Hakka people - Knowledge (XXG)

3052: 1125: 1635:. In the Song dynasty, a large number of Han Chinese migrated to the delta area as the Court moved southward because invasion of northern minority. They lived in Jiangxi and intermixed with the She and Yao minorities. Ganzhou was the place that the Hakka have settled before migrating to Western Fujian and Eastern Guangdong. During the early Qing dynasty, there was a massive depopulation in Gannan due to the ravage of pestilence and war. However, Western Fujian and Eastern Guangdong suffered population explosion at the same time. Some edicts were issued to block the coastal areas, ordering coastal residents to move to the inland. The population pressure and the sharp contradiction of the land redistribution drove some residents to leave. Some of them moved back to Gannan, integrating with other Hakka people who lived there already for generations. Thus, the modern Gannan Hakka community was finally formed. 2420: 1124: 717: 1894: 2012: 1493: 1840: 1375: 1110: 140: 878:) to refer to their southward migration, even though they belonged to the earlier groups of Han Chinese settlers and did not speak a Gan-affiliated language. These clans would be properly regarded as belonging to local dialect groups due to the timing of their arrival, the language they spoke, the customs they practiced, and the route of their traversal. These families were not part of the groups of settlers today associated with the Hakka, who arrived in southern China at a much later date through Jiangxi province and who spoke a Gan-affiliated language. 2097: 1306: 3051: 1699: 982: 2877: 1047: 2530: 904: 2361: 2133: 1066: 2949: 2912: 1569: 3015: 2982: 708:, Hakka are principally of Han Chinese descent, exhibiting an average genetic difference of 0.32% with other tested Han Chinese persons. Nonetheless, compared with other southern Han Chinese groups, the Hakka genetic profile exhibits a slight skew towards northern Han people. This is in line with their migratory history as later arrivals to the south than the other Han Chinese groups. 1580: 1458: 2261:, most of the ethnic Chinese are of Hakka descent. In the 1990s, the Hakkas formed around 57% of the total ethnic Chinese population in Sabah. Hakka is the lingua franca among the Chinese in Sabah to such an extent that Chinese of other subgroups who migrate to Sabah from other states in Malaysia and elsewhere usually learn the Hakka dialect, with varying degrees of fluency. 757: 6400: 50: 2735:. Between 1854 and 1884, nearly 5,000 Hakkas arrived in Jamaica in three major voyages. The Hakkas seized the opportunity to venture into a new land, embracing the local language, customs and culture. During the 1960s and 1970s, substantial migration of Jamaican Hakkas to the US and Canada have occurred. The Hakkas in Jamaica came mainly from 2352:. The British felt the development of North Borneo was too slow and in 1920 they decided to encourage Hakka immigration into Sabah. In 1901, the total Chinese population in Sabah was 13897; by 1911, it had risen 100% to 27801. Hakka immigration began to taper off during World War 2 and declined to a negligible level in the late 1940s. 3493:), a 1997 30-episode Singapore television drama about four young Hakka men who migrated from China to Singapore in the 1950s and were caught in the tumultuous anti-colonial period of the country's history. The Hakka-language version of the drama was broadcast in Taiwan. The drama was nominated for the Best Drama Series awards in the 1394:, saw reciprocal massacres by both groups, but the Hakka bore the brunt of the casualties. This war eventually killed some 500,000 Hakkas (or quite possibly even more). During these killings, the Cantonese generally collaborated with the Xiang people, since both dialect groups had an axe to grind against the Hakka. 1654:. Seeing the Hakka were living in poverty in the coastal regions in Guangdong province, the emperor encouraged the Hakkas in the south to migrate to Sichuan province. He offered financial assistance to those willing to resettle in Sichuan: eight ounces of silver per man and four ounces per woman or child. 4760:

taste which alone are sufficient to demonstrate that the ancestors of the Hakka had long been in the ranks of the Han-Chinese civilization. In the Hakka region, more than elsewhere in Ling-nan, are such excellent old names as Fu-yung-chang (Hibiscus Range), Chin-p'ing Shan (Brocade-screen Mountains),

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During the same period, there were 132 Hakkas out of 325 generals in Jiangxi, 63 Hakkas out of 83 generals in Fujian, and 8 Hakkas out of 12 generals in Guangdong respectively, not mentioning those from Guangxi, Sichuan and Hunan. The number could have been significantly higher if the majority of the

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by the Indians was escalated. Yap then made appeals to Prime Minister Nehru to bridge a bond between the Indians and Chinese persons. During his office, he was also the principal at a highly regarded school as well as a political facilitator who helped many families migrate to other countries such as

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project transforming marshland to arable farmland with the creation of dykes and levees to prevent storm flooding during the early 19th century shows an example of how local cooperation and the growing affluence of the landed lineages in the Alliance of Ten provided the strong cultural, socioeconomic

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are round or square and were designed as a combined large fortress and multi-apartment building complex. The structures typically had only one entrance-way, with no windows at ground level. Each floor served a different function: the first floor contained a well and livestock, the second food storage

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rebels, who were mostly of Cantonese ancestry, carried out a genocidal campaign against the Hakkas during a revolt against the Qing dynasty. The Cantonese Red Turbans killed 13 Hakka village chiefs and 7,630 other Hakkas while on their way to Heshan, and after conquering it, they killed another 1,320

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has been largely shaped by the new environment, which they had to alter many aspects of their culture to adapt, which helped influence their architecture and cuisine. When the Hakka expanded into areas with pre-existing populations in the South, there was often little agricultural land left for them

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However, from the 1960s, after armed fighting broke out, there has been a steady migration to other countries, which accelerated in the succeeding decades. The majority moved to Britain and Canada, while others went to the United States, Australia, Taiwan, Austria and Sweden. The predominant dialect

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Some research shows that the establishment of the Silk Road created commercial trade for the Hakka people in the south or along the way, and created conditions for overseas migration. The book "An Overview of Hakka Migration History: Where are you from?" published by My China Roots & CBA Jamaica

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and form the second-largest ethnic group in the country. They are descended largely from Hakka who migrated from southern and northern Guangdong and western Fujian. The early Hakka immigrants were the island's first agriculturalists and formed the nucleus of the Chinese population, numbering tens of

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which sprung up from the 1960s. The rural Hakka population began to decline as people moved abroad, and away to work in the urban areas. By the end of the 1970s, agriculture was firmly in the decline in Hakka villages. Today, there are still Hakka villages around Hong Kong, but being remote, many of

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Farming and cultivation has been the traditional occupations of Hakka families from imperial times up until the 1970s. Farming was mostly done by Hakka women while their menfolk sought labouring jobs in the towns and cities. Many men entered indentured labour abroad as was common from the end of the

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In retaliation for a Hakka massacre of Cantonese people, Cantonese peasants butchered 500 Hakkas in a village located in the rural Enping county forcing the surviving Hakkas to flee, but these refugees, who numbered some 4,000 Hakka, were later all caught and killed by Cantonese peasants, who spared

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officially started broadcasting. Meizhou Radio News: FM94.8 or urban FM101.9. Meizhou Radio Traffic Channel: FM105.8 MHz. Meizhou Radio Private Car Channel: FM94.0 or urban FM103.9. Until now, Hakka Chinese is still used for news program, radio drama program, emotional program, entertainment program

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The theories indicating a descent from both northern and southern Han are the most likely and are together supported by multiple scientific studies. Furthermore, research into the mitochondrial DNA of the Hakka indicates that the majority of their matrilineal gene pool consists of lineages prevalent

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Like the other southern Han Chinese subgroups, Hakka mainly comprise Central Plains Chinese refugees fleeing social unrest, upheaval, and invasions. However, the Hakka were different in being late arrivals, moving from Central China into Southern China when the earlier groups of Han Chinese settlers

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with 86,000 soldiers, of which more than 70% were Hakkas. The Fifth Encirclement Campaign was led by Nationalist Hakka general, Xue Yue. During the retreat, the Communists managed to strike a deal with the Hakka warlord controlling Guangdong province, Chen Jitang, to let them pass through Guangdong

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Hakkas are the largest Chinese community in India after Chinese Cantonese people of Indian ancestry. During the time he held office in Calcutta until the late 2000s, Yap Kon Chung, the Hakka ambassador, protected and helped the Chinese residents in India. Specifically, during the Sino-Indian war of

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and Landak speak a different standard of Hakka dialect to the Hakkas along the Kapuas River. Originally West Borneo has diverse Hakka origin but during the 19th century, a large people came from Jiexi so more Hakkas in the region speak Hopo mixed with Wuhua and Huilai accents that eventually formed

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The Hakka identify as Han Chinese and genetic studies show they are principally of Han ancestry, despite a recorded history of intermarriage with minority groups such as the Yao and the She. Furthermore, the Hakka language belongs to the Sinitic group of languages, being linguistically proximate to

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The Hakka arrived in southern China much later than other southern Han Chinese populations. These earlier waves of southern Han Chinese immigrants occupied the coastal areas and fertile lowlands and had already formed distinctive cultural identities and dialects. Consequently, the Hakka were forced

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Hakka from all over the world have also migrated to the USA. One group is the New England Hakka Association, which reminds its members not to forget their roots. One example is a blog by Ying Han Brach called "Searching for My Hakka Roots". Another group is the Hakka Association of New York, which

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groups to the area. Since the prime farming land had already been farmed, the Hakka land dwellers settled in the less accessible and more hilly areas. Hakka settlements can be found widely distributed around the Punti areas, but in smaller communities. Many are found on coastal areas in inlets and

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Liu Mingchuan took measures to reinforce Tamsui, in the river nine torpedo mines were planted and the entrance was blocked with ballast boats filled with stone which were sunk on 3 September, matchlock armed "Hakka hill people" were used to reinforce the mainland Chinese battalion, and around the

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During the war against the Japanese, both the commander-in-chiefs of the two main Chinese communist forces, Eighth Route Army and New Fourth Army, are Hakkas: Zhu De and Ye Ting. On the Nationalist side, Xue Yue and Zhang Fakui were commander-in-chiefs for the 9th and 4th War Zones respectively.

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had finally regained their cultural freedoms. Here they lived together peacefully and still practiced their customs and cultural festivals, while in other regions they were strictly banned by government legislation prior to 1999. Hakka on the island of Bangka spoke Hopo dialect mixed with Malay,

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was reorganized after the separation of the National Cultural System Reform Bureau. It is a public institution under the jurisdiction of the Meixian County Party Committee and County Government. The channel can be watched in Meizhou and surrounding area with an audience of over 4 million people.

