alaşa)
1742:
1728:
1722:
1716:
1710:
1696:
1690:
1676:
1670:
1656:
1650:
1644:
1638:
1624:
1618:
1604:
1598:
1592:
1586:
1572:
1566:
1532:
1518:
1504:
1488:
1482:
1468:
1462:
1456:
1440:
1426:
1410:
1394:
1388:
1374:
1360:
1346:
1332:
1326:
1320:
1306:
1292:
1286:
1270:
1256:
1242:
1236:
1222:
1206:
1192:
1186:
1170:
1164:
1158:
1152:
1136:
1122:
1116:
1102:
1096:
1080:
1064:
1058:
1052:
1036:
1020:
1004:
988:
974:
960:
946:
940:
934:
918:
912:
896:
880:
874:
858:
835:
815:
799:
783:
767:
751:
735:
714:
697:
681:
665:
649:
633:
617:
601:
585:
569:
553:
537:
521:
505:
489:
437:Sultanate of Rûm
305:Bosporan Kingdom
235:
229:romanized:
228:
226:
218:
212:romanized:
211:
209:
201:
180:
178:
172:romanized:
171:
169:
147:
140:
136:
133:
127:
125:
84:
60:
52:
21:
3324:
3323:
3319:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3314:
3313:
3264:
3263:
3257:
3240:
3223:
3215:
3207:
3205:
3201:
3186:
3181:
3178:
3176:Further reading
3173:
3172:
3159:
3155:
3148:
3133:
3132:
3128:
3117:
3104:
3103:
3099:
3094:
3090:
3076:
3075:
3071:
3054:
3050:
3037:
3036:
3032:
3022:
3021:
3017:
3007:
3006:
3002:
2989:
2985:
2978:
2963:
2962:
2955:
2948:
2933:
2932:
2928:
2919:
2915:
2906:
2902:
2893:
2889:
2882:
2865:
2864:
2860:
2850:
2849:
2845:
2838:
2825:
2824:
2820:
2813:
2800:
2799:
2795:
2782:
2778:
2765:
2761:
2756:
2743:Siglas poveiras
2729:
2674:Tamgha-i-Imtiaz
2611:
2600:
2594:
2591:
2576:
2560:
2549:
2547:Islamic empires
2541:Andriy Grechylo
2529:national symbol
2484:Rurikid Trident
2457:Rurikid symbols
2443:
2431:
2426:
2424:Secondary usage
2380:
2338:
2332:
2323:
2317:
2308:
2302:
2293:
2287:
2278:
2272:
2263:
2257:
2248:
2245:
2205:
833:
823:
822:
816:
807:
806:
800:
791:
790:
784:
775:
774:
768:
759:
758:
752:
743:
742:
736:
727:
726:
715:
706:
705:
698:
689:
688:
682:
673:
672:
666:
657:
656:
650:
641:
640:
634:
625:
624:
618:
609:
608:
602:
593:
592:
586:
577:
576:
570:
561:
560:
554:
545:
544:
538:
529:
528:
522:
513:
512:
506:
497:
496:
490:
441:Seal of Solomon
313:
285:
283:Ancient origins
280:
248:initially as a
246:Eurasian nomads
148:
137:
131:
128:
85:
83:
73:
61:
50:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3322:
3320:
3312:
3311:
3306:
3304:Turkic culture
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3266:
3265:
3262:
3261:
3255:
3238:
3221:
3213:
3177:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3153:
3146:
3126:
3115:
3097:
3088:
3069:
3048:
3030:
3015:
3000:
2983:
2976:
2953:
2946:
2926:
2913:
2900:
2887:
2880:
2858:
2843:
2836:
2818:
2811:
2793:
2776:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2728:
2725:
2666:Tamgha-i-Jurat
2643:Ottoman Empire
2625:on top of the
2613:
2612:
2563:
2561:
2554:
2548:
2545:
2437:
2430:
2429:Eastern Europe
2427:
2425:
2422:
2379:
2376:
2340:
2339:
2333:
2326:
2324:
2318:
2311:
2309:
2303:
2296:
2294:
2288:
2281:
2279:
2273:
2266:
2264:
2258:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2239:
2204:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2190:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2174:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2152:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2130:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2110:
2109:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2082:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2048:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1977:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1845:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1810:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1534:
1533:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1498:
1496:
1490:
1489:
1476:
1475:Ergenekti Waq
1473:
1470:
1469:
1450:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1420:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1404:
1402:
1396:
1395:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1280:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1264:
1263:Tömengi şekti
1261:
1258:
