3052:
1125:
1635:. In the Song dynasty, a large number of Han Chinese migrated to the delta area as the Court moved southward because invasion of northern minority. They lived in Jiangxi and intermixed with the She and Yao minorities. Ganzhou was the place that the Hakka have settled before migrating to Western Fujian and Eastern Guangdong. During the early Qing dynasty, there was a massive depopulation in Gannan due to the ravage of pestilence and war. However, Western Fujian and Eastern Guangdong suffered population explosion at the same time. Some edicts were issued to block the coastal areas, ordering coastal residents to move to the inland. The population pressure and the sharp contradiction of the land redistribution drove some residents to leave. Some of them moved back to Gannan, integrating with other Hakka people who lived there already for generations. Thus, the modern Gannan Hakka community was finally formed.
2420:
1124:
717:
1894:
2012:
1493:
1840:
1375:
1110:
140:
878:) to refer to their southward migration, even though they belonged to the earlier groups of Han Chinese settlers and did not speak a Gan-affiliated language. These clans would be properly regarded as belonging to local dialect groups due to the timing of their arrival, the language they spoke, the customs they practiced, and the route of their traversal. These families were not part of the groups of settlers today associated with the Hakka, who arrived in southern China at a much later date through Jiangxi province and who spoke a Gan-affiliated language.
2097:
1306:
3051:
1699:
982:
2877:
1047:
2530:
904:
2361:
2133:
1066:
2949:
2912:
1569:
3015:
2982:
708:, Hakka are principally of Han Chinese descent, exhibiting an average genetic difference of 0.32% with other tested Han Chinese persons. Nonetheless, compared with other southern Han Chinese groups, the Hakka genetic profile exhibits a slight skew towards northern Han people. This is in line with their migratory history as later arrivals to the south than the other Han Chinese groups.
1580:
1458:
2261:, most of the ethnic Chinese are of Hakka descent. In the 1990s, the Hakkas formed around 57% of the total ethnic Chinese population in Sabah. Hakka is the lingua franca among the Chinese in Sabah to such an extent that Chinese of other subgroups who migrate to Sabah from other states in Malaysia and elsewhere usually learn the Hakka dialect, with varying degrees of fluency.
757:
6400:
50:
2735:. Between 1854 and 1884, nearly 5,000 Hakkas arrived in Jamaica in three major voyages. The Hakkas seized the opportunity to venture into a new land, embracing the local language, customs and culture. During the 1960s and 1970s, substantial migration of Jamaican Hakkas to the US and Canada have occurred. The Hakkas in Jamaica came mainly from
2352:. The British felt the development of North Borneo was too slow and in 1920 they decided to encourage Hakka immigration into Sabah. In 1901, the total Chinese population in Sabah was 13897; by 1911, it had risen 100% to 27801. Hakka immigration began to taper off during World War 2 and declined to a negligible level in the late 1940s.
3493:), a 1997 30-episode Singapore television drama about four young Hakka men who migrated from China to Singapore in the 1950s and were caught in the tumultuous anti-colonial period of the country's history. The Hakka-language version of the drama was broadcast in Taiwan. The drama was nominated for the Best Drama Series awards in the
1394:, saw reciprocal massacres by both groups, but the Hakka bore the brunt of the casualties. This war eventually killed some 500,000 Hakkas (or quite possibly even more). During these killings, the Cantonese generally collaborated with the Xiang people, since both dialect groups had an axe to grind against the Hakka.
1654:. Seeing the Hakka were living in poverty in the coastal regions in Guangdong province, the emperor encouraged the Hakkas in the south to migrate to Sichuan province. He offered financial assistance to those willing to resettle in Sichuan: eight ounces of silver per man and four ounces per woman or child.
4760:
taste which alone are sufficient to demonstrate that the ancestors of the Hakka had long been in the ranks of the Han-Chinese civilization. In the Hakka region, more than elsewhere in Ling-nan, are such excellent old names as Fu-yung-chang (Hibiscus Range), Chin-p'ing Shan (Brocade-screen
Mountains),
3293:
During the same period, there were 132 Hakkas out of 325 generals in
Jiangxi, 63 Hakkas out of 83 generals in Fujian, and 8 Hakkas out of 12 generals in Guangdong respectively, not mentioning those from Guangxi, Sichuan and Hunan. The number could have been significantly higher if the majority of the
2621:
by the
Indians was escalated. Yap then made appeals to Prime Minister Nehru to bridge a bond between the Indians and Chinese persons. During his office, he was also the principal at a highly regarded school as well as a political facilitator who helped many families migrate to other countries such as
1806:
project transforming marshland to arable farmland with the creation of dykes and levees to prevent storm flooding during the early 19th century shows an example of how local cooperation and the growing affluence of the landed lineages in the
Alliance of Ten provided the strong cultural, socioeconomic
1614:
are round or square and were designed as a combined large fortress and multi-apartment building complex. The structures typically had only one entrance-way, with no windows at ground level. Each floor served a different function: the first floor contained a well and livestock, the second food storage
1386:
rebels, who were mostly of
Cantonese ancestry, carried out a genocidal campaign against the Hakkas during a revolt against the Qing dynasty. The Cantonese Red Turbans killed 13 Hakka village chiefs and 7,630 other Hakkas while on their way to Heshan, and after conquering it, they killed another 1,320
966:
has been largely shaped by the new environment, which they had to alter many aspects of their culture to adapt, which helped influence their architecture and cuisine. When the Hakka expanded into areas with pre-existing populations in the South, there was often little agricultural land left for them
2612:
However, from the 1960s, after armed fighting broke out, there has been a steady migration to other countries, which accelerated in the succeeding decades. The majority moved to
Britain and Canada, while others went to the United States, Australia, Taiwan, Austria and Sweden. The predominant dialect
2395:
Some research shows that the establishment of the Silk Road created commercial trade for the Hakka people in the south or along the way, and created conditions for overseas migration. The book "An
Overview of Hakka Migration History: Where are you from?" published by My China Roots & CBA Jamaica
1855:
and form the second-largest ethnic group in the country. They are descended largely from Hakka who migrated from southern and northern
Guangdong and western Fujian. The early Hakka immigrants were the island's first agriculturalists and formed the nucleus of the Chinese population, numbering tens of
1818:
which sprung up from the 1960s. The rural Hakka population began to decline as people moved abroad, and away to work in the urban areas. By the end of the 1970s, agriculture was firmly in the decline in Hakka villages. Today, there are still Hakka villages around Hong Kong, but being remote, many of
1810:
Farming and cultivation has been the traditional occupations of Hakka families from imperial times up until the 1970s. Farming was mostly done by Hakka women while their menfolk sought labouring jobs in the towns and cities. Many men entered indentured labour abroad as was common from the end of the
1397:
In retaliation for a Hakka massacre of
Cantonese people, Cantonese peasants butchered 500 Hakkas in a village located in the rural Enping county forcing the surviving Hakkas to flee, but these refugees, who numbered some 4,000 Hakka, were later all caught and killed by Cantonese peasants, who spared
1220:
officially started broadcasting. Meizhou Radio News: FM94.8 or urban FM101.9. Meizhou Radio
Traffic Channel: FM105.8 MHz. Meizhou Radio Private Car Channel: FM94.0 or urban FM103.9. Until now, Hakka Chinese is still used for news program, radio drama program, emotional program, entertainment program
803:
The theories indicating a descent from both northern and southern Han are the most likely and are together supported by multiple scientific studies. Furthermore, research into the mitochondrial DNA of the Hakka indicates that the majority of their matrilineal gene pool consists of lineages prevalent
661:
Like the other southern Han Chinese subgroups, Hakka mainly comprise Central Plains Chinese refugees fleeing social unrest, upheaval, and invasions. However, the Hakka were different in being late arrivals, moving from Central China into Southern China when the earlier groups of Han Chinese settlers
3281:
with 86,000 soldiers, of which more than 70% were Hakkas. The Fifth Encirclement Campaign was led by Nationalist Hakka general, Xue Yue. During the retreat, the Communists managed to strike a deal with the Hakka warlord controlling Guangdong province, Chen Jitang, to let them pass through Guangdong
2616:
Hakkas are the largest Chinese community in India after Chinese Cantonese people of Indian ancestry. During the time he held office in Calcutta until the late 2000s, Yap Kon Chung, the Hakka ambassador, protected and helped the Chinese residents in India. Specifically, during the Sino-Indian war of
2502:
and Landak speak a different standard of Hakka dialect to the Hakkas along the Kapuas River. Originally West Borneo has diverse Hakka origin but during the 19th century, a large people came from Jiexi so more Hakkas in the region speak Hopo mixed with Wuhua and Huilai accents that eventually formed
736:
The Hakka identify as Han Chinese and genetic studies show they are principally of Han ancestry, despite a recorded history of intermarriage with minority groups such as the Yao and the She. Furthermore, the Hakka language belongs to the Sinitic group of languages, being linguistically proximate to
678:
The Hakka arrived in southern China much later than other southern Han Chinese populations. These earlier waves of southern Han Chinese immigrants occupied the coastal areas and fertile lowlands and had already formed distinctive cultural identities and dialects. Consequently, the Hakka were forced
2683:
Hakka from all over the world have also migrated to the USA. One group is the New England Hakka Association, which reminds its members not to forget their roots. One example is a blog by Ying Han Brach called "Searching for My Hakka Roots". Another group is the Hakka Association of New York, which
1768:
groups to the area. Since the prime farming land had already been farmed, the Hakka land dwellers settled in the less accessible and more hilly areas. Hakka settlements can be found widely distributed around the Punti areas, but in smaller communities. Many are found on coastal areas in inlets and
1889:
Liu Mingchuan took measures to reinforce Tamsui, in the river nine torpedo mines were planted and the entrance was blocked with ballast boats filled with stone which were sunk on 3 September, matchlock armed "Hakka hill people" were used to reinforce the mainland Chinese battalion, and around the
3415:
During the war against the Japanese, both the commander-in-chiefs of the two main Chinese communist forces, Eighth Route Army and New Fourth Army, are Hakkas: Zhu De and Ye Ting. On the Nationalist side, Xue Yue and Zhang Fakui were commander-in-chiefs for the 9th and 4th War Zones respectively.
2451:
had finally regained their cultural freedoms. Here they lived together peacefully and still practiced their customs and cultural festivals, while in other regions they were strictly banned by government legislation prior to 1999. Hakka on the island of Bangka spoke Hopo dialect mixed with Malay,
1259:
was reorganized after the separation of the National Cultural System Reform Bureau. It is a public institution under the jurisdiction of the Meixian County Party Committee and County Government. The channel can be watched in Meizhou and surrounding area with an audience of over 4 million people.
1143:
Hakka hill songs are traditionally used by hillside farmers in parts of Taiwan and China, mainly for entertainment in the farming fields and courting practices. They are characterized by the strong, resonating melody and voice, which echo around hills and can be heard for up to a mile around the
682:
The Hakka arrived in the Lingnan region by traversing Jiangxi and Fujian. During their journey through Jiangxi they intermarried with the Yao and She, two non-Han ethnic minorities. In Fujian, they developed the habit of living in communal fortresses. Intermarriage with aboriginal groups and the
2107:
There are no records as to when Hakka descendants arrived in Thailand. In 1901, Yu Cipeng, a Hakka member of The League Society of China came to visit Thailand and found that the establishment of many varied organizations among the Hakka was not good for unity. He tried to bring the two parties
2578:
in Australia; in Portugal; in Macau; and in other parts of the world in smaller numbers. They often are highly educated and many continue their education in either Taiwan or the People's Republic of China, while a majority of the younger generation prefer to study in Australia. The Australian
3163:
was a child, he used to listen to an old Taiping soldier telling them stories about the heroics of the Taipings. This influenced Sun and he proclaimed that he shall be the second Hong Xiuquan. Sun was to become the Father of modern China and many of his contemporaries were his fellow Hakkas.
1622:
Today, Western Fujian is inhabited by 3 million Hakkas, scattered around villages in 10 counties (county-level 'cities' and districts) in Longyan and Sanming prefectures, 98% of whom are Hakkas living in Changting, Liancheng, Shanghang, Wuping, Yongding, Ninghua, Qingliu and Mingxi counties.
1365:
Cantonese people have had a history of friction with Hakka, despite the both of them being Han subgroups speaking varieties of Chinese that exhibit relatively high mutual intelligibility (both dialects tracing straightforward descent from Middle Chinese). The Cantonese regarded the Hakka as
835:
on limited numbers of people within population pools cannot correctly ascertain who is really the Southern Chinese, because many Southern Chinese are also from Northern Asia; Hakka or non-Hakka. It is known that the earliest major waves of Hakka migration began due to the attacks of the two
2446:
The first group of Hakka in Bangka and Belitung reached the islands in the 18th century from Guangdong. Many of them worked as tin mining labourers. Since then, they have remained on the island along with the native Malay. Their situation was much different from those of Chinese and native
737:
the Gan dialect of Jiangxi. The Hakka also exhibit traditional Confucian values, such as a respect for family, ancestor veneration, and a commitment to both learning and the ideals of a Confucian gentleman. Finally, they carry Han Chinese surnames and use Han Chinese naming conventions.
3135:
The Taiping army, which included women in their ranks, captured towns and cities from the defenders, the Taiping troops killed all Manchu children because the Taiping troops with fatal rocks smashed Manchu children's heads Four of the six top Taiping leaders are Hakkas: Hong Xiuquan,
2558:
alone. No clear numbers had been recorded since many Hakka had already escaped to neighbouring Australia. The recent re-establishment of Hakka associations in the country registered approximately 2,400 Hakka remaining, organised into some 400 families, including part-Timorese ones.
1856:
thousands at the time. They resided in "savage border districts, where land could be had for the taking, and where a certain freedom from official oppression was ensured." Back then the Hakka on Taiwan had gained a reputation with the authorities of being turbulent and lawless.
1062:. These dishes are popular in Taiwan, Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, and Singapore. The taste profile is generally light, tending even towards blandness, with a preference for allowing the taste of the ingredients, especially the herbs, to emerge through any seasoning.
1187:
started broadcasting. It broadcast nine hours of Hakka Chinese programs every day through shortwave radio and online radio, targeting countries and regions where Hakka people gather, such as Japan, Indonesia, Mauritius, Reunion Island, Australia, Hong Kong and Taiwan.
2844:
Another estimate is that approximately 36 million Hakka people are scattered throughout the world. More than 31 million lives in over 200 cities and counties spread throughout five provinces of China (Guangdong, Jiangxi, Guangxi, Fujian, Hunan) as well as Hong Kong.
1174:
This may have been driven by historical necessity rather than cultural differences, since the Hakka employed marginal hill lands which were less fertile than the river valley occupied by other Han subgroups, such as the Cantonese, the Teochew and the Hoklo people.
1356:
The Taiping rebellion caused millions of casualties on both sides. In retaliation, after defeating the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, the Xiang Army targeted Hakka villages and is estimated to have killed ~30,000 Hakkas every day during the height of the retaliation.
1398:
neither women nor child. Government officials mobilized officers and men from the local Cantonese peasants to regain the Guanghai area which was occupied by the Hakkas. The number of Hakkas killed was tens of thousands in the Dalongdong area of Guanghai alone.