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Hakka hill songs are traditionally used by hillside farmers in parts of Taiwan and China, mainly for entertainment in the farming fields and courting practices. They are characterized by the strong, resonating melody and voice, which echo around hills and can be heard for up to a mile around the

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The Hakka arrived in the Lingnan region by traversing Jiangxi and Fujian. During their journey through Jiangxi they intermarried with the Yao and She, two non-Han ethnic minorities. In Fujian, they developed the habit of living in communal fortresses. Intermarriage with aboriginal groups and the

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There are no records as to when Hakka descendants arrived in Thailand. In 1901, Yu Cipeng, a Hakka member of The League Society of China came to visit Thailand and found that the establishment of many varied organizations among the Hakka was not good for unity. He tried to bring the two parties

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in Australia; in Portugal; in Macau; and in other parts of the world in smaller numbers. They often are highly educated and many continue their education in either Taiwan or the People's Republic of China, while a majority of the younger generation prefer to study in Australia. The Australian

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was a child, he used to listen to an old Taiping soldier telling them stories about the heroics of the Taipings. This influenced Sun and he proclaimed that he shall be the second Hong Xiuquan. Sun was to become the Father of modern China and many of his contemporaries were his fellow Hakkas.

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Today, Western Fujian is inhabited by 3 million Hakkas, scattered around villages in 10 counties (county-level 'cities' and districts) in Longyan and Sanming prefectures, 98% of whom are Hakkas living in Changting, Liancheng, Shanghang, Wuping, Yongding, Ninghua, Qingliu and Mingxi counties.

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Cantonese people have had a history of friction with Hakka, despite the both of them being Han subgroups speaking varieties of Chinese that exhibit relatively high mutual intelligibility (both dialects tracing straightforward descent from Middle Chinese). The Cantonese regarded the Hakka as

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on limited numbers of people within population pools cannot correctly ascertain who is really the Southern Chinese, because many Southern Chinese are also from Northern Asia; Hakka or non-Hakka. It is known that the earliest major waves of Hakka migration began due to the attacks of the two

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The first group of Hakka in Bangka and Belitung reached the islands in the 18th century from Guangdong. Many of them worked as tin mining labourers. Since then, they have remained on the island along with the native Malay. Their situation was much different from those of Chinese and native

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the Gan dialect of Jiangxi. The Hakka also exhibit traditional Confucian values, such as a respect for family, ancestor veneration, and a commitment to both learning and the ideals of a Confucian gentleman. Finally, they carry Han Chinese surnames and use Han Chinese naming conventions.

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The Taiping army, which included women in their ranks, captured towns and cities from the defenders, the Taiping troops killed all Manchu children because the Taiping troops with fatal rocks smashed Manchu children's heads Four of the six top Taiping leaders are Hakkas: Hong Xiuquan,

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alone. No clear numbers had been recorded since many Hakka had already escaped to neighbouring Australia. The recent re-establishment of Hakka associations in the country registered approximately 2,400 Hakka remaining, organised into some 400 families, including part-Timorese ones.

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thousands at the time. They resided in "savage border districts, where land could be had for the taking, and where a certain freedom from official oppression was ensured." Back then the Hakka on Taiwan had gained a reputation with the authorities of being turbulent and lawless.

1062:. These dishes are popular in Taiwan, Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, and Singapore. The taste profile is generally light, tending even towards blandness, with a preference for allowing the taste of the ingredients, especially the herbs, to emerge through any seasoning. 1187:

started broadcasting. It broadcast nine hours of Hakka Chinese programs every day through shortwave radio and online radio, targeting countries and regions where Hakka people gather, such as Japan, Indonesia, Mauritius, Reunion Island, Australia, Hong Kong and Taiwan.

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Another estimate is that approximately 36 million Hakka people are scattered throughout the world. More than 31 million lives in over 200 cities and counties spread throughout five provinces of China (Guangdong, Jiangxi, Guangxi, Fujian, Hunan) as well as Hong Kong.

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This may have been driven by historical necessity rather than cultural differences, since the Hakka employed marginal hill lands which were less fertile than the river valley occupied by other Han subgroups, such as the Cantonese, the Teochew and the Hoklo people.

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The Taiping rebellion caused millions of casualties on both sides. In retaliation, after defeating the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, the Xiang Army targeted Hakka villages and is estimated to have killed ~30,000 Hakkas every day during the height of the retaliation.

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neither women nor child. Government officials mobilized officers and men from the local Cantonese peasants to regain the Guanghai area which was occupied by the Hakkas. The number of Hakkas killed was tens of thousands in the Dalongdong area of Guanghai alone.

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and not illegal immigrants, as partially related to the political situation in East Timor at the time. As Asian countries were neither willing to accept them as residents nor grant them political asylum to the Timorese in general, they were forced to live as

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in 1975 was estimated to be around 25,000 (including a small minority of other Chinese ethnicities from Macau, which like East Timor was a Portuguese colony). According to a book source, an estimated 700 Hakka were killed within the first week of invasion in

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Overseas Hakkas have also been prominent politicians in the countries they had migrated to, many of which are leading political figures of the countries or the Chinese communities there. Since the 20th century, there have been twenty Hakkas who had become

753:). They also settled in marginal or hardscrabble hill land avoided by other Han Chinese subgroups, and in this regard, were considered similar to non-Han aborigines. They also exhibited gender egalitarianism to a greater degree than other southern Chinese. 3131:

missionaries. Hong's charisma tapped into a consciousness of national dissent which identified with his personal interpretations of the Christian message. His following, who were initially Hakka peasants from Guangxi, grew across the southern provinces.

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On 28 December 1988, 14,000 Hakka protestors took to the streets in Taipei to demand the Nationalist government to "return our mother tongue", carrying portraits of Sun Yat-sen. The movement was later termed "1228 Return Our Mother Tongue Movement".

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in the south already developed distinctive local identities and languages. Their migration path was also different, and they entered Guangdong, Guangxi and Fujian via Jiangxi province, instead of traversing Hunan or moving along the Fujian coast.

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mentions that the Hakka people traded with the caravans and stayed overseas to facilitate business, and added descendants Immigrants, Indonesia, Calcutta, Toronto, and Jamaica all still retain a long history of Hakka culture and organization.

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group was surrendering the city to foreign control. On 27 August 1925, villages in a county belonged to the Hakka minority were attacked, Chiang's Punti (Cantonese) men and soldiers did not hesitate to rape their women and pillage their homes.

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during military counter-attacks on the Hakkas in the year 1888. The army also massacred tens of thousands of other Hakkas in Guanghai, a region of Taishan, Guangdong. Many of the killings in Guanghai took place in the Dalongdong area.

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China's march toward the tropics: a discussion of the southward penetration of China's culture, peoples, and political control in relation to the non-Han-Chinese peoples of south China and in the perspective of historical and cultural

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It is commonly held that the Hakkas are a subgroup of the Han Chinese that originated in the central plains. To trace their origins, a number of theories so far have been brought forth among anthropologists, linguists and historians:

2411:. However, the use of the word 'Khek' is limited mainly to areas where the local Chinese population is mainly of Hokkien origin. In places where other Chinese subgroups predominate, the term 'Hakka' is still the more commonly used. 6017: 4619:

Luo, Chunfang; Duan, Lizhong; Li, Yanning; Xie, Qiqian; Wang, Lingxiang; Ru, Kai; Nazir, Shahid; Jawad, Muhammad; Zhao, Yifeng; Wang, Fenfen; Du, Zhengming; Peng, Dehua; Wen, Shao-Qing; Qiu, Pingming; Fan, Haoliang (24 May 2021).

2688:. In the mid-1970s, the Hakka Benevolent Association in San Francisco was founded by Tu Chung. The association has strong ties with the San Francisco community and offers scholarships to their young members. There are significant 3261:

The Hakka occupied communist Bases reached a peak of more than 30,000 square kilometres and a population that numbered more than three million, covering mostly Hakka areas of two provinces: Jiangxi and Fujian. The Hakka city of

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in the 19th century, predecessor to early Singapore residents. In the early 20th century, new arrivals joined their compatriots as traders, merchants and labourers in major cities such as Jakarta, Surabaya, Bandung, Medan, etc.

3068:) is the academic study of the Hakka people and their culture. It encompasses their origins, identity, language, traits, architecture, customs, food, literature, history, politics, economics, diaspora and genealogical records. 1732:. Although there had been settlers originating from the mainland proper even before the Tang dynasty, historical records of those people are non-extant, only evidence of settlement from archaeological sources can be found. The 568:, a Han Chinese dialect spoken in Jiangxi province. They are differentiated from other southern Han Chinese by their dispersed nature and tendency to occupy marginal lands and remote hilly areas. The Chinese characters for 1657:

Sichuan was originally the origin of the Deng lineage until one of them was hired as an official in Guangdong during the Ming dynasty but during the Qing plan to increase the population in 1671 they came to Sichuan again.

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19th century to the Second World War. Post war, males took the opportunity to seek work in Britain and other countries later to send for their families to join them once they sent enough money back to cover travel costs.

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is another popular Hakka dish which literally means "abacus seeds". It consists of mainly yam or tapioca beaten in to the shape of abacus beads. The dish is served with minced pork or chicken and with light seasoning.

2112:, then interior minister, was invited to preside over the opening ceremony for the establishment of the society's nameplate, located in front of the Chinese shrine "Lee Tee Biao". Yang Liqing was its first president. 1916:

The Hakka used their matchlock muskets to resist the Japanese invasion of Taiwan and Hakka Han people and Aboriginals conducted an insurgency against Japanese rule. The Hakka rose up against the Japanese in the

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Hu, SP; Luan, JA; Li, B; Chen, JX; Cai, KL; Huang, LQ; Xu, XY (January 2007). "Genetic link between Chaoshan and other Chinese Han populations: Evidence from HLA-A and HLA-B allele frequency distribution".

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Hakka place names indicate a long history of the Hakka being culturally Han Chinese. Like the Cantonese, they fiercely insisted on their Han identities and were principal movers of the Anti-Qing movement.

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when the practice was commonplace in other parts of China. Hakka women are known for their independent nature and willingness to engage in hard work typically reserved for men in other dialect groups.

3208:(Southeast Asia) in 1911. At least 27 of the 85 (initially 72 because only 72 bodies could be identified) martyrs of Huanghuagang are Hakkas. Yao Yuping led the Guangdong Northern Expeditionary Force ( 1433:

More than 100,000 Hakkas were slaughtered by the locals in Guangxi province during another clan war. In October 1850, the Cantonese and Hakkas were hacking and killing each other for over 40 days in

1086:. Ingredients include green tea, basil, sawtooth coriander, mug wort, and a kind of herb known as "Fu Yip Sum". Generally regarded as laborious and difficult to make. Usually eaten with side dishes. 889:(Hsin-Ning & Singapore, 1933) used genealogical sources of family clans from various southern counties, leading to the inclusion of native southern Han Chinese families into the Hakka category. 2643:

The vast majority of Mauritian Chinese are Hakkas. Most Mauritian Hakkas who emigrated to Mauritius in the mid-1940s came from Northeastern Guangdong, especially from the Meizhou or Meixian region.

