229:
506:
cross the placenta. For unknown reasons, the incidence of maternal antibodies against type A and B antigens of the IgG type that could potentially cause hemolytic disease of the newborn is greater than the observed incidence of "ABO disease." About 15% of pregnancies involve a type O mother and a type A or type B child; only 3% of these pregnancies result in hemolytic disease due to A/B/O incompatibility. In contrast to antibodies to A and B antigens, production of Rhesus antibodies upon exposure to environmental antigens seems to vary significantly across individuals. In cases where there is ABO incompatibility and Rh incompatibility, the risk of alloimmunization is decreased because fetal red blood cells are removed from maternal circulation due to anti-ABO antibodies before they can trigger an anti-Rh response.
831:"Acute hemolytic transfusion reactions may be either immune-mediated or nonimmune-mediated. Immune-mediated hemolytic transfusion reactions caused by immunoglobulin M (IgM) anti-A, anti-B, or anti-A, B typically result in severe, potentially fatal complement-mediated intravascular hemolysis. Immune-mediated hemolytic reactions caused by IgG, Rh, Kell, Duffy, or other non-ABO antibodies typically result in extravascular sequestration, shortened survival of transfused red cells, and relatively mild clinical reactions. Acute hemolytic transfusion reactions due to immune hemolysis may occur in patients who have no antibodies detectable by routine laboratory procedures."
741:(RhIG, or RhoGam) at 28 weeks during pregnancy, at 34 weeks, and within 48 hours after delivery to prevent sensitization to the D antigen. It works by binding any fetal red blood cells with the D antigen before the mother is able to produce an immune response and form anti-D IgG. A drawback to pre-partum administration of RhIG is that it causes a positive antibody screen when the mother is tested, which can be difficult to distinguish from natural immunological responses that result in antibody production. Without Rho(D) immunoglobulin, the risk of isoimmunization is approximately 17%; with proper administration, the risk is reduced to less than 0.1–0.2%.
81:
58:
814:
intravenousγ-globulin (0.5–1 g/kg over 2 hours) is recommended if the TSB (total serum bilirubin) is rising despite intensive phototherapy or the TSB level is within 2 to 3 mg/dL (34–51 μmol/L) of the exchange level. If necessary, this dose can be repeated in 12 hours (evidence quality B: benefits exceed harms). Intravenous γ-globulin has been shown to reduce the need for exchange transfusions in Rh and ABO hemolytic disease."
472:). This is a major cause of HDN, because 75% of pregnancies result in some contact between fetal and maternal blood, and 15–50% of pregnancies have hemorrhages with the potential for immune sensitization. The amount of fetal blood needed to cause maternal sensitization depends on the individual's immune system and ranges from 0.1 mL to 30 mL.
813:
IVIG – IVIG has been used to successfully treat many cases of HDN. It has been used not only on anti-D, but on anti-E as well. IVIG can be used to reduce the need for exchange transfusion and to shorten the length of phototherapy. The AAP recommends "In isoimmune hemolytic disease, administration of
755:
In some cases, the direct Coombs will be negative but severe, even fatal HDN can occur. An indirect Coombs needs to be run in cases of anti-C, anti-c, and anti-M. Infants with Anti-M are also recommended to receive antigen testing to rule out the presence of HDN. The below tests are often useful in
701:
IVIG – IVIG stands for
Intravenous Immunoglobulin. It is used in cases of previous loss, high maternal titers, known aggressive antibodies, and in cases where religion prevents blood transfusion. IVIG can be more effective than IUT alone. Fetal mortality was reduced by 36% in the IVIG and IUT group
575:
of HDFN is based on history and laboratory findings. If a newly pregnant woman has red cell antibodies in her serum, the antibody titer should be followed with subsequent blood draws. The titer will rise if the fetus expresses the red cell antigen to which she is alloimmunized. In that case, fetal
505:
to A and B antigens, which are widespread in the environment, usually leads to the production of IgM or IgG anti-A and anti-B antibodies early in life. Women of blood type O are more prone than women of types A and B to making IgG anti-A and anti-B antibodies, and these IgG antibodies are able to
827:
Once a woman has antibodies, she is at high risk for a future transfusion reaction if she is in need of a blood transfusion. For this reason, she is advised to carry a medical alert card at all times and inform all doctors and emergency personnel of her antibody status. The absence of antibodies
779:
Newborn
Screening Tests – Transfusion with donor blood during pregnancy or shortly after birth can affect the results of the Newborn Screening Tests. It is recommended to wait and retest 10–12 months after last transfusion. In some cases, DNA testing from saliva can be used to rule out certain
763:
Reticulocyte count – Reticulocytes are elevated when the infant is producing more red blood cells in response to anemia. A rise in the retic count can mean that an infant may not need additional transfusions. Low retic is observed in infants treated with IUT and in those with HDN from
750:
Coombs – in certain instances (when there is concern for blood group incompatibility between mother and baby for example), after birth a baby will have a direct Coombs test run to confirm the antibodies attached to the infant's red blood cells. This test is run on the infant's cord
464:(often caused by trauma), or medical procedures carried out during pregnancy that breach the uterine wall. In subsequent pregnancies, if there is a similar incompatibility in the fetus, these antibodies are then able to cross the placenta into the fetal bloodstream to attach to the
537:
can range from a mild to severe disease and is the third most common form of severe HDN. Rhesus e and rhesus C hemolytic disease of the newborn are rare. Anti-C and anti-c can both show a negative DAT but still have a severely affected infant. An indirect Coombs must also be run.
2080:
Hyland CA, O'Brien H, Flower RL, Gardener GJ. Non-invasive prenatal testing for management of haemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn induced by maternal alloimmunisation. Transfus Apher Sci. 2020 Oct;59(5):102947. doi: 10.1016/j.transci.2020.102947. Epub 2020 Sep 18. PMID:
809:
Phototherapy – Exposure to ultraviolet light (phototherapy) is recommended when the cord bilirubin is 3 or higher. Some doctors use it at lower levels while awaiting lab results. This converts unconjugated bilirubin to a conjugated form that is easier for the infant to
562:
One study states that it would be unwise to routinely dismiss anti-E as being of little clinical consequence. It also found that the most severe case of anti-E HDFN occurred with titers 1:2, concluding that titers are not reliable for the diagnosis of the anti-E type.
494:-positive blood to avoid possible sensitization, but this would strain the resources of blood transfusion services, and it is currently considered uneconomical to screen for these blood groups. HDFN can also be caused by antibodies to a variety of other
817:
Exchange transfusion – Exchange transfusion is used when bilirubin reaches either the high or medium risk lines on the nonogram provided by the
American Academy of Pediatrics (Figure 4). Cord bilirubin >4 is also indicative of the need for exchange
2868:
4188:
4173:
720:(IUT) is done either by intraperitoneal transfusion (IPT) or intravenous transfusion (IVT). IVT is preferred over IPT. IUTs are only done until 35 weeks. After that, the risk of an IUT is greater than the risk from post birth transfusion.
552:
related HDN are caused by multiple blood transfusions. Antibodies to the other Kell antigens are rare. Anti-Kell can cause severe anemia regardless of titer. It suppresses the bone marrow by inhibiting the erythroid progenitor cells.