2583:
and not illegal immigrants, as partially related to the political situation in East Timor at the time. As Asian countries were neither willing to accept them as residents nor grant them political asylum to the Timorese in general, they were forced to live as
2553:
in 1975 was estimated to be around 25,000 (including a small minority of other Chinese ethnicities from Macau, which like East Timor was a Portuguese colony). According to a book source, an estimated 700 Hakka were killed within the first week of invasion in
3462:
Overseas Hakkas have also been prominent politicians in the countries they had migrated to, many of which are leading political figures of the countries or the Chinese communities there. Since the 20th century, there have been twenty Hakkas who had become
753:). They also settled in marginal or hardscrabble hill land avoided by other Han Chinese subgroups, and in this regard, were considered similar to non-Han aborigines. They also exhibited gender egalitarianism to a greater degree than other southern Chinese.
3131:
missionaries. Hong's charisma tapped into a consciousness of national dissent which identified with his personal interpretations of the Christian message. His following, who were initially Hakka peasants from Guangxi, grew across the southern provinces.
1967:
On 28 December 1988, 14,000 Hakka protestors took to the streets in Taipei to demand the Nationalist government to "return our mother tongue", carrying portraits of Sun Yat-sen. The movement was later termed "1228 Return Our Mother Tongue Movement".
662:
in the south already developed distinctive local identities and languages. Their migration path was also different, and they entered Guangdong, Guangxi and Fujian via Jiangxi province, instead of traversing Hunan or moving along the Fujian coast.
2396:
mentions that the Hakka people traded with the caravans and stayed overseas to facilitate business, and added descendants Immigrants, Indonesia, Calcutta, Toronto, and Jamaica all still retain a long history of Hakka culture and organization.
1410:
group was surrendering the city to foreign control. On 27 August 1925, villages in a county belonged to the Hakka minority were attacked, Chiang's Punti (Cantonese) men and soldiers did not hesitate to rape their women and pillage their homes.
1352:
during military counter-attacks on the Hakkas in the year 1888. The army also massacred tens of thousands of other Hakkas in Guanghai, a region of Taishan, Guangdong. Many of the killings in Guanghai took place in the Dalongdong area.
4738:
China's march toward the tropics: a discussion of the southward penetration of China's culture, peoples, and political control in relation to the non-Han-Chinese peoples of south China and in the perspective of historical and cultural
784:
It is commonly held that the Hakkas are a subgroup of the Han Chinese that originated in the central plains. To trace their origins, a number of theories so far have been brought forth among anthropologists, linguists and historians:
2411:. However, the use of the word 'Khek' is limited mainly to areas where the local Chinese population is mainly of Hokkien origin. In places where other Chinese subgroups predominate, the term 'Hakka' is still the more commonly used.
6017:
4619:
Luo, Chunfang; Duan, Lizhong; Li, Yanning; Xie, Qiqian; Wang, Lingxiang; Ru, Kai; Nazir, Shahid; Jawad, Muhammad; Zhao, Yifeng; Wang, Fenfen; Du, Zhengming; Peng, Dehua; Wen, Shao-Qing; Qiu, Pingming; Fan, Haoliang (24 May 2021).
2688:. In the mid-1970s, the Hakka Benevolent Association in San Francisco was founded by Tu Chung. The association has strong ties with the San Francisco community and offers scholarships to their young members. There are significant
3261:
The Hakka occupied communist Bases reached a peak of more than 30,000 square kilometres and a population that numbered more than three million, covering mostly Hakka areas of two provinces: Jiangxi and Fujian. The Hakka city of
2391:
in the 19th century, predecessor to early Singapore residents. In the early 20th century, new arrivals joined their compatriots as traders, merchants and labourers in major cities such as Jakarta, Surabaya, Bandung, Medan, etc.
3068:) is the academic study of the Hakka people and their culture. It encompasses their origins, identity, language, traits, architecture, customs, food, literature, history, politics, economics, diaspora and genealogical records.
1732:. Although there had been settlers originating from the mainland proper even before the Tang dynasty, historical records of those people are non-extant, only evidence of settlement from archaeological sources can be found. The
568:, a Han Chinese dialect spoken in Jiangxi province. They are differentiated from other southern Han Chinese by their dispersed nature and tendency to occupy marginal lands and remote hilly areas. The Chinese characters for
1657:
Sichuan was originally the origin of the Deng lineage until one of them was hired as an official in Guangdong during the Ming dynasty but during the Qing plan to increase the population in 1671 they came to Sichuan again.
1811:
19th century to the Second World War. Post war, males took the opportunity to seek work in Britain and other countries later to send for their families to join them once they sent enough money back to cover travel costs.
1100:
is another popular Hakka dish which literally means "abacus seeds". It consists of mainly yam or tapioca beaten in to the shape of abacus beads. The dish is served with minced pork or chicken and with light seasoning.
2112:, then interior minister, was invited to preside over the opening ceremony for the establishment of the society's nameplate, located in front of the Chinese shrine "Lee Tee Biao". Yang Liqing was its first president.
1916:
The Hakka used their matchlock muskets to resist the Japanese invasion of Taiwan and Hakka Han people and Aboriginals conducted an insurgency against Japanese rule. The Hakka rose up against the Japanese in the
4801:
Hu, SP; Luan, JA; Li, B; Chen, JX; Cai, KL; Huang, LQ; Xu, XY (January 2007). "Genetic link between Chaoshan and other Chinese Han populations: Evidence from HLA-A and HLA-B allele frequency distribution".
741:
Hakka place names indicate a long history of the Hakka being culturally Han Chinese. Like the Cantonese, they fiercely insisted on their Han identities and were principal movers of the Anti-Qing movement.
5981:
1170:
when the practice was commonplace in other parts of China. Hakka women are known for their independent nature and willingness to engage in hard work typically reserved for men in other dialect groups.
3208:(Southeast Asia) in 1911. At least 27 of the 85 (initially 72 because only 72 bodies could be identified) martyrs of Huanghuagang are Hakkas. Yao Yuping led the Guangdong Northern Expeditionary Force (
1433:
More than 100,000 Hakkas were slaughtered by the locals in Guangxi province during another clan war. In October 1850, the Cantonese and Hakkas were hacking and killing each other for over 40 days in
1086:. Ingredients include green tea, basil, sawtooth coriander, mug wort, and a kind of herb known as "Fu Yip Sum". Generally regarded as laborious and difficult to make. Usually eaten with side dishes.
889:(Hsin-Ning & Singapore, 1933) used genealogical sources of family clans from various southern counties, leading to the inclusion of native southern Han Chinese families into the Hakka category.
2643:
The vast majority of Mauritian Chinese are Hakkas. Most Mauritian Hakkas who emigrated to Mauritius in the mid-1940s came from Northeastern Guangdong, especially from the Meizhou or Meixian region.
2211:
there. This has contributed greatly to the fact that the place is commonly known among Hakka Chinese as "Hakka Village". The greatest concentration of Hakkas in northern peninsular Malaysia is in
1183:
In 1950, China Central People's Broadcasting Station recruited the first Hakka broadcaster, Zhang Guohua, based on a radius of two kilometers from the Meixian government. On April 10th, 1950, the
5908:
6882:
6284:
1414:
Inter-ethnic hatred between the two groups also rose to a boil in Malaysia. Memories of conflict and old grudges sparked another round of conflict between the Hakkas and Cantonese in Perak,
5485:
The Island of Formosa, Past and Present : history, people, resources, and commercial prospects : tea, camphor, sugar, gold, coal, sulphur, economical plants, and other productions
6024:
1204:
930:. Northern Hakka varieties have partial mutual intelligibility with southern Gan. Accordingly, Hakka is sometimes classified as a variety of Gan. Some studies posit that Hakka people and
2622:
Britain, Canada, the United States and parts of Europe until he himself migrated to Toronto, Canada to join his family. Yap died surrounded by family on 18 April 2014, at the age of 97.
2589:
2276:
on 4 April 1883 under the leadership of Luo Daifeng (Hakka: Lo Tai Fung). In the following decades Hakka immigrants settled throughout the state, with their main population centres in
2088:
who consist of vegetable growers and rubber plantation workers. Hakka communities in the provinces migrated to Cambodia through Tonkin and Cochinchina in the 18th and 19th centuries.
702:
Studies show extensive gene flows and a very close relationship between the Hakka and the surrounding Han Chinese populations in the south. According to a 2009 study published in the
3350:
Besides playing major roles in all the three major revolutions of China, Hakkas had also been prominently involved in many of the wars against foreign intrusion of China. During the
1728:
and 270 Hakka contemporary settlements in the whole district. However, the area covered by Xin'an county is greater than what was to become the British imperial enclave of Hong Kong
6050:
3270:
3215:
1094:
is a Hakka Chinese food consisting primarily of tofu that has been filled with either a ground meat mixture or fish paste. It can be eaten dry with sauce or served in a soup base.
2419:
1508:
Hakkas who live in Guangdong comprise about 60% of the total Hakka population. Worldwide, over 95% of the overseas-descended Hakkas came from this Guangdong region, usually from
1366:
displaying non-Han habits and as opportunists intruding on Cantonese territory. The conflict between the two groups led to one of the largest inter-ethnic genocides in history.
4565:
Chen, Jieming; Zheng, Houfeng; Bei, Jin-Xin; Sun, Liangdan; Jia, Wei-hua; Li, Tao; Zhang, Furen; Seielstad, Mark; Zeng, Yi-Xin; Zhang, Xuejun; Liu, Jianjun (1 December 2009).
694:
and also moved into the coastal plains to cultivate cash crops. After an economic downturn, many of these ventures failed, and many Hakka had to turn to pillaging to survive.
2472:
in the regencies of Sanggau, Sekadau and Sintang. Their Hakka dialect is originally Hopo which influenced by Teochew dialect and also has vocabulary from the local Malay and
1729:
1288:
6214:
3459:) prisoners of war to escape successfully from Japanese internment camps and the rescuing of twenty American pilots who parachuted into Hong Kong when they were shot down.
764:
Unlike other Han Chinese groups, the Hakkas are not named after a geographical region, e.g. a province, county or city. The Hakka people have a distinct identity from the
1783:
As the strong Punti lineages dominated most of the north western New Territories, Hakka communities began to organise local alliances of lineage communities such as the
2588:
for some time. Despite this condition, many Hakka had become successful, establishing restaurant chains, shops, supermarkets and import operations in Australia. Since
2719:
There are several Hakka communities across Canada. One group that embraces on Hakka culture in this diverse country is the Hakka Heritage Alliance. Also see Jamaica.
3455:, was highly successful due to its strong Hakka network. Noteworthy accomplishments of the partisan guerrilla force included the aiding of British and Commonwealth (
6431:
5955:
716:
3426:) by the Chinese, Xue was China's most outstanding general during the war, having won several major battles that killed hundreds of thousands of Japanese troops.
1540:) area. Unlike their kin in Fujian, Hakka in the Xingning and Meixian area developed a non-fortress-like unique architectural style, most notably the weilongwu (
6807:
1893:
863:) is sometimes broadly used to refer to other southern Han Chinese groups during their southward migration. Imperial census statistics did not distinguish what
564:
whose principal settlements and ancestral homes are dispersed widely across the provinces of southern China and who speak a language that is closely related to
2011:
3294:
personnel who started the Long March had not perished before reaching its destination. Only less than 7,000 of the original 86,000 personnel had survived it.
5999:
1242:
4427:
Li, Hui; Pan, Wu-Yun; Wen, Bo; Yang, Ning-Ning; Jin, Jian-Zhong; Jin, Li; Lu, Da-Ru (September 2003). "Origin of Hakka and Hakkanese: a genetics analysis".
6848:
3597:, a 2021 Taiwanese period drama about the booming tea trade in Taiwan during the 1950 and a Hakka Taiwanese tea trader family owned tea exporting company.
1814:
As post war education became available to all children in Hong Kong, a new educated class of Hakka became more mobile in their careers. Many moved to the
3274:
3119:
Hakkas started and formed the backbone of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, the largest uprising in the modern history of China. The uprising, also known as
3104:
It has been suggested that Hakkas have had a significant influence, disproportionate to their smaller total numbers, on the course of modern Chinese and
683:
adoption of habits that diverged from the Han, such as communal fortress living, increased the Cantonese distaste for the Hakka and aroused suspicion.
5779:
942:
3228:
and Deng Keng were Sun Yat-sen's main advisors on financial and military matters respectively. A big majority of the soldiers in the Guangdong Army (
1274:
added a Hakka Chinese radio break which broadcasts to the southeast coast of Mainland China, Taiwan, Southeast Asia, the South Pacific and Japan. On
4979:
2108:
together and persuaded them to dissolve the associations in order to set up a new united one. In 1909 The Hakka Society of Siam was established and
745:
However, the Hakka differed in their lifestyles and their preferred mode of habitation - living in large communal fortress-like buildings (known as
3581:), a 2014 25-episode Hong Kong television drama about the lives of two Hakka sisters separated when young, one in Hong Kong and the other in China.
4288:
5603:
2515:, who came in the 19th century. Secondary migration of the Hakkas from other provinces like Bangka Belitung Islands and West Borneo came later.
6784:
6291:
3152:, the Premier of the Kingdom, was the first person in China to advocate a federal government and reform. The kingdom lasted from 1851 to 1864.
1890:
British Consulate and Customs House at the Red Fort hilltop, Shanghai Arsenal manufactured Krupp guns were used to form an additional battery.
1839:
2196:
of the settlement from 1868 to 1885, bringing significant economic contributions and was also an influential figure among the ethnic Chinese.
1003:
in the mountainous rural parts of far western Fujian and adjacent southern Jiangxi and northern Guangdong regions. A representative sample of
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5894:
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5721:
5420:
5338:
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The study of the Hakka people first drew attention to Chinese and foreign scholars, adventurers, missionaries, travellers and authors of the
4485:
3290:
in Jiangxi province. The county had also previously produced 27 Nationalist generals. Xingguo county is thus known as the Generals' County.
1383:
5052:
3083:, who also wrote an early English-language account of the Taiping Rebellion, is also considered a forefather of Hakka studies in the West.
1591:
they traveled to Guangdong and other parts of China, as well as overseas. Thus, the Ting River is also regarded as the Hakka Mother River.
848:
The study of this population group is complicated by linguistic uncertainty and nomenclatural ambiguity in the historical record. The term
5301:
1233:
6424:
5165:
3431:
1492:
1802:
to the east of Sha Tau Kok came to use it as a local market town and it became the center of Hakka dominance. Further, the Shap Yeuk's
1594:
The Hakkas who settled in the mountainous region of south-western Fujian province developed a unique form of architecture known as the
768:. As 60% of the Hakkas in China reside in Guangdong province, and 95% of overseas Hakkas ancestral homes are in Guangdong. Hakkas from
4622:"Insights From Y-STRs: Forensic Characteristics, Genetic Affinities, and Linguistic Classifications of Guangdong Hakka and She Groups"
4204:
3747:
3526:
704:
1054:
Hakka cuisine is known for the use of preserved meats and tofu, as well as stewed and braised dishes. Some of the popular dishes are
6352:
6143:
6114:
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5654:
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5229:
5149:
5122:
5035:
5013:
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4242:
4223:
4185:
4166:
4147:
4128:
4104:
4076:
4050:
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4012:
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3913:
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3871:
3852:
3833:
3766:
3728:
3709:
3690:
3326:
2546:
2109:
92:
2468:
speaking Chinese. While the Teochews are dominant in the centre of Pontianak, the Hakka are more dominant in small towns along the
6253:
6878:
3438:
2798:
Hakka people first arrived in Australia in the 1880s. Hakka arrivals were halted along with other Chinese immigrants during the
2120:
In 2010, 232,914 people in Singapore reported Hakka ancestry. Singapore's most prominent Hakka is its founding prime minister,
1406:
The Cantonese murdered more than 70 Hakka fellow provincials in Shanghai under the justification of a Hakka conspiracy that the
1320:
is the primary form of religious expression. One distinctively Hakka religious practice involves the worship of dragon deities.