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there. This has contributed greatly to the fact that the place is commonly known among Hakka Chinese as "Hakka Village". The greatest concentration of Hakkas in northern peninsular Malaysia is in

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In 1950, China Central People's Broadcasting Station recruited the first Hakka broadcaster, Zhang Guohua, based on a radius of two kilometers from the Meixian government. On April 10th, 1950, the

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Inter-ethnic hatred between the two groups also rose to a boil in Malaysia. Memories of conflict and old grudges sparked another round of conflict between the Hakkas and Cantonese in Perak,

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The Island of Formosa, Past and Present : history, people, resources, and commercial prospects : tea, camphor, sugar, gold, coal, sulphur, economical plants, and other productions

6024: 1204: 930:. Northern Hakka varieties have partial mutual intelligibility with southern Gan. Accordingly, Hakka is sometimes classified as a variety of Gan. Some studies posit that Hakka people and 2622:

Britain, Canada, the United States and parts of Europe until he himself migrated to Toronto, Canada to join his family. Yap died surrounded by family on 18 April 2014, at the age of 97.

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on 4 April 1883 under the leadership of Luo Daifeng (Hakka: Lo Tai Fung). In the following decades Hakka immigrants settled throughout the state, with their main population centres in

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who consist of vegetable growers and rubber plantation workers. Hakka communities in the provinces migrated to Cambodia through Tonkin and Cochinchina in the 18th and 19th centuries.

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Studies show extensive gene flows and a very close relationship between the Hakka and the surrounding Han Chinese populations in the south. According to a 2009 study published in the

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Besides playing major roles in all the three major revolutions of China, Hakkas had also been prominently involved in many of the wars against foreign intrusion of China. During the

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and 270 Hakka contemporary settlements in the whole district. However, the area covered by Xin'an county is greater than what was to become the British imperial enclave of Hong Kong

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is a Hakka Chinese food consisting primarily of tofu that has been filled with either a ground meat mixture or fish paste. It can be eaten dry with sauce or served in a soup base.

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Hakkas who live in Guangdong comprise about 60% of the total Hakka population. Worldwide, over 95% of the overseas-descended Hakkas came from this Guangdong region, usually from

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displaying non-Han habits and as opportunists intruding on Cantonese territory. The conflict between the two groups led to one of the largest inter-ethnic genocides in history.

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Chen, Jieming; Zheng, Houfeng; Bei, Jin-Xin; Sun, Liangdan; Jia, Wei-hua; Li, Tao; Zhang, Furen; Seielstad, Mark; Zeng, Yi-Xin; Zhang, Xuejun; Liu, Jianjun (1 December 2009).

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and also moved into the coastal plains to cultivate cash crops. After an economic downturn, many of these ventures failed, and many Hakka had to turn to pillaging to survive.

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in the regencies of Sanggau, Sekadau and Sintang. Their Hakka dialect is originally Hopo which influenced by Teochew dialect and also has vocabulary from the local Malay and

1729: 1288: 6214: 3459:) prisoners of war to escape successfully from Japanese internment camps and the rescuing of twenty American pilots who parachuted into Hong Kong when they were shot down. 764:

Unlike other Han Chinese groups, the Hakkas are not named after a geographical region, e.g. a province, county or city. The Hakka people have a distinct identity from the

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As the strong Punti lineages dominated most of the north western New Territories, Hakka communities began to organise local alliances of lineage communities such as the

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for some time. Despite this condition, many Hakka had become successful, establishing restaurant chains, shops, supermarkets and import operations in Australia. Since

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There are several Hakka communities across Canada. One group that embraces on Hakka culture in this diverse country is the Hakka Heritage Alliance. Also see Jamaica.

3455:, was highly successful due to its strong Hakka network. Noteworthy accomplishments of the partisan guerrilla force included the aiding of British and Commonwealth ( 6431: 5955: 716: 3426:) by the Chinese, Xue was China's most outstanding general during the war, having won several major battles that killed hundreds of thousands of Japanese troops. 1540:) area. Unlike their kin in Fujian, Hakka in the Xingning and Meixian area developed a non-fortress-like unique architectural style, most notably the weilongwu ( 6807: 1893: 863:) is sometimes broadly used to refer to other southern Han Chinese groups during their southward migration. Imperial census statistics did not distinguish what 564:

whose principal settlements and ancestral homes are dispersed widely across the provinces of southern China and who speak a language that is closely related to

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personnel who started the Long March had not perished before reaching its destination. Only less than 7,000 of the original 86,000 personnel had survived it.

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Li, Hui; Pan, Wu-Yun; Wen, Bo; Yang, Ning-Ning; Jin, Jian-Zhong; Jin, Li; Lu, Da-Ru (September 2003). "Origin of Hakka and Hakkanese: a genetics analysis".

6848: 3597:, a 2021 Taiwanese period drama about the booming tea trade in Taiwan during the 1950 and a Hakka Taiwanese tea trader family owned tea exporting company. 1814:

As post war education became available to all children in Hong Kong, a new educated class of Hakka became more mobile in their careers. Many moved to the

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Hakkas started and formed the backbone of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, the largest uprising in the modern history of China. The uprising, also known as

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It has been suggested that Hakkas have had a significant influence, disproportionate to their smaller total numbers, on the course of modern Chinese and

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adoption of habits that diverged from the Han, such as communal fortress living, increased the Cantonese distaste for the Hakka and aroused suspicion.

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and Deng Keng were Sun Yat-sen's main advisors on financial and military matters respectively. A big majority of the soldiers in the Guangdong Army (

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added a Hakka Chinese radio break which broadcasts to the southeast coast of Mainland China, Taiwan, Southeast Asia, the South Pacific and Japan. On

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together and persuaded them to dissolve the associations in order to set up a new united one. In 1909 The Hakka Society of Siam was established and

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However, the Hakka differed in their lifestyles and their preferred mode of habitation - living in large communal fortress-like buildings (known as

3581:), a 2014 25-episode Hong Kong television drama about the lives of two Hakka sisters separated when young, one in Hong Kong and the other in China. 4288: 5603: 2515:, who came in the 19th century. Secondary migration of the Hakkas from other provinces like Bangka Belitung Islands and West Borneo came later. 6784: 6291: 3152:, the Premier of the Kingdom, was the first person in China to advocate a federal government and reform. The kingdom lasted from 1851 to 1864. 1890:

British Consulate and Customs House at the Red Fort hilltop, Shanghai Arsenal manufactured Krupp guns were used to form an additional battery.

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of the settlement from 1868 to 1885, bringing significant economic contributions and was also an influential figure among the ethnic Chinese.

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in the mountainous rural parts of far western Fujian and adjacent southern Jiangxi and northern Guangdong regions. A representative sample of

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The study of the Hakka people first drew attention to Chinese and foreign scholars, adventurers, missionaries, travellers and authors of the

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in Jiangxi province. The county had also previously produced 27 Nationalist generals. Xingguo county is thus known as the Generals' County.

1383: 5052: 3083:, who also wrote an early English-language account of the Taiping Rebellion, is also considered a forefather of Hakka studies in the West. 1591:

they traveled to Guangdong and other parts of China, as well as overseas. Thus, the Ting River is also regarded as the Hakka Mother River.

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The study of this population group is complicated by linguistic uncertainty and nomenclatural ambiguity in the historical record. The term

5301: 1233: 6424: 5165: 3431: 1492: 1802:

to the east of Sha Tau Kok came to use it as a local market town and it became the center of Hakka dominance. Further, the Shap Yeuk's

1594:

The Hakkas who settled in the mountainous region of south-western Fujian province developed a unique form of architecture known as the

768:. As 60% of the Hakkas in China reside in Guangdong province, and 95% of overseas Hakkas ancestral homes are in Guangdong. Hakkas from 4622:"Insights From Y-STRs: Forensic Characteristics, Genetic Affinities, and Linguistic Classifications of Guangdong Hakka and She Groups" 4204: 3747: 3526: 704: 1054:

Hakka cuisine is known for the use of preserved meats and tofu, as well as stewed and braised dishes. Some of the popular dishes are

6352: 6143: 6114: 5965: 5696: 5654: 5554: 5387: 5361: 5267: 5229: 5149: 5122: 5035: 5013: 4989: 4782: 4261: 4242: 4223: 4185: 4166: 4147: 4128: 4104: 4076: 4050: 4031: 4012: 3986: 3967: 3948: 3913: 3894: 3871: 3852: 3833: 3766: 3728: 3709: 3690: 3326: 2546: 2109: 92: 2468:

speaking Chinese. While the Teochews are dominant in the centre of Pontianak, the Hakka are more dominant in small towns along the

6253: 6878: 3438: 2798:

Hakka people first arrived in Australia in the 1880s. Hakka arrivals were halted along with other Chinese immigrants during the

2120:

In 2010, 232,914 people in Singapore reported Hakka ancestry. Singapore's most prominent Hakka is its founding prime minister,

1406:

The Cantonese murdered more than 70 Hakka fellow provincials in Shanghai under the justification of a Hakka conspiracy that the

1320:

is the primary form of religious expression. One distinctively Hakka religious practice involves the worship of dragon deities.

1144:

area. Hill songs can be considered a form of communication, as its participants often use it to communicate love songs or news.

6227: 4526: 4459: 2938: 1984: 927: 6171: 6068: 2040:

and lives along the border with China in Northern Vietnam. Another group are Chinese immigrants to Southern Vietnam, known as

1374: 918:

in terms of phonetics, with scholars studies consider the late Old Gan together with Hakka Chinese and the Tongtai dialect of

6988: 6417: 4024:

Hakka Chinese Confront Protestant Christianity, 1850-1900: With the Autobiographies of Eight Hakka Christians, and Commentary

3557: 2265: 2184:, having been respected by both Chinese and European communities in the early colonial settlement. Another notable Hakka was 442: 5259:

Peasants without the Party: Grassroots Movements in Twentieth-Century China: Grassroots Movements in Twentieth-Century China

3286:

had its rank structure from 1955 to 1964, the highest number of generals, totalling 54, came from the small Hakka county of

6317: 6838: 1803: 1721: 1348:

In retaliation for killing three Hunanese officers, the Xiang Army exterminated the entire Hakka population of Wukeng and

494: 74: 5940: 5872: 3451:) was a constant harassment to the Japanese troops. The force, whose members were mostly Hakkas and led by its commander 3383: 6920: 4961: 3498: 3109: 2524: 2073: 1992: 1988: 1976: 1317: 1109: 139: 2072:

in Guangdong Province. About 70% of the Hakkas are found in Phnom Penh where they dominate professions in the field of

65: 6844: 6812: 6476: 3405: 2269: 2096: 1481: 804:

in the southern Han. Clyde Kiang stated that the Hakkas' origins may also be linked with Han's ancient neighbors, the

658:. Despite being partly assimilated to the Cantonese-speaking population, they retain a significant presence in there. 6700: 6671: 6589: 5809: 3283: 1631:

Jiangxi contains the second largest Hakka community. Nearly all of southern Jiangxi province is Hakka, especially in

3783:

Erbaugh, Mary S. (December 1992). "The Secret History of the Hakkas: The Chinese Revolution as a Hakka Enterprise".

