928:
947:(1831–1904), who had developed a rival "causal-mechanical theory" of human embryonic development. His's work specifically criticised Haeckel's methodology, arguing that the shapes of embryos were caused most immediately by mechanical pressures resulting from local differences in growth. These differences were, in turn, caused by "heredity". He compared the shapes of embryonic structures to those of rubber tubes that could be slit and bent, illustrating these comparisons with accurate drawings.
859:'s concepts. While often seen as rejecting Darwin's theory of branching evolution for a more linear Lamarckian view of progressive evolution, this is not accurate: Haeckel used the Lamarckian picture to describe the ontogenetic and phylogenetic history of individual species, but agreed with Darwin about the branching of all species from one, or a few, original ancestors. Since early in the twentieth century, Haeckel's "biogenetic law" has been refuted on many fronts.
54:
959:
609:
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1584:, an interpretation of vertebrate embryonic development. After this publication His arrived at another interpretation of the development of embryos: the concrescence theory, which claimed that at the beginning of development only the simple form of the head lies in the embryonic disk and that the axial portions of the body emerge only later.
1995:
Bates 1979, Wynn 1979) ... Thus, one child, having been shown the moon, applied the word 'moon' to a variety of objects with similar shapes as well as to the moon itself (Bowerman 1980). This spatial globality of reference is consistent with the archaeological appearance of graphic abstraction before graphic realism.
1554:
RĂĽtimeyer's ex-colleague, Wilhelm His, who had developed a rival, physiological embryology, which looked, not to the evolutionary past, but to bending and folding forces in the present. He now repeated and amplified the charges, and lay enemies used them to discredit the most prominent
Darwinist. But
1528:
The present interdisciplinary article offers cogent reasons why the biogenetic rule has no relevance for behavioral ontogeny. ... In contrast to anatomical ontogeny, in the case of behavioral ontogeny there are no empirical indications of 'behavioral interphenes, that developed phylogenetically from
1994:
While ontogeny does not generally recapitulate phylogeny in any direct sense (Gould 1977), both biological evolution and the stages in the child's cognitive development follow much the same progression of evolutionary stages as that suggested in the archaeological record (Borchert and
Zihlman 1990,
1248:
Its shortcomings have been almost universally pointed out by modern authors, but the idea still has a prominent place in biological mythology. The resemblance of early vertebrate embryos is readily explained without resort to mysterious forces compelling each individual to reclimb its phylogenetic
1015:
Embryos do reflect the course of evolution, but that course is far more intricate and quirky than
Haeckel claimed. Different parts of the same embryo can even evolve in different directions. As a result, the Biogenetic Law was abandoned, and its fall freed scientists to appreciate the full range of
874:
history of a species. Haeckel claimed that the development of advanced species passes through stages represented by adult organisms of more primitive species. Otherwise put, each successive stage in the development of an individual represents one of the adult forms that appeared in its evolutionary
974:
Darwin proposed that embryos resembled each other since they shared a common ancestor, which presumably had a similar embryo, but that development did not necessarily recapitulate phylogeny: he saw no reason to suppose that an embryo at any stage resembled an adult of any ancestor. Darwin supposed
1095:
In the late 20th century, studies of symbolism and learning in the field of cultural anthropology suggested that "both biological evolution and the stages in the child's cognitive development follow much the same progression of evolutionary stages as that suggested in the archaeological record".
882:
in the neck of the human embryo not only roughly resembled gill slits of fish, but directly represented an adult "fishlike" developmental stage, signifying a fishlike ancestor. Embryonic pharyngeal slits, which form in many animals when the thin branchial plates separating pharyngeal pouches and
1064:
used
Haeckel's theories as the basis for his theories of child development. His most influential work, "Adolescence: Its Psychology and Its Relations to Physiology, Anthropology, Sociology, Sex, Crime, Religion and Education" in 1904 suggested that each individual's life course recapitulated
999:) within the body of aspects of embryonic development would change the shape of a descendant's body compared to an ancestor's, were first formulated by Haeckel in the 1870s. These elements of his thinking about development have thus survived, whereas his theory of recapitulation has not.
1602:: "Haeckel sensed correctly that His was a far more serious competitor than his empirical critics... His would have substituted a drastically different approach and relegated the biogenetic law to irrelevancy—a fate far worse and far more irrevocable than any odor of inaccuracy."