1144:
area. Hill songs can be considered a form of communication, as its participants often use it to communicate love songs or news.
6227:
4526:
4459:
2938:
1984:
927:
6171:
6068:
2040:
and lives along the border with China in Northern Vietnam. Another group are Chinese immigrants to Southern Vietnam, known as
1374:
918:
in terms of phonetics, with scholars studies consider the late Old Gan together with Hakka Chinese and the Tongtai dialect of
6988:
6417:
4024:
Hakka Chinese Confront Protestant Christianity, 1850-1900: With the Autobiographies of Eight Hakka Christians, and Commentary
3557:
2265:
2184:, having been respected by both Chinese and European communities in the early colonial settlement. Another notable Hakka was
442:
5259:
Peasants without the Party: Grassroots Movements in Twentieth-Century China: Grassroots Movements in Twentieth-Century China
3286:
had its rank structure from 1955 to 1964, the highest number of generals, totalling 54, came from the small Hakka county of
6317:
6838:
1803:
1721:
1348:
In retaliation for killing three Hunanese officers, the Xiang Army exterminated the entire Hakka population of Wukeng and
494:
74:
5940:
5872:
3451:) was a constant harassment to the Japanese troops. The force, whose members were mostly Hakkas and led by its commander
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6920:
4961:
3498:
3109:
2524:
2073:
1992:
1988:
1976:
1317:
1109:
139:
2072:
in Guangdong Province. About 70% of the Hakkas are found in Phnom Penh where they dominate professions in the field of
6844:
6812:
6476:
3405:
2269:
2096:
1481:
804:
in the southern Han. Clyde Kiang stated that the Hakkas' origins may also be linked with Han's ancient neighbors, the
658:. Despite being partly assimilated to the Cantonese-speaking population, they retain a significant presence in there.
6700:
6671:
6589:
5809:
3283:
1631:
Jiangxi contains the second largest Hakka community. Nearly all of southern Jiangxi province is Hakka, especially in
3783:
Erbaugh, Mary S. (December 1992). "The Secret History of the Hakkas: The Chinese Revolution as a Hakka Enterprise".
3058:, President of Taiwan of Hakka descent, attended the "Lecturer Hakka Language Radio Broadcasting", to give a speech.
1587:
Tradition states that the early Hakka ancestors traveling from north China entered Fujian first, then by way of the
7032:
6777:
6600:
5745:
2841:
In 2000, the worldwide population of Hakka was estimated at 36,059,500 and in 2010 it was estimated at 40,745,200.
2563:
2000:
1897:
3637:
3123:, originated at the Hakka village of Jintian in Guiping, Guangxi province. It was led by the failed Qing scholar,
2802:
era from 1901 to 1973 and resumed thereafter. Some estimate that there are now 100,000 Hakka people in Australia.
1650:) after a tour of the land, decided the province of Sichuan had to be repopulated after the devastation caused by
1391:
1305:
837:
6935:
4094:
2447:
populations of other regions, where legal cultural conflicts were prevalent since the 1960s until 1999, by which
1996:
985:
914:
Hakka Chinese is the native Chinese variety of the Hakka people. Hakka Chinese is the closest Chinese variety to
65:
5544:
3529:
in 1895. The edited version for television won the Best Drama Series award in the Asian Television Awards, 2009.
3177:) in 1900. Huizhou is an area in Guangdong province where most of the population are Hakkas. Deng Zhiyu led the
1445:
Between 1925 and 1926, thousands were killed and wounded when the ethnic hatred of the Hakkas by the natives of
7017:
6974:
4112:
3072:
2483:
The Hakka in this region are descendants of gold prospectors who migrated from China in the late 19th century.
1334:
6104:
831:
tribes, "are all correct, yet none alone explain the origin of the Hakka", pointing out that the problem with
665:
Today, substantial numbers of Hakka Chinese have migrated overseas to various countries throughout the world.
6404:
5744:“An overview of Hakka migration history: where are you from?”. My China Roots & CBA Jamaica. July, 2016.
1964:. In recent decades, many Hakka have moved to the largest metropolitan areas, including Taipei and Taichung.
7047:
6955:
5783:
4676:
Feng, Yuhang; Zhao, Yutao; Lu, Xiaoyu; Li, Haiyan; Zhao, Kai; Shi, Meisen; Wen, Shaoqing (22 January 2024).
4353:
3494:
3404:) in Chinese history, gained international attention and lifted flagging Chinese morale in their successful
2432:
2364:
1698:
7077:
7027:
7012:
6967:
3099:
2799:
2177:
1815:
796:
the Hakkas are northern Han Chinese from the Central Plain with some inflow of Han Chinese from the south;
419:
31:
6172:"Dr. Sun Yat-sen – Chinese Cultural Plaza – Honolulu, HI – Statues of Historic Figures on Waymarking.com"
3886:
3386:
and the conclusion of the war in 1885. When the Japanese invaded Taiwan, the Hakka militia forces led by
3335:) has consistently dominated the provincial government. Guangdong's Hakka governors include Ye Jianying,
1772:
Hakka-speaking communities are thought to have arrived in the Hong Kong area after the rescinding of the
7072:
7042:
7007:
6822:
6770:
6443:
4915:. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Institute of Asia-Pacific Studies, Chinese University of Hong Kong. p. 160.
3585:
3201:
2901:
2618:
2452:
especially in younger generations. Hakka spoken in Belinyu area in Bangka is considered to be standard.
2383:
and Belitung as tin miners in the 18th century. The second group of colonies were established along the
2223:. Concentrations of Hakka people in Ipoh and surrounding areas are particularly high. The Hakkas in the
1972:
1537:
1469:
1203:
had started broadcasting. Hakka Chinese began to appear in television programs. In 2021, it was renamed
981:
790:
686:
During the 16th century, in response to an economic boom, the Hakkas moved into hilly areas to mine for
235:
6695:
6584:
5672:
The Hakkas of Sabah : a survey of their impact on the modernization of the Bornean Malaysian State
4043:
Negotiating Identity: Exploring Tensions between Being Hakka and Being Christian in Northwestern Taiwan
4315:
3906:
Hakkas in Power: A Study of Chinese Political Leadership in East and Southeast Asia, and South America
1349:
1231:
In 2001, Meizhou Television Station merged with Meizhou People’s Broadcasting Station and was renamed
7022:
6948:
6941:
6927:
6542:
5850:
5601:
5579:
3336:
3090:, the Hakkas "have a stubbornness of disposition that distinguishes them from their fellow Chinese".
3086:
Many foreign scholars were full of admiration of the Hakka people. According to prominent sinologist
2697:
2659:
2461:
1867:
1851:
The Hakka population in Taiwan is around 4.6 million people today. Hakka comprise about 15 to 20% of
1000:
864:
561:
3238:, was an outstanding foreign minister in the 1920s. Some of the best of Nationalist China generals:
1532:. Hakkas live mostly in the northeast part of the province, particularly in the so-called Xing-Mei (
1046:
812:
people. However, this is disputed by many scholars and Kiang's theories are considered to be false.
799:
the Hakkas are southern Han Chinese with some inflow of northern Han Chinese from the Central Plain.
6605:
5757:
3468:
2153:
1533:
1465:
1153:
1015:
1008:
967:
to farm. As a result, many Hakka men turned towards careers in the military or in public service.
946:
517:
3390:, were able to put up a stiff resistance to the Japanese when the Qing army could not. During the
3214:) to successive victories against the Qing Army which were vital in the successful defence of the
3193:) are Hakkas – one of which was Wen Shengcai who assassinated the Manchu general, Fu Qi, in 1911.
1425:
Upon arriving in Madagascar, the Cantonese colluded to prevent any Hakka migration to Madagascar.
6981:
6817:
6358:
5714:
The Hakkas of Sabah: A Survey on Their Impact on the Modernization of the Bornean Malaysian State
4955:
4489:
4335:
3845:
The Hakkas of Sabah: A Survey of Their Impact on the Modernization of the Bornean Malaysian State
3808:
3800:
3607:
3391:
2448:
2341:
1871:
1702:
1477:
1461:
976:
919:
478:
470:
215:
6376:
5245:
5056:
1158:
Hakkapop is a genre of Hakka pop music made primarily in China, Taiwan, Malaysia and Indonesia.
815:
Hakka Chinese scientist and researcher Dr. Siu-Leung Lee stated in the book by Chung Yoon-Ngan,
5305:
5144:. Vol. 2. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 92–103.
3363:
2545:
There was already a relatively large and vibrant Hakka community in East Timor before the 1975
7037:
6683:
6644:
6567:
6518:
6459:
6348:
6139:
6110:
5961:
5815:
5727:
5717:
5692:
5650:
5550:
5493:
5489:
5479:
5426:
5416:
5383:
5357:
5334:
5263:
5257:
5244:
The Broken Wave: The Chinese Communist Peasant Movement, 1922–1928, Volume 90 By Roy Hofheinz
5225:
5145:
5118:
5112:
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5009:
4985:
4941:
4916:
4871:
4819:
4778:
4751:
4743:
4717:
4699:
4643:
4596:
4436:
4407:
4382:
4376:
4307:
4299:
4257:
4238:
4219:
4200:
4181:
4162:
4143:
4124:
4100:
4072:
4046:
4027:
4008:
3982:
3963:
3944:
3909:
3890:
3867:
3848:
3829:
3762:
3743:
3724:
3705:
3686:
3642:
3442:
3409:
3379:
3359:
3314:
3178:
3168:
3156:
3076:
2728:
2667:
2585:
2549:. According to an estimate by the local Chinese Timorese association, the Hakka population of
2436:
2309:
2145:
2077:
2015:
1980:
1300:
384:
376:
247:
60:
6082:
5686:
5644:
5328:
5219:
5169:
5139:
2207:, Hakka people make up more than 90% of the Chinese subgroup with dialect itself acting as a
6617:
6501:
6454:
4861:
4848:
Wang, WZ; Wang, CY; Cheng, YT; Xu, AL; Zhu, CL; Wu, SF; Kong, QP; Zhang, YP (January 2010).
4811:
4707:
4689:
4651:
4633:
4586:
4578:
3792:
3617:
3590:
3574:
3562:
3538:
3514:
3505:
3486:
3481:
3205:
3120:
3108:
history, particularly as a source of revolutionary, political, military leaders, as well as
3105:
3080:
2835:
2744:
2592:
in 2000, some Hakka families had returned and invested in businesses in the newborn nation.
2550:
2477:
2251:
2232:
2045:
1945:
1937:
1883:
1879:
1852:
1799:
1713:
1079:
1019:
1007:(consisting of 10 buildings or building groups) in Fujian was inscribed in 2008 as a UNESCO
765:
541:
311:
280:
205:
6632:
3325:, where the memorial for his funeral sparked off a pro-democracy movement which led to the
2375:
Migration of Hakka people to Indonesia happened in several waves. The first wave landed in
1316:
The religious practices of Hakka people are largely similar to those of other Han Chinese.
646:. Their presence is especially prominent in the Lingnan or Liangguang area, comprising the
6678:
6666:
6562:
6513:
6493:
5825:
5607:
5501:
3351:
3306:
3113:
3079:, a prominent German missionary, was one of those who took a great interest in this area.
2766:
2689:
2529:
2440:
2293:
2289:
2204:
2161:
1953:
1875:
1773:
1733:
1651:
1138:
903:
635:
362:
210:
6637:
346:
17:
4712:
4677:
3883:
A Hakka Woman's Singapore Stories: My Life as a Daughter, Doctor and Diehard Singaporean
1760:
and hence termed the Punti before the arrival of the Hakka, and fishing families of the
6893:
6749:
6736:
6688:
6649:
6610:
6579:
6486:
6257:
6194:
6132:
5283:
5221:
Native Place, City, and Nation: Regional Networks and Identities in Shanghai, 1853–1937
4656:
4621:
4591:
4567:"Genetic Structure of the Han Chinese Population Revealed by Genome-wide SNP Variation"
4566:
3822:
3546:
3533:
3464:
3367:
3287:
3087:
2759:
are homogeneous as a group and the great majority can trace their roots to Huidong'an (
2647:
2491:
2465:
2360:
2247:
2173:
2157:
2132:
2049:
2037:
1961:
1957:
1929:
1918:
1904:
1777:
1415:
1310:
1283:
1118:
1065:
989:
639:
627:
177:
7066:
6661:
6574:
6552:
6547:
6530:
5483:
5006:
On Gan-Hakka and the Tongtai dialect derived from lingua franca of Southern Dynasties
3812:
3660:
3622:
3612:
3225:
2693:
2685:
2439:. The Hakka population in the province is also the second largest in Indonesia after
2380:
2277:
2208:
2061:
2019:
1933:
1659:
1083:
1041:
963:
958:
935:
923:
907:
898:
882:
832:
631:
412:
200:
6231:
5895:"Galvanising the collective intelligence of the Hakka Diaspora in Western Australia"
5191:
Zhang, Wei-Bin (December 2007). "New China's Long March from Servility to Freedom".
4534:
4463:
2605:
There used to be 1500 Hakkas largely at Tangra and Bombay, arriving after the great
1345:, had a special contempt for Hakka women, referring to them as "hillbilly witches".
679:
to locate their settlements on marginal territories and relatively infertile land.
6888:
6871:
6719:
6714:
6557:
6506:
6469:
3550:
3427:
3344:
3310:
3255:
3239:
3197:
3141:
3137:
3124:
3055:
2782:
2473:
2469:
2384:
2376:
2224:
2193:
2189:
2121:
1941:
1795:
1765:
1761:
1573:
1568:
1167:
1090:
1004:
725:
623:
487:
318:
251:
239:
4289:"Rethinking Taiwanese and Chinese Identity: Melissa J. Brown's Is Taiwan Chinese?"
3412:, seventeen Nationalist generals were killed in action, of which six were Hakkas.
4736:
1878:
the Hakka and Aboriginals used their matchlock muskets against the French in the
6793:
6707:
6622:
6464:
6440:
6321:
6285:"The Secret History of the Hakkas: The Chinese Revolution as a Hakka Enterprise"
5746:
https://cbajamaica.com/assets/docs/HANDOUT_Hakka_Migration_History.182201835.pdf
4378:
The Chinese In Southeast Asia and Beyond: Socioeconomic and Political Dimensions
3627:
3456:
3395:
3387:
3340:
3318:
3309:, one of the two main Chinese communist forces fighting the Japanese during the
3251:
3243:
3235:
3160:
3149:
2705:
2606:
2538:
2321:
2301:
2085:
2081:
1820:
1784:
1753:
1741:
1342:
1114:
915:
729:
565:
393:
5923:
5138:
Lozada, Eriberto (2005). Ember, Carol R.; Ember, Melvin; Skoggard, Ian (eds.).