705:
Plasmapheresis – Plasmapheresis aims to decrease the maternal titer by direct plasma replacement and physical removal of antibody. Plasmapheresis and IVIG together can even be used on women with previously hydropic fetuses and fetal
514:
HDN is classified by the type of antigens involved. The main types are ABO HDN, Rhesus HDN, Kell HDN, and other antibodies. Combinations of antibodies (for example, anti-Rhc and anti-RhE occurring together) can be especially severe.
2091:
Voto LS, Mathet ER, Zapaterio JL, Orti J, Lede RL, Margulies M (1997). "High-dose gammaglobulin (IVIG) followed by intrauterine transfusions (IUTs): a new alternative for the treatment of severe fetal hemolytic disease".
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2213:
Ruma MS, Moise KJ, Kim E, Murtha AP, Prutsman WJ, Hassan SS, Lubarsky SL (February 2007). "Combined plasmapheresis and intravenous immune globulin for the treatment of severe maternal red cell alloimmunization".
2854:
2737:
943:
228:
3566:
2178:
Palfi M, Hildén JO, Matthiesen L, Selbing A, Berlin G (October 2006). "A case of severe Rh (D) alloimmunization treated by intensive plasma exchange and high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin".
1876:
2071:
Fasano RM. Hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn in the molecular era. Semin Fetal
Neonatal Med. 2016 Feb;21(1):28-34. doi: 10.1016/j.siny.2015.10.006. Epub 2015 Nov 14. PMID: 26589360.
2062:
Fasano RM. Hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn in the molecular era. Semin Fetal
Neonatal Med. 2016 Feb;21(1):28-34. doi: 10.1016/j.siny.2015.10.006. Epub 2015 Nov 14. PMID: 26589360.
668:
Cell free fetal DNA (cff-DNA) from maternal plasma may be used early in pregnancy to determine whether the fetus expresses the red cell antigen to which the pregnant mother is alloimmunized
679:
Erythrocyte antigen status on the father might be a non-preferred alternative, if maternal cff-DNA testing is not available, in conjunction with monitoring the titer of the maternal plasma
1741:
van
Wamelen DJ, Klumper FJ, de Haas M, Meerman RH, van Kamp IL, Oepkes D (May 2007). "Obstetric history and antibody titer in estimating severity of Kell alloimmunization in pregnancy".
1672:
Heddle NM, Wentworth P, Anderson DR, Emmerson D, Kelton JG, Blajchman MA (June 1995). "Three examples of Rh haemolytic disease of the newborn with a negative direct antiglobulin test".
4292:
487:
typing are routine prior to transfusion. Suggestions have been made that women of child-bearing age or young girls should not be given a transfusion with Rhc-positive blood or
625:
count, which will usually be increased as the bone marrow makes new red blood cells to replace the ones that are being destroyed, and a peripheral blood smear to look at cell
1357:
Rath ME, Smits-Wintjens VE, Oepkes D, Walther FJ, Lopriore E (November 2013). "Iron status in infants with alloimmune haemolytic disease in the first three months of life".
842:
In 2003, the incidence of Rh(D) sensitization in the United States was 6.8 per 1000 live births; 0.27% of women with an Rh incompatible fetus experience alloimmunization.
4045:
3559:
3242:
866:
541:
213:
3257:
3247:
2749:
876:
871:
534:
209:
205:
3552:
2135:
Novak DJ, Tyler LN, Reddy RL, Barsoom MJ (2008). "Plasmapheresis and intravenous immune globulin for the treatment of D alloimmunization in pregnancy".
1884:
288:, however the risk of kernicterus in HDN is higher because of the rapid and massive destruction of blood cells. Isoimmunization is a risk factor for
4128:
4123:
3724:
4079:
556:
Anti-M also recommends antigen testing to rule out the presence of HDN as the direct coombs can come back negative in a severely affected infant.
2768:
Geifman-Holtzman O, Wojtowycz M, Kosmas E, Artal R (February 1997). "Female alloimmunization with antibodies known to cause hemolytic disease".
2562:
Onesimo R, Rizzo D, Ruggiero A, Valentini P (September 2010). "Intravenous
Immunoglobulin therapy for anti-E hemolytic disease in the newborn".
3901:
3237:
881:
197:
2818:
1972:
3140:
2452:
518:
257:
948:
1963:
776:
Ferritin – because most infants affected by HDN have iron overload, a ferritin must be run before giving the infant any additional iron.
527:(often called Rh disease) is the most common and only preventable form of severe HDN. Since the introduction of Rho-D immunoglobulin, (
4307:
3145:
31:
1155:
Shapiro SM (January 2005). "Definition of the clinical spectrum of kernicterus and bilirubin-induced neurologic dysfunction (BIND)".
729:
Early
Delivery – Delivery can occur anytime after the age of viability. Emergency delivery due to failed IUT is possible, along with
4118:
3896:
2923:
692:
is given to prevent sensitization. However, there is no comparable immunotherapy available for other blood group incompatibilities.
2374:
3466:
3441:
3891:
3937:
3799:
3533:
3483:
3051:
531:, at 1968, which prevents the production of maternal Rho-D antibodies, the incidence of anti-D HDN has decreased dramatically.
3794:
789:
After birth, treatment depends on the severity of the condition, but could include temperature stabilization and monitoring,
726:
Phenobarbital – Phenobarbital is sometimes given to the mother to help mature the fetal liver and reduce hyperbilirubinemia.
355:
and damage to the liver due to excess bilirubin. Conditions that may cause similar symptoms in the newborn period include:
4302:
4017:
3225:
886:
193:
4074:
3461:
3384:
3202:
3150:
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and persist after delivery. The three most common models in which a woman becomes sensitized toward (i.e., produces IgG
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3779:
3451:
3356:
3293:
521:
can range from mild to severe, but generally, it is a mild disease. It can be caused by anti-A and anti-B antibodies.
3174:
1786:"Alloimmunization due to red cell antibodies in Rhesus positive Omani Pregnant Women: Maternal and Perinatal outcome"
4007:
3685:
3298:
3288:
3179:
963:"Associations of Rhesus and non-Rhesus maternal red blood cell alloimmunization with stillbirth and preterm birth"
4297:
4037:
3860:
3328:
3037:
3033:
2993:
2846:
1275:
Koenig JM, Christensen RD (April 1989). "Neutropenia and thrombocytopenia in infants with Rh hemolytic disease".
441:
2491:
430:
which does not cross the placenta), the IgG will target the antigen, if present in the fetus, and may affect it
426:
foreign to the make-up of the body. If a mother is exposed to a foreign antigen and produces IgG (as opposed to
220:
have shown the anti-RhD type to be the most common cause of HDFN, followed by anti-RhE, anti-RhC, and anti-Rhc.
4203:
3951:
3720:
3706:
3394:
3315:
2326:
891:
770:
Thrombocytes – as thrombocytopenia is one of the complications of HDN, the thrombocyte count should be checked.
723:
Steroids – Steroids are sometimes given to the mother before IUTs and early delivery to mature the fetal lungs.
717:
584:
3824:
3587:
3490:
3456:
3061:
2981:
2971:
2918:
2738:"Fatalities Reported to FDA Following Blood Collection and Transfusion: Annual Summary for Fiscal Year 2011"
580:
89:
1449:
al-Alaiyan S, al Omran A (1999). "Late hyporegenerative anemia in neonates with rhesus hemolytic disease".
1233:
Lande L (June 1948). "Clinical signs and development of survivors of kernicterus due to Rh sensitization".