918:
that often overemphasized similarities between embryos of related species. Modern biology rejects the literal and universal form of
Haeckel's theory, such as its possible application to behavioural ontogeny, i.e. the psychomotor development of young animals and human children.
1316:
Faulty logic and problematic proposals relating the development of an individual to the development of the species turn up even today. The hypothesis that ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny has been applied and extended in a number of areas, including cognition and mental
1162:
message does, in fact, inform the work's identity (its ontology), even though that was an unlikely concern of the composer. Music or even an abstract visual artwork can not be truly autonomous ("absolute") because it is defined by its historical and social reception.
1006:
where their morphology is strongly shaped by their phylogenetic position, rather than selective pressures, but that means only that they resemble other embryos at that stage, not ancestral adults as
Haeckel had claimed. The modern view is summarised by the
1050:
If there be an order in which the human race has mastered its various kinds of knowledge, there will arise in every child an aptitude to acquire these kinds of knowledge in the same order... Education is a repetition of civilization in
1041:
was one of the most energetic proponents of evolutionary ideas to explain many phenomena. In 1861, five years before
Haeckel first published on the subject, Spencer proposed a possible basis for a cultural recapitulation theory of
1108:
in 2005 applied the phrase "ontogeny becomes phylogeny" to the process of creating and recasting music history, often to assert a perspective or argument. For example, the peculiar development of the works by modernist composer
1285:
The so-called basic law of biogenetics is wrong. No buts or ifs can mitigate this fact. It is not even a tiny bit correct or correct in a different form, making it valid in a certain percentage. It is totally
1065:
humanity's evolution from "savagery" to "civilization". Though he has influenced later childhood development theories, Hall's conception is now generally considered racist. Developmental psychologist
1088:
outlook with justification from the recapitulation theory. Freud also distinguished between physical and mental recapitulation, in which the differences would become an essential argument for his
1482:
774:, and became a prominent part of his ideas. It suggested that past transformations of life could have been through environmental causes working on the embryo, rather than on the adult as in
955:
that His's attack on
Haeckel's recapitulation theory was far more fundamental than that of any empirical critic, as it effectively stated that Haeckel's "biogenetic law" was irrelevant.
325:
1529:(primordial) behavioral metaphenes. ... These facts lead to the conclusion that attempts to establish a psychological theory on the basis of the biogenetic rule will not be fruitful.
1136:
is the investigation of what exactly something is, and
Taruskin asserts that an art object becomes that which society and succeeding generations made of it. For example,
1008:
640:
1555:
Haeckel argued that his figures were schematics, not intended to be exact. They stayed in his books and were widely copied, but still attract controversy today.
766:
The embryological theory was formalised by Serres in 1824–1826, based on Meckel's work, in what became known as the "Meckel-Serres Law". This attempted to link
2185:; Wright, Glenda M (1997). "There is no highly conserved embryonic stage in the vertebrates: Implications for current theories of evolution and development".
1121:
of the "collapse of traditional tonality" are faulted by music historians as asserting a rhetorical rather than historical point about tonality's "collapse".
712:, the shortcomings of the theory had been recognized by the early 20th century, and it had been relegated to "biological mythology" by the mid-20th century.
248:
1016:
embryonic changes that evolution can produce—an appreciation that has yielded spectacular results in recent years as scientists have discovered some of the
2333:
1663:"The Origin of Species: "Chapter Thirteen: Mutual Affinities of Organic Beings: Morphology: Embryology: Rudimentary Organs" (1859), by Charles R. Darwin"
559:
1662:
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367:
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987:(evo-devo) follows von Baer, rather than Darwin, in pointing to active evolution of embryonic development as a significant means of changing the
1084:, also favored Haeckel's doctrine. He was trained as a biologist under the influence of recapitulation theory during its heyday, and retained a
1833:
73:
2019:
1425:
1309:
554:
501:
1113:(here an "ontogeny") is generalized in many histories into a "phylogeny" – a historical development ("evolution") of Western music toward
862:
Haeckel formulated his theory as "Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny". The notion later became simply known as the recapitulation theory.
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689:), goes through stages resembling or representing successive adult stages in the evolution of the animal's remote ancestors (
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357:
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Taruskin also developed a variation of the motto into the pun "ontogeny recapitulates ontology" to refute the concept of "
626:
613:
1912:
Adolescence: Its
Psychology and Its Relations to Physiology, Anthropology, Sociology, Sex, Crime, Religion and Education
544:
600:
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2241:
Gerhard Medicus (2017, chapter 8). Being Human – Bridging the Gap between the Sciences of Body and Mind, Berlin VWB
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further that embryos were subject to less intense selection pressure than adults, and had therefore changed less.