4913:
On the south China track: Perspectives on anthropological research and teaching
4694:
4582:
3721:
Migration and Ethnicity in Chinese History: Hakkas, Pengmin and Their Neighbors
6726:
6627:
6525:
5909:"Living in NZ: A Chinese Descent Indian shares her unique cultural experience"
4889:
4678:"Forensic analysis and sequence variation of 133 STRs in the Hakka population"
4638:
3796:
3452:
3375:
3371:
3322:
3278:
3128:
2663:
2534:
2495:
2487:
2329:
2297:
2185:
2181:
1870:. The Aboriginals used their matchlock muskets to defeat the Americans in the
1687:
1683:
1588:
1579:
1457:
1419:
1338:
1050:
Lei Cha, a very healthy dish made with green tea, basil, coriander and mugwort
931:
824:
145:
5411:
Hase, Patrick (1995). "Alliance of Ten". In Faure, David; Siu, Helen (eds.).
4755:
4703:
4647:
4311:
4303:
3329:
in 1989. In Guangdong, China's most prosperous province, the "Hakka clique" (
1014:
Another very popular architectural style in northern east Guangdong, such as
5829:
5731:
5430:
4850:"Tracing the origins of Hakka and Chaoshanese by mitochondrial DNA analysis"
3632:
3355:
3301:, the founder of the Red Army, later known as the People's Liberation Army;
3145:
2954:
2917:
2575:
2312:) and other large populations in other towns and districts, most notably in
2285:
2101:
1949:
1860:
1844:
1749:
1709:
1501:
756:
651:
647:
587:
435:
220:
6362:
5505:
5497:
4875:
4823:
4721:
4600:
4440:
3545:), a 2012 32-episode China television drama about the Hakkas' migration to
6399:
5453:
5141:
Encyclopedia of Diasporas: Immigrant and Refugee Cultures Around the World
3979:
The Hakka Dialect: A Linguistic Study of its Phonology, Syntax and Lexicon
2399:
In Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore, Hakka people are sometimes known as
867:
the population spoke. Some family genealogies also employ the term Hakka (
6744:
6535:
5811:
Beyond Chinatown: new Chinese migration and the global expansion of China
5620:
3522:
3020:
2987:
2756:
2736:
2567:
2499:
2345:
2337:
2333:
2325:
2305:
2220:
2149:
1717:
1525:
1517:
1247:
769:
611:
456:
332:
185:
70:
Significant unsourced material, often poorly organized and ungrammatical.
6409:
4513:
Networks beyond Empires: Chinese Business and Nationalism in Hong Kong …
4298:, vol. 40, Institute of International Relations, pp. 454–458,
3159:
that overthrew the Qing dynasty and the republican years of China. When
2160:. There are 1,729,000 people of Hakka ancestry in Malaysia as of 2016.
6656:
6199:[Interview with Dr. Sun Yat-granddaughter of Dr. Sun Suifang].
4866:
4849:
4815:
3302:
3247:
3219:
2740:
2732:
2701:
2580:
2512:
2404:
2368:
2243:
2236:
2228:
2065:
1925:
1828:
1745:
1737:
1679:
1632:
1529:
1521:
1509:
1497:
1434:
1407:
1074:
820:
809:
738:
655:
619:
603:
599:
595:
5082:
3804:
2443:'s and one of the highest percentages of Chinese living in Indonesia.
1780:, one of whose ancestors is recorded as arriving in the area in 1688.
1736:
lowland areas had been settled originally by several clan lineages in
1670:
Hakka people are mainly concentrated in Liuyang and Liling villages.
887:
K'o-chia Yen-chiu Tao-Liu / An Introduction to the Study of the Hakkas
873:
870:
858:
855:
578:
575:
6731:
6134:
God's Chinese son : the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom of Hong Xiuquan
4981:
Pioneers of modern China : understanding the inscrutable Chinese
3417:
3298:
3263:
2881:
2876:
2823:
2819:
2778:
2571:
2388:
2281:
2250:, where there is a notable population of Hakka people who speak the "
2200:
2169:
2069:
1863:
1824:
1757:
1513:
1446:
828:
805:
773:
643:
615:
591:
243:
181:
173:
2838:, statistics showed that there were 6,562,429 Hakkas living abroad.
2280:(then known as Jesselton) and its surroundings (in the districts of
1913:) was the leader of the Hakka militia recruited by Liu Ming-ch'uan.
1267:
started broadcasting. Hakka Chinese is used on Sihai Kejia Channel.
5330:
The Sichuan Frontier and Tibet: Imperial Strategy in the Early Qing
4984:. River Edge, New Jersey: World Scientific Publishing. p. 62.
4005:
Christian Souls and Chinese Spirits: A Hakka Community in Hong Kong
1237:. In 2004, the station had officially completed its establishment.
6856:
6106:
Colonial Hong Kong and Modern China: Interaction and Reintegration
5880:
3050:
2635:
Some Hakka people, notably from Taiwan, migrated to South Africa.
2541:
and the mother of the bride on the far right are of Hakka descent.
2528:
2418:
2359:
2349:
2317:
2313:
2273:
2258:
2216:
2165:
2137:
2131:
2095:
2010:
1892:
1838:
1725:
1697:
1596:
1578:
1567:
1491:
1456:
1373:
1304:
1123:
1108:
996:
980:
902:
755:
721:
715:
607:
255:
169:
38:
5546:
Maritime Taiwan: Historical Encounters with the East and the West
4235:
Nam Moi: A Young Girl's Story of Her Family's Escape from Vietnam
3864:
The Hakkas of Sarawak: Sacrificial Gifts in Cold War Era Malaysia
1496:
Christian missionaries with Hakka students of a girls' school in
1337:, although other dialect groups also enlisted. The leader of the
4747:
4735:
Herold Jacob Wiens (1954). "Chapter VIII: Ethnic Distribution".
3167:
Zheng Shiliang, a medical student and classmate of Sun, led the
2781:. Guyana's most prominent Hakka Chinese is its first president,
2579:
government took some years to assess their claims to be genuine
2555:
2212:
691:
687:
6766:
6413:
5858:
5382:
See p.12, 圖片 香港今昔 by 高添強 (Gao TianQiang), 三聯書店. (1997 2nd Ed.)
3824:
God's Chinese Son: The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom of Hong Xiuquan
2711:
There are around 20,000 Taiwanese Hakkas in the United States.
2423:
Belinyu, a little Hakka town in northern part of Bangka Island.
1333:
People of Hakka ancestry comprised the notable mainstay of the
776:
may self-identify as only Chaoshanese, Cantonese and Hokkiens.
6762:
6230:(in Chinese). Homemy.jumzsf.come. 8 April 2013. Archived from
5069:只要是共同生長於台灣這塊土地上的所有族群的成員,他們不僅都是台灣人,而且他們所操持的族群語言也都是「台灣話」(或「台語」)!
4938:
The Hakka Chinese: Their Origin, Folk Songs And Nursery Rhymes
3740:
The Hakka Chinese: Their Origin, Folk Songs and Nursery Rhymes
3408:
against the better equipped Japanese. However, in the ensuing
2428:
1776:
order in 1688, such as the Hakka speaking Lee clan lineage of
817:
The Hakka Chinese: Their Origin, Folk Songs And Nursery Rhymes
43:
5354:
New Peace County, A Chinese Gazetteer of the Hong Kong Region
3962:. Dept of Chinese Studies, National University of Singapore.
3196:
Brothers Hsieh Yi-qiao and Hsieh Liang-mu raised the 100,000
1583:
A firearm for defence against enemies in a Hakka Fujian tulou
1252:". In Taiwan, there are seven Hakka Chinese radio channels.
819:, that the potential Hakka origins from the Northern Han and
499:
2144:
Hakka people form the second largest subgroup of the ethnic
1819:
their inhabitants have moved to the post war new towns like
4069:
The Hakka Cookbook: Chinese Soul Food from around the World
3269:
When it was overrun in 1934 by the Nationalist army in the
1619:
were built to withstand attack from bandits and marauders.
2684:
aims to promote Hakka culture across the five boroughs of
2435:
province. They are the second majority ethnic group after
2272:. The first batch of 96 Hakkas brought to Sabah landed in
2036:
There are two groups of Hakka in Vietnam. One is known as
5716:. Kota Kinabalu: Sabah Theological Seminary. p. 28.
2834:
At a 1994 seminar of the World Hakka Association held in
475:
461:
447:
403:
5413:
Down to Earth : The Territorial Bond in South China
4404:
The sky rained heroes: A journey from war to remembrance
4159:
A Faithful Reading Partner: A Story from a Hakka Village
3394:
in the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937, the heroism of
760:
Hakka language distribution in mainland China and Taiwan
5957:
Peoples of the Buddhist World: A Christian Prayer Diary
5941:"The Chinese Community in Tahiti: 150 years of history"
4486:"Welcome to Longyan Municipal People's Government, PRC"
3434:(China's first participation of a war overseas), 1942.
3398:
and his troops, known as the "Eight Hundred Warriors" (
2650:, consisting of Hakka and Cantonese, is around 35,000.
2180:, a millionaire philanthropist and an innovator in the
2156:, with several prominent Hakka figures emerging during
1069:
Yong Tau Foo in Malaysia, brought over by Hakka emigres
789:
the Hakkas are Han Chinese originating solely from the
4121:
Breaking the Curse of the Green Dragon (A Hakka Story)
3958:
Chen, Matthew Y.; Lian, Hee Wee; Yan, Xiuhong (2004).
2562:
The Timorese Hakka diaspora can currently be found in
1866:. Han people traded and sold matchlock muskets to the
1378:
Shenzhen Hakkas Folk Customs Museum-Hehu New Residence
1082:
tea-based beverage or rice gruel that forms a part of
4940:. BURLEIGH MDC QLD. 4220, AUSTRALIA: Poseidon Books.
3521:), a 2008 Taiwan Hakka-language film about the Hakka
3378:
were instrumental in the defeat of the French at the
2617:
1962, oppression of Sino-Indian residents accused of
1971:
Hakka-related affairs in Taiwan are regulated by the
1228:
was launched. It used Mandarin, Cantonese and Hakka.
381:
367:
351:
337:
323:
4890:"Related Topics: Non-legal Considerations: Language"
3943:. President's Fund for Creative Writing in English.
3881:
Lee, Wei Ling (January 2015). Yap, Koon Hong (ed.).
1798:
writes. Hakka villages from Wo Hang to the west and
1402:
Discrimination and hatred of Hakka outside Guangdong
27:
Ethnic group native to southeastern China and Taiwan
7000:
6909:
6902:
6831:
6800:
4022:Lutz, Jessie G.; Lutz, Rolland Ray (January 1998).
3297:Prominent Hakka communist leaders include: Marshal
3187:) in 1907. All of the Four Martyrs of Honghuagang (
1291:had added automatic broadcasting in Hakka Chinese.
1289:
Publicity Department of the Chinese Communist Party
516:
511:
493:
486:
469:
455:
441:
434:
424:
418:
411:
399:
392:
375:
361:
345:
331:
317:
310:
305:
293:
279:
274:
265:
229:
191:
163:
153:
115:
6131:
5803:
5801:
5026:Thurgood, Graham; LaPolla, Randy J., eds. (2003).
3821:
3155:Hakkas continued to play leading roles during the
2810:There are people of Hakka descent in New Zealand.
1975:. Hakka-related tourist attractions in Taiwan are
1678:As with those in Sichuan, many Hakka emigrated to
1234:Meizhou Radio and Television Station(MRT, 梅州廣播電視臺)
5356:Peter Y.L. Ng, Hong Kong University Press, 1983.
4777:. Seattle: Univ. of Washington Press. p. 9.
3665:The Hakka Chinese – Their Origin & Folk Songs
2242:A large number of Hakka people are also found in
6069:"The Malaysian Chinese population is decreasing"
5924:"Ethnic Minority migrant Chinese in New Zealand"
5780:"United Singkawang – Bahasa Hakka di Singkawang"
5333:. University of Washington Press. pp. 25–.
4775:Guest People: Hakka Identity in China and Abroad
3908:. Create Space Independent Publishing Platform.
3702:Guest People: Hakka Identity in China and Abroad
2219:and in Kuala Lumpur and its satellite cities in
1476:Hakka populations are found in 13 out of the 27
522:
5415:. Stanford University Press. pp. 123–160.
4237:. Createspace Independent Publishing Platform.
2511:Hakka people in Jakarta mainly have roots from
1615:and the third and higher floors living spaces.
1214:Meizhou People’s Broadcasting Station(梅州人民廣播電臺)
5224:. University of California Press. p. 80.
2533:A mixed wedding of East Timorese and Hakka in
945:named "Taiwanese Hakka Chinese" as one of the
6778:
6425:
6159:The Hakka Odyssey & their Taiwan homeland
5674:. Sabah Theological Seminary. pp. 32–33.
5206:The Hakka Odyssey & their Taiwan homeland
3446:
3421:
3399:
3358:led the Qing navy against the British at the
3330:
3229:
3209:
3188:
3182:
3172:
3063:
2760:
1908:
1601:
1361:Discrimination against Hakka by the Cantonese
1257:Meixian Radio and Television Station(梅縣廣播電視臺)
1246:established a Hakka satellite cable channel "
868:
853:
573:
285:
128:
117:
8:
5688:Global Hakka: Hakka Identity in the Remaking
5646:Global Hakka: Hakka Identity in the Remaking
5284:"Townsmen Sentiment Always Serves as a Link"
5114:Encyclopedia of Contemporary Chinese Culture
3759:Global Hakka: Hakka Identity in the Remaking
3719:Leong, Sow-Theng (1997). Wright, Tim (ed.).
2235:, while those in Kuala Lumpur are mainly of
1686:carried out a massacre in Guangzhou (now in
1243:Taiwan Broadcasting System (TBS, 臺灣公共廣播電視集團)
1218:Meizhou Wired Broadcasting Station(梅州有線廣播電臺)
749:instead of residing in courtyard houses (or
110:
30:"Hakka" redirects here. For other uses, see
5460:. Public Television Service. 5 October 2012
4973:
4971:
4254:Finding Samuel Lowe: China, Jamaica, Harlem
3676:. Taipei: Chinese Association for Folklore.
3420:of Asia" by the West and the "God of War" (
2476:tribes. The Hakka were instrumental in the
2304:), with a significant minority residing in
122:
6906:
6785:
6771:
6763:
6432:
6418:
6410:
5488:. London and New York: Macmillan. p.
4140:Hakka Soul: Memories, Migrations and Meals
2847:
2613:of Hakka in these communities is Meixian.
2246:, particularly in the city of Kuching and
1924:Taiwan's Hakka population concentrates in
1441:Attacks against Hakka by the Lingao people
1226:3CW Chinese Radio Australia(3CW澳大利亞中文廣播電臺)
1022:, is Wrapped Dragon Village (Chinese:
302:
109:
6215:Translate this Chinese article to English
4865:
4854:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
4804:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
4711:
4693:
4655:
4637:
4590:
4199:. Hong Kong Women in Publishing Society.