268:
levels. After delivery, bilirubin is no longer cleared (via the placenta) from the neonate's blood and the
216:. Although global prevalence studies of the differential contribution of those types are lacking, regional
169:. The intensity of this fetal disease ranges from mild to very severe, and fetal death from heart failure (
3955:
3371:
3189:
3098:
3081:
2381:
2301:
Baur AR, Baur EH, Pritzker JG, Caughey AB, Tran SH, Arraut A (2 July 2018). Talavera FT, Smith CV (eds.).
702:
than in the IUT alone group. IVIG and plasmapheresis together can reduce or eliminate the need for an IUT.
577:
528:
3305:
3013:
767:
Neutrophils – as neutropenia is one of the complications of HDN, the neutrophil count should be checked.
689:
484:
177:(immature red blood cells) are present in the fetal blood, earning these forms of the disease the name
4113:
4108:
4092:
4002:
3932:
3789:
3701:
3343:
3333:
3135:
3091:
851:
794:
626:
608:
292:
and lowers the level at which kernicterus can occur. Untreated profound anemia can cause high-output
196:. Various types of HDFN are classified by which alloantigen provokes the response. The types include
1913:"Maternal anti-M induced hemolytic disease of newborn followed by prolonged anemia in newborn twins"
4192:
4135:
3528:
3511:
3361:
3217:
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2463:
488:
313:
80:
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3379:
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3046:
2793:
2587:
2434:
2280:
2160:
2117:
2045:
1766:
1697:
1651:
1523:
1474:
1382:
1180:
798:
737:
Rhesus-negative mothers who are pregnant with a rhesus-positive infant are offered Rho(D) immune
495:
344:
245:
217:
17:
4265:
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57:
4243:
4214:
3842:
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3637:
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3279:
3197:
3167:
3108:
3086:
2903:
2814:
2785:
2702:
2636:
2579:
2544:
2426:
2272:
2231:
2195:
2152:
2109:
2037:
1944:
1858:
1817:
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1689:
1643:
1599:
1515:
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1431:
1374:
1336:
1292:
1250:
1215:
1172:
1137:
1041:
992:
920:
756:
cases of hemolytic disease of the newborn but are not required for treatment of all newborns.
476:
449:
281:
154:
74:
65:
1837:"Inhibition of erythroid progenitor cells by anti-Kell antibodies in fetal alloimmune anemia"
1012:"[Serious materno-fetal alloimmunization: about a case and review of the literature]"
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3820:
3737:
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3673:
3600:
3575:
3521:
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3008:
2949:
2913:
2777:
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2626:
2618:
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2534:
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2187:
2144:
2101:
2029:
1934:
1924:
1848:
1807:
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1633:
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1505:
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1207:
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1119:
1031:
1023:
982:
974:
427:
356:
352:
249:
189:
134:
3544:
4027:
3997:
3881:
3809:
3663:
3616:
3478:
3264:
3156:
3076:
2356:
730:
638:
502:
438:
against) a particular antigen are hemorrhage, blood transfusion, and ABO incompatibility.
372:
320:
237:
170:
162:
2720:
2654:
2302:
2355:
Wagle S, Deshpande PG, Itani O (28 December 2017). Windle ML, Clark DA, Aslam M (eds.).
1722:
Wagle S, Deshpande PG, Itani O (28 December 2017). Windle ML, Clark DA, Aslam M (eds.).
3911:
3865:
3658:
3103:
2961:
2807:
2697:
2672:
2631:
2606:
2033:
1939:
1912:
1812:
1785:
1754:
1723:
1685:
1594:
1567:
1426:
1401:
1132:
1107:
1036:
1011:
987:
962:
548:
antibodies, the second most common form of severe HDN. Over half of the cases of anti-K
524:
465:
388:
150:
2781:
2607:"Systematic review of intravenous immunoglobulin in haemolytic disease of the newborn"
2523:"Management of hyperbilirubinemia in the newborn infant 35 or more weeks of gestation"
2403:
Rimon E, Peltz R, Gamzu R, Yagel S, Feldman B, Chayen B, et al. (November 2006).
1288:
1246:
4281:
4086:
3678:
3042:
2882:
2164:
324:
293:
289:
94:
4197:
2797:
2591:
2438:
2284:
2121:
1770:
1701:
1655:
1478:
1386:
1184:
3981:
3771:
3653:
3642:
3162:
3003:
2049:
1527:
1076:"Erythrocyte Alloimmunization and Pregnancy: Overview, Background, Pathophysiology"
1027:
861:
790:
642:
622:
444:, which is the movement of fetal blood cells across the placenta, can occur during
305:
301:
174:
126:
98:
4254:
2191:
1835:
Vaughan JI, Manning M, Warwick RM, Letsky EA, Murray NA, Roberts IA (March 1998).
1494:"Red blood cell alloimmunisation: still a major complication of blood transfusion"
4208:
347:, inspissated (thickened or dried) bile syndrome and/or greenish staining of the
4238:
3668:
3648:
3632:
3506:
3408:
3274:
2976:
1853:
1836:
1546:
National Center for
Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
1331:
1314:
663:
649:
634:
340:
285:
253:
2521:
American
Academy of Pediatrics Subcommittee on Hyperbilirubinemia (July 2004).
2227:
1211:
912:
4260:
4219:
3516:
3473:
3414:
3252:
2829:
2575:
2267:
2250:
2105:
1994:
1541:
856:
616:
612:
453:
435:
360:
233:
201:
70:
2405:"Management of Kell isoimmunization--evaluation of a Doppler-guided approach"
2276:
1929:
1802:
1568:"Hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn: Current trends and perspectives"
248:(also called direct agglutination test), elevated cord bilirubin levels, and
4249:
4182:
3419:
2878:
2725:
2659:
1971:, Los Angeles, California: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine,
1584:
1123:
630:
601:
572:
469:
461:
368:
265:
261:
158:
2706:
2640:
2583:
2548:
2539:
2522:
2430:
2235:
2199:
2156:
2041:
1948:
1821:
1762:
1647:
1603:
1519:
1470:
1435:
1378:
1340:
1254:
1219:
1176:
1141:
1045:
996:
924:
2789:
2113:
1862:
1693:
1417:
1296:
1168:
3212:
1462:
1080:
978:
802:
738:
597:
457:
445:
364:
277:
273:
142:
138:
1784:
Al-Dughaishi T, Al-Rubkhi IS, Al-Duhli M, Al-Harrasi Y, Gowri V (2015).
559:
Kidd antigens are also present on the endothelial cells of the kidneys.
3591:
2935:
2622:
423:
276:(yellowish skin and yellow discoloration of the whites of the eyes, or
269:
146:
4165:
2688:
2148:
1638:
1621:
1510:
1493:
1370:
828:
however does not preclude a woman from having a transfusion reaction:
501:
The third sensitization model can occur in women of blood type O. The
284:, there is the possibility of the neonate developing acute or chronic
4177:
3960:
2939:
2421:
2404:
1620:
de Haas M, Thurik FF, Koelewijn JM, van der Schoot CE (August 2015).
297:
166:
2020:
Moran P, Robson SC, Reid MM (November 2000). "Anti-E in pregnancy".
2001:. Bethesda, Maryland: National Center for Biotechnology Information
280:) increase within 24 hours after birth. Like other forms of severe
3927:
3595:
3323:
3070:
1198:
Blair E, Watson L (April 2006). "Epidemiology of cerebral palsy".
