1280:
1223:
2540:
1239:
631:
1044:
1653:
1133:
777:
1188:, were represented specifically with a white flag; he states : "Among the Hafsid standards carried in the parades stood out, apart, closer to the sultan and held by a man on horseback, a white standard, the "victorious standard" (al-alam al-mansûr). It is with good reason that some wanted to find in this white standard that of the Almohads, of the same color, reproducing in turn that which the Fatimids had adopted." Egyptian historiographer
1731:
760:. Ibn Tafrajin returned to Ifriqiya and, with Bedouin support, installed another young son of Abu Yahya Abu Bakr, Abu Ishaq, as ruler. Abu Inan, having successfully taken the throne from his father, invaded Ifriqiya again and captured Tunis in August 1357, but he was soon forced by his own troops to abandon the region. He returned west, retaining control only of Constantine and the cities of the central Maghreb for a time.
1279:
1107:(today a national museum) was also begun by the Hafsids in the 15th century, and is mentioned in historical records for the first time during the reign of Abu Faris. The Hafsids also made significant renovations to the much older Great Mosque of Kairouan – renovating its ceiling, reinforcing its walls, and building or rebuilding two of its entrance gates in 1293 – as well as to the Great Mosque of al-Zaytuna in Tunis.
54:
2763:
984:, Tunis was chosen as the capital due to its position on the coast as a port linking the Western and Eastern Mediterranean. Christian merchants from Europe were given their own enclaves in various cities on the Mediterranean coast, promoting trans-Mediterranean trade. Under the Hafsids, commerce and diplomatic relations with Christian Europe grew significantly, however
1664:
744:, followed by another marriage to his daughter. When Abu Yahya Abu Bakr died in 1346, his intended heir, Abu'l Abbas, was killed in Tunis by his brother, Umar, who seized power. Abu'l Abbas's chamberlain, Abu Muhammad Abdallah ibn Tafrajin, sent a letter to Abu al-Hasan urging him to intervene and invade Ifriqiya. Abu al-Hasan, having already
1063:(r. 1394–1434), though not many of their monuments have survived intact to the present-day. While Kairouan remained an important religious center, Tunis was the capital and progressively replaced it as the main city of the region and the main center of architectural patronage. Unlike the architecture further west,
1090:
of Tunis was one of the first works of this period, built by Abu
Zakariya (the first independent Hafsid ruler) at the beginning of his reign. Its floor plan had noticeable differences from previous Almohad-period mosques but the minaret, completed in 1233, bears very strong resemblance to the minaret
751:
The invasion, however, disturbed the balance of power in favour of the
Bedouin Arab tribes, whom the Marinids were unable to sway. Ibn Tafrajin, who had hoped to be placed in power by the Marinids, fled to Egypt. The situation in Ifriqiya devolved into further disorder and internal rivalries, and Abu
851:
the
Zayyanid sultan, Abu Malik Abd al-Wahid, and placed another Zayyanid, Abu Abdallah Muhammad IV, on the throne of Tlemcen as his vassal. In 1428, the latter became embroiled in another war with Abu Malik Abd al-Wahid – who had now won his own support from the Hafsids – and was eventually replaced
493:
against
Almohad authority in the region. Abu Muhammad Abd al-Wahid was ultimately quite effective in keeping order. The caliph had granted him a significant degree of autonomy in governing, partly to help persuade him to accept this difficult position in the first place. This laid the groundwork for
709:
in the west. This division continued to characterize Hafsid politics for much of its history, with the balance of power sometimes shifting from one side to another and with intermittent successes at unifying both branches under one rule. After the initial split, the first successful reunification
1222:
807:), the emir of Béjaïa and Constantine, conquered Tunis in 1370. A capable ruler and military leader, he reestablished Hafsid authority on stronger terms, centralizing power to a greater extent than ever before. Meanwhile, the Zayyanids and Marinids were occupied by internal matters.
871:
was the military leader during the attack. The profits were used for a great building programme and to support art and culture. However, piracy also provoked retaliation from the
Christians, which several times launched attacks and crusades against Hafsid coastal cities such as the
1025:, the city's main mosque, became the country's leading center of learning. Of great impact on culture were immigrants from al-Andalus, whom Abu Zakariya encouraged to come to his realm in the 13th century. Among the most important figures was the famous historian and intellectual,
1119:(1341). Many of these early madrasas, however, have been poorly preserved or have been considerably modified in the centuries since their foundation. The Madrasa al-Muntasiriya, completed in 1437, is among the best preserved madrasas of the Hafsid period.
529:. Abu Zakariya used this as a pretext to repudiate his authority and to declare himself independent. By this point, Al-Ma'mun did not have the means to stop him or to reassert control over Ifriqiya. Initially, Abu Zakariya had his name mentioned in the
763:
During the mid-14th century, plague epidemics brought to
Ifriqiya from Sicily caused a considerable fall in population, further weakening the Hafsid realm. To stop raids from southern tribes during plague epidemics, the Hafsids turned to the
572:, but allowed some of the Banu Tujin tribes in the central Maghreb to govern themselves as small vassal states that secured his eastern borders. He welcomed many refugees and immigrants from al-Andalus who were fleeing the advance of the
1213:, written by a Franciscan friar in the 14th century, describes the flag of Tunis as being white with a black moon at its center. Other cities within modern Tunisia and eastern Algeria were also reported having white flags with a moon.
909:
in 1463. He led two expeditions to
Tlemcen in 1462 and 1466 and made the Zayyanids his vassals, while the Wattasid state in Morocco also formally accepted his authority. The entire Maghreb was thus briefly under Hafsid suzerainty.
501:, had not consented to this and was able to overrule this and appoint his own relative to the position. As Almohad authority weakened over the following years, local opposition to the Almohad governor compelled the Almohad caliph
839:(1402), subdued tribal power in the regions of Constantine and Béjaïa (1397–1402), and appointed governors of these regions to be elected officers. He also intervened against his western and eastern neighbors. He annexed
1114:
built in Tunis in 1238 (or in 1249 according to some sources). This was followed by many others (almost all of them in Tunis) such as the
Madrasa al-Hawa founded in the 1250s, the Madrasa al-Ma'ridiya (1282), and the
602:'s aid in 1238. Abu Zakariya showed more interest in trying to recreate some of the former authority of the Almohads over the Maghreb and he made attempts to extend his control further west. In 1242, he captured
820:) was considered the apogee of Hafsid power and prosperity by contemporary writers. He further consolidated his dynasty's power in Ifriqiya and extended his influence over the Zayyanids and Marinids (and the
1192:(d. 1418) mentioned white flags when he spoke about the Almohad flag in Tunisia, where he stated that: "It was a white flag called the victorious flag, and it was raised before their sultan when riding for
898:). He largely continued the strong rule of his predecessors but he had to contend with greater challenges, including internal politics, restive Bedouin tribes in the south, and the Wattasids in the west.
658:
region (south of the Sahara). In the western
Maghreb (present-day Morocco), the Marinids, who had not yet fully established their rule in the region, formally recognized his authority in 1258. With the
517:, Abu Zakariya sided with him, whereas Abu Muhammad Abdallah remained loyal to the caliph in Marrakesh. Al-Ma'mun's eventual victory resulted in Abu Zakariya being placed in charge of Ifriqiya in 1228.