3234:) were Hakkas. Other Hakkas for example,
2662:are of Hakka origin. They either came to
2076:and shoemaking. Hakkas are also found in
1708:During the 15th century to 19th century,
1464:(in yellow) in Guangdong Province, where
93:Learn how and when to remove this message
6279:
6277:
6275:
5543:Tsai, Shih-shan Henry (19 August 2009).
5530:
5518:
5106:
5104:
4796:
4794:
4488:. English.longyan.gov.cn. Archived from
4067:Anusasananan, Linda Lau (October 2012).
4041:Christofferson, Ethan (September 2012).
2172:, was the founder of the mining town of
1064:
1045:
934:have close genetic relations and shared
844:Definitional problems and disambiguation
5406:
5404:
4843:
4841:
4839:
4837:
4835:
4833:
4560:
4558:
4556:
4554:
4552:
4276:
4178:The Coral Heart: A Shopkeeper's Journey
3939:Tsang, Joseph Mang Kin (January 2003).
3258:amongst many others are Hakka as well.
3204:from the overseas Chinese community in
2777:Chinese people are a small minority at
2731:are Hakka; they have a long history in
2427:Hakka also live in Indonesia's largest
2268:opted to bring in Hakka labourers from
1550:or Hakka: Wui Lung Wuk) and sijiaolou (
1449:turned violent in northwestern Hainan.
1278:, Sihai Kejia Channel has also joined.
6256:. Renwuzhuanjiwang.com. Archived from
6228:"Yao Yuping and the Xinhai Revolution"
5638:
5636:
5634:
4953:
4571:The American Journal of Human Genetics
4454:
4452:
4450:
4252:Madison, Paula Williams (April 2015).
4111:The book was shortlisted for the 1996
3511:Blue Brave: The Legend of Formosa 1895
1859:In the past the Hakka in Taiwan owned
1287:Platform under the supervision of the
477:
383:
262:
4671:
4669:
4667:
4614:
4612:
4610:
4406:. Austin: Synergy Books. p. 56.
3820:Spence, Jonathan D. (December 1996).
3432:1st Route Expeditionary Forces, Burma
3366:commanded the coastal defence at the
1843:Hakka women in traditional attire in
7:
5873:"We are Chinese Jamaicans Worldwide"
4282:
4280:
3317:, was commanded by Zhu De); Marshal
3277:, the Communists began their famous
2646:As of 2008, the total population of
1682:(in Southern Henan Province), where
1309:Typical traditional hillside tombs.
995:Hakka people built several types of
823:and that of the indigenous Southern
583:) literally mean "guest families".
164:Regions with significant populations
4330:
4328:
3977:Hashimoto, Mantaro J. (June 2010).
3430:was the commander-in-chief for the
6316:Discuz! Team and Comsenz UI Team.
5877:We are Chinese Jamaicans Worldwide
5454:"About the Hakka people in Taiwan"
5218:Goodman, Bryna (20 October 1995).
5117:. London: Routledge. p. 333.
4742:. Shoe String Press. p. 270.
4214:Hsiung, C. Fong (September 2014).
4071:. University of California Press.
4007:. University of California Press.
3934:. Government Federation of Malaya.
3932:Hakka Lessons for Malayan Students
3704:. University of Washington Press.
1572:Gun port of Chengqilou in a Hakka
1166:Historically, Hakka women did not
705:American Journal of Human Genetics
25:
6103:Lee, Pui-tak (1 September 2005).
5685:Jessieca Leo (3 September 2015).
5643:Jessieca Leo (3 September 2015).
4462:. Edu.ocac.gov.tw. Archived from
4381:. World Scientific. p. 379.
4375:Yen, Ching-hwang (21 July 2008).
4218:. Mawenzi House/TSAR Publishers.
4176:Lampotang, Peggy (January 2014).
4003:Constable, Nicole (August 1994).
3525:fighting the Japanese during the
3313:(the other main communist force,
3266:was the capital of the republic.
3094:Political and military leadership
2765:). One famous Hakka is President
2503:the dialect of Singkawang Hakka.
2490:and the surrounding regencies of
2110:Chao Phraya Yommarat (Pan Sukhum)
1193:Meizhou Television Station(梅州電視臺)
836:aforementioned tribes during the
548:), sometimes also referred to as
6398:
5580:"Reviving the Hakka Way of Life"
4354:"Hakka culture GuangdongCulture"
4233:Lin Ung, Charlene (March 2015).
3960:The Paradox of Hakka Tone Sandhi
3757:Leo, Jessieca (September 2015).
3439:Japanese occupation of Hong Kong
3013:
2980:
2947:
2910:
2875:
1712:was in the imperial district of
1370:Mass killings of Hakkas in China
138:
48:
5782:. Singkawang.us. Archived from
5256:Bianco, Lucien (4 March 2015).
4045:. Wipf & Stock Publishers.
3866:. University of Toronto Press.
3700:Constable, Nicole, ed. (1996).
3683:The Hakka Search for a Homeland
2939:Chinese University of Hong Kong
1985:Kaohsiung Hakka Cultural Museum
1645:
1516:as well as other towns such as
500:
476:
462:
448:
425:
404:
6347:. Hong Kong University Press.
6109:. Hong Kong University Press.
5081:UNESCO World Heritage Centre.
4402:LaCroix, Frederick E. (2009).
4287:Rubinstein, Murray A. (2004),
4197:Ghost Cave: A Novel of Sarawak
3981:. Cambridge University Press.
3904:Liu, L. Larry (January 2015).
3847:. Sabah Theological Seminary.
3828:. W. W. Norton & Company.
3447:
3422:
3400:
3331:
3230:
3210:
3189:
3183:
3173:
2818:Hakka people first arrived in
2761:
2607:British Raj violence and chaos
2590:the independence of East Timor
2456:West Kalimantan (in Indonesia)
2300:as well as a lesser extent to
2266:North Borneo Chartered Company
1909:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1028:
1023:
382:
368:
352:
338:
324:
286:
129:
1:
6320:. Suizhou.org. Archived from
6049:Yeen, Oh Ing (16 June 2015).
5758:"Kebersamaan Tanpa Prasangka"
5304:. Gndaily.com. Archived from
4761:Sung-yuan-ch'i (Pine-springs)
4460:"The Hakka: The Jews of Asia"
4138:Chin, Woon Ping (June 2008).
3723:. Stanford University Press.
3321:, governor of Guangdong; and
3222:and Puyi's early abdication.
1807:Hakka influence on the area.
7083:Subgroups of the Han Chinese
6130:Spence, Jonathan D. (1997).
6051:"Home for Hakka group opens"
4911:Cheung, Sidney C.H. (1998).
4195:Sze, Elsie (February 2014).
3862:Yong, Kee Howe (July 2013).
3534:The Great Southern Migration
3499:New York Television Festival
2525:Chinese people in East Timor
2074:Traditional Chinese Medicine
1993:New Taipei City Hakka Museum
1989:Meinong Hakka Culture Museum
1977:Dongshih Hakka Cultural Park
1956:, with smaller presences in
1816:government planned new towns
1276:Radio The Greater Bay(大灣區之聲)
6903:By nationality or ethnicity
6823:Refugees and asylum seekers
6161:. p. 157, Clyde Kiang. 1992
6018:"Census of Population 2010"
5814:. NIAS Press. p. 234.
5208:. p. 120, Clyde Kiang. 1992
4157:Huang, Suhua (April 2012).
3527:Japanese invasion of Taiwan
3457:British Raj Colonial rulers
3406:Defence of Sihang Warehouse
2270:Longchuan County, Guangdong
1329:Imperial era - Qing dynasty
68:. The specific problem is:
7099:
5055:. 行政院客家委員會. Archived from
5028:The Sino-Tibetan Languages
4773:Constable, Nicole (2005).
4695:10.3389/fgene.2024.1347868
4583:10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.10.016
4119:Lee, J.P. (January 2004).
3681:Kiang, Clyde (July 1991).
3674:Studies in Hakka Folktales
3672:Eberhard, Wolfram (1974).
3282:without a fight. When the
3097:
2670:or as voluntary migrants.
2522:
2136:Muar Hakka Association in
2100:The Hakkas association of
2064:trace their roots back to
2001:Taoyuan Hakka Culture Hall
1898:Taoyuan Hakka Culture Hall
1769:bays surrounded by hills.
1298:
1206:Hakka Life Channel(客家生活頻道)
1151:
1136:
1039:
974:
956:
896:
881:For example, the study by
586:The Hakka have settled in
123:
36:
29:
6879:Shanghainese (and Ningbo)
6450:
6138:. New York: W.W. Norton.
5691:. Brill. pp. 75–76.
5559:– via Google Books.
5272:– via Google Books.
5111:Davis, Edward L. (2005).
5008:(客、贛、通泰方言源於南朝通語說), 2003,
4936:Choon, Yoon Ngan (2005).
4639:10.3389/fgene.2021.676917
4336:"客家文化探密:怀念先人 感念生活 客家人闹元宵"
4096:The Hundred Secret Senses
4093:Tan, Amy (October 1995).
3797:10.1017/S0305741000045495
3738:Chung, Yoon-Ngan (2005).
3594:
3578:
3566:
3542:
3518:
3490:
3327:Tiananmen Square protests
3064:
3040:The World Factbook, 2012
2660:Chinese people in Réunion
1997:Taipei Hakka Culture Hall
1602:
1272:Shenzhou Easy Radio(神州之聲)
986:Tianluokeng tulou cluster
869:
854:
574:
545:
530:
524:người Khách Gia, người Hẹ
301:
270:
234:
196:
168:
158:
144:Hakka dancers performing
137:
118:
18:Hakka people in Hong Kong
6832:By Chinese dialect group
6343:Sui-Jeung, Chan (2009).
6195:
5922:McIntyre, Nancy (2008).
5760:. KOMPAS. 23 August 2006
5592:Willmott (1967), p. 23-4
5193:Nova Science Publication
5053:"不僅只有台灣閩南語,台灣客家語也是「台語」!"
4978:Lee, Khoon Choy (2006).
4960:: CS1 maint: location (
4142:. University of Hawaii.
4113:Orange Prize for Fiction
3471:in different countries.
3382:which led to the French
3284:People's Liberation Army
3127:, who was influenced by
3073:Taiping Heavenly Kingdom
1335:Taiping Heavenly Kingdom
1265:Voice of Hong Kong(香港之聲)
622:in China, as well as in
37:Not to be confused with
6867:Fujianese/Hoklo/Hokkien
6196:浓浓乡情系中原 – 访孙中山先生孙女孙穗芳博士
6193:门杰丹 (4 December 2003).
5954:Hattaway, Paul (2004).
5855:Hakka Association of NY
5712:Chong, Tet Loi (2002).
5670:Chong, Tet Loi (2002).
5606:2 February 2011 at the
4123:. Instrument of Truth.
3495:Asian Television Awards
3441:from 1941 to 1945, the
3179:Huizhou Qinühu Uprising
2974:Singapore census, 2010
2747:of Guangdong Province.
2433:Bangka Belitung Islands
2365:Indonesian Hakka Museum
1560:or Hakka: Si Kok Liu).
1453:Hakka in Mainland China
720:Hakka peasants wearing
650:-speaking provinces of
146:traditional Qilin dance
6808:Indigenous inhabitants
4180:. Atelier d'ecriture.
3667:. Jade Mountain Press.
3305:, Commander-in-chief,
3275:Encirclement campaigns
3216:Provisional Government
3100:List of notable Hakkas
3059:
3007:Malaysia census, 2015
2800:White Australia policy
2542:
2507:Jakarta (in Indonesia)
2424:
2372:
2310:Taiping revolutionists
2152:, particularly in the
2141:
2104:
2044:and is located around
2023:
1901:
1848:
1705:
1690:) on 17 January 1636.
1584:
1576:
1505:
1473:
1379:
1313:
1221:and cultural program.
1195:was founded. In 1994,
1129:
1121:
1070:
1051:
992:
911:
761:
733:
523:
32:Hakka (disambiguation)
6843:Ethnic Cantonese and
6407:at Wikimedia Commons
6377:"Orange past winners"
5960:. Carlisle: Piquant.
5808:Thunø, Mette (2007).
5649:. Brill. p. 87.
5327:Yingcong Dai (2009).
4892:. Taiwandocuments.org
4682:Frontiers in Genetics
4626:Frontiers in Genetics
3843:Zhang, Delai (2002).
3638:Punti–Hakka Clan Wars
3384:Retreat from Lạng Sơn
3202:Huanghuagang Uprising
3054:
2937:Prof Lau Yee Cheung,
2902:Hakka Affairs Council
2619:Anti-Indian sentiment
2532:
2422:
2415:Bangka (in Indonesia)
2363:
2227:came mainly from the
2164:, "Captain China" of
2158:colonial British rule
2135:
2099:
2014:
1973:Hakka Affairs Council
1896:
1842:
1701:
1662:was born in Sichuan.
1606:), literally meaning
1582:
1571:
1495:
1460:
1392:Punti–Hakka Clan Wars
1377:
1308:
1162:Gender Egalitarianism
1127:
1112:
1068:
1049:
984:
943:Ministry of Education
906:
838:Jin dynasty (266–420)
759:
728:, as depicted in the
719:
236:Chinese folk religion
6801:By migration history
6083:"The World Factbook"
5988:. 12 September 2014.
5982:"客委會人口調查 全台約18%是客家人"
5059:on 28 September 2013
4429:Acta Genetica Sinica
2431:producer islands of
2254:" variant of Hakka.
2176:, the leader of the
1868:Taiwanese aborigines
1831:and further afield.
1643:The Kangxi Emperor (
1284:Learning Power(學習強國)
1197:Hakka Public Channel
1185:Voice of Hakka(客家之聲)
865:varieties of Chinese
562:Han Chinese subgroup
75:improve this article
64:to meet Knowledge's
6857:Puntis (Aboriginal)
6260:on 12 November 2014
5051:黃玉振 (25 May 2011).
4537:on 9 September 2019
4466:on 9 September 2019
3887:Straits Times Press
3785:The China Quarterly
3685:. Allegheny Press.
3654:People and identity
3553:in the 9th century.
3469:heads of government
2547:Indonesian invasion
2199:In the district of
1847:, Taiwan, pre-1945.
1484:of mainland China.
1318:Ancestor veneration
1154:Hakka popular music
1009:World Heritage Site
947:languages of Taiwan
669:Origin and identity
112:
6845:Sze Yap/Taishanese
6234:on 8 November 2014
5480:Davidson, James W.
4867:10.1002/ajpa.21124
4816:10.1002/ajpa.20460
4527:"The Hakka People"
3930:Lee, T.H. (1955).
3742:. Poseidon Books.
3608:Hakka architecture
3571:To Be or Not to Be
3475:In popular culture
3392:Battle of Shanghai
3060:
2668:indentured workers
2543:
2449:Indonesian Chinese
2425:
2373:
2229:Jiaying Prefecture
2142:
2105:
2070:Heyuan prefectures
2024:
1902:
1872:Formosa Expedition
1849:
1774:coastal evacuation
1706:
1703:Sam Tung Uk Museum
1694:Hakka in Hong Kong
1680:Xinyang Prefecture
1608:earthen structures
1585:
1577:
1506:
1482:autonomous regions
1474:
1462:Meizhou Prefecture
1380:
1314:
1130:
1122:
1071:
1052:
1001:fortified villages
993:
977:Hakka architecture
928:Southern dynasties
920:Jianghuai Mandarin
912:
762:
734:
216:Taiwanese Mandarin
7060:
7059:
7056:
7055:
6991:
6984:
6977:
6970:
6963:Southeast Asians
6958:
6951:
6944:
6930:
6923:
6852:
6760:
6759:
6696:Teochew Taiwanese
6585:Teochew Taiwanese
6403:Media related to
6345:East River Column
6030:on 5 October 2016
5986:tw.news.yahoo.com
5861:on 1 August 2015.