348:
328:
309:
227:
130:
834:
For a summary of transfusion reactions in the US, see reference.
583:
is used to determine the degree of fetal anemia and the need for
3548:
2850:
2382:
University of North Carolina, School of Medicine at Chapel Hill
961:
Fan J, Lee BK, Wikman AT, Johansson S, Reilly M (August 2014).
760:
Hgb – the infant's hemoglobin should be tested from cord blood.
498:
antigens, but Kell and Rh are the most frequently encountered.
4288:
Haemorrhagic and haematological disorders of fetus and newborn
652:(might be negative after fetal interuterine blood transfusion)
480:
2357:"Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn Treatment & Management"
413:
be treated with iron. Can persist up to 12 weeks after birth.
244:
Signs of hemolytic disease of the newborn include a positive
236:, a type of hemolytic disease of the newborn, suffering from
2611:
Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition
1313:
Lalezari P, Nussbaum M, Gelman S, Spaet TH (February 1960).
1112:
Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition
240:(edema caused by heart failure). The infant did not survive.
2350:
2348:
1010:
Zineb B, Boutaina L, Ikram L, Driss MR, Mohammed D (2015).
2375:"UNC Detection & Prevention: Isoimmunization Protocol"
173:) can occur. When the disease is moderate or severe, many
252:. It is possible for a newborn with this disease to have
1717:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1402:"Severe late anemia of hemolytic disease of the newborn"
2464:
University of California, San Francisco, Medical Center
1308:
1306:
422:
Antibodies are produced when the body is exposed to an
1315:"Neonatal neutropenia due to maternal isoimmunization"
192:
for the fetus or some other form of impairment of the
2564:
The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine
212:, anti-Rhe, anti-RhC, multiantigen combinations, and
4155:
1911:
Arora S, Doda V, Maria A, Kotwal U, Goyal S (2015).
4229:
4159:
4101:
4067:
4058:
4036:
3990:
3969:
3950:
3920:
3874:
3859:
3818:
3770:
3763:
3749:
3719:
3694:
3609:
3586:
3499:
3434:
3393:
3370:
3342:
3314:
3211:
3188:
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3119:
3060:
3026:
2990:
2958:
2932:
2900:
2889:
88:
64:
47:
42:
2806:
2296:
2294:
2320:
2318:
2316:
4046:Transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease
2836:. National Center for Biotechnology Information.
2813:(10th ed.). Oxford, UK: Blackwell Science.
2805:Mollison PL, Engelfriet CP, Contreras M (1997).
1877:"Kell sensitization can cause fetal anemia, too"
793:, transfusion with compatible packed red blood,
2516:
2514:
2512:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1615:
1613:
1352:
1350:
919:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
145:. Among these antibodies are some which attack
1883:. UBM Medica. 1 September 2008. Archived from
1667:
1665:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1091:
4293:Disorders originating in the perinatal period
3560:
2862:
2327:"Intrauterine fetal transfusion of red cells"
2216:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
1622:"Haemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn"
1069:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1055:
27:Fetal and neonatal alloimmune blood condition
8:
2492:"Hemolytic Disease of the Fetus and Newborn"
2303:"Erythrocyte Alloimmunization and Pregnancy"
867:Hemolytic disease of the newborn (anti-Kell)
877:Hemolytic disease of the newborn (anti-RhE)
872:Hemolytic disease of the newborn (anti-Rhc)
773:Bilirubin should be tested from cord blood.
4156:
4064:
3966:
3871:
3767:
3746:
3606:
3567:
3553:
3545:
3123:
2897:
2869:
2855:
2847:
645:(also known as nucleated red blood cells).
542:Anti-Kell hemolytic disease of the newborn
475:The woman may have received a therapeutic
385:Bilirubin Induced Neurological Dysfunction
141:) produced by the mother pass through the
111:hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn
79:
56:
39:
2696:
2630:
2538:
2460:Intensive Care Nursery House Staff Manual
2420:
2409:Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology
2266:
1938:
1928:
1852:
1811:
1801:
1724:"Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn Workup"
1637:
1593:
1583:
1509:
1425:
1330:
1200:Seminars in Fetal & Neonatal Medicine
1131:
1035:
986:
525:Rhesus D hemolytic disease of the newborn
379:High at birth or rapidly rising bilirubin
367:infection, congenital obstruction of the
137:molecules (one of the five main types of
2834:Blood Groups and Red Blood Cell Antigens
4080:Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
1566:Basu S, Kaur R, Kaur G (January 2011).
903:
2809:Blood Transfusion in Clinical Medicine
2605:Gottstein R, Cooke RW (January 2003).
882:Hemolytic disease of the newborn (ABO)
159:breaking down and destroying the cells
3902:Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis
2655:Hemolytic Disease of Newborn~followup
1973:University of California, Los Angeles
967:International Journal of Epidemiology
7:
3141:Infant respiratory distress syndrome
2677:Transfusion Medicine and Hemotherapy
2496:The Lecturio Medical Concept Library
1917:Asian Journal of Transfusion Science
1790:Asian Journal of Transfusion Science
1572:Asian Journal of Transfusion Science
1106:Murray NA, Roberts IA (March 2007).
688:In cases of Rho(D) incompatibility,
591:Blood tests done on the newborn baby
519:ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn
258:neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia
1841:The New England Journal of Medicine
1108:"Haemolytic disease of the newborn"
339:Complications of HDN could include
323:, an often-severe form of prenatal
3146:Transient tachypnea of the newborn
2830:"Hemolytic disease of the newborn"
2466:, pp. 121–124, archived from
2453:"Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn"
2034:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2000.tb11662.x
1999:Blood Groups and Red Cell Antigens
1995:"Chapter 10: The Kidd blood group"
1755:10.1097/01.AOG.0000260957.77090.4e
1686:10.1111/j.1365-3148.1995.tb00197.x
1542:"Hemolytic disease of the newborn"
1400:Mitchell S, James A (April 1999).
32:Hemorrhagic disease of the newborn
25:
4119:Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome
2924:Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome
2673:"Hemolytic Transfusion Reactions"
2180:Transfusion and Apheresis Science
629:. In the presence of significant
619:due to red blood cell destruction
544:is most commonly caused by anti-K
18:Haemolytic disease of the newborn
4266:Hemolytic disease of the newborn
3756:Hemolytic disease of the newborn
3442:Vertically transmitted infection
107:Hemolytic disease of the newborn
43:Hemolytic disease of the newborn
3938:Subacute bacterial endocarditis
3800:Immune thrombocytopenic purpura
3534:Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder
3484:Group B streptococcal infection
3052:Intrauterine growth restriction
2742:Vaccines, Blood & Biologics
1016:The Pan African Medical Journal
2877:Conditions originating in the
1498:British Journal of Haematology
1406:Paediatrics & Child Health
1028:10.11604/pamj.2015.22.137.3508
673:Blood tests done on the father
657:Blood tests done on the mother
637:(fragmented red blood cells),
611:), which may show a decreased
485:Rhesus (Rh) blood group system
1:
4018:Postorgasmic illness syndrome
3226:Vitamin K deficiency bleeding
2782:10.1016/S0029-7844(96)00434-6
2325:Moise Jr KJ (15 March 2018).
