154:
367:
in many parts of the world. In the fiscal year of 2006, the
Department of State Office of Children's Issues assisted in the return to the United States of 260 children who had been abducted to or wrongfully retained from other countries and 171 children were returned from countries that are Convention partners with the United States. Especially during emergency situations, natural disasters or conflicts, children are observed to be adopted without strict legal procedures being followed, with a risk that there may be cases of child trafficking. An excessive bureaucratization of the adoption process after the implementation of the Hague Adoption Convention has been noted to establishing possible additional barriers to the placement of children.
45:
472:
Isabelle
Lammerant, Marlène Hofstetter, "Adoption: at what cost? For an ethical responsibility of receiving countries in intercountry adoption", Terre des homes, 2007; HCCH 2008. The implementation and Operation of the 1993 Hague Intercountry Adoption Convention: Guide to Good Practice – Guide No. 1,
366:
To comply with international standards, many changes have been introduced in national legislation enacting laws to criminalize the act of obtaining improper gains from international adoptions. However, instances of trafficking in and sale of children for the purpose of adoption continue to take place
351:
Article III outlines the responsibilities that the entire process must be authorized by central adoption authorities designated by the contracting states. If fully implemented at the national level, the convention offers a protective framework against the potential risks of private adoption (when the
343:
With respect to the previous multilateral instruments which include some provisions regarding intercountry adoption, the Hague
Adoption Convention is the major multilateral instrument regulating international adoption and calls for the need for co-ordination and direct co-operation between countries
291:
Intercountry adoptions shall be made in the best interests of the child and with respect for his or her fundamental rights and to prevent the abduction , the sale of, or traffic in children and each State should take, as a matter of priority, appropriate measures to enable the child to remain in the
347:
The Hague
Adoption Convention has several requirements. The adoption process includes establishing a "Central Authority" to serve as the country's primary contact in adoption processes; satisfying several checks for a child eligible for adoption, including verifying the propriety of the adoption
278:
in an effort to protect those involved from the corruption, abuses, and exploitation which sometimes accompanies international adoption. The convention has been considered crucial because it provides a formal international and intergovernmental recognition of intercountry adoption to ensure that
352:
adoptive parents set the terms of the adoption directly with the biological parents or with children's institutions placed in the country of origin, without recurring to accredited adoption service providers).
1077:
1617:
1637:
300:
to establish safeguards to ensure that intercountry adoptions take place in the best interests of the child and with respect for his or her fundamental rights as recognized in international law,
153:
1627:
1612:
1602:
303:
to establish a system of co-operation amongst
Contracting States to ensure that those safeguards are respected and thereby prevent the abduction, the sale of, or traffic in children,
1132:
1632:
989:
335:
have signed but not ratified it. Many countries which have not ratified the
Convention do not permit foreign adoptions of their children nor adoptions of foreign children.
448:
1597:
1622:
1607:
425:
388:
316:
1642:
1067:
348:
under the laws of both countries; making a reasonable prior effort to facilitate a domestic adoption; and agreeing to use only certified adoption agencies.
1467:
62:
929:
843:
749:
1647:
1592:
1387:
1152:
910:
764:
1392:
1182:
974:
769:
964:
1377:
1317:
1292:
934:
323:. It was concluded on 29 May 1993 and entered into force on 1 May 1995. As of March 2019, the convention has been ratified by 99 states.
