326:, it began with mass sterilizations of children deemed "unfit" to reproduce. After that, the hospital staff exterminated children determined to be unfit and the programme was later expanded to adults. By January 1940, the Nazis had set up their first killing facilities. The clinic in Hadamar, which housed a psychiatric facility, was the last of six facilities set up to implement the programme, with murders commencing in January 1941. During the first phase of operations (January to August 1941), 10,072 men, women and children were murdered with
1148:Öfter in der Woche kommen Omnibusse mit einer größeren Anzahl der Opfer in Hadamar an. Die Schulkinder der Umgebung kennen diese Wagen und reden: 'Da kommt wieder die Mordkiste.' Nach der Ankunft beobachten dann die Hadamarer Bürger den aus dem Schlot aufsteigenden Rauch und sind von den ständigen Gedanken an die armen Opfer erschüttert, zumal wenn sie je nach den Windrichtungen durch die widerlichen Düfte belästigt werden ... Kinder, einander beschimpfend, tuen Äußerungen: 'Du bist nicht recht gescheit, du kommst nach Hadamar in den Backofen!'
392:
132:
239:
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administrative staff in their custody for the murders of nearly 15,000 German patients at the institution. At the time, however, they lacked jurisdiction to do so under international law. U.S. military officials could not try German nationals for murdering their fellow citizens. International law restricted them to prosecute crimes committed against their own service personnel and civilian nationals, and those of their allies, in the territories that they held.
228:
456:
27:
468:
495:, they were transported to Hadamar and murdered at the hospital in the last months of the war. As these civilian forced laborers were citizens of countries allied to the United States, American prosecutors were able to open proceedings against seven Hadamar defendants associated with the murders of the "Eastern workers". On 15 October 1945, chief United States prosecutor
199:. While officially ended in 1941, the programme lasted until the German surrender in 1945. Nearly 15,000 German citizens were transported to the hospital and murdered there, most by gas chamber and the rest by lethal injection and starvation. In addition, hundreds of forced labourers from Poland and other countries occupied by the Nazis were murdered there.
247:
124:
422:, directly murdered the majority of these victims, among whom were German patients with disabilities, mentally-disoriented elderly persons from bombed-out areas, "half Jewish" children from welfare institutions, psychologically- and physically-disabled forced labourers and their children, German soldiers, and
479:
following World War II. In the first months of occupation, American military forces had conducted trials based on classical violations of international law, principally for the German murders of captured Allied service personnel, which had occurred in the last months of the war. The discovery in late
341:
Thick smoke from the hospital crematorium billowed over
Hadamar in the summer of 1941, during which the staff celebrated the cremation of their 10,000th patient with beer and wine. Up to 100 victims arrived in post-buses every day. They were told to disrobe for a "medical examination". Sent before a
215:
and other countries. The US had jurisdiction for these crimes under international law. Several people were convicted and executed for these crimes. After the German courts were reconstructed under the occupation, in 1946 a doctor and nurse were prosecuted by
Germans for the murders of nearly 15,000
1180:
Several times a week buses arrive in
Hadamar with a considerable number of such victims. School children of the vicinity know this vehicle and say, 'There comes the murder box again.' After the arrival of the vehicle, the citizens of Hadamar watch the smoke rise out of the chimney and are tortured
487:
U.S. military authorities decided to undertake their first prosecution to adjudicate crimes associated with the systematic racial and social persecution and extermination committed under Nazi
Germany policies. Initially, American authorities intended to try Hadamar physicians, nurses, and
519:, a nurse and only female defendant, received the lightest sentence, that of 25 years imprisonment with hard labor. On 14 March 1946, Klein, Ruoff, and Willig were executed. In December 1945 the Allies promulgated Allied Control Council Law No. 10, which allowed the elastic charge of "
367:
Despite the hospital's precautions to cover up the T-4 programme, the local population were fully aware of events at the hospital. The people murdered in the
Hadamar hospital were brought in by train and bus, apparently vanishing behind the site's high fencing. Since the
432:
Though the war ended in
Germany on 8 May 1945, the Nazi extermination institutions continued to murder disabled patients by drugs or depriving them of food. The last known patient murdered at Hadamar was a four-year-old mentally handicapped boy, killed on 29 May 1945.
206:
after the war. During 8–15 October 1945, United States forces conducted the
Hadamar Trial, the first mass atrocity trial in the years following World War II. They prosecuted doctors and staff on charges of murdering citizens of allied countries, namely,
402:
As people learned of these activities, especially the role of the "grey buses" in collecting victims, there was growing opposition. Fearing public unrest, Hitler officially announced in August 1941 that the "euthanasia" activities had been curtailed.