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786:. The theory was widely supported in the Edinburgh and London schools of higher anatomy around 1830, notably by
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Kalinka, A. T.; Tomancak, P. (2012). "The evolution of early animal embryos: Conservation or divergence?".
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The Haeckelian form of recapitulation theory is considered defunct. Embryos do undergo a period or
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RICHARDSON, MICHAEL K.; KEUCK, GERHARD (2002). "Haeckel's ABC of evolution and development".
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of adult bodies. Two of the key principles of evo-devo, namely that changes in the timing (
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is the growth (size change) and development (structure change) of an individual organism;
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The tragic sense of life : Ernst Haeckel and the struggle over evolutionary thought
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Richardson, M. K; Hanken, James; Gooneratne, Mayoni L; Pieau, Claude; Raynaud, Albert;
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George Romanes's 1892 version of the figure is often attributed incorrectly to Haeckel.
1125:
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Of Parts and Wholes: Self-similarity and Synecdoche in Science, Culture and Literature
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The idea that ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny has been applied to some other areas.
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Bates, E., with L. Benigni, I. Bretherton, L. Camaioni, & V. Volterra. (1979).
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Analogies to recapitulation theory have been formulated in other fields, including
506:
491:
275:
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188:
17:
2040:
1299:
943:
Haeckel's theory and drawings were criticised by his contemporary, the anatomist
1838:, Evolution 101, University of California Museum of Paleontology, archived from
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62:
2093:
The politics of evolution: morphology, medicine, and reform in radical London
1926:
Lesko, Nancy (1996). "Past, Present, and Future Conceptions of Adolescence".
1614:"Rautenlippe Redux -- toward a unified view of the precerebellar rhombic lip"
1509:
1435:
1386:
1304:. Instructor's resource manual and test bank. Houghton Mifflin. p. 352.
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with a "pattern of unification" in the organic world. It was supported by
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1749:
Drost, Hajk-Georg; Janitza, Philipp; Grosse, Ivo; Quint, Marcel (2017).
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2136:
1980:
Foster, Mary LeCron (1994). "Symbolism: the foundation of culture". In
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1687:
Hall, B. K. (2003). "Evo-Devo: evolutionary developmental mechanisms".
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phylogeny because the two are subject to similar external constraints.
904:
884:
737:
1501:
1483:"The Inapplicability of the Biogenetic Rule to Behavioral Development"
878:
For example, Haeckel proposed that the pharyngeal grooves between the
2246:
Wynn, Thomas (1979). "The Intelligence of Later Acheulean Hominids".
1114:
1069:
favored a weaker version of the formula, according to which ontogeny
908:
892:
846:
678:
2259:
2014:. Vol. 4. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 358–361.
1727:
2128:
1714:
Lovtrup, S (1978). "On von Baerian and Haeckelian Recapitulation".
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Eventually, the Biogenetic Law had become scientifically untenable.
935:
of chick brain compared to folded rubber tube, 1874. Ag (Anlage) =
957:
926:
2235:
The emergence of symbols: Cognition and communication in infancy.
1147:
2174:"Riddle of the Universe at the Close of the Nineteenth Century"
2071:. Cambridge Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
1865:
The Educated Mind: How Cognitive Tools Shape Our Understanding
896:
2115:(1994). "Recapitulation Reinterpreted: The Somatic Program".
1128:" advancing the socio-artistic theories of the musicologist
1420:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 136–142.
1751:"Cross-kingdom comparison of the developmental hourglass"
1453:
1367:
Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society
2221:
Borchert. Catherine M. and Zihlman, Adrienne L. (1990)
2286:
1117:
styles of which Schoenberg is a representative. Such
2160:
Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University.
1154:. Taruskin claims the historical development of the
895:, the first pharyngeal arch develops into the lower
736:The idea of recapitulation was first formulated in
2090:
2064:
1146:, composed in the 1720s, was appropriated by the
841:(1834–1919) attempted to synthesize the ideas of
887:to the outside. Pharyngeal arches appear in all
759:states, it soon gained the status of a supposed
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1013:
1009:University of California Museum of Paleontology
1835:Early Evolution and Development: Ernst Haeckel
1689:International Journal of Developmental Biology
1447:
1445:
2162:"Evolution and Development I: Size and shape"
1755:Current Opinion in Genetics & Development
634:
8:
1612:Ray, R. S.; Dymecki, S. M. (December 2009).