4487:
4678:
497:
When Abu
Muhammad Abd al-Wahid died in 1221, the Almohad chiefs in Ifriqiya initially elected his son, Abu Zayd Abd al-Rahman, as the next governor. However, the Almohad caliph in Marrakesh,
1238:
1017:
to the Maghreb. Arabic literacy and religious education thus increased, with Kairouan, Tunis and Bijaya hosting famous university-mosques. Kairouan continued to serve as a center of the
614:
evaded him. The two leaders eventually came to an agreement, with Yaghmurasan continuing to rule in Tlemcen but agreeing to formally recognize Abu Zakariya's authority. That same year,
992:(1394–1434). By the mid-14th century, the population of Tunis had grown to 100,000. The Hafsids also had a large stake in trans-Saharan trade through the caravan routes from Tunis to
956:
Muley Hassan as a Habsburg tributary. Due to the Ottoman threat, the Hafsids were vassals of Spain after 1535. The Ottomans again conquered Tunis in 1569 and held it for four years.
579:
He appointed some of them to important political positions and recruited Andalusi military regiments as a way of counteracting the power and influence of traditional Almohad elites.
4780:
2113:
4434:
Book of knowledge of all the kingdoms, lands, and lordships that are in the world, and the arms and devices of each land and lordship, or of the kings and lords who possess them
4775:
2178:
4480:
622:(Sabta) also recognized his authority, though these would later fall under Marinid control. This policy of western expansion ended with Abu Zakariya's death (1249).
4671:
2360:
2253:
729:
Abu Yahya Abu Bakr's rule remained unstable and he resorted to making alliances with the Zayyanids and Marinids to the west. His agreement with the Marinid ruler,
852:
by yet another Zayyanid relative with Abu Faris Abd al-Aziz's help in 1431. Around the same time (probably in 1426), Abu Faris Abd al-Aziz also helped to install
4732:
2581:
2394:
1204:
also speaks of Hafsid sovereigns doing parades with their court while hoisting their own white standard, overshadowing multicolored flags of embroidered silk.
2399:
560:(Bijaya) in 1230. In 1234, he chased Yahya Ibn Ghaniya out of the countryside south of Constantine in 1234, ending this lingering threat. In 1235 he captured
4473:
2501:
2460:
1692:
827:
The beginning of his reign was not easy since the cities of the south revolted against him. However, the new sultan quickly regained control: he reoccupied
2316:
2243:
4664:
4374:
2791:
505:
to appoint another Hafsid family member to the post in 1226. He chose Abu Muhammad Abdallah, a grandson of Abu Hafs. Abu Muhammad Abdallah's brother,
594:, briefly acknowledged Abu Zakariya's suzerainty in an attempt to enlist his help against Christian forces. Ultimately, Hafsid intervention on the
2384:
1824:
4730:
4724:
3383:
2830:
2670:
2539:
2273:
458:
3589:
Fromherz, Allen J. (2009). "Abū Ḥafṣ ʿUmar al-Hintātī". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.).
748:
in 1337, seized the opportunity to further expand. He conquered Tunis in 1347 and the Hafsid governors in the region accepted his authority.
4140:
3911:
3879:
3736:
3570:
3454:
490:
159:
3101:
3080:
2743:
1571:
4056:. Recueil des notices et mémoires de la Société archéologique de la province de Constantine (in French). Imprimerie D. Braham. p. 50.
3927:
980:
The Hafsids, with their location in Ifriqiya, was rich in agriculture and trade. Instead of placing the capital at inland cities such as
654:(r. 1249–1277), focused on consolidating the Hafsid state in Ifriqiya. The state benefited from expanding trade with both Europe and the
4727:
4496:
2248:
2171:
789:
3993:"العملة وتأثيراتها السياسية في تاريخ الغرب الإسلامي من مطلع القرن الخامس إلى أواخر القرن السابع الهجري 407 هـ - 674 هـ / 1017 - 1275 م"
2305:
3954:"العملة وتأثيراتها السياسية في تاريخ الغرب الإسلامي من مطلع القرن الخامس إلى أواخر القرن السابع الهجري 407 هـ - 674 هـ /1017 - 1275 م"
3282:
2355:
435:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4723:
4339:
4299:
4274:
4249:
4224:
3852:
3598:
1209:
1167:
1083:
remarks that Hafsid architecture seems to have "largely charted a course independent of the developments elsewhere in the Maghrib."
4716:
4703:
745:
4721:
1152:
Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed.
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The Hafsids were significant builders, particularly under the reigns of successful leaders like Abu Zakariya (r. 1229–1249) and
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Early red flag with white or yellow crescent of the 14th century, reported by Marino Sanudo (ca. 1321), Pietro Vesconte (1325
4718:
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and was subsequently executed due to his collaboration with Spain and the desire of the Ottoman Sultan to take the title of
485:, which the Almohads had chosen as the province's administrative capital. His appointment came in the wake of the defeat of
53:
3675:
3615:
630:
4705:
4701:
4240:
Chater, Khalifa (2002). "Zaytūna". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.).
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Rouighi, Ramzi (2020). "Ḥafṣids". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.).
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2700:
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After al-Mustansir's death in 1277, the Hafsids were riven by internal conflict, aggravated by interference from
3261:
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923:
919:
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1866:
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741:
698:
660:
651:
4290:
Binous, Jamila; Baklouti, Naceur; Ben Tanfous, Aziza; Bouteraa, Kadri; Rammah, Mourad; Zouari, Ali (2002).
4710:
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3623:
3426:
2680:
2571:
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2263:
2190:
1365:
1132:
932:
In the 16th century the Hafsids became increasingly caught up in the power struggle between Spain and the
776:
3303:
888:
4706:
3240:
3122:
3017:
2120:
1811:
1087:
1048:
864:
797:
711:
4707:
667:, that same year, the Hafsids were briefly seen as the most important rulers of the Muslim world. The
3200:
2626:
2611:
2238:
1929:
1111:
1076:
961:
781:
706:
611:
553:
315:
4034:
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2137:
1918:
1886:
1621:
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1315:
1064:
1038:
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4554:
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2916:
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2333:
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1719:
1268:
1200:
slaves (which were the ordinary people of the country and the people of the markets)." Historian
683:
607:
506:
427:
273:
1780:
887:
Abu Faris Abd al-Aziz II died in 1434 during another expedition against Tlemcen. His successor,
510:
446:
confederation in present-day Morocco. He was a member of the Council of Ten, one of the highest
4638:
4590:
4578:
4560:
4335:
4295:
4270:
4245:
4220:
4136:
4074:
4012:
3973:
3907:
3875:
3848:
3800:
3732:
3726:
3705:
3645:
3594:
3566:
3560:
2630:
2144:
2061:
2053:
1973:
1902:
1784:
1497:
1487:
1450:
1430:
1420:
1181:
1116:
1022:
1013:
The Hafsids were effective patrons of culture and education. They were the first to introduce
694:
664:
595:
462:
447:
246:
4728:
4726:
4725:
4068:
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3701:
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3562:
Near West: Medieval North Africa, Latin Europe and the Mediterranean in the Second Axial Age
2660:
2528:
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1997:
1939:
1836:
1324:
937:
526:
502:
81:
31:
4051:
4620:
4608:
4536:
2591:
2418:
2258:
2217:
2205:
2132:
2125:
2069:
2005:
1981:
1763:
1544:
1534:
1525:
1289:
1100:
1096:
1021:
school of religious doctrine.As the political center of the country shifted to Tunis, the
957:
873:
668:
369:
301:
287:
259:
1730:
3691:
3687:
3631:
3627:
2200:
2157:
1878:
1857:
1755:
1668:
1351:
1189:
1080:
997:
965:
933:
853:
840:
757:
697:. This resulted in a split in the dynasty: one branch ruled from Tunis in the east and
679:
655:
583:
107:
4465:
4744:
4626:
4584:
4566:
3679:
3619:
2640:
2561:
2328:
2037:
1657:
1477:
1244:
White with blue crescent according to Jacobo Russo, 1550 (last period of the kingdom)
536:
4656:
2767:
2229:
902:
877:
868:
672:
591:
565:
486:
382:
147:
103:
4381:
Eastern Berberia under the Hafsids from the origins to the end of the 15th century
4216:
Architecture of the Islamic West: North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, 700–1800
4132:
History of North Africa: Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, from the Arab Conquest to 1830
702:
690:, Louis died of dysentery in the middle of his army decimated by disease in 1270.