274:, these were rejected because it was believed that positive eugenics was more representative of the Weimar political structures and the nation's social needs. This approach ended in 1933 after the ascent of the Nazis in Germany, who implemented a
1181:
with the ever-present thought of the miserable victims, especially when repulsive odors annoy them, depending on the direction of the wind. ... Children call each other names and say, 'You're crazy; you'll be sent to the baking oven in
Hadamar.'
428:
soldiers deemed psychologically incurable. Because the gas chamber had been deconstructed, the medical personnel and staff at
Hadamar murdered almost all of these people by lethal drug overdoses or deliberate neglect and malnutrition.
876:
258:, a concept popular at the time that developed from several disciplines including social history, biology, anthropology and genetics. As Weindling (1989) explained, there had been several movements in Germany since the end of
1107:
263:
538:
tried 25 Hadamar personnel, including
Wahlmann and Huber, for the murder of some 15,000 German patients at the facility. Although some had their sentences increased, they were all released early in the 1950s.
551:, alongside the Hadamar Memorial Museum, which contains a memorial to the victims and an exhibition regarding the mass murders that took place on the site. Both the clinic and museum are operated by the
515:
received a life sentence with hard labor due to his old age (he was nearly 70) and poor health. Two Hadamar administrative staff received sentences of 35 and 30 years with hard labor, respectively.
293:
for people with medical conditions thought to be hereditary, such as schizophrenia and "imbecility". It is estimated that 360,000 people were sterilised under this law between 1933 and 1939.
286:
1657:
886:
523:" to cover the massive scale of extermination the Germans had carried out against Jews, Poles, Gypsies and other populations. This charge was introduced in the indictment by the
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534:
In early 1946, "euthanasia" crimes such as those at Hadamar were transferred to the German courts, newly reconstructed under the occupation. In early 1947, a German tribunal in
208:
342:
physician, each was recorded as having one of 60 fatal diseases, as "incurables" were to be given a "mercy death". The doctor identified each person with different-coloured
372:
ovens were more often than not fed with two corpses at a time, the cremation process was less than perfect. This often resulted in the aforementioned thick, acrid
1171:
414:
After nearly a year of suspension, the murder of 'undesirables' resumed in August 1942, in what has been termed the "decentralized euthanasia" phase of
1343:
United States Military Commission Appointed by the Commanding General Western Military District, U.S.F.E.T., Wiesbaden, Germany, 8th-15th October, 1945
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195:. In total, an estimated 200,000 people were murdered at these facilities, including thousands of children. These actions were in keeping with
1637:
385:
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418:, where "euthanasia" killings were committed without centralized coordination from Berlin. Resident physicians and staff, headed by nurse
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Special Prosecutor), won convictions for all the accused. The six-man U.S. military tribunal sentenced the Hadamar chief administrator
705:
388:
in August 1941, local children taunted each other with the words "You're not very clever; you will go to Hadamar and into the ovens".
91:
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The hospital continues to operate. It holds a memorial to the euthanasia murders as well as an exhibit about the Nazi programme.
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in west central Germany riveted attention in the United States, with many local newspapers describing it as a "murder factory".
524:
70:
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715:
48:
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191:, which performed mass sterilizations and mass murder of "undesirable" members of German society, specifically those with
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as part of the Nazi "euthanasia" programme. The gas was obtained in standard cylinders supplied by the chemicals company
77:
1256:
1338:
1433:"Control Council Law No. 10, Punishment of Persons Guilty of War Crimes, Crimes Against Peace and Against Humanity"
59:
1406:
349:
Families of the victims were sent "comfort letters" with falsified causes of death. Families could also request a
37:
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476:
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for one of three categories: murder; murder & remove brain for research; murder & extract gold teeth.
290:
267:
203:
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391:
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concerned with the 'degeneration' of German racial purity that culminated with the founding in 1927 of the
254:
Since the late 19th century, doctors and scientists had been developing theories of racial purity based on
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1024:"The "T4" programme and the Hadamar killing centre (1941): Mass murder of institutional patients"
996:
804:
447:
and American officials began to investigate the murders that had been committed at its hospital.
322:
to initiate a "euthanasia" programme to give the "incurably sick" a "mercy death". Developed by
314:
Beginning in late 1939, Hitler personally issued an order on his private stationery authorizing
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Among the Hadamar victims were 476 Soviet and Polish forced labourers. Identified as having
343:
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721:
327:
315:
144:
1049:
Barbera, Patrizia (21 October 2008). "Todgeweihte kamen in Postbussen zur Hinrichtung".