1224:; Holm, Richard W.; Parnell, Dennis (1963).
2005:
2003:
1868:. University of Chicago Press. p. 27.
834:Icons of Evolution § Haeckel's embryos
2042:Vico, metaphor, and the origin of language
641:
627:
36:
2223:The ontogeny and phylogeny of symbolizing
1766:
1637:
1542:"Making visible embryos: Forgery charges"
1265:. New York: Springer-Verlag. p. 32.
2097:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
2045:. Indiana University Press. p. 65.
1963:
1961:
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1018:specific genes that control development
883:pharyngeal grooves perforate, open the
673:"—is an historical hypothesis that the
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1986:Companion Encyclopedia of Anthropology
1454:"Ernst Haeckel and the Biogenetic Law"
1340:
693:). It was formulated in the 1820s by
1967:
1952:
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1228:. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 66.
740:from the 1790s onwards by the German
710:embryos also evolve in different ways
7:
1915:. New York: D. Appleton and Company.
1328:
2012:The Oxford History of Western Music
1570:. Embryo Project Encyclopedia. 2007
2334:Evolutionary developmental biology
1458:Developmental Biology, 8th edition
1298:Payne, D.G.; Wenger, M.J. (1998).
985:evolutionary developmental biology
32:Recapitulation theory of atonement
25:
2225:, in Foster and Botscharow (eds)
1792:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
1582:Ăśber die Bildung des Lachsembryos
1158:(its ontogeny) as a work with an
939:, matching bulges in rubber tube.
701:, after whom it is also known as
2296:
1940:10.1111/j.1741-5446.1996.00453.x
1355:, pp. 52–53, 86–88, 337–340
782:ideas led to disagreements with
671:ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny
608:
607:
594:
52:
30:For the Christian doctrine, see
2329:History of evolutionary biology
2117:The Quarterly Review of Biology
1667:The Embryo Project Encyclopedia
1618:Current Opinion in Cell Biology
601:Evolutionary biology portal
772:Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire
560:Creation–evolution controversy
314:History of evolutionary theory
1:
1416:Richards, Robert J. (2008).
1263:The beginnings of human life
1261:Blechschmidt, Erich (1977).
545:Evolution as fact and theory
1025:Applications to other areas
2350:
2010:Taruskin, Richard (2005).
1812:10.1016/j.tree.2012.03.007
1580:In 1874 His published his
827:
685:to gestation or hatching (
580:Nature-nurture controversy
29:
2324:Obsolete biology theories
1909:Hall, G. Stanley (1904).
1768:10.1016/j.gde.2017.03.003
1630:10.1016/j.ceb.2009.10.003
1544:. University of Cambridge
1379:10.1017/s1464793102005948
1046:with the following claim:
914:Haeckel produced several
663:embryological parallelism
467:Evolutionary neuroscience
442:Evolutionary epistemology
422:Evolutionary anthropology
402:Applications of evolution
2237:New York: Academic Press
1481:Gerhard Medicus (1992).
1452:Scott F Gilbert (2006).
1226:The process of evolution
1150:regime in the 1930s for
1076:The Austrian pioneer of
749:Carl Friedrich Kielmeyer
732:Meckel, Serres, Geoffroy
655:theory of recapitulation
457:Evolutionary linguistics
452:Evolutionary game theory
427:Evolutionary computation
2039:Danesi, Marcel (1993).
962:Embryology theories of
951:noted in his 1977 book
745:Johann Friedrich Meckel
699:Johann Friedrich Meckel
665:—often expressed using
570:Objections to evolution
477:Evolutionary psychology
472:Evolutionary physiology
417:Evolutionary aesthetics
396:Fields and applications
378:History of paleontology
2187:Anatomy and Embryology
2067:Ontogeny and Phylogeny
1661:Barnes, M. Elizabeth.
1183:Psychomotor patterning
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1022:
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953:Ontogeny and Phylogeny
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923:Contemporary criticism
820:
768:comparative embryology
502:Speciation experiments
482:Experimental evolution
437:Evolutionary economics
259:Recent human evolution
117:Processes and outcomes
2199:10.1007/s004290050082
1373:(4). Wiley: 495–528.