3058:, President of Taiwan of Hakka descent, attended the "Lecturer Hakka Language Radio Broadcasting", to give a speech. 1587:

Tradition states that the early Hakka ancestors traveling from north China entered Fujian first, then by way of the

7032: 6777: 6600: 5745: 2841:

In 2000, the worldwide population of Hakka was estimated at 36,059,500 and in 2010 it was estimated at 40,745,200.

2563: 2000: 1897: 3637: 3123:, originated at the Hakka village of Jintian in Guiping, Guangxi province. It was led by the failed Qing scholar, 2802:

era from 1901 to 1973 and resumed thereafter. Some estimate that there are now 100,000 Hakka people in Australia.

1650:) after a tour of the land, decided the province of Sichuan had to be repopulated after the devastation caused by 1391: 1305: 837: 6935: 4094: 2447:

populations of other regions, where legal cultural conflicts were prevalent since the 1960s until 1999, by which

1996: 985: 914:

Hakka Chinese is the native Chinese variety of the Hakka people. Hakka Chinese is the closest Chinese variety to

5544: 3529:

in 1895. The edited version for television won the Best Drama Series award in the Asian Television Awards, 2009.

3177:) in 1900. Huizhou is an area in Guangdong province where most of the population are Hakkas. Deng Zhiyu led the 1445:

Between 1925 and 1926, thousands were killed and wounded when the ethnic hatred of the Hakkas by the natives of

7017: 6974: 4112: 3072: 2483:

The Hakka in this region are descendants of gold prospectors who migrated from China in the late 19th century.

1334: 6104: 831:

tribes, "are all correct, yet none alone explain the origin of the Hakka", pointing out that the problem with

665:

Today, substantial numbers of Hakka Chinese have migrated overseas to various countries throughout the world.

6404: 5744:“An overview of Hakka migration history: where are you from?”. My China Roots & CBA Jamaica. July, 2016. 1964:. In recent decades, many Hakka have moved to the largest metropolitan areas, including Taipei and Taichung. 7047: 6955: 5783: 4676:

Feng, Yuhang; Zhao, Yutao; Lu, Xiaoyu; Li, Haiyan; Zhao, Kai; Shi, Meisen; Wen, Shaoqing (22 January 2024).

4353: 3494: 3404:) in Chinese history, gained international attention and lifted flagging Chinese morale in their successful 2432: 2364: 1698: 7077: 7027: 7012: 6967: 3099: 2799: 2177: 1815: 796:

the Hakkas are northern Han Chinese from the Central Plain with some inflow of Han Chinese from the south;

419: 31: 6172:"Dr. Sun Yat-sen – Chinese Cultural Plaza – Honolulu, HI – Statues of Historic Figures on Waymarking.com" 3886: 3386:

and the conclusion of the war in 1885. When the Japanese invaded Taiwan, the Hakka militia forces led by

3335:) has consistently dominated the provincial government. Guangdong's Hakka governors include Ye Jianying, 1772:

Hakka-speaking communities are thought to have arrived in the Hong Kong area after the rescinding of the

7072: 7042: 7007: 6822: 6770: 6443: 4915:. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Institute of Asia-Pacific Studies, Chinese University of Hong Kong. p. 160. 3585: 3201: 2901: 2618: 2452:

especially in younger generations. Hakka spoken in Belinyu area in Bangka is considered to be standard.

2383:

and Belitung as tin miners in the 18th century. The second group of colonies were established along the

2223:. Concentrations of Hakka people in Ipoh and surrounding areas are particularly high. The Hakkas in the 1972: 1537: 1469: 1203:

had started broadcasting. Hakka Chinese began to appear in television programs. In 2021, it was renamed

981: 790: 686:

During the 16th century, in response to an economic boom, the Hakkas moved into hilly areas to mine for

235: 6695: 6584: 5672:

The Hakkas of Sabah : a survey of their impact on the modernization of the Bornean Malaysian State

4043:

Negotiating Identity: Exploring Tensions between Being Hakka and Being Christian in Northwestern Taiwan

4315: 3906:

Hakkas in Power: A Study of Chinese Political Leadership in East and Southeast Asia, and South America

1349: 1231:

In 2001, Meizhou Television Station merged with Meizhou People’s Broadcasting Station and was renamed

7022: 6948: 6941: 6927: 6542: 5850: 5601: 5579: 3336: 3090:, the Hakkas "have a stubbornness of disposition that distinguishes them from their fellow Chinese". 3086:

Many foreign scholars were full of admiration of the Hakka people. According to prominent sinologist

2697: 2659: 2461: 1867: 1851:

The Hakka population in Taiwan is around 4.6 million people today. Hakka comprise about 15 to 20% of

1000: 864: 561: 3238:, was an outstanding foreign minister in the 1920s. Some of the best of Nationalist China generals: 1532:. Hakkas live mostly in the northeast part of the province, particularly in the so-called Xing-Mei ( 1046: 812:

people. However, this is disputed by many scholars and Kiang's theories are considered to be false.

799:

the Hakkas are southern Han Chinese with some inflow of northern Han Chinese from the Central Plain.

60: 6605: 5757: 3468: 2153: 1533: 1465: 1153: 1015: 1008: 967:

to farm. As a result, many Hakka men turned towards careers in the military or in public service.

946: 517: 3390:, were able to put up a stiff resistance to the Japanese when the Qing army could not. During the 3214:) to successive victories against the Qing Army which were vital in the successful defence of the 3193:) are Hakkas – one of which was Wen Shengcai who assassinated the Manchu general, Fu Qi, in 1911. 1425:

Upon arriving in Madagascar, the Cantonese colluded to prevent any Hakka migration to Madagascar.

6981: 6817: 6358: 5714:

The Hakkas of Sabah: A Survey on Their Impact on the Modernization of the Bornean Malaysian State

4955: 4489: 4335: 3845:

The Hakkas of Sabah: A Survey of Their Impact on the Modernization of the Bornean Malaysian State

3808: 3800: 3607: 3391: 2448: 2341: 1871: 1702: 1477: 1461: 976: 919: 478: 470: 215: 6376: 5245: 5056: 1158:

Hakkapop is a genre of Hakka pop music made primarily in China, Taiwan, Malaysia and Indonesia.

815:

Hakka Chinese scientist and researcher Dr. Siu-Leung Lee stated in the book by Chung Yoon-Ngan,

5305: 5144:. Vol. 2. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 92–103. 3363: 2545:

There was already a relatively large and vibrant Hakka community in East Timor before the 1975

7037: 6683: 6644: 6567: 6518: 6459: 6348: 6139: 6110: 5961: 5815: 5727: 5717: 5692: 5650: 5550: 5493: 5489: 5479: 5426: 5416: 5383: 5357: 5334: 5263: 5257: 5244:

The Broken Wave: The Chinese Communist Peasant Movement, 1922–1928, Volume 90 By Roy Hofheinz

5225: 5145: 5118: 5112: 5031: 5009: 4985: 4941: 4916: 4871: 4819: 4778: 4751: 4743: 4717: 4699: 4643: 4596: 4436: 4407: 4382: 4376: 4307: 4299: 4257: 4238: 4219: 4200: 4181: 4162: 4143: 4124: 4100: 4072: 4046: 4027: 4008: 3982: 3963: 3944: 3909: 3890: 3867: 3848: 3829: 3762: 3743: 3724: 3705: 3686: 3642: 3442: 3409: 3379: 3359: 3314: 3178: 3168: 3156: 3076: 2728: 2667: 2585: 2549:. According to an estimate by the local Chinese Timorese association, the Hakka population of 2436: 2309: 2145: 2077: 2015: 1980: 1300: 384: 376: 247: 6082: 5686: 5644: 5328: 5219: 5169: 5139: 2207:, Hakka people make up more than 90% of the Chinese subgroup with dialect itself acting as a 6617: 6501: 6454: 4861: 4848:

Wang, WZ; Wang, CY; Cheng, YT; Xu, AL; Zhu, CL; Wu, SF; Kong, QP; Zhang, YP (January 2010).

4811: 4707: 4689: 4651: 4633: 4586: 4578: 3792: 3617: 3590: 3574: 3562: 3538: 3514: 3505: 3486: 3481: 3205: 3120: 3108:

history, particularly as a source of revolutionary, political, military leaders, as well as

3105: 3080: 2835: 2744: 2592:

in 2000, some Hakka families had returned and invested in businesses in the newborn nation.

2550: 2477: 2251: 2232: 2045: 1945: 1937: 1883: 1879: 1852: 1799: 1713: 1079: 1019: 1007:(consisting of 10 buildings or building groups) in Fujian was inscribed in 2008 as a UNESCO 765: 541: 311: 280: 205: 6632: 3325:, where the memorial for his funeral sparked off a pro-democracy movement which led to the 2375:

Migration of Hakka people to Indonesia happened in several waves. The first wave landed in

1316:

The religious practices of Hakka people are largely similar to those of other Han Chinese.

646:. Their presence is especially prominent in the Lingnan or Liangguang area, comprising the 6678: 6666: 6562: 6513: 6493: 5825: 5607: 5501: 3351: 3306: 3113: 3079:, a prominent German missionary, was one of those who took a great interest in this area. 2766: 2689: 2529: 2440: 2293: 2289: 2204: 2161: 1953: 1875: 1773: 1733: 1651: 1138: 903: 635: 362: 210: 6637: 346: 4712: 4677: 3883:

A Hakka Woman's Singapore Stories: My Life as a Daughter, Doctor and Diehard Singaporean

1760:

and hence termed the Punti before the arrival of the Hakka, and fishing families of the

6893: 6749: 6736: 6688: 6649: 6610: 6579: 6486: 6257: 6194: 6132: 5283: 5221:

Native Place, City, and Nation: Regional Networks and Identities in Shanghai, 1853–1937

4656: 4621: 4591: 4567:"Genetic Structure of the Han Chinese Population Revealed by Genome-wide SNP Variation" 4566: 3822: 3546: 3533: 3464: 3367: 3287: 3087: 2759:

are homogeneous as a group and the great majority can trace their roots to Huidong'an (

2647: 2491: 2465: 2360: 2247: 2173: 2157: 2132: 2049: 2037: 1961: 1957: 1929: 1918: 1904: 1777: 1415: 1310: 1283: 1118: 1065: 989: 639: 627: 177: 7066: 6661: 6574: 6552: 6547: 6530: 5483: 5006:

On Gan-Hakka and the Tongtai dialect derived from lingua franca of Southern Dynasties

3812: 3660: 3622: 3612: 3225: 2693: 2685: 2439:. The Hakka population in the province is also the second largest in Indonesia after 2380: 2277: 2208: 2061: 2019: 1933: 1659: 1083: 1041: 963: 958: 935: 923: 907: 898: 882: 832: 631: 412: 200: 6231: 5895:"Galvanising the collective intelligence of the Hakka Diaspora in Western Australia" 5191:

Zhang, Wei-Bin (December 2007). "New China's Long March from Servility to Freedom".