913:
846:
Atrocities on Trial: Historical Perspectives on the Politics of Prosecuting War Crimes
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564:
516:
496:
460:
419:
275:
196:
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808:
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350:
323:
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777:"The 'Sonderweg' of German Eugenics: Nationalism and Scientific Internationalism"
920:
842:"Early Postwar Justice in the American Zone: The 'Hadamar Murder Factory' Trial"
369:
331:
319:
259:
26:
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The Hadamar Trial, 8–15 October 1945, was the first mass atrocity trial in the
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1432:
1310:"Murder Factory: 20,000 Put to Death by Germany in Insane Asylum Near Limburg"
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792:
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1100:[Memorial for Hadamar Victims: 'There comes the murder box again'].
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305:
160:
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266:. Although there had been demands since the early 1920s for legislation on
255:
246:
123:
1194:""Decentralised euthanasia" and the Hadamar killing centre (1942–1945)"
444:
169:
264:
Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics
1339:"Case No. 4: The Hadamar Trial: Trial of Alfons Klein and Six Others"
212:
177:
443:
On 26 March 1945, the US 2nd Infantry Division captured the town of
552:
471:
Wahlmann with Karl Willig (right) after their arrest in April 1945
466:
454:
245:
237:
226:
184:
130:
122:
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The Nazi Doctors: Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide
707:
The Nazi Doctors: Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide
373:
152:
1168:
Trials of War Criminals Before the Nuernberg Military Tribunals
1439:. Control Council for Germany. 20 December 1945. p. 50-55
1161:
Letter from Bishop of Limburg to the Reich Minister of Justice
987:"Mentally and Physically Handicapped: Victims of the Nazi Era"
20:
1380:"Nazi War Crimes Trials: Hadamar Trial (October 8-15, 1945)"
1098:"Denkmal fĂĽr Hadamar-Opfer: 'Da kommt wieder die Mordkiste'"
376:
hanging over the town. According to a letter sent by Bishop
187:
used Hadamar and five other sites as killing facilities for
1447:– via University of Minnesota Human Rights Library.
1374:
1372:
287:
Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring
770:
768:
549:
Vitos Klinik fĂĽr Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie Hadamar
440:, an estimated 4,500 victims were murdered at Hadamar.
16:
Nazi extermination centre in Hesse, Germany (1941–1945)
511:
and Karl Willig, to death by hanging. Chief physician
216:
German citizens at the hospital. Both were convicted.
480:
March 1945 of the "euthanasia" facility Hadamar near
1324:– via California Digital Newspaper Collection.
1018:
1016:
1014:
1259:. Disability Social History Project. Archived from
547:Today, the site houses a psychiatric hospital, the
353:, but the ashes were not from their family member.
51:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1257:"Nazis, Eugenics, and the T-4 Program (1920–1950)"
912:
844:. In Heberer, Patricia; Matthäus, Jürgen (eds.).
459:American war crimes investigators question nurse
1545:"Nazi Euthanasia of the Mentally Ill at Hadamar"
1658:Medical and health organisations based in Hesse
743:Burleigh, Michael; Wippermann, Wolfang (2014).
1407:"Juristische Auseinandersetzung (1945 – 1947)"
981:
979:
781:The British Journal for the History of Science
499:(who later gained prominence in the 1970s as
8:
1536:"Universal Studios Newsreel on Death Camps"
436:During the second "decentralized" phase of
1481:
1479:
1283:"Liberation of the killing centre (1945)"
835:
833:
831:
829:
827:
825:
202:Hadamar and its hospital fell within the
151:) was a killing facility involved in the
111:Learn how and when to remove this message
1583:This article incorporates text from the
1538:. 26 April 1945 – via archive.org.
1333:
1331:
390:
1585:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
1409:[Legal process (1945 - 1947)].
1230:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
1170:(Report). Vol. 1. Washington, DC:
992:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
882:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
750:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
678:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
646:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
614:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
600:
363:Nazi euthanasia and the Catholic Church
135:Crematorium chimney at Hadamar hospital
1174:. 1949 . 615-PS (USA-717) – via
1132:[Background: The Murder Box].
1091:
1089:
1087:
964:from the original on 21 September 2022
848:. U of Nebraska Press. p. 25-47.
1219:
1217:
1215:
1110:from the original on 22 December 2022
950:. Universal-Publishers. p. 315.