1652:
1062:
808:
786:
109:
1657:
1512:
820:
81:
1437:
1352:
643:
128:
31:
1587:
1492:
1472:
1372:
1287:
915:
855:
648:
88:
1557:
1547:
1517:
1497:
1452:
1422:
1282:
1257:
1242:
1137:
1057:
919:
714:
560:
1482:
1402:
1362:
1267:
1252:
1087:
814:
802:
66:
507:
95:
1567:
1562:
1527:
1457:
1447:
1347:
1342:
1327:
1307:
1207:
1117:
704:
612:
1582:
1552:
1537:
1532:
1507:
1442:
1432:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1397:
1332:
1227:
1217:
1212:
1187:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1142:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1082:
959:
832:
30:
This article is about protecting children from exploitation. For other international agreements with similar names, see
1577:
1542:
1487:
1427:
1382:
1367:
1337:
1322:
1302:
1297:
1277:
1272:
1247:
1232:
1197:
1177:
1147:
1122:
1112:
759:
754:
607:
77:
1502:
1357:
1262:
1237:
1222:
1202:
1192:
1127:
1107:
1001:
55:
1572:
1522:
1477:
1462:
1312:
724:
679:
495:
320:
924:
887:
860:
849:
633:
1032:
617:
1022:
729:
664:
267:
482:
421:
17:
1072:
719:
638:
597:
587:
410:
Convention of 29 May 1993 on
Protection of Children and Co-operation in Respect of Intercountry Adoption
384:
279:
adoptions under the convention will generally be recognized and given effect in other party countries.
102:
866:
781:
739:
734:
484:
The
Implementation and Operation of the 1993 Intercountry Adoption Convention: Guide to Good Practice
356:
The
Implementation and Operation of the 1993 Intercountry Adoption Convention: Guide to Good Practice
358:, prepared by HCCH, provides assistance to the operation, use and interpretation of the convention.
306:
to secure the recognition in
Contracting States of adoptions made in accordance with the convention.
250:
246:
684:
674:
669:
553:
409:
592:
523:
United Nations, "Second Periodic reports of States parties due in 1998, Rwanda (CRC/C/70/Add22)
260:
Hague Convention on Protection of Children and Co-operation in Respect of Intercountry Adoption
147:
Hague Convention on Protection of Children and Co-operation in Respect of Intercountry Adoption
1017:
826:
744:
602:
275:
532:
Elizabeth Bartholet, International Adoption: Current Status and Future Prospects, 1993, p. 95
979:
699:
271:
954:
709:
995:
939:
546:
1051:
949:
944:
776:
984:
1027:
694:
573:
324:
44:
969:
892:
689:
203:
538:
569:
332:
328:
296:
The main objectives of the convention, are set out in Article 1:
542:
38:
238:
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Kingdom of the Netherlands
1078:
Hague Conference on Private International Law conventions
1618:
Treaties extended to the Australian Antarctic Territory
1638:
Treaties extended to Heard Island and McDonald Islands
496:
UNDP, Child Adoption. Trends and Policies Report, 2009
344:
to ensure that appropriate safeguards are respected.
1010:
990:
Child abductions in the Russian invasion of Ukraine
901:
876:
795:
657:
626:
580:
242:
234:
226:
218:
210:
199:
191:
172:ratifier, as non-member state of the organization;
146:
69:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1628:Treaties extended to the Cocos (Keeling) Islands
1613:Treaties extended to Ashmore and Cartier Islands
508:"Report on Compliance with the Hague Convention"
1603:Treaties extended to the Caribbean Netherlands
266:) is an international convention dealing with
554:
426:Hague Conference on Private International Law
389:Hague Conference on Private International Law
319:, the preeminent organization in the area of
317:Hague Conference on Private International Law
8:
141:
1633:Treaties extended to the Coral Sea Islands
1133:Treaties of the People's Republic of China
880:
561:
547:
539:
140:
930:Canadian Indian residential school system
473:Bristol: Family Law/Jordan Publishing Ltd
129:Learn how and when to remove this message
18:Hague Convention on Intercountry Adoption
911:List of international adoption scandals
376:
287:The preamble to the Convention states:
1598:Treaties extended to the Faroe Islands
975:Kidnapping of children by Nazi Germany
453:Brooklynn Journal of International Law
1623:Treaties extended to Christmas Island
965:Forced adoption in the United Kingdom
7:
1608:Treaties extended to the Isle of Man
315:The convention was developed by the
292:care of his or her family of origin.