4534: 4463: 2605:

There used to be 1500 Hakkas largely at Tangra and Bombay, arriving after the great

1345:, had a special contempt for Hakka women, referring to them as "hillbilly witches". 679:

to locate their settlements on marginal territories and relatively infertile land.

6888: 6871: 6719: 6714: 6557: 6506: 6469: 3550: 3427: 3344: 3310: 3255: 3239: 3197: 3141: 3137: 3124: 3055: 2782: 2473: 2469: 2384: 2376: 2224: 2193: 2189: 2121: 1941: 1795: 1765: 1761: 1573: 1568: 1167: 1090: 1004: 725: 623: 487: 318: 251: 239: 4289:"Rethinking Taiwanese and Chinese Identity: Melissa J. Brown's Is Taiwan Chinese?" 3412:, seventeen Nationalist generals were killed in action, of which six were Hakkas. 4736: 1878:

the Hakka and Aboriginals used their matchlock muskets against the French in the

6793: 6707: 6622: 6464: 6440: 6321: 6285:"The Secret History of the Hakkas: The Chinese Revolution as a Hakka Enterprise" 5746:

https://cbajamaica.com/assets/docs/HANDOUT_Hakka_Migration_History.182201835.pdf

4378:

The Chinese In Southeast Asia and Beyond: Socioeconomic and Political Dimensions

3627: 3456: 3395: 3387: 3340: 3318: 3309:, one of the two main Chinese communist forces fighting the Japanese during the 3251: 3243: 3235: 3160: 3149: 2705: 2606: 2538: 2321: 2301: 2085: 2081: 1820: 1784: 1753: 1741: 1342: 1114: 915: 729: 565: 393: 5923: 5138:

Lozada, Eriberto (2005). Ember, Carol R.; Ember, Melvin; Skoggard, Ian (eds.).

4913:

On the south China track: Perspectives on anthropological research and teaching

4694: 4582: 3721:

Migration and Ethnicity in Chinese History: Hakkas, Pengmin and Their Neighbors

6726: 6627: 6525: 5909:"Living in NZ: A Chinese Descent Indian shares her unique cultural experience" 4889: 4678:"Forensic analysis and sequence variation of 133 STRs in the Hakka population" 4638: 3796: 3452: 3375: 3371: 3322: 3278: 3128: 2663: 2534: 2495: 2487: 2329: 2297: 2185: 2181: 1870:. The Aboriginals used their matchlock muskets to defeat the Americans in the 1687: 1683: 1588: 1579: 1457: 1419: 1338: 1050:

Lei Cha, a very healthy dish made with green tea, basil, coriander and mugwort

931: 824: 145: 5411:

Hase, Patrick (1995). "Alliance of Ten". In Faure, David; Siu, Helen (eds.).

4755: 4703: 4647: 4311: 4303: 3329:

in 1989. In Guangdong, China's most prosperous province, the "Hakka clique" (

1014:

Another very popular architectural style in northern east Guangdong, such as

5829: 5731: 5430: 4850:"Tracing the origins of Hakka and Chaoshanese by mitochondrial DNA analysis" 3632: 3355: 3301:, the founder of the Red Army, later known as the People's Liberation Army; 3145: 2954: 2917: 2575: 2312:) and other large populations in other towns and districts, most notably in 2285: 2101: 1949: 1860: 1844: 1749: 1709: 1501: 756: 651: 647: 587: 435: 220: 6362: 5505: 5497: 4875: 4823: 4721: 4600: 4440: 3545:), a 2012 32-episode China television drama about the Hakkas' migration to 6399: 5453: 5141:

Encyclopedia of Diasporas: Immigrant and Refugee Cultures Around the World

3979:

The Hakka Dialect: A Linguistic Study of its Phonology, Syntax and Lexicon

2399:

In Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore, Hakka people are sometimes known as

867:

the population spoke. Some family genealogies also employ the term Hakka (

6744: 6535: 5811:

Beyond Chinatown: new Chinese migration and the global expansion of China

5620: 3522: 3020: 2987: 2756: 2736: 2567: 2499: 2345: 2337: 2333: 2325: 2305: 2220: 2149: 1717: 1525: 1517: 1247: 769: 611: 456: 332: 185: 70:

Significant unsourced material, often poorly organized and ungrammatical.

6409: 4513:

Networks beyond Empires: Chinese Business and Nationalism in Hong Kong …

4298:, vol. 40, Institute of International Relations, pp. 454–458, 3159:

that overthrew the Qing dynasty and the republican years of China. When

2160:. There are 1,729,000 people of Hakka ancestry in Malaysia as of 2016. 6656: 6199:[Interview with Dr. Sun Yat-granddaughter of Dr. Sun Suifang]. 4866: 4849: 4815: 3302: 3247: 3219: 2740: 2732: 2701: 2580: 2512: 2404: 2368: 2243: 2236: 2228: 2065: 1925: 1828: 1745: 1737: 1679: 1632: 1529: 1521: 1509: 1497: 1434: 1407: 1074: 820: 809: 738: 655: 619: 603: 599: 595: 5082: 3804: 2443:'s and one of the highest percentages of Chinese living in Indonesia. 1780:, one of whose ancestors is recorded as arriving in the area in 1688. 1736:

lowland areas had been settled originally by several clan lineages in

1670:

Hakka people are mainly concentrated in Liuyang and Liling villages.

887:

K'o-chia Yen-chiu Tao-Liu / An Introduction to the Study of the Hakkas

873: 870: 858: 855: 578: 575: 17: 6731: 6134:

God's Chinese son : the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom of Hong Xiuquan

4981:

Pioneers of modern China : understanding the inscrutable Chinese

3417: 3298: 3263: 2881: 2876: 2823: 2819: 2778: 2571: 2388: 2281: 2250:, where there is a notable population of Hakka people who speak the " 2200: 2169: 2069: 1863: 1824: 1757: 1513: 1446: 828: 805: 773: 643: 615: 591: 243: 181: 173: 2838:, statistics showed that there were 6,562,429 Hakkas living abroad. 2280:(then known as Jesselton) and its surroundings (in the districts of 1913:) was the leader of the Hakka militia recruited by Liu Ming-ch'uan. 1267:

started broadcasting. Hakka Chinese is used on Sihai Kejia Channel.

5330:

The Sichuan Frontier and Tibet: Imperial Strategy in the Early Qing

4984:. River Edge, New Jersey: World Scientific Publishing. p. 62. 4005:

Christian Souls and Chinese Spirits: A Hakka Community in Hong Kong

1237:. In 2004, the station had officially completed its establishment. 6856: 6106:

Colonial Hong Kong and Modern China: Interaction and Reintegration

5880: 3050: 2635:

Some Hakka people, notably from Taiwan, migrated to South Africa.

2541:

and the mother of the bride on the far right are of Hakka descent.

2528: 2418: 2359: 2349: 2317: 2313: 2273: 2258: 2216: 2165: 2137: 2131: 2095: 2010: 1892: 1838: 1725: 1697: 1596: 1578: 1567: 1491: 1456: 1373: 1304: 1123: 1108: 996: 980: 902: 755: 721: 715: 607: 255: 169: 38: 5546:

Maritime Taiwan: Historical Encounters with the East and the West

4235:

Nam Moi: A Young Girl's Story of Her Family's Escape from Vietnam

3864:

The Hakkas of Sarawak: Sacrificial Gifts in Cold War Era Malaysia

1496:

Christian missionaries with Hakka students of a girls' school in

1337:, although other dialect groups also enlisted. The leader of the 4747: 4735:

Herold Jacob Wiens (1954). "Chapter VIII: Ethnic Distribution".

3167:

Zheng Shiliang, a medical student and classmate of Sun, led the

2781:. Guyana's most prominent Hakka Chinese is its first president, 2579:

government took some years to assess their claims to be genuine

2555: 2212: 691: 687: 6766: 6413: 5858: 5382:

See p.12, 圖片香港今昔 by 高添強 (Gao TianQiang), 三聯書店. (1997 2nd Ed.)

3824:

God's Chinese Son: The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom of Hong Xiuquan

2711:

There are around 20,000 Taiwanese Hakkas in the United States.

2423:

Belinyu, a little Hakka town in northern part of Bangka Island.

1333:

People of Hakka ancestry comprised the notable mainstay of the

776:

may self-identify as only Chaoshanese, Cantonese and Hokkiens.

6762: 6230:(in Chinese). Homemy.jumzsf.come. 8 April 2013. Archived from 5069:只要是共同生長於台灣這塊土地上的所有族群的成員，他們不僅都是台灣人，而且他們所操持的族群語言也都是「台灣話」（或「台語」）！ 4938:

The Hakka Chinese: Their Origin, Folk Songs And Nursery Rhymes

3740:

The Hakka Chinese: Their Origin, Folk Songs and Nursery Rhymes

3408:

against the better equipped Japanese. However, in the ensuing

2428: 1776:

order in 1688, such as the Hakka speaking Lee clan lineage of

817:

The Hakka Chinese: Their Origin, Folk Songs And Nursery Rhymes

43: 5354:

New Peace County, A Chinese Gazetteer of the Hong Kong Region

3962:. Dept of Chinese Studies, National University of Singapore. 3196:

Brothers Hsieh Yi-qiao and Hsieh Liang-mu raised the 100,000

1583:

A firearm for defence against enemies in a Hakka Fujian tulou

1252:". In Taiwan, there are seven Hakka Chinese radio channels. 819:, that the potential Hakka origins from the Northern Han and 499: 2144:

Hakka people form the second largest subgroup of the ethnic

1819:

their inhabitants have moved to the post war new towns like

4069:

The Hakka Cookbook: Chinese Soul Food from around the World

3269:

When it was overrun in 1934 by the Nationalist army in the

1619:

were built to withstand attack from bandits and marauders.

2684:

aims to promote Hakka culture across the five boroughs of

2435:

province. They are the second majority ethnic group after

2272:. The first batch of 96 Hakkas brought to Sabah landed in 2036:

There are two groups of Hakka in Vietnam. One is known as

5716:. Kota Kinabalu: Sabah Theological Seminary. p. 28. 2834:

At a 1994 seminar of the World Hakka Association held in

475: 461: 447: 403: 5413:

Down to Earth : The Territorial Bond in South China

4404:

The sky rained heroes: A journey from war to remembrance

4159:

A Faithful Reading Partner: A Story from a Hakka Village

3394:

in the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937, the heroism of

760:

Hakka language distribution in mainland China and Taiwan

5957:

Peoples of the Buddhist World: A Christian Prayer Diary

5941:"The Chinese Community in Tahiti: 150 years of history" 4486:"Welcome to Longyan Municipal People's Government, PRC" 3434:(China's first participation of a war overseas), 1942. 3398:

and his troops, known as the "Eight Hundred Warriors" (

2650:, consisting of Hakka and Cantonese, is around 35,000. 2180:, a millionaire philanthropist and an innovator in the 2156:, with several prominent Hakka figures emerging during 1069:

Yong Tau Foo in Malaysia, brought over by Hakka emigres

789:

the Hakkas are Han Chinese originating solely from the

4121:

Breaking the Curse of the Green Dragon (A Hakka Story)

3958:

Chen, Matthew Y.; Lian, Hee Wee; Yan, Xiuhong (2004).