2192:10.1016/j.transci.2006.07.002
2137:Journal of Clinical Apheresis
2094:Journal of Perinatal Medicine
1451:Journal of Perinatal Medicine
1289:10.1016/s0022-3476(89)80709-7
1247:10.1016/S0022-3476(48)80225-8
887:Neonatal red cell transfusion
805:and/or assisted ventilation.
468:and cause their destruction (
194:immune tolerance in pregnancy
133:at or around birth, when the
129:condition that develops in a
4075:Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
3385:Periventricular leukomalacia
3203:Persistent fetal circulation
3151:Meconium aspiration syndrome
2748:, 8 May 2012, archived from
2746:Food and Drug Administration
949:Dorland's Medical Dictionary
382:Prolonged hyperbilirubinemia
188:HDFN represents a breach of
4141:Systemic autoimmune disease
3977:Allergic contact dermatitis
3897:Hypersensitivity vasculitis
3780:Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
3294:Intraventricular hemorrhage
1854:10.1056/NEJM199803193381204
1332:10.1182/blood.V15.2.236.236
911:Nassar GN, Wehbe C (2022).
600:including total and direct
4324:
3647:common allergies include:
3299:Germinal matrix hemorrhage
3289:Velamentous cord insertion
3180:Bronchopulmonary dysplasia
2251:"Intrauterine Transfusion"
2228:10.1016/j.ajog.2006.10.890
1212:10.1016/j.siny.2005.10.010
944:"erythroblastosis fetalis"
913:"Erythroblastosis Fetalis"
29:
4308:Acquired hemolytic anemia
3329:Necrotizing enterocolitis
3038:Large for gestational age
3034:Small for gestational age
2770:Obstetrics and Gynecology
2576:10.3109/14767050903544751
2462:, Children's Hospital at
2268:10.1007/s40556-016-0072-4
2255:Journal of Fetal Medicine
2106:10.1515/jpme.1997.25.1.85
1743:Obstetrics and Gynecology
1277:The Journal of Pediatrics
1235:The Journal of Pediatrics
483:and the D antigen of the
442:Fetal-maternal hemorrhage
409:Late onset anemia – must
357:acquired hemolytic anemia
183:erythroblastosis foetalis
182:
55:
3892:Henoch–Schönlein purpura
3707:Eosinophilic esophagitis
1962:Lu Q (5 February 2009),
1930:10.4103/0973-6247.150968
1803:10.4103/0973-6247.162710
892:Neonatal isoerythrolysis
718:Intrauterine Transfusion
585:intrauterine transfusion
402:Hemolytic anemia – must
319:HDN can be the cause of
179:erythroblastosis fetalis
161:. The fetus can develop
123:erythroblastosis fetalis
30:Not to be confused with
4008:Hashimoto's thyroiditis
3795:Guillain–Barré syndrome
3491:Neonatal conjunctivitis
2982:Single umbilical artery
2972:Umbilical cord prolapse
2919:Placental insufficiency
2892:complicating pregnancy,
1965:Kidd Blood Group System
1585:10.4103/0973-6247.75963
1492:Pereira A (June 2018).
1157:Journal of Perinatology
1124:10.1136/adc.2005.076794
1074:Arraut A (2017-03-09).
711:Mid- to late- pregnancy
596:Biochemistry tests for
581:doppler ultrasonography
4109:Autoimmune adrenalitis
3467:ureaplasma urealyticum
3175:Wilson–Mikity syndrome
3099:Brachial plexus injury
2540:10.1542/peds.114.1.297
641:, and in severe cases
607:Complete blood count (
578:middle cerebral artery
481:ABO blood group system
241:
3415:Congenital hypertonia
3306:Anemia of prematurity
3014:Shoulder presentation
2721:Transfusion Reactions
1169:10.1038/sj.jp.7211157
823:Transfusion reactions
690:Rho(D) immunoglobulin
231:
4303:Transfusion medicine
4114:Autoimmune hepatitis
4093:Transplant rejection
4003:Giant cell arteritis
3933:Rheumatoid arthritis
3790:Goodpasture syndrome
3702:Autoimmune urticaria
3420:Congenital hypotonia
3334:Meconium peritonitis
3136:Intrauterine hypoxia
3092:Subgaleal hemorrhage
2222:(2): 138.e1–138.e6.
1975:, School of Medicine
1674:Transfusion Medicine
1463:10.1515/JPM.1999.014
852:Exchange transfusion
795:exchange transfusion
664:indirect Coombs test
633:the smear will show
406:be treated with iron
314:respiratory distress
232:Newborn infant with
3580:autoimmune diseases
3529:Neonatal withdrawal
3512:Perinatal mortality
3362:Sclerema neonatorum
3218:hematologic disease
2752:on 11 November 2012
1881:Contemporary OB/GYN
1418:10.1093/pch/4.3.201
1283:(4 Pt 1): 625–631.
745:After birth testing
4230:External resources
4023:Reactive arthritis
4013:Multiple sclerosis
3907:Reactive arthritis
3805:Pemphigus vulgaris
3785:Bullous pemphigoid
3686:Penicillin allergy
3622:Allergic urticaria
3462:mycoplasma hominis
3447:Neonatal infection
3403:Gray baby syndrome
3380:Perinatal asphyxia
3270:Hyperbilirubinemia
3047:Postterm pregnancy
2894:labour or delivery
2671:Strobel E (2008).
2623:10.1136/fn.88.1.F6
979:10.1093/ije/dyu079
801:for correction of
799:sodium bicarbonate
731:induction of labor
650:direct Coombs test
496:blood group system
456:, ruptures in the
345:hepatosplenomegaly
327:that causes fetal
264:leads to elevated
246:direct Coombs test
242:
224:Signs and symptoms
218:population studies
181:(British English:
4275:
4274:
4153:
4152:
4149:
4148:
4054:
4053:
3946:
3945:
3855:
3854:
3851:
3850:
3843:Pernicious anemia
3838:Myasthenia gravis
3715:
3714:
3638:Atopic dermatitis
3627:Allergic rhinitis
3542:
3541:
3430:
3429:
3280:Neonatal jaundice
3198:Pneumopericardium
3168:Pneumomediastinum
3109:Klumpke paralysis
3087:Caput succedaneum
3022:
3021:
2890:Maternal factors
2820:978-0-86542-881-2
2689:10.1159/000154811
2149:10.1002/jca.20180
2028:(11): 1436–1438.
1639:10.1111/vox.12265
1511:10.1111/bjh.15220
1371:10.1111/vox.12061
510:Serological types
477:blood transfusion
450:ectopic pregnancy
375:(CMV) infection.
282:neonatal jaundice
155:fetal circulation
104:
103:
75:immunohaematology
37:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
4315:
4298:Infant mortality
4157:
4136:Sjögren syndrome
4065:
3967:
3872:
3768:
3747:
3607:
3576:Hypersensitivity
3569:
3562:
3555:
3546:
3522:Infant mortality
3357:Erythema toxicum
3349:thermoregulation
3316:Gastrointestinal
3124:
3120:Affected systems
2997:
2965:
2950:Chorioamnionitis
2943:
2914:Placenta praevia
2907:
2898:
2871:
2864:
2857:
2848:
2837:
2824:
2812:
2801:
2754:
2753:
2734:
2728:
2717:
2711:
2710:
2700:
2668:
2662:
2651:
2645:
2644:
2634:
2602:
2596:
2595:
2570:(9): 1059–1061.