639:
557:
4214:
3901:
3869:
3794:
1110:
The Hafsids also introduced the first madrasas to the region, beginning with the
1075:) and appears to have featured much less decoration. In reviewing the history of
568:
to the west. In the following years he subdued various rural tribes, such as the
4524:
3479:
2290:
2280:
1989:
1193:
1026:
574:
513:, the brother of Abdallah al-Adil, rebelled against the latter's authority from
99:
95:
17:
4542:
1849:
765:
514:
451:
4431:
Markham, Clements R. (Clements Robert); Jiménez de la Espada, Marcos (1912).
4016:
3977:
796:
After the Marinid threat ended, attempts to reunify the Hafsids failed until
4644:
2045:
2013:
1831:
1797:
1440:
821:
615:
540:
4376:
La Berberie orientale sous les Hafsides des origines à la fin du XVe siècle
4451:
4399:
4437:. Kelly - University of Toronto. London, The Hakluyt society. p. 24.
2029:
2021:
1944:
1934:
1072:
993:
988:
against Christian shipping grew as well, particularly during the rule of
981:
721:), the ruler of the western branch who managed to take control of Tunis.
687:
599:
466:
390:
121:
4406:
Banners of Islam from the white Prophet's banner to the red Ottoman flag
4166:
4688:
4500:
3728:
Tunisia Since the Arab Conquest: The Saga of a Westernized Muslim State
3547:
Introduction to the History of African Civilization: Precolonial Africa
1841:
1747:
1631:
1197:
1185:
1014:
906:
844:
643:
603:
587:
569:
561:
531:
474:
470:
443:
439:
419:
402:
394:
386:
348:
343:
111:
3992:
3953:
3871:
North Africa, Revised Edition: A History from Antiquity to the Present
4008:
3969:
1802:
1792:
1018:
985:
969:
881:
836:
828:
740:), included a marriage to his sister, who subsequently died during a
434:. The ancestor of the dynasty (from whom their name is derived), was
128:
77:
3503:
The state was known by several names, including the Hafsid Kingdom (
539:) with the title of amir, but in 1236 or 1237 he began to adopt the
960:
recaptured it in 1573. The Ottomans reconquered Tunis in 1574, and
509:, arrived in Tunis before him and began to reestablish order. When
2285:
1068:
1052:
1042:
832:
775:
752:
al-Hasan was forced to return west in 1349, partly to deal with a
635:
629:
619:
482:
478:
423:
398:
353:
91:
67:
860:– and thus obtained from him a recognition of Hafsid suzerainty.
422:
descent, although to further legitimize their rule, they claimed
1095:. Other foundations from the Hafsid period in Tunis include the
1055:, built at the beginning of the Hafsid period in the early 1230s
867:
and took 3000 slaves, although they did not conquer the island.
431:
4660:
4469:
4401:رايات الإسلام من اللواء النبوي الأبيض إلى العلم العثماني الأحمر
4292:
Ifriqiya: Thirteen Centuries of Art and Architecture in Tunisia
944:
in 1534 and held it for one year, driving out the Hafsid ruler
4699:
4355:
Bloom, Jonathan M.; Blair, Sheila S., eds. (2009). "Madrasa".
1126:
4330:
M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Hafsid".
4155:
Roger Crowley, Empires of the Sea, faber and faber 2008 p. 61
3900:
Roland Anthony Oliver; Roland Oliver; Anthony Atmore (2001).
4265:
M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Tunis".
549:, in direct challenge to the Almohad caliph in Marrakesh.
481:) where he ruled from 1207 to 1221. He was established in
4039:(in French). Alger, Impr. P. Crescenzo. pp. 287–288.
948:. A year later the King of Spain and Holy Roman Emperor
4357:
The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture
4332:
The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture
4267:
The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture
780:
Double page from the Qur'an manuscript endowed to the
525:
A year later, in 1229, al-Ma'mun officially renounced
4387:(in French). Vol. 2. A. Maisonneuve. p. 30.
3700:. Vol. III (2nd ed.). Leiden, Netherlands:
3640:. Vol. III (2nd ed.). Leiden, Netherlands:
1232:
Angelino Dulcerta (1339) and the Catalan Atlas (1385)
4408:] (in Arabic). Cairo: مكتبة مدبولي. p. 151.
1217:
Flags of Hafsids on portolans and from other sources
856:
on the Marinid throne in Fez – under the regency of
442:
tribal confederation, which belonged to the greater
336:
204:
191:
181:
169:
153:
141:
127:
117:
87:
73:
63:
39:
4053:La dynastie marocaine des Beni Wattas (1420-1554)
964:, the last Caliph of the Hafsids, was brought to
564:and then established his authority as far as the
4446:
4444:
4294:(2nd ed.). Museum With No Frontiers, MWNF.
675:, temporarily recognized him as caliph in 1259.
4070:The Maltese Cross: A Strategic History of Malta
4096:"575th anniversary of the 1429 Siege of Malta"
4073:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 36–37.
3796:A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period
27:1229–1574 Sunni Berber dynasty in North Africa
4781:States and territories disestablished in 1574
4672:
4481:
3895:
3893:
3891:
2866:Not yet a sultan, just a local minor leader.
2844:Not yet a sultan, just a local minor leader.
2785:
2495:
1686:
1184:, the Hafsid dynasty and its founding tribe,
8:
3522:
3516:
3510:
3504:
376:
58:Realm of the Hafsid dynasty in 1400 (orange)
450:political bodies, and a close companion of
4776:States and territories established in 1229
4679:
4665:
4657:
4488:
4474:
4466:
3549:, (University Press of America, 1999), 84.
2792:
2778:
2513:
2502:
2488:
1704:
1693:
1679:
1253:
1067:was built primarily in stone (rather than
52:
36:
4244:. Vol. XI. Brill. pp. 488–490.
3799:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3181:Abu al-Abbas Ahmad al-Fadl al-Mutawakkil
1168:Learn how and when to remove this message
1077:architecture in the western Islamic world
598:was limited to sending a fleet to Muslim
3838:
3836:
3584:
3582:
2803:
678:It was during his reign that the failed
3834:
3832:
3830:
3828:
3826:
3824:
3822:
3820:
3818:
3816:
3535:
3496:
2853:Abu Muhammad Abd Allah ibn Abd al-Wahid
2527:
2516:
1718:
1707:
1267:
1256:
1215:
972:as he now controlled Mecca and Medina.
891:, had the longest reign of any Hafsid (
4418:
4242:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
4208:
4028:
4026:
3788:
3786:
3784:
3782:
3780:
3778:
3776:
3774:
3772:
3770:
3768:
3384:Abu Abdallah Muhammad IV al-Mutawakkil
2831:Abu Muhammad Abd al-Wahid ibn Abi Hafs
461:, was appointed by the Almohad caliph
459:Abu Muhammad Abd al-Wahid ibn Abi Hafs
4368:
4366:
4206:
4204:
4202:
4200:
4198:
4196:
4194:
4192:
4190:
4188:
4094:Cauchi, Fr Mark (12 September 2004).
3766:
3764:
3762:
3760:
3758:
3756:
3754:
3752:
3750:
3748:
725:Marinid invasions and internal crisis
203:
190:
180:
176:
152:
140:
136:
126:
7:
4319:. Paris: Arts et métiers graphiques.