1257:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1216:
1214:
1208:
1207:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1193:
1180:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1146:
1144:
1138:
1137:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1090:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1074:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1046:
1044:
1038:
1037:
1030:
1028:
1022:
1021:
1014:
1012:
1006:
1005:
998:
996:
990:
989:
982:
979:
976:
975:
968:
965:
962:
961:
954:
951:
948:
947:
928:
923:
920:
919:
906:
904:
898:
897:
890:
888:
882:
881:
868:
866:
860:
859:
852:
850:
846:
845:
842:
839:
832:
826:
825:
824:
818:
817:
810:
808:
802:
801:
794:
792:
786:
785:
778:
776:
770:
769:
762:
760:
754:
753:
746:
744:
738:
737:
730:
728:
717:
716:
709:
707:
700:
699:
692:
690:
684:
683:
676:
674:
668:
667:
660:
658:
652:
651:
644:
642:
636:
635:
628:
626:
620:
619:
612:
610:
604:
603:
596:
594:
588:
587:
580:
578:
572:
571:
564:
562:
556:
555:
548:
546:
540:
539:
532:
530:
524:
523:
516:
514:
508:
507:
500:
498:
492:
491:
484:
461:kept its tamga
457:Ottoman Empire
382:Turkic peoples
355:Crimean Tatars
312:
311:Turkic peoples
309:
284:
281:
279:
276:
261:Eastern Europe
150:
149:
64:
62:
55:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3321:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3258:
3256:5-02-018212-5
3252:
3248:
3244:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3204:on 2020-09-28
3200:
3196:
3192:
3185:
3180:
3179:
3175:
3167:
3163:
3157:
3154:
3149:
3143:
3139:
3138:
3130:
3127:
3123:
3118:
3112:
3108:
3101:
3098:
3092:
3089:
3084:
3080:
3073:
3070:
3065:
3059:
3051:
3049:99929-0-423-2
3045:
3041:
3034:
3031:
3026:
3019:
3016:
3011:
3004:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2987:
2984:
2979:
2973:
2969:
2968:
2960:
2958:
2954:
2949:
2943:
2939:
2938:
2930:
2927:
2923:
2917:
2914:
2910:
2904:
2901:
2897:
2891:
2888:
2883:
2881:0-582-49090-1
2877:
2873:
2869:
2862:
2859:
2854:
2847:
2844:
2839:
2837:0-7425-4981-X
2833:
2829:
2822:
2819:
2814:
2812:3-572-01344-5
2808:
2804:
2797:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2780:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2763:
2760:
2753:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2726:
2724:
2722:
2712:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2691:
2683:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2650:
2648:
2647:Mughal Empire
2644:
2640:
2636:
2628:
2624:
2623:Mughal Empire
2621:Tamga of the
2619:
2609:
2606:
2598:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2574:
2573:
2569:
2564:This section
2562:
2558:
2553:
2552:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2525:
2519:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2485:
2481:
2476:
2472:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2441:
2435:
2428:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2414:
2402:
2397:
2385:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2360:
2357:
2353:
2344:
2337:
2330:
2325:
2322:
2315:
2310:
2307:
2306:Tsagadai khan
2300:
2295:
2292:
2285:
2280:
2277:
2270:
2265:
2262:
2261:Chinggis khan
2255:
2250:
2243:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2230:
2229:Chinggis Khan
2224:
2222:
2221:Mongol Empire
2217:
2215:
2210:
2202:
2195:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2157:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2141:
2135:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2097:
2093:
2087:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2063:
2059:
2053:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2043:
2039:
2034:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2024:
2020:
2014:
2008:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1988:
1982:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1942:
1936:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1917:
1913:
1907:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1887:
1881:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1850:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1838:
1834:
1828:
1822:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1812:
1808:
1802:
1796:
1790:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1770:
1764:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1731:
1727:
1721:
1715:
1709:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1689:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1679:
1675:
1669:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1649:
1643:
1637:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1627:
1623:
1617:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1597:
1591:
1585:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1565:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1487:
1481:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1471:
1467:
1461:
1455:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1393:
1387:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1335:
1331:
1325:
1319:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1285:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1249:Joğarı şekti
1248:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1235:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1185:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1163:
1157:
1151:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1115:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1105:
1101:
1095:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1063:
1057:
1051:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1003:
999:
997:
995:
992:
991:
987:
983:
980:
978:
977:
973:
969:
966:
964:
963:
959:
955:
952:
950:
949:
945:
939:
933:
929:
927:
924:
922:
921:
917:
911:
907:
905:
903:
900:
899:
895:
891:
889:
887:
884:
883:
879:
873:
869:
867:
865:
862:
861:
857:
853:
851:
848:
847:
843:
840:
837:
836:
831:
827:
821:
814:
809:
805:
798:
793:
789:
782:
777:
773:
766:
761:
757:
750:
745:
741:
734:
729:
724:
720:
713:
708:
703:
696:
691:
687:
680:
675:
671:
664:
659:
655:
648:
643:
639:
632:
627:
623:
616:
611:
607:
600:
595:
591:
584:
579:
575:
568:
563:
559:
552:
547:
543:
536:
531:
527:
520:
515:
511:
504:
499:
495:
488:
483:
481:
479:
478:
473:
469:
464:
462:
458:
454:
450:
449:Isfendiyarids
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
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132:November 2022
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65:This article
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3206:. Retrieved
3199:the original
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2635:Turco-Mongol
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2595:October 2021
2592:
2577:Please help
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2503:
2499:
2496:rastamozhit'
2495:
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2446:
2416:. Among the
2381:
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475:
468:Oghuz tribes
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447:states (see
414:
410:Qara Qoyunlu
394:cattle brand
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323:clan of the
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265:Central Asia
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74:Please help
69:verification
66:
3230:Transoxiana
2998:(4), 53-62.
2721:damga resmi
2697:, the term
2678:تمغہ امتیاز
2660:is used as
2539:(1918) and
2504:tamozhennik
2418:Circassians
2291:Ögedei Khan
2186:Noğay-Qazaq
1784:Qızılqurıt
1537:Junior Jüz
1197:Middle Jüz
849:Senior Jüz
421:rural areas
351:Tarak Tamga
3268:Categories
3208:2010-07-14
2754:References
2733:House mark
2451:nobles of
2336:Guyug khan
2321:Juchi khan
2276:Tului khan
2115:Jüz system
1901:Qarakesek
1875:Qarasaqal
1663:Esentemir
1353:Qarakerey
1026:Sarı-Üysin
756:Ulayundluğ
453:Karamanids
431:after the
406:Aq Qoyunlu
366:Selçukname
164:Old Turkic
102:newspapers
3058:cite book
2687:تمغۂ خدمت
2627:Taj Mahal
2566:does not
2518:"toll").