2559:
2553:
2552:
2542:
2518:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2488:
2482:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2472:
2457:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2424:
2422:10.1002/uog.2837
2400:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2379:
2371:
2365:
2364:
2352:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2322:
2311:
2310:
2298:
2289:
2288:
2270:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2210:
2204:
2203:
2175:
2169:
2168:
2132:
2126:
2125:
2088:
2082:
2078:
2072:
2069:
2063:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2017:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2006:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1970:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1942:
1932:
1908:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1856:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1815:
1805:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1749:(5): 1093–1098.
1738:
1732:
1731:
1719:
1706:
1705:
1669:
1660:
1659:
1641:
1617:
1608:
1607:
1597:
1587:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1513:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1429:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1354:
1345:
1344:
1334:
1310:
1301:
1300:
1272:
1259:
1258:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1152:
1146:
1145:
1135:
1103:
1086:
1085:
1071:
1050:
1049:
1039:
1007:
1001:
1000:
990:
973:(4): 1123–1131.
958:
952:
941:
935:
934:
932:
931:
908:
862:Alloimmunization
675:(rarely needed)
399:Thrombocytopenia
353:hemolytic anemia
250:hemolytic anemia
190:immune privilege
109:, also known as
84:
83:
60:
40:
21:
4323:
4322:
4318:
4317:
4316:
4314:
4313:
4312:
4278:
4277:
4276:
4271:
4270:
4225:
4224:
4168:
4154:
4145:
4097:
4060:
4050:
4032:
4028:Type 1 diabetes
3998:Coeliac disease
3986:
3958:
3942:
3916:
3882:Arthus reaction
3863:
3847:
3833:Graves' disease
3814:
3810:Rheumatic fever
3759:
3727:
3711:
3690:
3617:Allergic asthma
3598:
3582:
3573:
3543:
3538:
3495:
3479:Neonatal sepsis
3426:
3395:Musculoskeletal
3389:
3366:
3347:
3338:
3310:
3265:Hydrops fetalis
3216:
3207:
3184:
3157:Pleural disease
3115:
3077:Cephalohematoma
3056:
3018:
2991:
2986:
2959:
2954:
2933:
2928:
2901:
2893:
2891:
2885:
2875:
2845:
2840:
2828:Dean L (2005).
2827:
2821:
2804:
2767:
2763:
2761:Further reading
2758:
2757:
2736:
2735:
2731:
2718:
2714:
2670:
2669:
2665:
2652:
2648:
2604:
2603:
2599:
2561:
2560:
2556:
2520:
2519:
2510:
2500:
2498:
2490:
2489:
2485:
2476:
2474:
2473:on 9 March 2021
2470:
2455:
2451:
2450:
2446:
2402:
2401:
2397:
2387:
2385:
2377:
2373:
2372:
2368:
2354:
2353:
2346:
2336:
2334:
2333:. UpToDate, Inc
2324:
2323:
2314:
2300:
2299:
2292:
2249:Deka D (2016).
2248:
2247:
2243:
2212:
2211:
2207:
2177:
2176:
2172:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2090:
2089:
2085:
2079:
2075:
2070:
2066:
2061:
2057:
2019:
2018:
2014:
2004:
2002:
1993:Dean L (2005).
1992:
1991:
1987:
1978:
1976:
1968:
1961:
1960:
1956:
1910:
1909:
1900:
1890:
1888:
1875:
1874:
1870:
1847:(12): 798–803.
1834:
1833:
1829:
1783:
1782:
1778:
1740:
1739:
1735:
1721:
1720:
1709:
1671:
1670:
1663:
1619:
1618:
1611:
1565:
1564:
1560:
1550:
1548:
1540:
1539:
1535:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1448:
1447:
1443:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1356:
1355:
1348:
1312:
1311:
1304:
1274:
1273:
1262:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1154:
1153:
1149:
1105:
1104:
1089:
1073:
1072:
1053:
1009:
1008:
1004:
960:
959:
955:
942:
938:
929:
927:
910:
909:
905:
900:
848:
840:
825:
787:
747:
733:at 35–38 weeks.
696:Early pregnancy
686:
639:reticulocytosis
569:
551:
547:
512:
503:immune response
492:
466:red blood cells
420:
418:Pathophysiology
373:cytomegalovirus
337:
321:hydrops fetalis
238:hydrops fetalis
226:
171:hydrops fetalis
163:reticulocytosis
151:red blood cells
78:
38:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4321:
4319:
4311:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4280:
4279:
4273:
4272:
4269:
4268:
4257:
4246:
4234:
4233:
4231:
4227:
4226:
4223:
4222:
4211:
4200:
4185:
4169:
4164:
4163:
4161:
4160:Classification
4151:
4150:
4147:
4146:
4144:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4132:
4131:
4126:
4116:
4111:
4105:
4103:
4099:
4098:
4096:
4095:
4090:
4084:
4083:
4082:
4071:
4069:
4062:
4056:
4055:
4052:
4051:
4049:
4048:
4042:
4040:
4034:
4033:
4031:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3994:
3992:
3988:
3987:
3985:
3984:
3979:
3973:
3971:
3964:
3948:
3947:
3944:
3943:
3941:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3924:
3922:
3918:
3917:
3915:
3914:
3912:Serum sickness
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3878:
3876:
3869:
3866:Immune complex
3857:
3856:
3853:
3852:
3849:
3848:
3846:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3829:
3827:
3816:
3815:
3813:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3776:
3774:
3765:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3753:
3751:
3744:
3743:
3742:
3741:
3740:
3735:
3717:
3716:
3713:
3712:
3710:
3709:
3704:
3698:
3696:
3692:
3691:
3689:
3688:
3683:
3682:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3624:
3619:
3613:
3611:
3604:
3584:
3583:
3574:
3572:
3571:
3564:
3557:
3549:
3540:
3539:
3537:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3525:
3524:
3519:
3509:
3503:
3501:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3493:
3488:
3487:
3486:
3476:
3471:
3470:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3457:herpes simplex
3454:
3444:
3438:
3436:
3432:
3431:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3424:
3423:
3422:
3417:
3405:
3399:
3397:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3387:
3382:
3376:
3374:
3372:Nervous system
3368:
3367:
3365:
3364:
3359:
3353:
3351:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3320:
3318:
3312:
3311:
3309:
3308:
3303:
3302:
3301:
3291:
3285:
3284:
3283:
3282:
3277:
3267:
3262:
3261:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3229:
3228:
3222:
3220:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3205:
3200:
3194:
3192:
3190:Cardiovascular
3186:
3185:
3183:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3171:
3170:
3165:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3132:
3130:
3121:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3112:
3111:
3106:
3096:
3095:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3066:
3064:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3054:
3049:
3040:
3030:
3028:
3024:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3000:
2998:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2968:
2966:
2962:umbilical cord
2956:
2955:
2953:
2952:
2946:
2944:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2910:
2908:
2895:
2887:
2886:
2876:
2874:
2873:
2866:
2859:
2851:
2844:
2843:External links
2841:
2839:
2838:
2825:
2819:
2802:
2776:(2): 272–275.
2764:
2762:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2729:
2712:
2683:(5): 346–353.
2663:
2646:
2597:
2554:
2533:(1): 297–316.
2508:
2483:
2444:
2415:(6): 814–820.
2395:
2384:. October 2001
2366:
2344:
2312:
2290:
2241:
2205:
2186:(2): 131–136.