2562:

The Timorese Hakka diaspora can currently be found in

1866:. Han people traded and sold matchlock muskets to the 1378:

Shenzhen Hakkas Folk Customs Museum-Hehu New Residence

1082:

tea-based beverage or rice gruel that forms a part of

4940:. BURLEIGH MDC QLD. 4220, AUSTRALIA: Poseidon Books. 3521:), a 2008 Taiwan Hakka-language film about the Hakka 3378:

were instrumental in the defeat of the French at the

2617:

1962, oppression of Sino-Indian residents accused of

1971:

Hakka-related affairs in Taiwan are regulated by the

1228:

was launched. It used Mandarin, Cantonese and Hakka.

381: 367: 351: 337: 323: 4890:"Related Topics: Non-legal Considerations: Language" 3943:. President's Fund for Creative Writing in English. 3881:

Lee, Wei Ling (January 2015). Yap, Koon Hong (ed.).

1798:

writes. Hakka villages from Wo Hang to the west and

1402:

Discrimination and hatred of Hakka outside Guangdong

27:

Ethnic group native to southeastern China and Taiwan

7000: 6909: 6902: 6831: 6800: 4022:Lutz, Jessie G.; Lutz, Rolland Ray (January 1998). 3297:Prominent Hakka communist leaders include: Marshal 3187:) in 1907. All of the Four Martyrs of Honghuagang ( 1291:had added automatic broadcasting in Hakka Chinese. 1289:

Publicity Department of the Chinese Communist Party

516: 511: 493: 486: 469: 455: 441: 434: 424: 418: 411: 399: 392: 375: 361: 345: 331: 317: 310: 305: 293: 279: 274: 265: 229: 191: 163: 153: 115: 6131: 5803: 5801: 5026:Thurgood, Graham; LaPolla, Randy J., eds. (2003). 3821: 3155:Hakkas continued to play leading roles during the 2810:There are people of Hakka descent in New Zealand. 1975:. Hakka-related tourist attractions in Taiwan are 1678:As with those in Sichuan, many Hakka emigrated to 1234:Meizhou Radio and Television Station(MRT, 梅州廣播電視臺) 5356:Peter Y.L. Ng, Hong Kong University Press, 1983. 4777:. Seattle: Univ. of Washington Press. p. 9. 3665:The Hakka Chinese – Their Origin & Folk Songs 2242:A large number of Hakka people are also found in 6069:"The Malaysian Chinese population is decreasing" 5924:"Ethnic Minority migrant Chinese in New Zealand" 5780:"United Singkawang – Bahasa Hakka di Singkawang" 5333:. University of Washington Press. pp. 25–. 4775:Guest People: Hakka Identity in China and Abroad 3908:. Create Space Independent Publishing Platform. 3702:Guest People: Hakka Identity in China and Abroad 2219:and in Kuala Lumpur and its satellite cities in 1476:Hakka populations are found in 13 out of the 27 522: 5415:. Stanford University Press. pp. 123–160. 4237:. Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. 2511:Hakka people in Jakarta mainly have roots from 1615:and the third and higher floors living spaces. 1214:Meizhou People’s Broadcasting Station(梅州人民廣播電臺) 5224:. University of California Press. p. 80. 2533:A mixed wedding of East Timorese and Hakka in 945:named "Taiwanese Hakka Chinese" as one of the 6778: 6425: 6159:The Hakka Odyssey & their Taiwan homeland 5674:. Sabah Theological Seminary. pp. 32–33. 5206:The Hakka Odyssey & their Taiwan homeland 3446: 3421: 3399: 3358:led the Qing navy against the British at the 3330: 3229: 3209: 3188: 3182: 3172: 3063: 2760: 1908: 1601: 1361:Discrimination against Hakka by the Cantonese 1257:Meixian Radio and Television Station(梅縣廣播電視臺) 1246:established a Hakka satellite cable channel " 868: 853: 573: 285: 128: 117: 8: 5688:Global Hakka: Hakka Identity in the Remaking 5646:Global Hakka: Hakka Identity in the Remaking 5284:"Townsmen Sentiment Always Serves as a Link" 5114:Encyclopedia of Contemporary Chinese Culture 3759:Global Hakka: Hakka Identity in the Remaking 3719:Leong, Sow-Theng (1997). Wright, Tim (ed.). 2235:, while those in Kuala Lumpur are mainly of 1686:carried out a massacre in Guangzhou (now in 1243:Taiwan Broadcasting System (TBS, 臺灣公共廣播電視集團) 1218:Meizhou Wired Broadcasting Station(梅州有線廣播電臺) 749:instead of residing in courtyard houses (or 110: 30:"Hakka" redirects here. For other uses, see 5460:. Public Television Service. 5 October 2012 4973: 4971: 4254:Finding Samuel Lowe: China, Jamaica, Harlem 3676:. Taipei: Chinese Association for Folklore. 3420:of Asia" by the West and the "God of War" ( 2476:tribes. The Hakka were instrumental in the 2304:), with a significant minority residing in 122: 6906: 6785: 6771: 6763: 6432: 6418: 6410: 5488:. London and New York: Macmillan. p. 4140:Hakka Soul: Memories, Migrations and Meals 2847: 2613:of Hakka in these communities is Meixian. 2246:, particularly in the city of Kuching and 1924:Taiwan's Hakka population concentrates in 1441:Attacks against Hakka by the Lingao people 1226:3CW Chinese Radio Australia(3CW澳大利亞中文廣播電臺) 1022:, is Wrapped Dragon Village (Chinese: 302: 109: 6215:Translate this Chinese article to English 4865: 4854:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 4804:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 4711: 4693: 4655: 4637: 4590: 4199:. Hong Kong Women in Publishing Society. 3234:) were Hakkas. Other Hakkas for example, 2662:are of Hakka origin. They either came to 2076:and shoemaking. Hakkas are also found in 1708:During the 15th century to 19th century, 1464:(in yellow) in Guangdong Province, where 93:Learn how and when to remove this message 6279: 6277: 6275: 5543:Tsai, Shih-shan Henry (19 August 2009). 5530: 5518: 5106: 5104: 4796: 4794: 4488:. English.longyan.gov.cn. Archived from 4067:Anusasananan, Linda Lau (October 2012). 4041:Christofferson, Ethan (September 2012). 2172:, was the founder of the mining town of 1064: 1045: 934:have close genetic relations and shared 844:Definitional problems and disambiguation 5406: 5404: 4843: 4841: 4839: 4837: 4835: 4833: 4560: 4558: 4556: 4554: 4552: 4276: 4178:The Coral Heart: A Shopkeeper's Journey 3939:Tsang, Joseph Mang Kin (January 2003). 3258:amongst many others are Hakka as well. 3204:from the overseas Chinese community in 2777:Chinese people are a small minority at 2731:are Hakka; they have a long history in 2427:Hakka also live in Indonesia's largest 2268:opted to bring in Hakka labourers from 1550:or Hakka: Wui Lung Wuk) and sijiaolou ( 1449:turned violent in northwestern Hainan. 1278:, Sihai Kejia Channel has also joined. 6256:. Renwuzhuanjiwang.com. Archived from 6228:"Yao Yuping and the Xinhai Revolution" 5638: 5636: 5634: 4953: 4571:The American Journal of Human Genetics 4454: 4452: 4450: 4252:Madison, Paula Williams (April 2015). 4111:The book was shortlisted for the 1996 3511:Blue Brave: The Legend of Formosa 1895 1859:In the past the Hakka in Taiwan owned 1287:Platform under the supervision of the 477: 383: 262: 4671: 4669: 4667: 4614: 4612: 4610: 4406:. Austin: Synergy Books. p. 56. 3820:Spence, Jonathan D. (December 1996). 3432:1st Route Expeditionary Forces, Burma 3366:commanded the coastal defence at the 1843:Hakka women in traditional attire in 7: 5873:"We are Chinese Jamaicans Worldwide" 4282: 4280: 3317:, was commanded by Zhu De); Marshal 3277:, the Communists began their famous 2646:As of 2008, the total population of 1682:(in Southern Henan Province), where 1309:Typical traditional hillside tombs. 995:Hakka people built several types of 823:and that of the indigenous Southern 583:) literally mean "guest families". 164:Regions with significant populations 4330: 4328: 3977:Hashimoto, Mantaro J. (June 2010). 3430:was the commander-in-chief for the 6316:Discuz! Team and Comsenz UI Team. 5877:We are Chinese Jamaicans Worldwide 5454:"About the Hakka people in Taiwan" 5218:Goodman, Bryna (20 October 1995). 5117:. London: Routledge. p. 333. 4742:. Shoe String Press. p. 270. 4214:Hsiung, C. Fong (September 2014). 4071:. University of California Press. 4007:. University of California Press. 3934:. Government Federation of Malaya. 3932:Hakka Lessons for Malayan Students 3704:. University of Washington Press. 1572:Gun port of Chengqilou in a Hakka 1166:Historically, Hakka women did not 705:American Journal of Human Genetics 25: 6103:Lee, Pui-tak (1 September 2005). 5685:Jessieca Leo (3 September 2015). 5643:Jessieca Leo (3 September 2015). 4462:. Edu.ocac.gov.tw. Archived from 4381:. World Scientific. p. 379. 4375:Yen, Ching-hwang (21 July 2008). 4218:. Mawenzi House/TSAR Publishers. 4176:Lampotang, Peggy (January 2014). 4003:Constable, Nicole (August 1994). 3525:fighting the Japanese during the 3313:(the other main communist force, 3266:was the capital of the republic. 3094:Political and military leadership 2765:). One famous Hakka is President 2503:the dialect of Singkawang Hakka. 2490:and the surrounding regencies of 2110:Chao Phraya Yommarat (Pan Sukhum) 1193:Meizhou Television Station(梅州電視臺) 836:aforementioned tribes during the 548:), sometimes also referred to as 6398: 5580:"Reviving the Hakka Way of Life" 4354:"Hakka culture GuangdongCulture" 4233:Lin Ung, Charlene (March 2015). 3960:The Paradox of Hakka Tone Sandhi 3757:Leo, Jessieca (September 2015). 3439:Japanese occupation of Hong Kong 3013: 2980: 2947: 2910: 2875: 1712:was in the imperial district of 1370:Mass killings of Hakkas in China 138: 48: 5782:. Singkawang.us. Archived from 5256:Bianco, Lucien (4 March 2015). 4045:. Wipf & Stock Publishers. 3866:. University of Toronto Press. 3700:Constable, Nicole, ed. (1996). 3683:The Hakka Search for a Homeland 2939:Chinese University of Hong Kong 1985:Kaohsiung Hakka Cultural Museum 1645: 1516:as well as other towns such as 500: 476: 462: 448: 425: 404: 6347:. Hong Kong University Press. 6109:. Hong Kong University Press. 5081:UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 4402:LaCroix, Frederick E. (2009). 4287:Rubinstein, Murray A. (2004), 4197:Ghost Cave: A Novel of Sarawak 3981:. Cambridge University Press. 3904:Liu, L. Larry (January 2015). 3847:. Sabah Theological Seminary. 3828:. W. W. Norton & Company. 3447: 3422: 3400: 3331: 3230: 3210: 3189: 3183: 3173: 2818:Hakka people first arrived in 2761: 2607:British Raj violence and chaos 2590:the independence of East Timor 2456:West Kalimantan (in Indonesia) 2300:as well as a lesser extent to 2266:North Borneo Chartered Company 1909: 1556: 1551: 1546: 1541: 1028: 1023: 382: 368: 352: 338: 324: 286: 129: 1: 6320:. Suizhou.org. Archived from 6049:Yeen, Oh Ing (16 June 2015). 5758:"Kebersamaan Tanpa Prasangka" 5304:. Gndaily.com. Archived from 4761:Sung-yuan-ch'i (Pine-springs) 4460:"The Hakka: The Jews of Asia" 4138:Chin, Woon Ping (June 2008). 3723:. Stanford University Press. 3321:, governor of Guangdong; and 3222:and Puyi's early abdication. 1807:Hakka influence on the area. 7083:Subgroups of the Han Chinese 6130:Spence, Jonathan D. (1997). 6051:"Home for Hakka group opens" 4911:Cheung, Sidney C.H. (1998). 4195:Sze, Elsie (February 2014). 3862:Yong, Kee Howe (July 2013). 3534:The Great Southern Migration 3499:New York Television Festival 2525:Chinese people in East Timor 2074:Traditional Chinese Medicine 1993:New Taipei City Hakka Museum 1989:Meinong Hakka Culture Museum 1977:Dongshih Hakka Cultural Park 1956:, with smaller presences in 1816:government planned new towns 1276:Radio The Greater Bay(大灣區之聲) 6903:By nationality or ethnicity 6823:Refugees and asylum seekers 6161:. p. 157, Clyde Kiang. 1992 6018:"Census of Population 2010" 5814:. NIAS Press. p. 234. 5208:. p. 120, Clyde Kiang. 1992 4157:Huang, Suhua (April 2012). 3527:Japanese invasion of Taiwan 3457:British Raj Colonial rulers 3406:Defence of Sihang Warehouse 2270:Longchuan County, Guangdong 1329:Imperial era - Qing dynasty 68:. The specific problem is: 7099: 5055:. 行政院客家委員會. Archived from 5028:The Sino-Tibetan Languages 4773:Constable, Nicole (2005). 4695:10.3389/fgene.2024.1347868 4583:10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.10.016 4119:Lee, J.P. (January 2004). 3681:Kiang, Clyde (July 1991). 3674:Studies in Hakka Folktales 3672:Eberhard, Wolfram (1974). 3282:without a fight. When the 3097: 2670:or as voluntary migrants. 2522: 2136:Muar Hakka Association in 2100:The Hakkas association of 2064:trace their roots back to 2001:Taoyuan Hakka Culture Hall 1898:Taoyuan Hakka Culture Hall 1769:bays surrounded by hills. 1298: 1206:Hakka Life Channel(客家生活頻道) 1151: 1136: 1039: 974: 956: 896: 881:For example, the study by 586:The Hakka have settled in 123: 64:to meet Knowledge (XXG)'s 36: 29: 6879:Shanghainese (and Ningbo) 6450: 6138:. New York: W.W. Norton. 5691:. Brill. pp. 75–76. 5559:– via Google Books. 5272:– via Google Books. 5111:Davis, Edward L. (2005). 5008:(客、贛、通泰方言源於南朝通語說), 2003, 4936:Choon, Yoon Ngan (2005). 4639:10.3389/fgene.2021.676917 4336:"客家文化探密：怀念先人感念生活客家人闹元宵" 4096:The Hundred Secret Senses 4093:Tan, Amy (October 1995). 3797:10.1017/S0305741000045495 3738:Chung, Yoon-Ngan (2005). 3594: 3578: 3566: 3542: 3518: 3490: 3327:Tiananmen Square protests 3064: 3040:The World Factbook, 2012 2660:Chinese people in Réunion 1997:Taipei Hakka Culture Hall 1602: 1272:Shenzhou Easy Radio(神州之聲) 986:Tianluokeng tulou cluster 869: 854: 574: 545: 530: 524:người Khách Gia, người Hẹ 301: 270: 234: 196: 168: 158: 144:Hakka dancers performing 137: 118: 6832:By Chinese dialect group 6343:Sui-Jeung, Chan (2009). 