5821:978-87-7694-000-3
5723:978-983-40840-0-4
5625:joshuaproject.net
5422:978-0-8047-2434-0
5373:Ng (1983), p. 84.
5340:978-0-295-98952-5
5004:Lu Guoyao (魯國堯),
4947:978-1-921005-50-3
4922:978-962-441-540-7
4413:978-0-9821601-3-8
4388:978-981-4471-99-2
4099:. Penguin Books.
3643:Tea-picking opera
3445:guerrilla force (
3443:Dong River Column
3410:Battle of Nanjing
3380:Battle of Bang Bo
3360:Battle of Kowloon
3315:Eighth Route Army
3157:Xinhai Revolution
3077:Ernest John Eitel
3044:
3043:
2729:Chinese Jamaicans
2586:stateless persons
2537:, where the four
2060:About 65% of the
2016:Hakka Round House
1981:Hakka Round House
1429:By Guangxi people
1418:, leading to the
1301:Religion in China
1128:Hakkapop festival
1078:is a traditional
922:to have been the
772:, Guangzhou, and
712:Cultural identity
560:, are a southern
534:
533:
507:
506:
443:Yale Romanization
312:Standard Mandarin
261:
260:
248:Mahayana Buddhism
103:
102:
95:
66:quality standards
57:This article may
16:(Redirected from
7090:
6987:
6980:
6973:
6966:
6954:
6947:
6940:
6926:
6919:
6907:
6842:
6787:
6780:
6773:
6764:
6704:
6692:
6675:
6593:
6434:
6427:
6420:
6411:
6402:
6388:
6387:
6385:
6383:
6373:
6367:
6366:
6340:
6334:
6333:
6331:
6329:
6313:
6307:
6306:
6304:
6302:
6296:
6290:. Archived from
6289:
6281:
6270:
6269:
6267:
6265:
6250:
6244:
6243:
6241:
6239:
6224:
6218:
6217:
6212:
6210:
6208:
6190:
6184:
6183:
6181:
6179:
6174:. Waymarking.com
6168:
6162:
6156:
6150:
6149:
6137:
6127:
6121:
6120:
6100:
6094:
6093:
6091:
6089:
6079:
6073:
6072:
6065:
6059:
6058:
6046:
6040:
6039:
6037:
6035:
6029:
6023:. Archived from
6022:
6014:
6008:
6007:
5996:
5990:
5989:
5978:
5972:
5971:
5951:
5945:
5944:
5937:
5931:
5930:
5928:
5919:
5913:
5912:
5905:
5899:
5898:
5891:
5885:
5884:
5879:. Archived from
5869:
5863:
5862:
5857:. Archived from
5847:
5841:
5840:
5838:
5836:
5805:
5796:
5795:
5793:
5791:
5776:
5770:
5769:
5767:
5765:
5754:
5748:
5742:
5736:
5735:
5709:
5703:
5702:
5682:
5676:
5675:
5667:
5661:
5660:
5640:
5629:
5628:
5619:Joshua Project.
5616:
5610:
5599:
5593:
5590:
5584:
5583:
5576:
5570:
5567:
5561:
5560:
5540:
5534:
5528:
5522:
5516:
5510:
5509:
5476:
5470:
5469:
5467:
5465:
5450:
5444:
5441:
5435:
5434:
5408:
5399:
5396:
5390:
5380:
5374:
5371:
5365:
5351:
5345:
5344:
5324:
5318:
5317:
5315:
5313:
5298:
5292:
5291:
5280:
5274:
5273:
5253:
5247:
5242:
5236:
5235:
5215:
5209:
5203:
5197:
5196:
5188:
5182:
5181:
5179:
5177:
5172:on 19 April 2012
5168:. Archived from
5162:
5156:
5155:
5135:
5129:
5128:
5108:
5099:
5098:
5096:
5094:
5089:. Whc.unesco.org
5078:
5072:
5071:
5066:
5064:
5048:
5042:
5041:
5023:
5017:
5002:
4996:
4995:
4975:
4966:
4965:
4959:
4951:
4933:
4927:
4926:
4908:
4902:
4901:
4899:
4897:
4886:
4880:
4879:
4869:
4845:
4828:
4827:
4798:
4789:
4788:
4770:
4764:
4763:
4732:
4726:
4725:
4715:
4697:
4673:
4662:
4661:
4659:
4641:
4616:
4605:
4604:
4594:
4562:
4547:
4546:
4544:
4542:
4533:. Archived from
4523:
4517:
4516:
4511:Kuo, Huei-Ying.
4508:
4502:
4501:
4499:
4497:
4482:
4476:
4475:
4473:
4471:
4456:
4445:
4444:
4424:
4418:
4417:
4399:
4393:
4392:
4372:
4366:
4365:
4363:
4361:
4350:
4344:
4343:
4340:news.sina.com.cn
4332:
4323:
4322:
4320:
4314:, archived from
4293:
4284:
4267:
4248:
4229:
4210:
4191:
4172:
4153:
4134:
4110:
4082:
4056:
4037:
4018:
3992:
3973:
3954:
3935:
3919:
3900:
3877:
3858:
3839:
3827:
3816:
3791:(132): 937–968.
3772:
3753:
3734:
3715:
3696:
3677:
3668:
3618:Hakka hill songs
3596:
3580:
3568:
3549:during the late
3544:
3520:
3492:
3482:The Guest People
3450:
3449:
3425:
3424:
3403:
3402:
3334:
3333:
3233:
3232:
3213:
3212:
3192:
3191:
3186:
3185:
3176:
3175:
3169:Huizhou Uprising
3121:Jintian Uprising
3106:overseas Chinese
3081:Theodore Hamberg
3067:
3066:
3019:
3017:
3016:
2986:
2984:
2983:
2953:
2951:
2950:
2916:
2914:
2913:
2880:
2879:
2848:
2764:
2763:
2551:Portuguese Timor
2478:Lanfang Republic
2460:Hakka people in
2046:Ho Chi Minh City
1946:Meinong District
1938:Zhongli District
1912:
1911:
1884:Battle of Tamsui
1880:Keelung Campaign
1853:Taiwanese people
1804:land reclamation
1649:
1648: 1662–1722
1647:
1605:
1604:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1216:, also known as
1199:, also known as
1080:Southern Chinese
1030:
1025:
877:
876:
862:
861:
766:Cantonese people
698:Genetic findings
582:
581:
547:
526:
503:
502:
482:
481:
480:
465:
464:
451:
450:
430:
429:
428:
407:
406:
388:
387:
386:
371:
370:
357:
356:
355:
341:
340:
327:
326:
303:
289:
288:
263:
206:Standard Chinese
154:Total population
142:
132:
131:
126:
125:
121:
120:
113:
98:
91:
87:
84:
78:
52:
51:
44:
21:
7098:
7097:
7093:
7092:
7091:
7089:
7088:
7087:
7063:
7062:
7061:
7052:
6996:
6898:
6827:
6796:
6791:
6761:
6756:
6698:
6686:
6669:
6667:Hakka Taiwanese
6587:
6563:Hoklo Taiwanese
6446:
6438:
6396:
6391:
6381:
6379:
6375:
6374:
6370:
6355:
6342:
6341:
6337:
6327:
6325:
6324:on 9 March 2012
6315:
6314:
6310:
6300:
6298:
6297:on 18 June 2015
6294:
6287:
6283:
6282:
6273:
6263:
6261:
6252:
6251:
6247:
6237:
6235:
6226:
6225:
6221:
6213:
6206:
6204:
6197:
6192:
6191:
6187:
6177:
6175:
6170:
6169:
6165:
6157:
6153:
6146:
6129:
6128:
6124:
6117:
6102:
6101:
6097:
6087:
6085:
6081:
6080:
6076:
6067:
6066:
6062:
6055:The Star Online
6048:
6047:
6043:
6033:
6031:
6027:
6020:
6016:
6015:
6011:
5998:
5997:
5993:
5980:
5979:
5975:
5968:
5953:
5952:
5948:
5943:. 3 March 2015.
5939:
5938:
5934:
5926:
5921:
5920:
5916:
5907:
5906:
5902:
5893:
5892:
5888:
5883:on 12 May 2013.
5871:
5870:
5866:
5849:
5848:
5844:
5834:
5832:
5822:
5807:
5806:
5799:
5789:
5787:
5778:
5777:
5773:
5763:
5761:
5756:
5755:
5751:
5743:
5739:
5724:
5711:
5710:
5706:
5699:
5684:
5683:
5679:
5669:
5668:
5664:
5657:
5642:
5641:
5632:
5621:"People Groups"
5618:
5617:
5613:
5608:Wayback Machine
5600:
5596:
5591:
5587:
5578:
5577:
5573:
5568:
5564:
5557:
5549:. M.E. Sharpe.
5542:
5541:
5537:
5531:Davidson (1903)
5529:
5525:
5519:Davidson (1903)
5517:
5513:
5478:
5477:
5473:
5463:
5461:
5452:
5451:
5447:
5442:
5438:
5423:
5410:
5409:
5402:
5398:Gao 1997, p.16.
5397:
5393:
5381:
5377:
5372:
5368:
5352:
5348:
5341:
5326:
5325:
5321:
5311:
5309:
5308:on 4 March 2016
5302:"Ganzhou.China"
5300:
5299:
5295:
5282:
5281:
5277:
5270:
5255:
5254:
5250:
5243:
5239:
5232:
5217:
5216:
5212:
5204:
5200:
5190:
5189:
5185:
5175:
5173:
5164:
5163:
5159:
5152:
5137:
5136:
5132:
5125:
5110:
5109:
5102:
5092:
5090:
5080:
5079:
5075:
5062:
5060:
5050:
5049:
5045:
5038:
5025:
5024:
5020:
5016:, pages 123–135
5003:
4999:
4992:
4977:
4976:
4969:
4952:
4948:
4935:
4934:
4930:
4923:
4910:
4909:
4905:
4895:
4893:
4888:
4887:
4883:
4847:
4846:
4831:
4800:
4799:
4792:
4785:
4772:
4771:
4767:
4734:
4733:
4729:
4675:
4674:
4665:
4618:
4617:
4608:
4564:
4563:
4550:
4540:
4538:
4525:
4524:
4520:
4510:
4509:
4505:
4495:
4493:
4492:on 6 April 2014
4484:
4483:
4479:
4469:
4467:
4458:
4457:
4448:
4426:
4425:
4421:
4414:
4401:
4400:
4396:
4389:
4374:
4373:
4369:
4359:
4357:
4352:
4351:
4347:
4334:
4333:
4326:
4321:on 27 July 2011
4318:
4296:iir.nccu.edu.tw
4291:
4286:
4285:
4278:
4274:
4264:
4251:
4245:
4232:
4226:
4213:
4207:
4194:
4188:
4175:
4169:
4161:. AuthorHouse.
4156:
4150:
4137:
4131:
4118:
4107:
4092:
4089:
4079:
4066:
4063:
4053:
4040:
4034:
4021:
4015:
4002:
3999:
3989:
3976:
3970:
3957:
3951:
3938:
3929:
3926:
3916:
3903:
3897:
3880:
3874:
3861:
3855:
3842:
3836:
3819:
3782:
3779:
3769:
3756:
3750:
3737:
3731:
3718:
3712:
3699:
3693:
3680:
3671:
3659:
3656:
3651:
3649:Further reading
3604:
3477:
3352:First Opium War
3307:New Fourth Army
3200:needed for the
3114:prime ministers
3102:
3096:
3049:
3037:Second largest
3014:
3012:
3004:Second largest
2981:
2979:
2971:Fourth largest
2948:
2946:
2934:Second largest
2911:
2909:
2904:, Taiwan, 2014
2898:Second largest
2874:
2832:
2816:
2808:
2796:
2791:
2775:
2767:Henk Chin A Sen
2755:The Chinese in
2753:
2745:Bao'an counties
2725:
2717:
2692:communities in
2681:
2676:
2656:
2641:
2633:
2628:
2603:
2598:
2527:
2521:
2509:
2464:live alongside
2458:
2441:West Kalimantan
2417:
2358:
2205:Negeri Sembilan
2162:Chung Keng Quee
2130:
2118:
2094:
2058:
2034:
2029:
2009:
1954:Pingtung County
1876:Sino-French War
1837:
1835:Hakka in Taiwan
1788:Alliance of Ten
1734:New Territories
1696:
1676:
1668:
1652:Zhang Xianzhong
1644:
1641:
1629:
1566:
1490:
1455:
1443:
1431:
1404:
1372:
1363:
1331:
1326:
1303:
1297:
1181:
1168:bind their feet
1164:
1156:
1150:
1141:
1139:Hakka hill song
1135:
1107:
1044:
1038:
979:
973:
961:
955:
941:In Taiwan, the
901:
895:
846:
782:
780:Distant origins
714:
700:
676:
671:
636:Pingtung County
512:Vietnamese name
426:
363:Tongyong Pinyin
353:
294:Literal meaning
225:
211:Taiwanese Hakka
149:
133:
127:
108:
99:
88:
82:
79:
72:
53:
49:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7096:
7094:
7086:
7085:
7080:
7075:
7065:
7064:
7058:
7057:
7054:
7053:
7051:
7050:
7045:
7040:
7035:
7030:
7025:
7020:
7015:
7010:
7004:
7002:
6998:
6997:
6995:
6994:
6993:
6992:
6985:
6978:
6971:
6961:
6960:
6959:
6952:
6945:
6933:
6932:
6931:
6924:
6913:
6911:
6904:
6900:
6899:
6897:
6896:
6891:
6886:
6876:
6875:
6874:
6864:
6859:
6854:
6835:
6833:
6829:
6828:
6826:
6825:
6820:
6815:
6813:New immigrants
6810:
6804:
6802:
6798:
6797:
6792:
6790:
6789:
6782:
6775:
6767:
6758:
6757:
6755:
6754:
6753:
6752:
6747:
6739:
6734:
6729:
6724:
6723:
6722:
6712:
6711:
6710:
6705:
6693:
6681:
6676:
6659:
6654:
6653:
6652:
6642:
6641:
6640:
6635:
6625:
6620:
6615:
6614:
6613:
6608:
6598:
6597:
6596:
6595:
6594:
6577:
6572:
6571:
6570:
6568:Hui'an maidens
6565:
6555:
6550:
6540:
6539:
6538:
6533:
6523:
6522:
6521:
6516:
6511:
6510:
6509:
6496:
6491:
6490:
6489:
6479:
6474:
6473:
6472:
6467:
6462:
6451:
6448:
6447:
6439:
6437:
6436:
6429:
6422:
6414:
6395:
6394:External links
6392:
6390:
6389:
6368:
6353:
6335:
6308:
6271:
6245:
6219:
6185:
6163:
6151:
6144:
6122:
6115:
6095:
6074:
6060:
6041:
6009:
5991:
5973:
5966:
5946:
5932:
5914:
5900:
5897:. 3 July 2018.