1138:Johann Sebastian Bach
1033:Cognitive development
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930:
828:Further information:
808:
790:, but was opposed by
717:cognitive development
697:based on the work of
462:Evolutionary medicine
407:Biosocial criminology
373:History of speciation
286:Evolutionary taxonomy
249:Timeline of evolution
27:Biological hypothesis
1460:. Sinauer Associates
1301:Cognitive Psychology
1037:English philosopher
742:natural philosophers
432:Evolutionary ecology
46:Evolutionary biology
2228:The Life of Symbols
1804:2012TEcoE..27..385K
995:) and positioning (
968:Karl Ernst von Baer
796:ideas of divergence
792:Karl Ernst von Baer
788:Robert Edmond Grant
681:of an animal, from
534:Social implications
522:Universal Darwinism
512:Island biogeography
447:Evolutionary ethics
412:Ecological genetics
358:Molecular evolution
296:Transitional fossil
124:Population genetics
40:Part of a series on
2087:Desmond, Adrian J.
2061:Gould, Stephen Jay
1970:, pp. 156–158
1928:Educational Theory
1716:Systematic Zoology
1090:theory of neuroses
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901:Meckel's cartilage
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798:, and attacked by
657:, also called the
565:Theistic evolution
497:Selective breeding
209:Parallel evolution
174:Adaptive radiation
18:Haeckel's Law
2021:978-0-195-38630-1
1568:"Wilhelm His, Sr"
1502:10.1159/000277108
1490:Human Development
1427:978-0-226-71219-2
1311:978-0-395-68573-0
1111:Arnold Schoenberg
1104:The musicologist
949:Stephen Jay Gould
880:pharyngeal arches
816:'s controversial
703:Meckel–Serres law
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342:Origin of Species
144:Natural selection
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852:Naturphilosophie
812:'s 1892 copy of
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368:Current research
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348:Before synthesis
301:Extinction event
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1100:Music criticism
1062:G. Stanley Hall
1058:
1056:Herbert Spencer
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1039:Herbert Spencer
1035:
1027:
981:
945:Wilhelm His Sr.
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916:embryo drawings
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2123:(2): 223–232.
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977:
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921:
857:Charles Darwin
830:Embryo drawing
825:
822:
810:George Romanes
802:in the 1830s.
784:Georges Cuvier
753:Étienne Serres
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755:after which,
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331:Before Darwin
329:
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159:Genetic drift
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39:
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2251:
2247:
2234:
2227:
2222:
2190:
2186:
2120:
2116:
2092:
2066:
2041:
2011:
1993:
1985:
1975:
1948:
1931:
1927:
1921:
1911:
1904:
1898:. p. 5.
1894:
1884:
1864:
1860:Egan, Kieran
1854:
1844:, retrieved
1840:the original
1834:
1828:
1795:
1791:
1785:
1758:
1754:
1744:
1719:
1715:
1709:
1692:
1688:
1682:
1670:. Retrieved
1666:
1656:
1624:(6): 741–7.
1621:
1617:
1607:
1591:
1581:
1579:
1572:. Retrieved
1562:
1553:
1546:. Retrieved
1536:
1527:
1521:. Retrieved
1514:the original
1493:
1489:
1476:
1468:
1462:. Retrieved
1457:
1417:
1411:
1370:
1366:
1360:
1353:Desmond 1989
1348:
1335:
1324:
1315:
1300:
1293:
1284:
1262:
1256:
1247:
1225:
1216:
1197:
1178:Stage theory
1160:anti-Semitic
1155:
1141:
1123:
1103:
1094:
1075:
1070:
1060:
1049:
1036:
1028:
1014:
1001:
993:heterochrony
982:
973:
952:
942:
913:
891:embryos: in
877:
872:evolutionary
861:
850:
837:
800:Richard Owen
780:naturalistic
765:
735:
714:
707:
702:
670:
669:'s phrase "
662:
658:
654:
652:
507:Sociobiology
492:Paleontology
340:
276:Biogeography
271:Biodiversity
189:Coextinction
179:Co-operation
154:Polymorphism
79:Introduction
2113:Mayr, Ernst
1990:pp. 386-387
1988:. pp.
1598:, pp.
1341:Danesi 1993
1317:activities.
1067:Jean Piaget
937:Optic lobes
933:Wilhelm His
931:Drawing by
675:development
517:Systematics
326:Renaissance
204:Convergence
194:Contingency
184:Coevolution
2313:Categories
2052:0253113709
1982:Tim Ingold
1968:Gould 1977
1953:Gould 1977
1846:2013-02-20
1596:Gould 1977
1574:27 October
1548:27 October
1523:2008-04-30
1496:(1): 1–8.