67:adding citations to reliable sources
1643:Treaties extended to Norfolk Island
1068:Treaties entered into force in 1995
844:Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act
809:Adoption Information Disclosure Act
787:History of children in the military
1468:Treaties of the Dominican Republic
1011:Historical criticism of orphanages
902:Controversial violations of rights
25:
935:Tennessee Children's Home Society
32:Hague Convention (disambiguation)
916:American Indian boarding schools
856:Islamic adoptional jurisprudence
152:
43:
920:American Indian outing programs
715:Cultural variations in adoption
54:needs additional citations for
1648:Treaties extended to Hong Kong
1593:Treaties extended to Greenland
1388:Treaties of the United Kingdom
1153:Treaties of the Czech Republic
815:Adoption and Safe Families Act
803:Access to Adoption Records Act
1:
1393:Treaties of the United States
1183:Treaties of Georgia (country)
705:Political abuse of psychiatry
960:Forced adoption in Australia
904:in adoption or child custody
833:Foster Care Independence Act
1378:Treaties of North Macedonia
1318:Treaties of the Philippines
1293:Treaties of the Netherlands
158:Parties to the convention:
78:"Hague Adoption Convention"
1674:
1653:Treaties extended to Macau
1063:Treaties concluded in 1993
1002:Jewish orphans controversy
839:Hague Adoption Convention
29:
1658:20th century in The Hague
1513:Treaties of Liechtenstein
883:
821:Christian law of adoption
725:Genealogical bewilderment
680:Adoption reunion registry
321:private international law
264:Hague Adoption Convention
151:
142:Hague Adoption Convention
1438:Treaties of Burkina Faso
1353:Treaties of South Africa
925:Indian Placement Program
888:Adoption in ancient Rome
861:Putative father registry
850:Indian Child Welfare Act
449:"Adopting the Stateless"
27:International convention
1588:1993 in the Netherlands
1493:Treaties of Ivory Coast
1473:Treaties of El Salvador
1373:Treaties of Switzerland
1288:Treaties of New Zealand
339:Policies and procedures
1558:Treaties of Seychelles
1548:Treaties of San Marino
1518:Treaties of Madagascar
1498:Treaties of Kazakhstan
1453:Treaties of Cape Verde
1423:Treaties of Azerbaijan
1283:Treaties of Montenegro
1258:Treaties of Luxembourg
1243:Treaties of Kyrgyzstan
1138:Treaties of Costa Rica
1058:International adoption
1023:Mount Cashel Orphanage
730:International adoption
665:Adopted child syndrome
627:Foster care by country
268:international adoption
1483:Treaties of Guatemala
1403:Treaties of Venezuela
1363:Treaties of Sri Lanka
1268:Treaties of Mauritius
1253:Treaties of Lithuania
1088:Treaties of Australia
447:Milbrandt, J (2014).
1568:Treaties of Thailand
1563:Treaties of Eswatini
1528:Treaties of Mongolia
1458:Treaties of Colombia
1448:Treaties of Cambodia
1348:Treaties of Slovenia
1343:Treaties of Slovakia
1328:Treaties of Portugal
1308:Treaties of Paraguay
1208:Treaties of Honduras
1118:Treaties of Bulgaria
1033:St. John's Orphanage
867:Uniform Adoption Act
782:Sealed birth records
740:Language of adoption
735:Interracial adoption
385:"Text of Convention"
63:improve this article
1583:Family law treaties
1553:Treaties of Senegal
1538:Treaties of Namibia
1533:Treaties of Moldova
1508:Treaties of Lesotho
1443:Treaties of Burundi
1433:Treaties of Bolivia
1418:Treaties of Armenia
1413:Treaties of Andorra
1408:Treaties of Vietnam
1398:Treaties of Uruguay
1333:Treaties of Romania
1228:Treaties of Ireland
1218:Treaties of Iceland
1213:Treaties of Hungary
1188:Treaties of Germany
1173:Treaties of Finland
1168:Treaties of Estonia
1163:Treaties of Ecuador
1158:Treaties of Denmark
1143:Treaties of Croatia
1103:Treaties of Belgium
1098:Treaties of Belarus
1093:Treaties of Austria
1083:Treaties of Albania
685:Adoption tax credit
675:Adoption home study
670:Adoption disclosure
581:Adoption by country
143:
1578:Treaties of Zambia
1543:Treaties of Rwanda
1488:Treaties of Guinea