5886:
5864:
5842:
5820:
5797:
5771:
5749:
5737:
5722:
5704:
5697:
5677:
5662:
5655:
5630:
5611:
5594:
5585:
5571:
5562:
5555:
5535:
5533:, p. 591.
5523:
5521:, p. 590.
5511:
5471:
5445:
5436:
5421:
5400:
5391:
5375:
5366:
5346:
5339:
5319:
5293:
5275:
5268:
5248:
5237:
5230:
5210:
5198:
5183:
5157:
5150:
5130:
5123:
5100:
5073:
5043:
5036:
5018:
4997:
4990:
4967:
4946:
4928:
4921:
4903:
4881:
4829:
4790:
4783:
4765:
4727:
4663:
4606:
4577:(6): 775–785.
4548:
4518:
4503:
4477:
4446:
4435:(9): 873–880.
4419:
4412:
4394:
4387:
4367:
4345:
4324:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4269:
4268:
4262:
4249:
4243:
4230:
4224:
4211:
4206:978-1496073945
4205:
4192:
4186:
4173:
4167:
4154:
4148:
4135:
4129:
4116:
4105:
4088:
4087:Family stories
4085:
4084:
4083:
4077:
4062:
4059:
4058:
4057:
4051:
4038:
4032:
4019:
4013:
3998:
3995:
3994:
3993:
3987:
3974:
3968:
3955:
3949:
3941:The Hakka Epic
3936:
3925:
3922:
3921:
3920:
3914:
3901:
3895:
3878:
3872:
3859:
3853:
3840:
3834:
3817:
3778:
3775:
3774:
3773:
3767:
3754:
3749:978-1921005503
3748:
3735:
3729:
3716:
3710:
3697:
3691:
3678:
3669:
3661:Char, Tin-Yuke
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3646:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3623:Hakka language
3620:
3615:
3610:
3603:
3600:
3599:
3598:
3582:
3554:
3547:Southern China
3530:
3502:
3476:
3473:
3465:heads of state
3368:Battle of Amoy
3095:
3092:
3088:Victor Purcell
3048:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3038:
3035:
3032:
3029:
3026:
3023:
3009:
3008:
3005:
3002:
2999:
2996:
2993:
2990:
2976:
2975:
2972:
2969:
2966:
2963:
2960:
2957:
2943:
2942:
2935:
2932:
2929:
2926:
2923:
2922:1,250,000 est
2920:
2906:
2905:
2899:
2896:
2893:
2890:
2887:
2884:
2871:
2870:
2867:
2864:
2861:
2858:
2855:
2852:
2831:
2828:
2815:
2812:
2807:
2804:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2774:
2771:
2752:
2749:
2724:
2721:
2716:
2713:
2690:Hakka American
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2655:
2652:
2648:Sino-Mauritian
2640:
2637:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2523:Main article:
2520:
2517:
2508:
2505:
2457:
2454:
2416:
2413:
2407:pronunciation
2357:
2354:
2188:, who founded
2148:population of
2129:
2126:
2117:
2114:
2093:
2090:
2078:Takéo Province
2057:
2054:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2027:Southeast Asia
2025:
2008:
2007:Hakka Diaspora
2005:
1962:Taitung County
1958:Hualien County
1930:Hsinchu County
1919:Beipu uprising
1905:Lin Ch'ao-tung
1836:
1833:
1722:1819 gazetteer
1720:) County. The
1695:
1692:
1675:
1672:
1667:
1664:
1640:
1637:
1628:
1625:
1565:
1562:
1489:
1486:
1454:
1451:
1442:
1439:
1430:
1427:
1403:
1400:
1371:
1368:
1362:
1359:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1324:Discrimination
1322:
1311:Hukeng, Fujian
1296:
1293:
1180:
1177:
1163:
1160:
1152:Main article:
1149:
1146:
1137:Main article:
1134:
1131:
1119:Ghost Festival
1106:
1103:
1040:Main article:
1037:
1034:
1026:; pinyin:
990:Hukeng, Fujian
975:Main article:
972:
969:
957:Main article:
954:
951:
936:areal features
897:Main article:
894:
891:
845:
842:
801:
800:
797:
794:
781:
778:
713:
710:
699:
696:
675:
672:
670:
667:
640:Kaohsiung City
628:Hsinchu County
532:
531:
528:
527:
520:
514:
513:
509:
508:
505:
504:
497:
491:
490:
484:
483:
473:
467:
466:
459:
453:
452:
445:
439:
438:
436:Yue: Cantonese
432:
431:
422:
416:
415:
409:
408:
401:
397:
396:
390:
389:
379:
373:
372:
365:
359:
358:
349:
343:
342:
335:
329:
328:
321:
315:
314:
308:
307:
306:Transcriptions
299:
298:
297:guest families
295:
291:
290:
283:
277:
276:
272:
271:
268:
267:
259:
258:
232:
231:
227:
226:
224:
223:
218:
213:
208:
203:
197:
194:
193:
189:
188:
178:Southeast Asia
166:
165:
161:
160:
156:
155:
151:
150:
143:
135:
134:
116:
106:
101:
100:
56:
54:
47:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7095:
7084:
7081:
7079:
7078:Hakka culture
7076:
7074:
7071:
7070:
7068:
7049:
7046:
7044:
7041:
7039:
7036:
7034:
7031:
7029:
7026:
7024:
7021:
7019:
7016:
7014:
7011:
7009:
7006:
7005:
7003:
6999:
6990:
6986:
6983:
6979:
6976:
6972:
6969:
6965:
6964:
6962:
6957:
6953:
6950:
6946:
6943:
6939:
6938:
6937:
6934:
6929:
6925:
6922:
6918:
6917:
6915:
6914:
6912:
6908:
6905:
6901:
6895:
6892:
6890:
6887:
6884:
6880:
6877:
6873:
6870:
6869:
6868:
6865:
6863:
6860:
6858:
6855:
6850:
6846:
6840:
6837:
6836:
6834:
6830:
6824:
6821:
6819:
6816:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6805:
6803:
6799:
6795:
6788:
6783:
6781:
6776:
6774:
6769:
6768:
6765:
6751:
6748:
6746:
6743:
6742:
6740:
6738:
6735:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6725:
6721:
6718:
6717:
6716:
6713:
6709:
6706:
6702:
6697:
6694:
6690:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6673:
6668:
6665:
6664:
6663:
6660:
6658:
6655:
6651:
6648:
6647:
6646:
6643:
6639:
6636:
6634:
6631:
6630:
6629:
6626:
6624:
6621:
6619:
6616:
6612:
6609:
6607:
6604:
6603:
6602:
6599:
6591:
6586:
6583:
6582:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6569:
6566:
6564:
6561:
6560:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6545:
6544:
6541:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6528:
6527:
6524:
6520:
6517:
6515:
6512:
6508:
6505:
6504:
6503:
6500:
6499:
6497:
6495:
6492:
6488:
6485:
6484:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6471:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6458:
6457:
6456:
6453:
6452:
6449:
6445:
6442:
6435:
6430:
6428:
6423:
6421:
6416:
6415:
6412:
6408:
6406:
6401:
6393:
6378:
6372:
6369:
6364:
6360:
6356:
6354:9789622098503
6350:
6346:
6339:
6336:
6323:
6319:
6312:
6309:
6293:
6286:
6280:
6278:
6276:
6272:
6259:
6255:
6249:
6246:
6233:
6229:
6223:
6220:
6216:
6202:
6201:chinanews.com
6198:
6189:
6186:
6173:
6167:
6164:
6160:
6155:
6152:
6147:
6145:9780393315561
6141:
6136:
6135:
6126:
6123:
6118:
6116:9789622097209
6112:
6108:
6107:
6099:
6096:
6084:
6078:
6075:
6070:
6064:
6061:
6056:
6052:
6045:
6042:
6026:
6019:
6013:
6010:
6005:
6001:
5995:
5992:
5987:
5983:
5977:
5974:
5969:
5967:9780878083619
5963:
5959:
5958:
5950:
5947:
5942:
5936:
5933:
5925:
5918:
5915:
5910:
5904:
5901:
5896:
5890:
5887:
5882:
5878:
5874:
5868:
5865:
5860:
5856:
5852:
5846:
5843:
5831:
5827:
5823:
5817:
5813:
5812:
5804:
5802:
5798:
5786:on 8 May 2015
5785:
5781:
5775:
5772:
5759:
5753:
5750:
5747:
5741:
5738:
5733:
5729:
5725:
5719:
5715:
5708:
5705:
5700:
5698:9789004300279
5694:
5690:
5689:
5681:
5678:
5673:
5666:
5663:
5658:
5656:9789004300279
5652:
5648:
5647:
5639:
5637:
5635:
5631:
5626:
5622:
5615:
5612:
5609:
5605:
5602:
5598:
5595:
5589:
5586:
5582:. April 2013.
5581:
5575:
5572:
5566:
5563:
5558:
5556:9780765623287
5552:
5548:
5547:
5539:
5536:
5532:
5527:
5524:
5520:
5515:
5512:
5507:
5503:
5499:
5495:
5491:
5487:
5486:
5481:
5475:
5472:
5459:
5455:
5449:
5446:
5440:
5437:
5432:
5428:
5424:
5418:
5414:
5407:
5405:
5401:
5395:
5392:
5389:
5388:962-04-1180-3
5385:
5379:
5376:
5370:
5367:
5363:
5362:962-209-043-5
5359:
5355:
5350:
5347:
5342:
5336:
5332:
5331:
5323:
5320:
5307:
5303:
5297:
5294:
5289:
5285:
5279:
5276:
5271:
5269:9781317463108
5265:
5262:. Routledge.
5261:
5260:
5252:
5249:
5246:
5241:
5238:
5233:
5231:9780520915459
5227:
5223:
5222:
5214:
5211:
5207:
5202:
5199:
5194:
5187:
5184:
5171:
5167:
5161:
5158:
5153:
5151:9780306483219
5147:
5143:
5142:
5134:
5131:
5126:
5124:9780415241298
5120:
5116:
5115:
5107:
5105:
5101:
5088:
5086:
5077:
5074:
5070:
5058:
5054:
5047:
5044:
5039:
5037:0-7007-1129-5
5033:
5030:. Routledge.
5029:
5022:
5019:
5015:
5014:7-5343-5499-4
5011:
5007:
5001:
4998:
4993:
4991:9789812566188
4987:
4983:
4982:
4974:
4972:
4968:
4963:
4957:
4949:
4943:
4939:
4932:
4929:
4924:
4918:
4914:
4907:
4904:
4891:
4885:
4882:
4877:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4860:(1): 124–30.
4859:
4855:
4851:
4844:
4842:
4840:
4838:
4836:
4834:
4830:
4825:
4821:
4817:
4813:
4810:(1): 140–50.
4809:
4805:
4797:
4795:
4791:
4786:
4784:9780295984872
4780:
4776:
4769:
4766:
4762:
4757:
4753:
4749:
4745:
4741:
4740:
4731:
4728:
4723:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4705:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4679:
4672:
4670:
4668:
4664:
4658:
4653:
4649:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4631:
4627:
4623:
4615:
4613:
4611:
4607:
4602:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4561:
4559:
4557:
4555:
4553:
4549:
4536:
4532:
4528:
4522:
4519:
4514:
4507:
4504:
4491:
4487:
4481:
4478:
4465:
4461:
4455:
4453:
4451:
4447:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4430:
4423:
4420:
4415:
4409:
4405:
4398:
4395:
4390:
4384:
4380:
4379:
4371:
4368:
4355:
4349:
4346:
4341:
4337:
4331:
4329:
4325:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4290:
4283:
4281:
4277:
4271:
4265:
4263:9780062331632
4259:
4255:
4250:
4246:
4244:9781508700791
4240:
4236:
4231:
4227:
4225:9781927494394
4221:
4217:
4216:Picture Bride
4212:
4208:
4202:
4198:
4193:
4189:
4187:9789990336924
4183:
4179:
4174:
4170:
4168:9781468562675
4164:
4160:
4155:
4151:
4149:9780824832896
4145:
4141:
4136:
4132:
4130:9789810480424
4126:
4122:
4117:
4114:
4108:
4106:9780399141157
4102:
4098:
4097:
4091:
4090:
4086:
4080:
4078:9780520273283
4074:
4070:
4065:
4064:
4060:
4054:
4052:9781610975032
4048:
4044:
4039:
4035:
4033:9780765600387
4029:
4026:. Routledge.