3669:
3667:
3665:
3663:
3661:
3541:
3539:
3081:Abd al-Wahid Zakariya ibn al-Lihyani
2547:
905:in 1458 and appointed a governor in
634:Coin of the Hafsids with ornamental
4317:L'architecture musulmane d'Occident
3523:
3517:
3511:
3505:
2467:List of people on stamps of Algeria
954:drove the Ottomans out and restored
768:to protect their rural population.
454:, the Almohad movement's founder.
373:
3928:"Papier pourpre et encre d'argent"
3283:Abu Abd-Allah Muhammad al-Muntasir
742:failed Marinid expedition in Spain
436:Abu Hafs Umar ibn Yahya al-Hintati
25:
1210:Book of Knowledge of All Kingdoms
4067:Castillo, Dennis Angelo (2006).
2761:
2538:
1729:
1662:
1651:
1278:
1237:
1221:
1131:
790:Bibliothèque nationale de France
320:
306:
292:
278:
264:
239:
3991:نوري, عبد المجيد (March 2017).
3952:نوري, عبد المجيد (March 2017).
3102:Abu Darba Muhammad Al-Mustansir
2821:
2818:
2815:
2812:
2809:
2806:
893:
815:
802:
735:
716:
4129:Julien, Charles André (1970).
4036:Histoire générale de l'Algérie
3906:. Cambridge University Press.
3565:. Edinburgh University Press.
3559:Fromherz, Allen James (2016).
3485:List of Sunni Muslim dynasties
2454:List of wars involving Algeria
1180:According to French historian
1:
3874:. University of Texas Press.
3845:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three
3591:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three
3039:Abu Yahya Abu Bakr ash-Shahid
2734:Government of National Accord
2691:National Transitional Council
858:Abu Zakariya Yahya al-Wattasi
3445:Ottoman conquest (1569–1573)
2744:Government of National Unity
865:attacked the island of Malta
30:For the Cretan dynasty, see
4373:Brunschvig, Robert (1982).
4334:. Oxford University Press.
4269:. Oxford University Press.
4213:Bloom, Jonathan M. (2020).
4135:. Routledge & K. Paul.
3521:), and Sultanate of Tunis (
2671:Libya under Muammar Gaddafi
2448:Military history of Algeria
1196:or for the movement of the
824:who succeeded the latter).
377:
4797:
4359:. Oxford University Press.
3903:Medieval Africa, 1250–1800
1093:Kasbah Mosque in Marrakesh
1036:
1023:Great Mosque of al-Zaytuna
917:
880:(1399) and the capture of
626:Consolidation and division
610:, but the Zayyanid leader
29:
4696:
4508:
4315:Marçais, Georges (1954).
4219:. Yale University Press.
3997:Historical Kan Periodical
3958:Historical Kan Periodical
3793:Abun-Nasr, Jamil (1987).
3443:
3205:October or November 1336
3060:Abu-l-Baqa Khalid An-Nasr
2701:General National Congress
2461:Postal history of Algeria
2400:Insurgency in the Maghreb
2223:Sétif and Guelma massacre
847:(1410–1411). In 1424, he
494:a future Hafsid state.
426:ancestry from the second
218:
214:
177:
165:
137:
51:
46:
4771:16th century in Ifriqiya
4766:15th century in Ifriqiya
4761:14th century in Ifriqiya
4756:13th century in Ifriqiya
4119:Braunschvig 1940, p. 260
3868:Naylor, Phillip (2015).
2711:House of Representatives
928:Conquest of Tunis (1574)
924:Conquest of Tunis (1535)
920:Conquest of Tunis (1534)
811:Abu Faris Abd al-Aziz II
786:Abu Faris Abd al-Aziz II
4398:عاصم, محمد رزق (2006).
2997:Abu Hafs Umar bin Yahya
2896:Muhammad I al-Mustansir
2474:History of North Africa
2274:Independence referendum
2213:Attack on Mers-el-Kébir
1140:Some of this section's
1099:(13th century) and the
1091:of the earlier Almohad
1000:to sub-Saharan Africa.
707:Constantine (Qusantina)
652:Muhammad I al-Mustansir
469:(generally present-day
4171:Libya: A Country Study
4050:Cour, Auguste (1920).
4033:Garrot, Henri (1910).
3697:Encyclopaedia of Islam
3674:Idris, H. R. (1986) .
3637:Encyclopaedia of Islam
3614:Deverdun, G. (1986) .
3363:Abu Yahya Zakariya III
3324:Abu Zakariya Yahya II
1756:Iberomaurusian Culture
1366:Byzantine North Africa
1112:Madrasa al-Shamma῾iyya
1056:
793:
647:
206:• Disestablished
4173:. Library of Congress
3725:Abadi, Jacob (2013).
3515:), Hafsid Sultanate (
3221:Abu-l-Baqa Khalid II
3123:Abu Yahya Abu Bakr II
3018:Abu Asida Muhammad II
2380:High Council of State
2160:(19th–20th centuries)
2121:Emirate of Beni Abbas
2108:(16th–19th centuries)
1812:Archeology of Algeria
1362:2nd Roman (Byzantine)
1046:
1009:Intellectual activity
863:In 1429, the Hafsids
798:Abu al-Abbas Ahmad II
779:
712:Abu Yahya Abu Bakr II
633:
552:Abu Zakariya annexed
499:Yusuf II al-Mustansir
489:, who had launched a
457:The son of Abu Hafs,
405:) from 1229 to 1574.
74:Common languages
4456:www.hubert-herald.nl
3201:Abu Ishaq Ibrahim II
2627:Italian Tripolitania
2622:Italian colonization
2612:Ottoman Tripolitania
1930:Early African Church
1911:Prefecture of Africa
1895:Kingdom of the Aurès
1632:Parliamentary system
1329:12th C.–146 BC
1202:Charles-André Julien
438:, a Berber from the
418:The Hafsids were of
316:Ottoman Tripolitania
2602:Hospitaller Tripoli
2138:Barbary Slave Trade
1919:Exarchate of Africa
1887:Mauro-Roman Kingdom
1622:Tunisian revolution
1065:Hafsid architecture
1047:The minaret of the
1039:Hafsid architecture
958:Don Juan of Austria
686:. After landing at
682:took place, led by
535:(the sermon during
183:• Established
3545:C. Magbaily Fyle,
3290:16 September 1435
3143:Abu-l Abbas Ahmad
2917:Yahya II al-Wathiq
2875:Abu Zakariya Yahya
2443:Outline of Algeria
2351:Algerian Civil War
2150:Second Barbary War
2106:Regency of Algiers
1669:History portal
1582:Kingdom of Tunisia
1057:
794:
684:Louis IX of France
663:, the home of the
648:
507:Abu Zakariya Yahya
389:descent who ruled
274:Regency of Algiers
4738:
4737:
4654:
4653:
4497:Islamic dynasties
4142:978-0-7100-6614-5
3913:978-0-521-79372-8
3881:978-0-292-76192-6
3738:978-0-86372-435-0
3572:978-1-4744-1007-6
3509:), Hafsid State (
3471:
3470:
3407:(“Moulay Hasan”)
3208:19 February 1369
3162:Abu Hafs Umar II
2802:
2801:
2755:
2754:
2651:Allied occupation
2586:mid-7c–1510
2512:
2511:
2424:COVID-19 pandemic
2145:First Barbary War
2114:Ottoman governors
1974:Umayyad Caliphate
1903:Kingdom of Altava
1703:
1702:
1658:Africa portal
1643:
1642:
1553:
1552:
1516:
1515:
1459:
1458:
1402:
1401:
1306:
1305:
1182:Robert Brunschvig
1178:
1177:
1170:
1117:Madrasa al-Unqiya
901:Uthman conquered
746:conquered Tlemcen
710:took place under
596:Iberian Peninsula
487:Yahya Ibn Ghaniya
463:Muhammad al-Nasir
362:
361:
332:
331:
328:
327:
252:
251:
247:Almohad Caliphate
195:Conquest of Tunis
143:• 1229–1249
16:(Redirected from
4788:
4687:Timeline of the
4681:
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4165:Berry, LaVerle.