1464:2008-05-03
1209:References
1173:Glottogony
1152:propaganda
1086:Lamarckian
997:heterotopy
989:morphology
843:Lamarckism
776:Lamarckism
761:biogenetic
727:Embryology
291:Cladistics
214:Extinction
199:Divergence
169:Speciation
149:Adaptation
63:John Gould
1895:Education
1761:: 69–75.
1510:0018-716X
1436:309071386
1387:1464-7931
1329:Mayr 1994
1071:parallels
1044:education
875:history.
868:phylogeny
751:, and by
691:phylogeny
550:Dysgenics
266:Phylogeny
164:Gene flow
134:Diversity
129:Variation
2172:(1899).
2145:84670449
2089:(1989).
2063:(1977).
1892:(1861).
1862:(1997).
1820:22520868
1777:28347942
1701:14756324
1672:18 April
1648:19883998
1403:23494485
1395:12475051
1167:See also
1134:Ontology
1054:—
970:compared
907:and the
889:tetrapod
864:Ontogeny
778:. These
687:ontogeny
614:Category
540:Eugenics
382:timeline
363:Evo-devo
321:Overview
139:Mutation
101:Evidence
96:Glossary
2303:Biology
2268:2801865
2215:2015664
2207:9278154
2137:3037718
2032:Sources
1984:(ed.).
1800:Bibcode
1736:2412887
1639:3729404
1600:189–193
1281:3414838
1051:little.
983:Modern
905:malleus
903:), the
893:mammals
885:pharynx
870:is the
824:Haeckel
738:biology
677:of the
106:History
89:Outline
2289:Portal
2266:
2213:
2205:
2143:
2135:
2101:
2075:
2049:
2018:
1872:
1818:
1775:
1734:
1699:
1646:
1636:
1508:
1434:
1424:
1401:
1393:
1385:
1308:
1286:wrong.
1279:
1269:
1244:255345
1242:
1232:
1115:atonal
909:stapes
847:Goethe
708:Since
679:embryo
612:
336:Darwin
2264:JSTOR
2211:S2CID
2141:S2CID
2133:JSTOR
1732:JSTOR
1517:(PDF)
1486:(PDF)
1399:S2CID
1249:tree.
1189:Notes
855:with
763:law.
74:Index
2203:PMID
2099:ISBN
2073:ISBN
2047:ISBN
2016:ISBN
1870:ISBN
1816:PMID
1773:PMID
1697:PMID
1674:2016
1644:PMID
1576:2016
1550:2016
1506:ISSN
1432:OCLC
1422:ISBN
1391:PMID
1383:ISSN
1306:ISBN
1277:OCLC
1267:ISBN
1240:OCLC
1230:ISBN
1148:Nazi
966:and
845:and
832:and
747:and
719:and
653:The
84:Main
2256:doi
2248:Man
2195:doi
2191:196
2125:doi
1936:doi
1808:doi
1763:doi
1724:doi
1634:PMC
1626:doi
1498:doi
1375:doi
1140:'s
897:jaw
849:'s
794:'s
661:or
61:by
2315::
2262:.
2252:14
2250:.
2209:.
2201:.
2189:.
2139:.
2131:.
2121:69
2119:.
2002:^
1992:.
1960:^
1932:46
1930:.
1814:.
1806:.
1796:27
1794:.
1771:.
1759:45
1757:.
1753:.
1730:.
1720:27
1718:.
1693:47
1691:.
1665:.
1642:.
1632:.
1622:21
1620:.
1616:.
1578:.
1552:.
1526:.
1504:.
1494:35
1492:.
1488:.
1467:.
1456:.
1444:^
1430:.
1397:.
1389:.
1381:.
1371:77
1369:.
1314:.
1283:.
1275:.
1246:.
1238:.
1132:.
1092:.
1080:,
1011::
911:.
723:.
705:.
2291::
2270:.
2258::
2217:.
2197::
2176:.
2164:.
2147:.
2127::
2107:.
2081:.
2055:.
2024:.
1942:.
1938::
1878:.
1822:.
1810::
1802::
1779:.
1765::
1738:.
1726::
1703:.
1676:.
1650:.
1628::
1500::
1438:.
1405:.
1377::
1339:(
1020:.
899:(
642:e
635:t
628:v
384:)
380:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