4025:
4020:
4016:
4014:9780520083844
4010:
4006:
4001:
4000:
3996:
3990:
3988:9780521133678
3984:
3980:
3975:
3971:
3969:9789810519438
3965:
3961:
3956:
3952:
3950:9789990397406
3946:
3942:
3937:
3933:
3928:
3927:
3923:
3917:
3915:9781505429435
3911:
3907:
3902:
3898:
3896:9789814642477
3892:
3888:
3884:
3879:
3875:
3873:9781442615465
3869:
3865:
3860:
3856:
3854:9789834084004
3850:
3846:
3841:
3837:
3835:9780393315561
3831:
3826:
3825:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3781:
3780:
3776:
3770:
3768:9789004300262
3764:
3760:
3755:
3751:
3745:
3741:
3736:
3732:
3730:9780804728577
3726:
3722:
3717:
3713:
3711:9780295984872
3707:
3703:
3698:
3694:
3692:9780910042611
3688:
3684:
3679:
3675:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3657:
3653:
3648:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3613:Hakka cuisine
3611:
3609:
3606:
3605:
3601:
3592:
3588:
3587:
3583:
3576:
3572:
3564:
3560:
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3259:
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3253:
3249:
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3237:
3227:
3226:Liao Zhongkai
3223:
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3217:
3207:
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2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2694:San Francisco
2691:
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2686:New York City
2679:United States
2678:
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2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2560:
2557:
2552:
2548:
2540:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2486:The Hakka in
2484:
2481:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2444:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2421:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2397:
2393:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2381:Bangka Island
2378:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2278:Kota Kinabalu
2275:
2271:
2267:
2262:
2260:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2240:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2209:lingua franca
2206:
2202:
2197:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2182:mining of tin
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2139:
2134:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2103:
2098:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2020:Miaoli County
2017:
2013:
2006:
2004:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1969:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1934:Miaoli County
1931:
1927:
1922:
1920:
1914:
1906:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1874:. During the
1873:
1869:
1865:
1862:
1857:
1854:
1846:
1841:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1808:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1786:
1781:
1779:
1775:
1770:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1704:
1700:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1673:
1671:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1660:Deng Xiaoping
1655:
1653:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1626:
1624:
1620:
1618:
1613:
1609:
1599:
1598:
1592:
1590:
1581:
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1570:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1549:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1503:
1499:
1494:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1479:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1417:
1412:
1409:
1401:
1399:
1395:
1393:
1388:
1385:
1376:
1369:
1367:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1351:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1328:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1285:
1281:In 2023, The
1279:
1277:
1273:
1268:
1266:
1261:
1258:
1253:
1251:
1250:
1245:
1244:
1238:
1236:
1235:
1229:
1227:
1222:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1208:
1207:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1186:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1169:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1147:
1145:
1140:
1132:
1126:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1095:
1093:
1092:
1087:
1085:
1084:Hakka cuisine
1081:
1077:
1076:
1067:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1048:
1043:
1042:Hakka cuisine
1035:
1033:
1031:
1021:
1017:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
991:
987:
983:
978:
970:
968:
965:
964:Hakka culture
960:
959:Hakka culture
952:
950:
948:
944:
939:
937:
933:
929:
925:
924:lingua franca
921:
917:
909:
908:Hakka Chinese
905:
900:
899:Hakka Chinese
892:
890:
888:
884:
883:Lo Hsiang-lin
879:
875:
872:
866:
860:
857:
851:
843:
841:
839:
834:
833:DNA profiling
830:
826:
822:
818:
813:
811:
807:
798:
795:
792:
791:Central Plain
788:
787:
786:
779:
777:
775:
771:
767:
758:
754:
752:
748:
743:
740:
731:
727:
723:
718:
711:
709:
707:
706:
697:
695:
693:
689:
684:
680:
673:
668:
666:
663:
659:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
632:Miaoli County
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
584:
580:
577:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
554:Hakka Chinese
551:
543:
539:
529:
525:
521:
519:
515:
510:
498:
496:
492:
489:
485:
479:
474:
472:
468:
460:
458:
454:
446:
444:
440:
437:
433:
423:
421:
417:
414:
410:
402:
398:
395:
391:
385:
380:
378:
374:
366:
364:
360:
350:
348:
344:
336:
334:
330:
322:
320:
316:
313:
309:
304:
300:
296:
292:
284:
282:
278:
273:
269:
264:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
228:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
201:Hakka Chinese
199:
198:
195:
190:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
162:
157:
152:
147:
141:
136:
114:
105:
97:
94:
86:
76:
71:
67:
63:
62:
55:
46:
45:
40:
33:
19:
7073:Hakka people
6936:South Asians
6916:East Asians
6861:
6720:Fuzhou Tanka
6606:Shanghainese
6507:Subei people
6481:
6470:Macau people
6405:Hakka people
6397:
6380:. Retrieved
6371:
6344:
6338:
6326:. Retrieved
6322:the original
6311:
6299:. Retrieved
6292:the original
6262:. Retrieved
6258:the original
6248:
6236:. Retrieved
6232:the original
6222:
6205:. Retrieved
6203:(in Chinese)
6200:
6188:
6176:. Retrieved
6166:
6158:
6154:
6133:
6125:
6105:
6098:
6086:. Retrieved
6077:
6063:
6054:
6044:
6032:. Retrieved
6025:the original
6012:
6004:bj.crntt.com
6003:
5994:
5985:
5976:
5956:
5949:
5935:
5917:
5903:
5889:
5881:the original
5876:
5867:
5859:the original
5854:
5845:
5833:. Retrieved
5810:
5788:. Retrieved
5784:the original
5774:
5764:10 September
5762:. Retrieved
5752:
5740:
5713:
5707:
5687:
5680:
5671:
5665:
5645:
5624:
5614:
5597:
5588:
5574:
5569:Rouil, 60–61
5565:
5545:
5538:
5526:
5514:
5484:
5474:
5462:. Retrieved
5457:
5448:
5439:
5412:
5394:
5378:
5369:
5353:
5349:
5329:
5322:
5310:. Retrieved
5306:the original
5296:
5288:en.people.cn
5287:
5278:
5258:
5251:
5240:
5220:
5213:
5205:
5201:
5192:
5186:
5174:. Retrieved
5170:the original
5160:
5140:
5133:
5113:
5091:. Retrieved
5084:
5076:
5068:
5061:. Retrieved
5057:the original
5046:
5027:
5021:
5005:
5000:
4980:
4937:
4931:
4912:
4906:
4894:. Retrieved
4884:
4857:
4853:
4807:
4803:
4774:
4768:
4759:
4737:
4730:
4685:
4681:
4629:
4625:
4574:
4570:
4541:25 September
4539:. Retrieved
4535:the original
4530:
4521:
4512:
4506:
4494:. Retrieved
4490:the original
4480:
4468:. Retrieved
4464:the original
4432:
4428:
4422:
4403:
4397:
4377:
4370:
4358:. Retrieved
4356:. Newsgd.com
4348:
4339:
4316:the original
4295:
4253:
4234:
4215:
4196:
4177:
4158:
4139:
4120:
4095:
4068:
4042:
4023:
4004:
3978:
3959:
3940:
3931:
3905:
3882:
3863:
3844:
3823:
3788:
3784:
3758:
3739:
3720:
3701:
3682:
3673:
3664:
3584:
3570:
3556:
3551:Tang dynasty
3532:
3510:
3504:
3480:
3461:
3436:
3428:Luo Zhuoying
3416:Called the "
3414:
3362:in 1839 and
3349:
3345:Huang Huahua
3311:World War II
3296:
3292:
3268:
3260:
3256:Luo Zhuoying
3240:Chen Mingshu
3224:
3198:Chinese Yuan
3195:
3166:
3154:
3142:Yang Xiuqing
3138:Feng Yunshan
3134:
3125:Hong Xiuquan
3118:
3103:
3085:
3070:
3062:Hakkaology (
3061:
3056:Tsai Ing-wen
2843:
2840:
2833:
2817:
2809:
2797:
2783:Arthur Chung
2776:
2754:
2726:
2718:
2710:
2682:
2657:
2645:
2642:
2634:
2631:South Africa
2615:
2611:
2604:
2561:
2544:
2539:flower girls
2510:
2485:
2482:
2470:Kapuas River
2459:
2445:
2426:
2408:
2400:
2398:
2394:
2385:Kapuas River
2377:Riau Islands
2374:
2264:In 1882 the
2263:
2256:
2241:
2225:Kinta Valley
2198:
2194:Kapitan Cina
2190:Kuala Lumpur
2143:
2122:Lee Kuan Yew
2119:
2106:
2059:
2041:
2035:
1970:
1966:
1942:Taoyuan City
1923:
1915:
1903:
1888:
1858:
1850:
1813:
1809:
1796:Patrick Hase
1791:
1787:
1782:
1771:
1707:
1677:
1669:
1656:
1642:
1630:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1607:
1595:
1593:
1586:
1574:Fujian tulou
1555:
1545:
1507:
1475:
1472:are located.
1444:
1432:
1424:
1413:
1405:
1396:
1389:
1381:
1364:
1355:
1347:
1332:
1315:
1282:
1280:
1275:
1271:
1269:
1264:
1262:
1256:
1254:
1248:
1241:
1239:
1232:
1230:
1225:
1223:
1217:
1213:
1211:
1205:
1201:Meizhou TV-2
1200:
1196:
1192:
1190:
1184:
1182:
1173:
1165:
1157:
1142:
1097:
1096:
1091:Yong tau foo
1089:
1088:
1073:
1072:
1059:
1056:Yong Tau Foo
1055:
1053:
1027:
1013:
1005:Fujian tulou
999:and peasant
994:
971:Architecture
962:
940:
913:
886:
880:
849:
847:
816:
814:
802:
783:
763:
750:
746:
744:
735:
726:Ming dynasty
703:
701:
685:
681:
677:
664:
660:
624:Taoyuan City
585:
569:
557:
553:
549:
537:
535:
488:Southern Min
420:Romanization
400:Romanization
319:Hanyu Pinyin
275:Chinese name
266:Hakka people
252:Christianity
240:Confucianism
107:Ethnic group
104:
89:
80:
73:Please help
69:
58:
7018:Australians
6975:Indonesians
6794:Hongkongers
6708:Waishengren
6699: [
6687: [
6670: [
6623:Gaoshan Han
6588: [
6487:Ngái people
6465:Hongkongers
6441:Han Chinese
6363:j.ctt1xwfs6
6238:28 December
5835:24 November
5443:Gao, (1997)
5166:"客家夥房的土地龍神"
4688:: 1347868.
4256:. Amistad.
3628:Hakka opera
3558:Hakka Women
3437:During the
3396:Xie Jinyuan
3388:Qiu Fengjia
3341:Ye Xuanping
3319:Ye Jianying
3252:Zhang Fakui
3244:Chen Jitang
3236:Eugene Chen
3161:Sun Yat-sen
3150:Hong Rengan
3031:67,091,371
2998:30,116,000
2892:23,374,000
2889:22,813,000
2863:Percentage
2806:New Zealand
2706:Los Angeles
2403:, from the
2379:such as in
2322:Kuala Penyu
2308:(mainly ex-
2302:Kota Marudu
2086:Rattanakiri
2082:Stung Treng
2038:Ngái people
1936:and around
1821:Sheung Shui
1785:Sha Tau Kok
1754:Lin Ma Hang
1742:Sheung Shui
1390:The bloody
1343:Zeng Guofan
1115:Hakka opera
916:Gan Chinese
730:Boxer Codex
148:in Malaysia
77:if you can.
7067:Categories
7048:Ukrainians
6989:Vietnamese
6956:Pakistanis
6839:Yue people
6741:Yunnanese
6633:Minh Hương
6548:Fuzhounese
6519:Sichuanese
6460:Taishanese
6328:15 January
6264:15 January
6178:15 January
5790:15 January
5464:4 February
5312:15 January
5093:15 January
4896:15 January
4531:全球華文網路教育中心
4496:15 January
4470:15 January
4360:15 January
4272:References
3543:大南迁 or 葛藤凹
3453:Zeng Sheng
3376:Liu Yongfu
3372:Feng Zicai
3337:Ding Sheng
3323:Hu Yaobang
3279:Long March
3129:Protestant
3110:presidents
3098:See also:
3047:Hakkaology
3028:9,392,792
3025:1,502,846
2995:6,550,000
2992:1,650,000
2965:3,771,700
2962:2,794,000
2928:7,300,000
2925:6,643,000
2886:4,202,000
2830:Population
2596:South Asia
2535:East Timor
2519:East Timor
2496:Bengkayang
2488:Singkawang
2330:Lahad Datu
2298:Kota Belud
2192:and was a
2186:Yap Ah Loy
1724:lists 570
1688:Huangchuan
1684:Li Zicheng
1589:Ting River
1420:Larut Wars
1384:Red Turban
1339:Xiang Army
1299:See also:
1113:Taiwanese
932:Gan people
674:Migrations
518:Vietnamese
463:Haak3 gaa1
347:Wade–Giles
159:80 million
83:April 2024
7028:Canadians
7013:Americans
6968:Filipinos
6910:From Asia
6818:Returnees
6662:Taiwanese
6645:Peranakan
6618:Chuanqing
6575:Putianese
6553:Hainanese
6502:Jianghuai
6498:Mandarin
6455:Cantonese
6444:subgroups
5830:13426825M
5176:10 August
4956:cite book
4756:576470153
4739:geography
4704:1664-8021
4648:1664-8021
4312:206031459
4304:1013-2511
3813:154584671
3761:. BRILL.
3633:Larut War
3586:Gold Leaf
3370:in 1841.
3364:Yan Botao
3356:Lai Enjue
3146:Shi Dakai
2955:Singapore
2918:Hong Kong
2866:Majority
2826:in 1865
2794:Australia
2639:Mauritius
2576:Melbourne
2462:Pontianak
2356:Indonesia
2286:Penampang
2154:peninsula
2116:Singapore
2102:Pak Chong
1950:Kaohsiung
1861:matchlock
1845:Kaohsiung
1792:Shap Yeuk
1750:Yuen Long
1710:Hong Kong
1557:sìjǐaolóu
1547:wéilóngwū
1502:Guangdong
1488:Guangdong
1478:provinces
1387:Hakkas.
1270:In 2019,
1263:In 2012,
1255:In 2005,
1240:In 2003,
1224:In 1999,
1212:In 1991,
1191:In 1988,
1133:Hill song
1098:Suanpanzi
1029:wéilóngwū
652:Guangdong
648:Cantonese
588:Guangdong
550:Hakka Han
221:Cantonese
192:Languages
7043:Russians
7008:Africans
6921:Japanese
6745:Chin Haw
6684:Hoklokeh
6536:Panthays
6514:Shandong
6494:Hunanese
6318:"֮_̳__˵"
6088:18 March
5732:51876445
5604:Archived
5506:6931635M
5482:(1903).
5431:31815055
5083:"Fujian
5063:17 April
4876:19591216
4824:16883565
4748:54013401
4722:38317659
4713:10839782
4601:19944401
4441:14577381
3997:Religion
3924:Language
3777:Politics
3663:(1969).
3602:See also
3523:militias
3497:and the
3021:Thailand
2988:Malaysia
2959:232,914
2941:, 2010
2857:Chinese
2757:Suriname
2751:Suriname
2737:Dongguan
2698:San Jose
2674:Americas
2581:refugees
2568:Brisbane
2500:Ketapang
2346:Keningau
2342:Beaufort
2338:Sipitang
2334:Semporna
2326:Tambunan
2306:Sandakan
2239:origin.
2221:Selangor
2150:Malaysia
2128:Malaysia
2092:Thailand
2056:Cambodia
2050:Vũng Tàu
2042:Người Hẹ
1900:, Taiwan
1718:Shenzhen
1534:Xingning
1526:Dongguan
1518:Shenzhen
1466:Xingning
1295:Religion
1249:Hakka TV
1148:Hakkapop
1016:Xingning
893:Language
770:Chaoshan
751:siheyuan
612:Zhejiang
457:Jyutping
449:Haak-gāa
405:Kak6 Ga1
354:K'o-chia
333:Bopomofo
230:Religion
186:Americas
59:require
7023:Britons
6949:Nepalis
6942:Indians
6928:Koreans
6894:Teochew
6737:Waxiang
6657:Sangley
6650:Benteng
6611:Wenzhou
6580:Teochew
6301:8 March
6207:30 July
6000:"香港客家人"
5498:1887893
5458:HakkaTV
4657:8181459
4592:2790583
3591:Chinese
3579:来生不做香港人
3575:Chinese
3563:Chinese
3539:Chinese
3515:Chinese
3501:, 1998.
3487:Chinese
3303:Ye Ting
3288:Xingguo
3273:of its
3248:Xue Yue
3220:Nanjing
3206:Nanyang
3184:惠州七女湖起義
2869:Source
2851:Region
2836:Meixian
2789:Oceania
2741:Huiyang
2733:Jamaica
2723:Jamaica
2702:Seattle
2664:Réunion
2654:Réunion
2513:Meizhou
2466:Teochew
2405:Hokkien
2369:Jakarta
2244:Sarawak
2237:Huizhou
2233:Meixian
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2174:Taiping
2146:Chinese
2066:Meizhou
2032:Vietnam
1952:and in
1926:Hsinchu
1864:muskets
1829:Sha Tin
1800:Yantian
1778:Wo Hang
1746:Fanling
1738:Kam Tin
1730:by 1898
1639:Sichuan
1633:Ganzhou
1627:Jiangxi
1538:Meixian
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1522:Jieyang
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1504:, 1921.
1498:Waichow
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1435:Guigang
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1117:at the
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1060:Lei Cha
1036:Cuisine
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953:Culture
926:of the
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810:Xiongnu
739:Lingnan
724:during
656:Guangxi
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600:Guangxi
596:Jiangxi
542:Chinese
501:Kheh-ka
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