2500:tamozhnya
2469:its flags
2401:Kabardian
2334:Tamga of
2319:Tamga of
2304:Tamga of
2289:Tamga of
2274:Tamga of
2259:Tamga of
2209:Mongolian
2203:Mongolian
2028:Jağabayl
1921:Törtqara
1703:Baybaqtı
1511:Aşamaylı
1313:Bağanalı
1229:Taratqtı
1176:Şanışqılı
1042:Şapıraştı
804:Chuvaldar
686:Аlkaboluk
670:Karaboluk
402:Turkestan
221:Kabardian
196:Mongolian
2803:Heraldik
2727:See also
2670:Pakistan
2531:and the
2378:Caucasus
2368:Mongolia
2356:Mongolia
2170:Töleñgıt
2101:Ramadan
2081:Kereyit
2067:Kerderi
1956:Şömekey
1494:Keraites
1299:Baltalı
841:Subclan
788:Pechenek
704:(Iğdır)
702:Taşburun
526:Bayandur
429:Anatolia
425:pastoral
386:property
259:both in
244:used by
168:𐱃𐰢𐰍𐰀
3284:Symbols
2652:In the
2587:removed
2572:sources
2449:Rurikid
2442:nobles.
2440:Rurikid
2405:дамыгъэ
2388:тамыгъэ
2364:tamag'a
2219:In the
2113:Out of
1964:Jetiruw
1863:Älimulı
1816:Şerkeş
1749:Masqar
1631:Jappas
1433:Saŋğıl
1416:Qoŋırat
1142:Sirgeli
967:Botbay
886:Jalayır
740:Dodurga
723:Yüregir
638:Yazigir
590:Begtili
225:дамыгъэ
208:тамыгъэ
188:Turkish
184:
116:scholar
91:"Tamga"
3253:
3144:
3122:times.
3113:
3046:
2974:
2944:
2878:
2834:
2809:
2748:Tughra
2711:tamgha
2703:Arabic
2699:damgha
2658:Tamgha
2524:tryzub
2461:Khazar
2413:damığə
2396:tamığə
2384:Adyghe
2214:tamaga
2047:Telew
1976:Tabın
1930:Şekti
1611:Altın
1579:Beriş
1547:Bayulı
1400:Qıpşaq
1381:Sadır
1367:Matay
1339:Buwra
1276:Nayman
1129:Tilik
1070:Oşaqtı
981:Şımır
953:Janıs
844:Tamga
820:Chepni
719:Uregir
606:Bugduz
574:Afshar
390:cattle
336:Bulgar
321:Ashina
233:damığə
216:tamığə
204:Adyghe
162:(from
160:tamgha
118:
111:
104:
97:
89:
3245:[
3202:(PDF)
3187:(PDF)
2709:) or
2695:Egypt
2662:medal
2639:tamga
2508:State
2492:tamga
2002:Tama
1735:Tana
1559:Aday
1525:Abaq
1212:Arğın
1109:Oyıq
1010:Suwan
994:Alban
926:Siqım
902:Dulat
864:Qaŋlı
838:Clan
830:clans
772:Döger
654:Eymur
622:Bayat
558:Salur
494:Qiniq
445:ghazi
417:urban
400:. In
398:stamp
374:tamga
338:clan
242:brand
200:tamga
192:damga
176:tamga
156:tamga
123:JSTOR
109:books
40:Tamag
38:, or
36:Tagma
32:Tanga
18:Tamğa
3251:ISBN
3142:ISBN
3111:ISBN
3064:link
3044:ISBN
2972:ISBN
2942:ISBN
2924:, 9.
2876:ISBN
2832:ISBN
2807:ISBN
2716:تمغة
2707:دمغة
2654:Urdu
2570:any
2568:cite
2516:mūta
2512:Maut
2478:The
2453:Rus'
2148:Qoja
2126:Töre
1843:Isıq
1683:Taz
1086:Istı
542:Yiwa
510:Kayı
408:and
340:Dulo
263:and
238:seal
182:lit.
95:news
2996:103
2693:In
2581:by
2216:".
1446:Waq
474:in
419:or
396:or
388:or
240:or
158:or
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