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4009:10.12816/0041490
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3970:10.12816/0041490
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3731:. Apollo Books.
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3304:Abu 'Amr 'Uthman
3130:19 October 1346
2804:
2794:
2787:
2780:
2768:Libya portal
2766:
2765:
2764:
2751:
2724:Second Civil War
2718:
2661:Kingdom of Libya
2548:
2542:
2532:
2514:
2504:
2497:
2490:
2469:
2456:
2407:2010s to present
2322:1965 coup d'état
2306:Contemporary era
2172:French governors
2090:
2082:
2074:
2066:
2058:
2050:
2042:
2034:
2026:
2018:
2010:
2002:
1994:
1986:
1978:
1970:
1940:Fossatum Africae
1923:
1915:
1907:
1899:
1891:
1883:
1875:
1862:
1854:
1846:
1837:Ancient Carthage
1768:
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1733:
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1705:
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1665:
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1567:
1531:
1530:
1474:
1473:
1417:
1416:
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1384:
1379:
1346:146 BC–435
1343:
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1294:
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1272:
1254:
1241:
1225:
1173:
1166:
1162:
1159:
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1135:
1127:
897:
896: 1435–1488
895:
889:Abu 'Amr 'Uthman
819:
818: 1394–1434
817:
806:
805: 1370–1394
804:
739:
738: 1331–1348
737:
720:
719: 1318–1346
718:
582:For a time, the
556:(Qusantina) and
546:Amir al-Mu'minin
527:Almohad doctrine
503:Abdallah al-Adil
414:Almohad Ifriqiya
380:
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32:Emirate of Crete
21:
18:Hafsid Caliphate
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4003:(35): 172–175.
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3989:
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3964:(35): 172–175.
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3558:
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3553:
3544:
3537:
3532:
3531:
3518:السلطنة الحفصية
3506:المملكة الحفصية
3502:
3498:
3493:
3476:
3311:September 1488
3046:September 1309
3025:September 1309
2882:5 October 1249
2798:
2762:
2760:
2749:
2738:2016–2021
2728:2014–2020
2716:
2705:2012–2014
2695:2011–2012
2681:First Civil War
2675:1969–2011
2665:1951–1969
2655:1943–1951
2645:1934–1943
2635:1911–1934
2625:
2616:1551–1911
2606:1530–1551
2596:1510–1530
2592:Spanish Tripoli
2576:146 BC – mid-7C
2562:Ancient history
2530:
2523:
2508:
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2338:
2308:
2298:
2297:
2296:
2295:
2218:Operation Torch
2206:Cheikh Bouamama
2191:Emir Abdelkader
2167:French conquest
2154:
2133:Barbary pirates
2126:Emirate of Kuku
2102:
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2024:
2016:
2008:
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1992:
1984:
1976:
1968:
1961:
1951:
1950:
1949:
1921:
1913:
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1897:
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1881:
1874:(146 BC–590 AD)
1873:
1860:
1852:
1844:
1827:
1817:
1816:
1807:
1766:
1764:Capsian culture
1758:
1750:
1748:Aterian Culture
1743:
1721:
1714:
1699:
1663:
1661:
1652:
1650:
1645:
1644:
1637:
1616:1987–2011
1596:1957–1987
1586:1956–1957
1576:1881–1956
1565:
1555:
1554:
1549:1705–1881
1539:1574–1705
1528:
1518:
1517:
1512:1229–1574
1502:1160–1229
1492:1148–1160
1471:
1461:
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1414:
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1174:
1163:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1136:
1125:
1041:
1035:
1011:
1006:
978:
942:conquered Tunis
940:. The Ottomans
930:
916:
892:
874:Barbary crusade
814:
801:
788:in March 1405.
774:
734:
727:
715:
703:Béjaïa (Bijaya)
669:Sharif of Mecca
665:Abbasid caliphs
661:fall of Baghdad
650:His successor,
628:
590:in al-Andalus,
523:
465:as governor of
416:
411:
358:
321:
307:
302:Kingdom of Kuku
293:
288:Spanish Tripoli
279:
265:
260:Ottoman Tunisia
240:
207:
197:
184:
156:
144:
59:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4794:
4792:
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4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4751:Hafsid dynasty
4743:
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4736:
4735:
4698:
4697:
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4683:
4676:
4669:
4661:
4652:
4651:
4649:
4648:
4642:
4636:
4630:
4629:(1666–present)
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4461:
4440:
4423:
4421:, p. 155.
4411:
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4112:
4100:Times of Malta
4086:
4079:
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4022:
3983:
3944:
3932:BnF Essentiels
3919:
3912:
3887:
3880:
3860:
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3812:
3805:
3744:
3737:
3717:
3710:
3704:. p. 66.
3657:
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3512:الدولة الحفصية
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3343:Abd al-Mu'min
3341:
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3308:February 1419
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3262:Abd al-Aziz II
3259:
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3227:November 1370
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3175:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3166:
3163:
3160:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3147:
3144:
3141:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3128:
3125:
3120:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3107:
3104:
3099:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3086:
3083:
3078:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3065:
3062:
3057:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3044:
3041:
3036:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3023:
3020:
3015:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3002:
2999:
2994:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2981:
2978:
2977:Ibn Abi Umara
2975:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2962:
2959:
2958:Abd al-Aziz I
2956:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2943:
2940:
2935:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2922:
2919:
2914:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2901:
2898:
2893:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2880:
2877:
2872:
2868:
2867:
2864:
2861:
2858:
2855:
2850:
2846:
2845:
2842:
2839:
2836:
2833:
2828:
2824:
2823:
2820:
2817:
2814:
2811:
2808:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2796:
2789:
2782:
2774:
2771:
2770:
2757:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2746:
2740:
2739:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2726:
2720:
2719:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2703:
2697:
2696:
2693:
2687:
2686:
2683:
2677:
2676:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2663:
2657:
2656:
2653:
2647:
2646:
2643:
2637:
2636:
2633:
2618:
2617:
2614:
2608:
2607:
2604:
2598:
2597:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2564:
2558:
2557:
2554:
2544:
2543:
2535:
2534:
2525:
2524:
2517:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2506:
2499:
2492:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2471:
2458:
2445:
2439:
2437:Related topics
2436:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2427:
2426:
2421:
2419:Hirak Movement
2416:
2410:
2403:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2366:
2365:
2364:
2363:
2358:
2347:
2337:
2336:
2331:
2325:
2324:
2319:
2313:
2309:
2304:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2294:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2277:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2235:
2226:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2203:
2201:Mokrani Revolt
2198:
2196:Fatma N'Soumer
2193:
2187:
2186:
2181:
2175:
2174:
2169:
2163:
2158:French Algeria
2153:
2152:
2147:
2141:
2140:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2110:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2089:(1235–1556 AD)
2083:
2081:(1229–1574 AD)