1428:Treaties of Belize
1383:Treaties of Turkey
1368:Treaties of Sweden
1338:Treaties of Serbia
1323:Treaties of Poland
1303:Treaties of Panama
1298:Treaties of Norway
1278:Treaties of Monaco
1273:Treaties of Mexico
1248:Treaties of Latvia
1233:Treaties of Israel
1198:Treaties of Guyana
1178:Treaties of France
1148:Treaties of Cyprus
1123:Treaties of Canada
1113:Treaties of Brazil
1503:Treaties of Kenya
1358:Treaties of Spain
1263:Treaties of Malta
1238:Treaties of Italy
1223:Treaties of India
1203:Treaties of Haiti
1193:Treaties of Ghana
1128:Treaties of Chile
1108:Treaties of Benin
1045:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1018:Duplessis Orphans
827:Dima Yakovlev Law
745:Same-sex adoption
391:. 7 December 2010
276:child trafficking
256:
255:
139:
138:
131:
113:
16:(Redirected from
1665:
1573:Treaties of Togo
1523:Treaties of Mali
1478:Treaties of Fiji
1463:Treaties of Cuba
1313:Treaties of Peru
980:Tianjin Massacre
881:
700:Child laundering
563:
556:
549:
540:
533:
530:
524:
521:
515:
514:
512:
504:
498:
493:
487:
480:
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461:
459:
444:
438:
437:
435:
433:
418:
412:
407:
401:
400:
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381:
272:child laundering
185:
182:
179:signatory only;
178:
175:
171:
168:
164:
161:
156:
144:
134:
127:
123:
120:
114:
112:
71:
47:
39:
21:
1673:
1672:
1668:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1663:
1662:
1048:
1047:
1046:
1037:
1006:
955:Michael A. Hess
903:
897:
872:
791:
710:Closed adoption
653:
622:
576:
567:
537:
536:
531:
527:
522:
518:
510:
506:
505:
501:
494:
490:
481:
477:
471:
467:
457:
455:
446:
445:
441:
431:
429:
420:
419:
415:
408:
404:
394:
392:
383:
382:
378:
373:
364:
341:
313:
285:
222:3 ratifications
187:
183:
180:
176:
173:
169:
166:
162:
159:
135:
124:
118:
115:
72:
70:
60:
48:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1671:
1669:
1661:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1050:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1036:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1007:
1005:
1004:
999:
996:Postremo mense
992:
987:
982:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
952:
947:
942:
940:Baby Scoop Era
937:
932:
927:
922:
913:
907:
905:
899:
898:
896:
895:
890:
884:
878:
874:
873:
871:
870:
864:
858:
853:
847:
841:
836:
830:
824:
818:
812:
806:
799:
797:
793:
792:
790:
789:
784:
779:
774:
773:
772:
767:
765:United Kingdom
762:
757:
752:
742:
737:
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
687:
682:
677:
672:
667:
661:
659:
655:
654:
652:
651:
646:
644:United Kingdom
641:
636:
630:
628:
624:
623:
621:
620:
615:
610:
605:
600:
595:
590:
584:
582:
578:
577:
568:
566:
565:
558:
551:
543:
535:
534:
525:
516:
499:
488:
475:
465:
439:
428:. 28 July 2018
422:"Status Table"
413:
402:
375:
374:
372:
369:
363:
360:
340:
337:
312:
309:
308:
307:
304:
301:
294:
293:
284:
281:
254:
253:
244:
240:
239:
236:
232:
231:
228:
224:
223:
220:
216:
215:
212:
208:
207:
201:
197:
196:
193:
189:
188:
157:
149:
148:
137:
136:
51:
49:
42:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1670:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1053:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1003:
1000:
998:
997:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
950:Home Children
948:
946:
945:Sixties Scoop
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
917:
914:
912:
909:
908:
906:
900:
894:
891:
889:
886:
885:
882:
879:
875:
868:
865:
862:
859:
857:
854:
851:
848:
845:
842:
840:
837:
834:
831:
828:
825:
822:
819:
816:
813:
810:
807:
804:
801:
800:
798:
794:
788:
785:
783:
780:
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1052:Categories
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371:References
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165:ratifier;
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