7:
1516:"International Place of Remembrance"
1347:United Nations War Crimes Commission
285:In July 1933, the Nazis passed the "
49:adding citations to reliable sources
1096:Riebsamen, Hans (8 February 2018).
621:from the original on 9 January 2023
570:GemeinnĂĽtzige Krankentransport GmbH
477:American occupation zone of Germany
463:at the Hadamar Institute, May 1945.
1587:, and has been released under the
1237:from the original on 11 March 2023
673:"Euthanasia Program and Aktion T4"
14:
1363:University of the West of England
685:from the original on 9 April 2023
653:from the original on 8 March 2023
1643:Psychiatric hospitals in Germany
310:Child euthanasia in Nazi Germany
278:based on their pseudoscientific
193:physical and mental disabilities
25:
525:International Military Tribunal
234:, organiser of the T4 Programme
127:Gas chamber in Hadamar hospital
36:needs additional citations for
1549:American Journal of Psychiatry
1103:Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
1052:Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
168:located in the German town of
1:
1653:Hospitals established in 1941
1638:Aktion T4 euthanasia centres
1413:(in German). 18 October 2021
1308:Boyle, Hal (10 April 1945).
1138:(in German). 18 January 2008
1130:"Hintergrund: Die Mordkiste"
1070:. Leo Cooper. p. 127.
1674:
1172:Government Printing Office
840:Heberer, Patricia (2008).
704:Lifton, Robert J. (1986).
360:
303:
250:Interior of the bus garage
242:Garage of the "Grey Buses"
1561:10.1176/appi.ajp.163.1.27
1176:Virginia Holocaust Museum
944:Lindsay, Deborah (2020).
793:10.1017/S0007087400026182
197:Nazi ideas about eugenics
164:. It was housed within a
149:NS-Tötungsanstalt Hadamar
1543:Strous, Rael D. (2006).
775:Weindling, Paul (1989).
543:Post-war use of the site
291:compulsory sterilisation
204:American occupation zone
60:"Hadamar killing centre"
1520:Hadamar Memorial Museum
1491:Hadamar Memorial Museum
1411:Hadamar Memorial Museum
1287:Hadamar Memorial Museum
1198:Hadamar Memorial Museum
1028:Hadamar Memorial Museum
580:Hartheim killing centre
521:crimes against humanity
507:, and two male nurses,
183:Beginning in 1939, the
1385:Jewish Virtual Library
877:"Forced Sterilization"
609:"Media Essay: Hadamar"
575:Am Spiegelgrund clinic
472:
464:
399:
386:Reich Justice Minister
251:
243:
235:
156:involuntary euthanasia
148:
141:Hadamar killing centre
136:
128:
1066:Haig, Dawyck (2000).
745:"Nazi Racial Science"
470:
458:
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249:
241:
230:
134:
126:
1648:Hospitals in Germany
1614:50.45083°N 8.04167°E
1314:San Pedro News Pilot
289:", which prescribed
166:psychiatric hospital
45:improve this article
1610: /
1225:"The Hadamar Trial"
590:Scheuern Foundation
482:Limburg an der Lahn
158:programme known as
1459:"Historie Hadamar"
1316:. Associated Press
947:Behind Barbed Wire
473:
465:
400:
382:Diocese of Limburg
276:eugenics programme
252:
244:
236:
137:
129:
1619:50.45083; 8.04167
1522:. 20 January 2022
1493:. 20 January 2022
1487:"Memorial Museum"
1289:. 20 January 2022
1200:. 14 January 2022
1030:. 14 January 2022
753:. Washington, D.C
724:on 3 January 2007
378:Antonius Hilfrich
344:sticking plasters
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1349:. Archived from
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407:Second phase of
209:forced labourers
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1068:My Father's Son
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710:. p. 102.
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553:State of Hessen
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328:carbon monoxide
316:Philipp Bouhler
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304:Main articles:
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297:First phase of
280:racial theories
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1509:External links
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38:verification
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370:crematorium
332:gas chamber
320:Karl Brandt
260:World War I
1632:Categories
1602:50°27′03″N
1135:Junge Welt
717:0465093396
596:References
361:See also:
272:euthanasia
223:Background
71:newspapers
1605:8°02′30″E
1555:(1): 27.
1267:4 October
641:"Hadamar"
536:Frankfurt
529:Nuremberg
527:(IMT) at
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336:IG Farben
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1463:vitos.de
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683:Archived
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559:See also
357:Protests
256:eugenics
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174:Limburg
172:, near
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1164:(PDF)
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330:in a
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185:Nazis
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