2075:
2073:(1215–1465 AD)
2067:
2065:(1121–1269 AD)
2059:
2057:(1040–1147 AD)
2051:
2049:(1014–1152 AD)
2043:
2035:
2027:
2019:
2011:
2003:
1995:
1987:
1979:
1971:
1962:
1957:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1924:
1916:
1908:
1900:
1892:
1884:
1879:Vandal Kingdom
1876:
1863:
1858:Jugurthine War
1855:
1847:
1839:
1834:
1828:
1823:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1806:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1787:
1769:
1761:
1753:
1744:
1739:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1726:
1725:
1716:
1715:
1708:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1697:
1690:
1683:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1647:
1646:
1641:
1640:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1594:
1592:Bourguiba rule
1588:
1587:
1584:
1578:
1577:
1574:
1572:French Tunisia
1566:
1561:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1551:
1550:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1537:
1529:
1524:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1514:
1513:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1500:
1494:
1493:
1490:
1484:
1483:
1482:973–1148
1480:
1472:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1457:
1456:
1453:
1447:
1446:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1423:
1415:
1410:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1400:
1399:
1394:
1386:
1385:
1380:
1372:
1371:
1368:
1358:
1357:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1344:
1331:
1330:
1327:
1319:
1314:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1293:
1288:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1275:
1274:
1265:
1264:
1257:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1246:
1243:
1236:
1234:
1227:
1220:
1218:
1190:Al-Qalqashandi
1176:
1175:
1142:listed sources
1139:
1137:
1130:
1124:
1121:
1101:al-Hawa Mosque
1081:Jonathan Bloom
1037:Main article:
1034:
1031:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
990:Abd al-Aziz II
977:
974:
966:Constantinople
952:seized Tunis,
934:Ottoman Empire
915:
912:
854:Abd al-Haqq II
773:
770:
726:
723:
699:another branch
680:Eighth Crusade
627:
624:
522:
519:
491:serious attack
477:, and western
415:
412:
410:
407:
401:, and eastern
360:
359:
357:
356:
351:
346:
340:
338:
334:
333:
330:
329:
326:
325:
318:
312:
311:
304:
298:
297:
290:
284:
283:
276:
270:
269:
262:
253:
250:
249:
244:
232:
231:
226:
216:
215:
212:
211:
208:
205:
202:
201:
198:
192:
189:
188:
185:
182:
179:
178:
175:
174:
171:
167:
166:
163:
162:
157:
154:
151:
150:
145:
142:
139:
138:
135:
134:
131:
125:
124:
119:
115:
114:
108:Roman Catholic
89:
85:
84:
75:
71:
70:
65:
61:
60:
57:
49:
48:
44:
43:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4793:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4748:
4746:
4695:
4690:
4682:
4677:
4675:
4670:
4668:
4663:
4662:
4659:
4646:
4643:
4640:
4637:
4634:
4631:
4628:
4625:
4622:
4619:
4616:
4613:
4610:
4607:
4604:
4601:
4598:
4595:
4592:
4589:
4586:
4583:
4580:
4577:
4574:
4571:
4568:
4565:
4562:
4559:
4556:
4553:
4550:
4547:
4544:
4541:
4538:
4535:
4532:
4529:
4526:
4523:
4520:
4517:
4514:
4511:
4510:
4507:
4502:
4498:
4491:
4486:
4484:
4479:
4477:
4472:
4471:
4468:
4457:
4453:
4452:"TunisiaArms"
4447:
4445:
4441:
4436:
4435:
4427:
4424:
4420:
4415:
4412:
4407:
4403:
4402:
4394:
4391:
4382:
4378:
4377:
4369:
4367:
4363:
4358:
4351:
4348:
4343:
4341:9780195309911
4337:
4333:
4326:
4323:
4318:
4311:
4308:
4303:
4301:9783902782199
4297:
4293:
4286:
4283:
4278:
4276:9780195309911
4272:
4268:
4261:
4258:
4253:
4251:9789004161214
4247:
4243:
4236:
4233:
4228:
4226:9780300218701
4222:
4218:
4217:
4209:
4207:
4205:
4203:
4201:
4199:
4197:
4195:
4193:
4191:
4189:
4185:
4172:
4168:
4161:
4158:
4152:
4149:
4144:
4138:
4134:
4133:
4125:
4122:
4116:
4113:
4101:
4097:
4090:
4087:
4082:
4076:
4072:
4071:
4063:
4060:
4055:
4054:
4046:
4043:
4038:
4037:
4029:
4027:
4023:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3999:(in Arabic).
3998:
3994:
3987:
3984:
3979:
3975:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3960:(in Arabic).
3959:
3955:
3948:
3945:
3933:
3929:
3923:
3920:
3915:
3909:
3905:
3904:
3896:
3894:
3892:
3888:
3883:
3877:
3873:
3872:
3864:
3861:
3856:
3854:9789004161658
3850:
3846:
3839:
3837:
3835:
3833:
3831:
3829:
3827:
3825:
3823:
3821:
3819:
3817:
3813:
3808:
3802:
3798:
3797:
3789:
3787:
3785:
3783:
3781:
3779:
3777:
3775:
3773:
3771:
3769:
3767:
3765:
3763:
3761:
3759:
3757:
3755:
3753:
3751:
3749:
3745:
3740:
3734:
3730:
3729:
3721:
3718:
3713:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3698:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3684:Ménage, V. L.
3681:
3677:
3670:
3668:
3666:
3664:
3662:
3658:
3653:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3638:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3624:Ménage, V. L.
3621:
3617:
3610:
3607:
3602:
3600:9789004161658
3596:
3592:
3585:
3583:
3579:
3574:
3568:
3564:
3563:
3555:
3552:
3548:
3542:
3540:
3536:
3500:
3497:
3490:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3473:
3467:
3464:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3450:
3449:
3446:
3442:
3439:
3436:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3422:
3421:
3418:
3415:
3412:
3409:
3406:
3403:
3400:
3399:
3396:
3393:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3375:
3372:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3354:
3351:
3348:
3345:
3342:
3339:
3338:
3335:
3332:
3329:
3326:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3316:
3313:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3295:
3292:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3274:
3271:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3257:
3256:
3253:
3250:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3236:
3235:
3232:
3229:
3226:
3223:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3213:
3210:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3192:
3189:
3186:
3183:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3173:
3170:
3167:
3164:
3161:
3158:
3157:
3154:
3151:
3148:
3145:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3135:
3132:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3114:
3111:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3093:
3090:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3076:
3075:
3072:
3069:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3055:
3054:
3051:
3048:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3034:
3033:
3030:
3027:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3009:
3006:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2988:
2985:
2982:
2979:
2976:
2973:
2972:
2969:
2966:
2963:
2960:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2950:
2947:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2929:
2926:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2908:
2905:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2887:
2884:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2865:
2862:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2843:
2840:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2805:
2795:
2790:
2788:
2783:
2781:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2772:
2769:
2759:
2758:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2644:
2642:
2641:Italian Libya
2639:
2638:
2634:
2632:
2628:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2579:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2536:
2533:
2526:
2521:
2515:
2505:
2500:
2498:
2493:
2491:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2482:
2475:
2472:
2468:
2462:
2459:
2455:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2434:
2433:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2408:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2395:Peace Charter
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2385:Civil Concord
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2345:
2344:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2329:Berber Spring
2327:
2326:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2317:FFS rebellion
2315:
2314:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2301:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2269:Évian Accords
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2098:
2097:
2087:
2084:
2079:
2076:
2071:
2068:
2063:
2060:
2055:
2052:
2047:
2044:
2041:(973–1152 AD)
2039:
2036:
2033:(970–1068 AD)
2031:
2028:
2025:(909–1171 AD)
2023:
2020:
2015:
2012:
2007:
2004:
1999:
1996:
1991:
1988:
1985:(742–1066 AD)
1983:
1980:
1975:
1972:
1967:
1966:Arab conquest
1964:
1963:
1960:
1955:
1954:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1920:
1917:
1912:
1909:
1904:
1901:
1896:
1893:
1888:
1885:
1880:
1877:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1859:
1856:
1851:
1848:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1826:
1821:
1820:
1813:
1809:
1808:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1765:
1762:
1757:
1754:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1742:
1737:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1727:
1724:
1717:
1712:
1706:
1696:
1691:
1689:
1684:
1682:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1673:
1670:
1659:
1649:
1648:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1564:
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1558:
1548:
1546:
1543:
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1538:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1521:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1464:
1455:909–973
1454:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1445:800–909
1444:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1435:750–800
1434:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1425:698–750
1424:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1413:
1412:Early Islamic
1408:
1407:
1397:590–698
1395:
1392:
1388:
1387:
1383:534–590
1381:
1378:
1374:
1373:
1370:534–698
1369:
1367:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1356:435–534
1355:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1328:
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1323:
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1317:
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1302:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1276:
1273:
1266:
1261:
1255:
1250:Hafsid rulers
1249:
1240:
1235:
1231:
1224:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1211:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1172:
1169:
1161:
1149:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1128:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1106:
1103:(1375). The
1102:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1088:Kasbah Mosque
1084:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1054:
1050:
1049:Kasbah Mosque
1045:
1040:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1008:
1003:
1001:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
975:
973:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
946:Moulay Hassan
943:
939:
935:
929:
925:
921:
913:
911:
908:
904:
899:
890:
885:
883:
879:
875:
870:
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861:
859:
855:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
825:
823:
812:
808:
799:
791:
787:
783:
782:Kasbah Mosque
778:
771:
769:
767:
761:
759:
755:
749:
747:
743:
732:
724:
722:
713:
708:
704:
700:
696:
691:
689:
685:
681:
676:
674:
670:
666:
662:
657:
653:
645:
641:
637:
632:
625:
623:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
580:
578:
576:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
550:
548:
547:
542:
538:
537:Friday prayer
534:
533:
528:
521:Rise to power
520:
518:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
495:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
455:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
413:
408:
406:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
379:
371:
367:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
341:
339:
337:Today part of
335:
319:
317:
314:
313:
305:
303:
300:
299:
291:
289:
286:
285:
277:
275:
272:
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263:
261:
258:
257:
254:
248:
245:
238:
237:
234:
233:
230:
227:
225:
222:
221:
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213:
209:
199:
196:
186:
172:
168:
164:
161:
158:
149:
146:
132:
130:
123:
120:
116:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
90:
86:
83:
79:
76:
72:
69:
66:
62:
55:
50:
45:
38:
33:
19:
4596:
4455:
4433:
4426:
4414:
4405:
4400:
4393:
4380:
4375:
4356:
4350:
4331:
4325:
4316:
4310:
4291:
4285:
4266:
4260:
4241:
4235:
4215:
4175:. Retrieved
4170:
4160:
4151:
4131:
4124:
4115:
4103:. Retrieved
4099:
4089:
4069:
4062:
4052:
4045:
4035:
4000:
3996:
3986:
3961:
3957:
3947:
3936:. Retrieved
3931:
3922:
3902:
3870:
3863:
3844:
3795:
3727:
3720:
3695:
3635:
3609:
3590:
3561:
3554:
3546:
3499:
3444:
3434:August 1575
3248:3 June 1394
2582:Islamic rule
2406:
2405:
2390:Black Spring
2340:
2339:
2310:
2230:Algerian War
2228:
2227:
2184:Pacification
2156:
2155:
2104:
2101:Modern times
2077:
2017:(800–909 AD)
2009:(789–828 AD)
2001:(776–909 AD)
1993:(771–793 AD)
1977:(703–744 AD)
1969:(647–709 AD)
1922:(585–698 AD)
1914:(534–585 AD)
1906:(578–708 AD)
1898:(484–703 AD)
1890:(477–578 AD)
1882:(435–534 AD)
1861:(111–106 BC)
1853:(264–146 BC)
1771:Rock art in
1612:Ben Ali rule
1602:Ben Ali coup
1526:Early modern
1507:
1229:
1208:
1206:
1179:
1164:
1155:
1144:
1109:
1105:Bardo Palace
1097:Haliq Mosque
1085:
1058:
1033:Architecture
1012:
979:
931:
903:Tripolitania
900:
886:
878:Bona crusade
876:(1390), the
869:Kaid Ridavan
862:
835:(1401), and
826:
809:
795:
762:
756:by his son,
753:
750:
731:Abu al-Hasan
728:
692:
677:
649:
646:, 1249–1276.
592:Ibn al-Ahmar
581:
573:
566:Chelif River
551:
544:
530:
524:
496:
456:
417:
393:(modern day
383:Sunni Muslim
365:
363:
229:Succeeded by
228:
223:
155:• 1574
148:Abu Zakariya
104:Christianity
4647:(1837–1969)
4641:(1711–1835)
4639:Karamanlids
4635:(1705–1957)
4623:(1549–1659)
4617:(1472–1554)
4611:(1269–1465)
4605:(1235–1556)
4599:(1229–1574)
4593:(1147–1269)
4587:(1059–1158)
4585:Khurasanids
4581:(1040–1147)
4575:(1008–1152)
4555:Sulaymanids
4525:Muhallabids
4419:Julien 1970
3934:(in French)
3702:E. J. Brill
3692:Schacht, J.
3642:E. J. Brill
3632:Schacht, J.
3480:Banu Thabit
3455:Muhammad VI
2816:Death date
2813:Birth date
2748:2021–
2715:2014–
2566:3200–146 BC
2529:History of
2414:Arab Spring
2291:Oujda Group
2281:Pieds-noirs
2264:1961 putsch
2259:1958 crisis
2239:Nationalism
2232:(1954–1962)
1990:Muhallabids
1959:Middle Ages
1845:(202–46 BC)
1767:(10,000 BC)
1759:(20,000 BC)
1751:(80,000 BC)
1720:History of
1636:2011–
1290:Prehistoric
1269:History of
1194:Eid prayers
1145:may not be
1027:Ibn Khaldun
962:Muhammad VI
936:-supported
843:(1401) and
754:coup d'état
701:ruled from
612:Yaghmurasan
575:Reconquista
554:Constantine
385:dynasty of
378:al-Ḥafṣiyūn
224:Preceded by
160:Muhammad VI
4745:Categories
4579:Almoravids
4569:(973–1148)
4545:(790–1066)
4515:(710–1019)
4080:0313323291
3938:2023-11-27
3806:0521337674
3711:9004081186
3688:Pellat, C.
3651:9004081186
3628:Pellat, C.
3524:سلطنة تونس
3491:References
3465:1573–1574
3437:1543–1569
3416:1526–1543
3405:Muhammad V
3394:1494–1526
3373:1490–1494
3352:1489–1490
3333:1488–1489
3314:1435–1488
3293:1434–1435
3272:1394–1434
3269:July 1434
3251:1370–1394
3230:1369–1370
3211:1350–1369
3190:1347–1350
3171:1346–1347
3133:1318–1346
3112:1317–1318
3091:1311–1317
3070:1309–1311
3028:1295–1309
3007:1284–1295
2986:1283–1284
2948:1279–1283
2927:1277–1279
2906:1249–1277
2885:1229–1249
2863:1222–1229
2841:1207–1222
2552:Prehistory
2334:1988 riots
2179:Resistance
2054:Almoravids
1867:Mauretania
1850:Punic Wars
1741:Prehistory
1377:Prefecture
1299:Prehistory
1158:March 2024
1079:, scholar
918:See also:
813:'s reign (
784:by sultan
766:Banu Hilal
673:Abu Numayy
515:al-Andalus
473:, eastern
452:Ibn Tumart
397:, western
118:Government
4691:dynasties
4645:Senussids
4633:Husaynids
4615:Wattasids
4603:Zayyanids
4573:Hammadids
4563:(909–973)
4557:(814–922)
4551:(800–909)
4549:Aghlabids
4539:(788–985)
4533:(777–909)
4531:Rustamids
4527:(771–793)
4521:(757–976)
4519:Midrarids
4167:"Hafsids"
4017:2090-0449
3978:2090-0449
3847:. Brill.