2170:
2143:(6): 183–185.
2127:
2083:
2073:
2064:
2055:
2012:
1985:
1954:
1898:
1887:on 24 May 2018
1868:
1827:
1796:(2): 150–154.
1776:
1733:
1707:
1680:(2): 113–116.
1661:
1609:
1558:
1533:
1504:(5): 575–576.
1484:
1457:(2): 112–115.
1441:
1412:(3): 201–203.
1392:
1365:(4): 328–333.
1346:
1325:(2): 236–243.
1302:
1260:
1241:(6): 693–705.
1225:
1206:(2): 117–125.
1190:
1147:
1118:(2): F83–F88.
1087:
1051:
1002:
953:
936:
902:
901:
899:
896:
895:
894:
889:
884:
879:
874:
869:
864:
859:
854:
847:
844:
839:
836:
824:
821:
820:
819:
815:
811:
786:
783:
782:
781:
777:
774:
771:
768:
765:
761:
753:
752:
746:
743:
735:
734:
727:
724:
721:
708:
707:
703:
685:
682:
681:
680:
670:
669:
666:
654:
653:
646:
620:
605:
568:
565:
549:
545:
511:
508:
490:
419:
416:
415:
414:
407:
400:
397:
394:
391:
389:Cerebral Palsy
386:
383:
380:
336:
333:
308:, generalized
302:enlarged liver
234:Rhesus disease
225:
222:
102:
101:
92:
86:
85:
68:
62:
61:
53:
52:
49:
45:
44:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4320:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4285:
4283:
4267:
4263:
4262:
4258:
4256:
4252:
4251:
4247:
4245:
4241:
4240:
4236:
4235:
4232:
4228:
4221:
4217:
4216:
4212:
4210:
4206:
4205:
4201:
4199:
4195:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4184:
4180:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4170:
4167:
4162:
4158:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4121:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4106:
4104:
4100:
4094:
4091:
4088:
4087:Latex allergy
4085:
4081:
4078:
4077:
4076:
4073:
4072:
4070:
4066:
4063:
4057:
4047:
4044:
4043:
4041:
4039:
4035:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3995:
3993:
3989:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3974:
3972:
3968:
3965:
3962:
3957:
3956:cell-mediated
3953:
3949:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3925:
3923:
3919:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3887:Farmer's lung
3885:
3883:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3873:
3870:
3867:
3862:
3858:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3830:
3828:
3826:
3822:
3817:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3777:
3775:
3773:
3769:
3766:
3762:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3748:
3745:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3730:
3729:
3728:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3699:
3697:
3693:
3687:
3684:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3646:
3645:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3614:
3612:
3608:
3605:
3602:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3570:
3565:
3563:
3558:
3556:
3551:
3550:
3547:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3514:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3498:
3492:
3489:
3485:
3482:
3481:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3449:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3433:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3411:
3410:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3396:
3392:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3373:
3369:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3350:
3345:
3341:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3317:
3313:
3307:
3304:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3286:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3272:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3235:
3234:
3231:
3230:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3219:
3214:
3210:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3191:
3187:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3160:
3159:
3158:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3129:
3125:
3122:
3118:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3100:
3097:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3073:
3072:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3063:
3059:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3044:
3043:Preterm birth
3041:
3039:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3025:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2989:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2957:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2937:
2931:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2905:
2899:
2896:
2888:
2884:
2883:fetal disease
2880:
2872:
2867:
2865:
2860:
2858:
2853:
2852:
2849:
2842:
2835:
2831:
2826:
2822:
2816:
2811:
2810:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2766:
2765:
2760:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2733:
2730:
2727:
2723:
2722:
2716:
2713:
2708:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2667:
2664:
2661:
2657:
2656:
2650:
2647:
2642:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2601:
2598:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2558:
2555:
2550:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2509:
2497:
2493:
2487:
2484:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2454:
2448:
2445:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2399:
2396:
2383:
2376:
2370:
2367:
2362:
2358:
2351:
2349:
2345:
2332:
2328:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2313:
2308:
2304:
2297:
2295:
2291:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2245:
2242:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2209:
2206:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2174:
2171:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2131:
2128:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2087:
2084:
2077:
2074:
2068:
2065:
2059:
2056:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2016:
2013:
2000:
1996:
1989:
1986:
1974:
1967:
1966:
1958:
1955:
1950:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1923:(1): 98–101.
1922:
1918:
1914:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1899:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1872:
1869:
1864:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1831:
1828:
1823:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1780:
1777:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1737:
1734:
1729:
1725:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1708:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1668:
1666:
1662:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1632:(2): 99–113.
1631:
1627:
1626:Vox Sanguinis
1623:
1616:
1614:
1610:
1605:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1562:
1559:
1547:
1543:
1537:
1534:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1488:
1485:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1445:
1442:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1396:
1393:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1359:Vox Sanguinis
1353:
1351:
1347:
1342:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1229:
1226:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1194:
1191:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1151:
1148:
1143:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1088:
1083:
1082:
1077:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1047:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1006:
1003:
998:
994:
989:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
957:
954:
951:
950:
945:
940:
937:
926:
922:
918:
914:
907:
904:
897:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
849:
845:
843:
837:
835:
832:
829:
822:
816:
812:
808:
807:
806:
804:
800:
796:
792:
784:
778:
775:
772:
769:
766:
762:
759:
758:
757:
749:
748:
744:
742:
740:
732:
728:
725:
722:
719:
715:
714:
713:
712:
704:
700:
699:
698:
697:
693:
691:
683:
678:
677:
676:
674:
667:
665:
661:
660:
659:
658:
651:
647:
644:
643:erythroblasts
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
621:
618:
614:
610:
606:
603:
599:
595:
594:
593:
592:
588:
586:
582:
579:
574:
566:
564:
560:
557:
554:
543:
539:
536:
535:Rhesus c HDFN
532:
530:
526:
522:
520:
516:
509:
507:
504:
499:
497:
493:
486:
482:
478:
473:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
437:
433:
429:
425:
417:
412:
408:
405:
401:
398:
395:
392:
390:
387:
384:
381:
378:
377:
376:
374:
370:
366:
363:, congenital
362:
359:, congenital
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
335:Complications
334:
332:
330:
326:
325:heart failure
322:
317:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
294:heart failure
291:
290:neurotoxicity
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
239:
235:
230:
223:
221:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
186:
184:
180:
176:
175:erythroblasts
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
100:
96:
95:heart failure
93:
91:
90:Complications
87:
82:
76:
72:
69:
67:
63:
59:
54:
50:
46:
41:
33:
19:
4259:
4248:
4237:
4213:
4202:
4187:
4172:
3982:Mantoux test
3755:
3643:Food allergy
3407:
3232:
3163:Pneumothorax
3155:
3069:
3062:Birth trauma
3004:Breech birth
2994:presentation
2992:
2960:
2934:
2902:
2833:
2808:
2773:
2769:
2750:the original
2741:
2732:
2719:
2715:
2680:
2676:
2666:
2653:
2649:
2617:(1): F6-10.
2614:
2610:
2600:
2567:
2563:
2557:
2530:
2526:
2499:. Retrieved
2495:
2486:
2475:, retrieved
2468:the original
2459:
2447:
2412:
2408:
2398:
2386:. Retrieved
2369:
2360:
2335:. Retrieved
2330:
2306:
2261:(1): 13–17.