3680:Lewis, B.
3676:"Ḥafṣids"
3620:Lewis, B.
3616:"Hintāta"
3593:. Brill.
3427:Ahmad III
2938:Ibrahim I
2631:Cyrenaica
2572:Roman era
2361:Massacres
2311:1960s–80s
2086:Ziyyanids
2046:Hammadids
2030:Maghrawas
2014:Aghlabids
1998:Rustamids
1832:Phoenicia
1825:Antiquity
1810:Related:
1798:Madghacen
1391:Exarchate
1335:1st Roman
1061:Abu Faris
996:and from
950:Charles V
884:in 1423.
822:Wattasids
616:Sijilmasa
608:Zayyanids
606:from the
586:ruler of
543:title of
511:al-Ma'mun
381:) were a
88:Religion
47:1229–1574
4627:'Alawids
4609:Marinids
4591:Almohads
4561:Fatimids
4543:Ifranids
4537:Idrisids
4513:Salihids
4105:4 August
3694:(eds.).
3634:(eds.).
3474:See also
3459:unknown
3431:c. 1500
3410:unknown
3388:unknown
3367:unknown
3346:unknown
3327:unknown
3287:unknown
3241:Ahmad II
3224:unknown
3184:unknown
3165:unknown
3146:unknown
3127:unknown
3106:unknown
3064:unknown
3043:unknown
3001:unknown
2980:unknown
2961:unknown
2942:unknown
2921:unknown
2857:unknown
2835:unknown
2520:a series
2518:Part of
2356:Timeline
2070:Marinids
2062:Almohads
2022:Fatimids
2006:Idrisids
1982:Ifranids
1945:Gemellae
1935:Partenia
1711:a series
1709:Part of
1660:•
1545:Husainid
1469:Medieval
1441:Aghlabid
1340:Province
1325:Carthage
1260:a series
1258:Part of
1147:reliable
1073:mudbrick
1015:madrasas
994:Timbuktu
982:Kairouan
938:Corsairs
849:defeated
831:(1404),
758:Abu Inan
688:Carthage
600:Valencia
541:caliphal
467:Ifriqiya
428:Rashidun
391:Ifriqiya
374:الحفصيون
122:Monarchy
4689:Maghreb
4621:Sa'dids
4597:Hafsids
4501:Maghreb
4177:5 March
2750:present
2717:present
2556:
2078:Hafsids
1842:Numidia
1785:Ahaggar
1781:Tassili
1722:Algeria
1638:present
1535:Ottoman
1498:Almohad
1451:Fatimid
1431:Abbasid
1421:Umayyad
1316:Ancient
1271:Tunisia
1198:makhzen
1186:Hintata
1004:Culture
998:Tripoli
976:Economy
907:Ouargla
845:Algiers
841:Tripoli
644:Algeria
638:, from
604:Tlemcen
588:Granada
570:Hawwara
562:Algiers
475:Algeria
471:Tunisia
448:Almohad
444:Masmuda
440:Hintata
430:caliph
409:History
403:Algeria
395:Tunisia
366:Hafsids
349:Algeria
344:Tunisia
193:•
170:History
112:Judaism
64:Capital
41:Hafsids
4567:Zirids
4503:region
4383:]
4338:
4298:
4273:
4248:
4223:
4139:
4077:
4015:
3976:
3910:
3878:
3851:
3803:
3735:
3708:
3648:
3597:
3569:
2822:Notes
2819:Reign
2807:S. n.
2522:on the
2341:1990s–
2286:Harkis
2038:Zirids
1871:Africa
1865:Roman
1803:Jedars
1793:Roknia
1777:Djelfa
1713:on the
1563:Modern
1508:Hafsid
1488:Norman
1352:Vandal
1262:on the
1019:Maliki
986:piracy
970:Caliph
926:, and
882:Djerba
837:Biskra
829:Tozeur
772:Apogee
695:Aragon
640:Béjaïa
584:Nasrid
558:Béjaïa
532:khutba
420:Berber
387:Berber
370:Arabic
173:
133:
129:Sultan
82:Berber
78:Arabic
4404:[
4385:(PDF)
4379:[
3678:. In
3618:. In
3462:1594
3451:29th
3423:28th
3413:1543
3401:27th
3391:1526
3380:26th
3370:1494
3359:25th
3349:1490
3340:24th
3330:1489
3321:23rd
3300:22nd
3279:21st
3266:1361
3258:20th
3245:1329
3237:19th
3218:18th
3197:17th
3187:1350
3178:16th
3168:1347
3159:15th
3152:1346
3149:1346
3140:14th
3119:13th
3109:1323
3098:12th
3088:1326
3085:1253
3077:11th
3067:1311
3056:10th
3049:1309
3022:1279
3004:1295
2983:1284
2967:1283
2964:1283
2945:1283
2924:1279
2903:1277
2900:1228
2879:1203
2860:1229
2838:1222
2810:Name
2531:Libya
2343:2000s
1478:Zirid
1123:Flags
1069:brick
1053:Tunis
833:Gafsa
656:Sudan
636:Kufic
620:Ceuta
483:Tunis
479:Libya
399:Libya
354:Libya
100:Ibadi
96:Sunni
92:Islam
68:Tunis
4336:ISBN
4296:ISBN
4271:ISBN
4246:ISBN
4221:ISBN
4179:2011
4137:ISBN
4107:2022
4075:ISBN
4013:ISSN
3974:ISSN
3908:ISBN
3876:ISBN
3849:ISBN
3801:ISBN
3733:ISBN
3706:ISBN
3646:ISBN
3595:ISBN
3567:ISBN
3035:9th
3014:8th
2993:7th
2974:6th
2955:5th
2934:4th
2913:3rd
2892:2nd
2871:1st
2685:2011
2629:and
2254:GPRA
2244:RCUA
1869:and
1783:and
1773:Oran
1626:2011
1606:1987
1207:The
1086:The
914:Fall
705:and
618:and
432:Omar
424:Arab
364:The
210:1574
200:1535
187:1229
4499:in
4005:doi
3966:doi
2375:GIA
2370:FIS
2249:FLN
1071:or
1051:of
110:),
102:),
4747::
4454:.
4443:^
4365:^
4187:^
4169:.
4098:.
4025:^
4011:.
4001:10
3995:.
3972:.
3962:10
3956:.
3930:.
3890:^
3815:^
3747:^
3690:;
3686:;
3682:;
3660:^
3644:.
3630:;
3626:;
3622:;
3581:^
3538:^
2849:–
2827:–
1779:,
1775:,
1364:/
1230:),
1029:.
922:,
894:r.
816:r.
803:r.
736:r.
717:r.
671:,
642:,
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98:,
80:,
4680:e
4673:t
4666:v
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4475:v
4458:.
4344:.
4304:.
4279:.
4254:.
4229:.
4181:.
4145:.
4109:.
4083:.
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4007::
3980:.
3968::
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3916:.
3884:.
3857:.
3809:.
3741:.
3714:.
3654:.
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2464:(
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1338:(
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1165:(
1160:)
1156:(
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800:(
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733:(
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368:(
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20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