2258:
2254:
2244:
2219:
2215:
2208:
2183:
2179:
2173:
2140:
2136:
2130:
2100:(1): 85–88.
2097:
2093:
2086:
2076:
2067:
2058:
2025:
2021:
2015:
2003:. Retrieved
1998:
1988:
1977:, retrieved
1964:
1957:
1920:
1916:
1889:. Retrieved
1885:the original
1880:
1871:
1844:
1840:
1830:
1793:
1789:
1779:
1746:
1742:
1736:
1727:
1677:
1673:
1629:
1625:
1575:
1571:
1561:
1549:. Retrieved
1545:
1536:
1501:
1497:
1487:
1454:
1450:
1444:
1409:
1405:
1395:
1362:
1358:
1322:
1318:
1280:
1276:
1238:
1234:
1228:
1203:
1199:
1193:
1163:(1): 54–59.
1160:
1156:
1150:
1115:
1111:
1079:
1019:
1015:
1005:
970:
966:
956:
947:
939:
928:. Retrieved
916:
906:
841:
838:Epidemiology
833:
830:
826:
818:transfusion.
791:phototherapy
788:
754:
736:
710:
709:
695:
694:
687:
672:
671:
656:
655:
635:schistocytes
623:Reticulocyte
590:
589:
570:
561:
558:
555:
540:
533:
523:
517:
513:
500:
474:
440:
431:
421:
410:
403:
338:
318:
243:
187:
178:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
105:
99:splenomegaly
4239:MedlinePlus
3633:Anaphylaxis
3629:(Hay fever)
3507:Miscarriage
3409:muscle tone
3275:Kernicterus
3128:Respiratory
3104:Erb's palsy
3009:Asynclitism
2977:Nuchal cord
780:conditions.
396:Neutropenia
393:Kernicterus
341:kernicterus
286:kernicterus
254:neutropenia
48:Other names
4282:Categories
4261:Patient UK
4215:DiseasesDB
4102:Autoimmune
3991:Autoimmune
3921:Autoimmune
3764:Autoimmune
3695:Autoimmune
3517:Stillbirth
3474:Omphalitis
3435:Infections
3344:Integument
2527:Pediatrics
1578:(1): 3–7.
930:2022-03-08
917:StatPearls
898:References
857:Rh disease
764:anti-Kell.
684:Prevention
627:morphology
617:hematocrit
613:hemoglobin
454:childbirth
436:antibodies
361:toxoplasma
139:antibodies
127:alloimmune
71:Pediatrics
4250:eMedicine
3772:Cytotoxic
3243:Anti-Kell
2881:period /
2879:perinatal
2726:eMedicine
2660:eMedicine
2361:EMedicine
2307:EMedicine
2277:2348-1153
2165:206013087
2081:33115620.
1728:EMedicine
785:Treatment
662:Positive
648:Positive
631:hemolysis
602:bilirubin
573:diagnosis
567:Diagnosis
470:hemolysis
462:pregnancy
369:bile duct
266:bilirubin
262:Hemolysis
260:as well.
214:anti-Kell
66:Specialty
4061:multiple
4059:Unknown/
3861:Type III
3825:receptor
3674:Tree nut
3213:Bleeding
2904:placenta
2798:36953155
2707:21512623
2641:12496219
2592:25144401
2584:20092394
2549:15231951
2439:19672347
2431:16941575
2337:31 March
2331:UpToDate
2285:42005756
2236:17306655
2200:17045529
2157:19003884
2122:22822621
2042:11117776
1949:25722586
1822:26420934
1771:24848319
1763:17470588
1702:21936425
1656:41260754
1648:25899660
1604:21572705
1520:29676454
1479:32155893
1471:10379500
1436:20212966
1387:24789324
1379:23802744
1341:14413526
1255:18866937
1220:16338186
1185:19663259
1177:15578034
1142:17337672
1081:Medscape
1046:26889318
997:24801308
925:30020664
846:See also
803:acidosis
739:globulin
598:jaundice
458:placenta
446:abortion
432:in utero
365:syphilis
310:swelling
274:jaundice
270:symptoms
210:anti-Rhc
206:anti-RhE
202:anti-RhD
147:antigens
143:placenta
125:, is an
4255:ped/959
4209:D004899
4068:Foreign
3970:Foreign
3961:T cells
3952:Type IV
3875:Foreign
3750:Foreign
3721:Type II
3664:Seafood
3610:Foreign
3592:allergy
3452:rubella
3082:Chignon
2936:chorion
2790:9015034
2744:, U.S.
2698:3076326
2632:1755998
2501:24 July
2114:9085208
2050:1240358
1940:4339947
1863:9504940
1813:4562135
1694:7655573
1595:3082712
1551:24 July
1528:4998222
1427:2828194
1297:2494315
1133:2675453
1037:4742050
1022:: 137.
988:4258779
706:losses.
604:levels.
460:during
424:antigen
304:and/or
296:, with
278:icterus
153:in the
149:on the
4244:001298
4089:(I+IV)
3821:Type V
3659:Peanut
3588:Type I
3027:Growth
2940:amnion
2817:
2796:
2788:
2705:
2695:
2639:
2629:
2590:
2582:
2547:
2477:23 May
2437:
2429:
2388:23 May
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2234:
2198:
2163:
2155:
2120:
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2048:
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1979:23 May
1947:
1937:
1891:23 May
1861:
1820:
1810:
1769:
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1175:
1140:
1130:
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1034:
995:
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810:clear.
751:blood.
716:IUT –
529:Rhogam
371:, and
312:, and
306:spleen
298:pallor
167:anemia
77:
3928:Lupus
3679:Wheat
3596:atopy
3500:Other
3324:Ileus
3071:scalp
2794:S2CID
2588:S2CID
2471:(PDF)
2456:(PDF)
2435:S2CID
2378:(PDF)
2281:S2CID
2161:S2CID
2118:S2CID
2046:S2CID
1969:(PDF)
1767:S2CID
1698:S2CID
1652:S2CID
1524:S2CID
1475:S2CID
1383:S2CID
1319:Blood
1181:S2CID
349:teeth
329:edema
131:fetus
121:, or
4220:5545
4204:MeSH
4193:9-CM
4129:APS2
4124:APS1
4038:GVHD
3725:ADCC
3654:Milk
3578:and
3258:Rh E
3253:Rh D
3248:Rh c
2815:ISBN
2786:PMID
2703:PMID
2637:PMID
2580:PMID
2545:PMID
2503:2021
2479:2018
2427:PMID
2390:2018
2339:2018
2273:ISSN
2232:PMID
2196:PMID
2153:PMID
2110:PMID
2038:PMID
2022:BJOG
2007:2018
1981:2018
1945:PMID
1893:2018
1859:PMID
1818:PMID
1759:PMID
1690:PMID
1644:PMID
1600:PMID
1553:2021
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1216:PMID
1173:PMID
1138:PMID
1042:PMID
993:PMID
921:PMID
615:and
571:The
489:Kell
256:and
165:and
119:HDFN
4198:773
4189:ICD
4183:P55
4174:ICD
3738:IgM
3733:IgG
3669:Soy
3649:Egg
3601:IgE
3346:and
3238:ABO
3233:HDN
3215:and
2778:doi
2724:at
2693:PMC
2685:doi
2658:at
2627:PMC
2619:doi
2572:doi
2535:doi
2531:114
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2145:doi
2102:doi
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