6195: 5922:McIntyre, Nancy (2008). 5760:. KOMPAS. 23 August 2006 5592:Willmott (1967), p. 23-4 5193:Nova Science Publication 5053:"不僅只有台灣閩南語，台灣客家語也是「台語」！" 4978:Lee, Khoon Choy (2006). 4960:: CS1 maint: location ( 4142:. University of Hawaii. 4113:Orange Prize for Fiction 3471:in different countries. 3382:which led to the French 3284:People's Liberation Army 3127:, who was influenced by 3073:Taiping Heavenly Kingdom 1335:Taiping Heavenly Kingdom 1265:Voice of Hong Kong(香港之聲) 622:in China, as well as in 37:Not to be confused with 6867:Fujianese/Hoklo/Hokkien 6196:浓浓乡情系中原 – 访孙中山先生孙女孙穗芳博士 6193:门杰丹 (4 December 2003). 5954:Hattaway, Paul (2004). 5855:Hakka Association of NY 5712:Chong, Tet Loi (2002). 5670:Chong, Tet Loi (2002). 5606:2 February 2011 at the 4123:. Instrument of Truth. 3495:Asian Television Awards 3441:from 1941 to 1945, the 3179:Huizhou Qinühu Uprising 2974:Singapore census, 2010 2747:of Guangdong Province. 2433:Bangka Belitung Islands 2365:Indonesian Hakka Museum 1560:or Hakka: Si Kok Liu). 1453:Hakka in Mainland China 720:Hakka peasants wearing 650:-speaking provinces of 146:traditional Qilin dance 6808:Indigenous inhabitants 4180:. Atelier d'ecriture. 3667:. Jade Mountain Press. 3305:, Commander-in-chief, 3275:Encirclement campaigns 3216:Provisional Government 3100:List of notable Hakkas 3059: 3007:Malaysia census, 2015 2800:White Australia policy 2542: 2507:Jakarta (in Indonesia) 2424: 2372: 2310:Taiping revolutionists 2152:, particularly in the 2141: 2104: 2044:and is located around 2023: 1901: 1848: 1705: 1690:) on 17 January 1636. 1584: 1576: 1505: 1473: 1379: 1313: 1221:and cultural program. 1195:was founded. In 1994, 1129: 1121: 1070: 1051: 992: 911: 761: 733: 523: 32:Hakka (disambiguation) 6843:Ethnic Cantonese and 6407:at Wikimedia Commons 6377:"Orange past winners" 5960:. Carlisle: Piquant. 5808:Thunø, Mette (2007). 5649:. Brill. p. 87. 5327:Yingcong Dai (2009). 4892:. Taiwandocuments.org 4682:Frontiers in Genetics 4626:Frontiers in Genetics 3843:Zhang, Delai (2002). 3638:Punti–Hakka Clan Wars 3384:Retreat from Lạng Sơn 3202:Huanghuagang Uprising 3054: 2937:Prof Lau Yee Cheung, 2902:Hakka Affairs Council 2619:Anti-Indian sentiment 2532: 2422: 2415:Bangka (in Indonesia) 2363: 2227:came mainly from the 2164:, "Captain China" of 2158:colonial British rule 2135: 2099: 2014: 1973:Hakka Affairs Council 1896: 1842: 1701: 1662:was born in Sichuan. 1606:), literally meaning 1582: 1571: 1495: 1460: 1392:Punti–Hakka Clan Wars 1377: 1308: 1162:Gender Egalitarianism 1127: 1112: 1068: 1049: 984: 943:Ministry of Education 906: 838:Jin dynasty (266–420) 759: 728:, as depicted in the 719: 236:Chinese folk religion 6801:By migration history 6083:"The World Factbook" 5988:. 12 September 2014. 5982:"客委會人口調查全台約18%是客家人" 5059:on 28 September 2013 4429:Acta Genetica Sinica 2431:producer islands of 2254:" variant of Hakka. 2176:, the leader of the 1868:Taiwanese aborigines 1831:and further afield. 1643:The Kangxi Emperor ( 1284:Learning Power(學習強國) 1197:Hakka Public Channel 1185:Voice of Hakka(客家之聲) 865:varieties of Chinese 562:Han Chinese subgroup 75:improve this article 6857:Puntis (Aboriginal) 6260:on 12 November 2014 5051:黃玉振 (25 May 2011). 4537:on 9 September 2019 4466:on 9 September 2019 3887:Straits Times Press 3785:The China Quarterly 3685:. Allegheny Press. 3654:People and identity 3553:in the 9th century. 3469:heads of government 2547:Indonesian invasion 2199:In the district of 1847:, Taiwan, pre-1945. 1484:of mainland China. 1318:Ancestor veneration 1154:Hakka popular music 1009:World Heritage Site 947:languages of Taiwan 669:Origin and identity 112: 6845:Sze Yap/Taishanese 6234:on 8 November 2014 5480:Davidson, James W. 4867:10.1002/ajpa.21124 4816:10.1002/ajpa.20460 4527:"The Hakka People" 3930:Lee, T.H. (1955). 3742:. Poseidon Books. 3608:Hakka architecture 3571:To Be or Not to Be 3475:In popular culture 3392:Battle of Shanghai 3060: 2668:indentured workers 2543: 2449:Indonesian Chinese 2425: 2373: 2229:Jiaying Prefecture 2142: 2105: 2070:Heyuan prefectures 2024: 1902: 1872:Formosa Expedition 1849: 1774:coastal evacuation 1706: 1703:Sam Tung Uk Museum 1694:Hakka in Hong Kong 1680:Xinyang Prefecture 1608:earthen structures 1585: 1577: 1506: 1482:autonomous regions 1474: 1462:Meizhou Prefecture 1380: 1314: 1130: 1122: 1071: 1052: 1001:fortified villages 993: 977:Hakka architecture 928:Southern dynasties 920:Jianghuai Mandarin 912: 762: 734: 216:Taiwanese Mandarin 7060: 7059: 7056: 7055: 6991: 6984: 6977: 6970: 6963:Southeast Asians 6958: 6951: 6944: 6930: 6923: 6852: 6760: 6759: 6696:Teochew Taiwanese 6585:Teochew Taiwanese 6403:Media related to 6345:East River Column 6030:on 5 October 2016 5986:tw.news.yahoo.com 5861:on 1 August 2015. 5821:978-87-7694-000-3 5723:978-983-40840-0-4 5625:joshuaproject.net 5422:978-0-8047-2434-0 5373:Ng (1983), p. 84. 5340:978-0-295-98952-5 5004:Lu Guoyao (魯國堯), 4947:978-1-921005-50-3 4922:978-962-441-540-7 4413:978-0-9821601-3-8 4388:978-981-4471-99-2 4099:. Penguin Books. 3643:Tea-picking opera 3445:guerrilla force ( 3443:Dong River Column 3410:Battle of Nanjing 3380:Battle of Bang Bo 3360:Battle of Kowloon 3315:Eighth Route Army 3157:Xinhai Revolution 3077:Ernest John Eitel 3044: 3043: 2729:Chinese Jamaicans 2586:stateless persons 2537:, where the four 2060:About 65% of the 2016:Hakka Round House 1981:Hakka Round House 1429:By Guangxi people 1418:, leading to the 1301:Religion in China 1128:Hakkapop festival 1078:is a traditional 922:to have been the 772:, Guangzhou, and 712:Cultural identity 560:, are a southern 534: 533: 507: 506: 443:Yale Romanization 312:Standard Mandarin 261: 260: 248:Mahayana Buddhism 103: 102: 95: 66:quality standards 57:This article may 16:(Redirected from 7090: 6987: 6980: 6973: 6966: 6954: 6947: 6940: 6926: 6919: 6907: 6842: 6787: 6780: 6773: 6764: 6704: 6692: 6675: 6593: 6434: 6427: 6420: 6411: 6402: 6388: 6387: 6385: 6383: 6373: 6367: 6366: 6340: 6334: 6333: 6331: 6329: 6313: 6307: 6306: 6304: 6302: 6296: 6290:. Archived from 6289: 6281: 6270: 6269: 6267: 6265: 6250: 6244: 6243: 6241: 6239: 6224: 6218: 6217: 6212: 6210: 6208: 6190: 6184: 6183: 6181: 6179: 6174:. Waymarking.com 6168: 6162: 6156: 6150: 6149: 6137: 6127: 6121: 6120: 6100: 6094: 6093: 6091: 6089: 6079: 6073: 6072: 6065: 6059: 6058: 6046: 6040: 6039: 6037: 6035: 6029: 6023:. Archived from 6022: 6014: 6008: 6007: 5996: 5990: 5989: 5978: 5972: 5971: 5951: 5945: 5944: 5937: 5931: 5930: 5928: 5919: 5913: 5912: 5905: 5899: 5898: 5891: 5885: 5884: 5879:. Archived from 5869: 5863: 5862: 5857:. Archived from 5847: 5841: 5840: 5838: 5836: 5805: 5796: 5795: 5793: 5791: 5776: 5770: 5769: 5767: 5765: 5754: 5748: 5742: 5736: 5735: 5709: 5703: 5702: 5682: 5676: 5675: 5667: 5661: 5660: 5640: 5629: 5628: 5619:Joshua Project. 5616: 5610: 5599: 5593: 5590: 5584: 5583: 5576: 5570: 5567: 5561: 5560: 5540: 5534: 5528: 5522: 5516: 5510: 5509: 5476: 5470: 5469: 5467: 5465: 5450: 5444: 5441: 5435: 5434: 5408: 5399: 5396: 5390: 5380: 5374: 5371: 5365: 5351: 5345: 5344: 5324: 5318: 5317: 5315: 5313: 5298: 5292: 5291: 5280: 5274: 5273: 5253: 5247: 5242: 5236: 5235: 5215: 5209: 5203: 5197: 5196: 5188: 5182: 5181: 5179: 5177: 5172:on 19 April 2012 5168:. Archived from 5162: 5156: 5155: 5135: 5129: 5128: 5108: 5099: 5098: 5096: 5094: 5089:. 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Archived from 4523: 4517: 4516: 4511:Kuo, Huei-Ying. 4508: 4502: 4501: 4499: 4497: 4482: 4476: 4475: 4473: 4471: 4456: 4445: 4444: 4424: 4418: 4417: 4399: 4393: 4392: 4372: 4366: 4365: 4363: 4361: 4350: 4344: 4343: 4340:news.sina.com.cn 4332: 4323: 4322: 4320: 4314:, archived from 4293: 4284: 4267: 4248: 4229: 4210: 4191: 4172: 4153: 4134: 4110: 4082: 4056: 4037: 4018: 3992: 3973: 3954: 3935: 3919: 3900: 3877: 3858: 3839: 3827: 3816: 3791:(132): 937–968. 3772: 3753: 3734: 3715: 3696: 3677: 3668: 3618:Hakka hill songs 3596: 3580: 3568: 3549:during the late 3544: 3520: 3492: 3482:The Guest People 3450: 3449: 3425: 3424: 3403: 3402: 3334: 3333: 3233: 3232: 3213: 3212: 3192: 3191: 3186: 3185: 3176: 3175: 3169:Huizhou Uprising 3121:Jintian Uprising 3106:overseas Chinese 3081:Theodore Hamberg 3067: 3066: 3019: 3017: 3016: 2986: 2984: 2983: 2953: 2951: 2950: 2916: 2914: 2913: 2880: 2879: 2848: 2764: 2763: 2551:Portuguese Timor 2478:Lanfang Republic 2460:Hakka people in 2046:Ho Chi Minh City 1946:Meinong District 1938:Zhongli District 1912: 1911: 1884:Battle of Tamsui 1880:Keelung Campaign 1853:Taiwanese people 1804:land reclamation 1649: 1648: 1662–1722 1647: 1605: 1604: 1558: 1553: 1548: 1543: 1216:, also known as 1199:, also known as 1080:Southern Chinese 1030: 1025: 877: 876: 862: 861: 766:Cantonese people 698:Genetic findings 582: 581: 547: 526: 503: 502: 482: 481: 480: 465: 464: 451: 450: 430: 429: 428: 407: 406: 388: 387: 386: 371: 370: 357: 356: 355: 341: 340: 327: 326: 303: 289: 288: 263: 206:Standard Chinese 154:Total population 142: 132: 131: 126: 125: 121: 120: 113: 98: 91: 87: 84: 78: 52: 51: 44: 21: 7098: 7097: 7093: 7092: 7091: 7089: 7088: 7087: 7063: 7062: 7061: 7052: 6996: 6898: 6827: 6796: 6791: 6761: 6756: 6698: 6686: 6669: 6667:Hakka Taiwanese 6587: 6563:Hoklo Taiwanese 6446: 6438: 6396: 6391: 6381: 6379: 6375: 6374: 6370: 6355: 6342: 6341: 6337: 6327: 6325: 6324:on 9 March 2012 6315: 6314: 6310: 6300: 6298: 6297:on 18 June 2015 6294: 6287: 6283: 6282: 6273: 6263: 6261: 6252: 6251: 6247: 6237: 6235: 6226: 6225: 6221: 6213: 6206: 6204: 6197: 6192: 6191: 6187: 6177: 6175: 6170: 6169: 6165: 6157: 6153: 6146: 6129: 6128: 6124: 6117: 6102: 6101: 6097: 6087: 6085: 6081: 6080: 6076: 6067: 6066: 6062: 6055:The Star Online 6048: 6047: 6043: 6033: 6031: 6027: 6020: 6016: 6015: 6011: 5998: 5997: 5993: 5980: 5979: 5975: 5968: 5953: 5952: 5948: 5943:. 3 March 2015. 5939: 5938: 5934: 5926: 5921: 5920: 5916: 5907: 5906: 5902: 5893: 5892: 5888: 5883:on 12 May 2013. 5871: 5870: 5866: 5849: 5848: 5844: 5834: 5832: 5822: 5807: 5806: 5799: 5789: 5787: 5778: 5777: 5773: 5763: 5761: 5756: 5755: 5751: 5743: 5739: 5724: 5711: 5710: 5706: 5699: 5684: 5683: 5679: 5669: 5668: 5664: 5657: 5642: 5641: 5632: 5621:"People Groups" 5618: 5617: 5613: 5608:Wayback Machine 5600: 5596: 5591: 5587: 5578: 5577: 5573: 5568: 5564: 5557: 5549:. M.E. Sharpe. 5542: 5541: 5537: 5531:Davidson (1903) 5529: 5525: 5519:Davidson (1903) 5517: 5513: 5478: 5477: 5473: 5463: 5461: 5452: 5451: 5447: 5442: 5438: 5423: 5410: 5409: 5402: 5398:Gao 1997, p.16. 5397: 5393: 5381: 5377: 5372: 5368: 5352: 5348: 5341: 5326: 5325: 5321: 5311: 5309: 5308:on 4 March 2016 5302:"Ganzhou.China" 5300: 5299: 5295: 5282: 5281: 5277: 5270: 5255: 5254: 5250: 5243: 5239: 5232: 5217: 5216: 5212: 5204: 5200: 5190: 5189: 5185: 5175: 5173: 5164: 5163: 5159: 5152: 5137: 5136: 5132: 5125: 5110: 5109: 5102: 5092: 5090: 5080: 5079: 5075: 5062: 5060: 5050: 5049: 5045: 5038: 5025: 5024: 5020: 5016:, pages 123–135 5003: 4999: 4992: 4977: 4976: 4969: 4952: 4948: 4935: 4934: 4930: 4923: 4910: 4909: 4905: 4895: 4893: 4888: 4887: 4883: 4847: 4846: 4831: 4800: 4799: 4792: 4785: 4772: 4771: 4767: 4734: 4733: 4729: 4675: 4674: 4665: 4618: 4617: 4608: 4564: 4563: 4550: 4540: 4538: 4525: 4524: 4520: 4510: 4509: 4505: 4495: 4493: 4492:on 6 April 2014 4484: 4483: 4479: 4469: 4467: 4458: 4457: 4448: 4426: 4425: 4421: 4414: 4401: 4400: 4396: 4389: 4374: 4373: 4369: 4359: 4357: 4352: 4351: 4347: 4334: 4333: 4326: 4321:on 27 July 2011 4318: 4296:iir.nccu.edu.tw 4291: 4286: 4285: 4278: 4274: 4264: 4251: 4245: 4232: 4226: 4213: 4207: 4194: 4188: 4175: 4169: 4161:. AuthorHouse. 4156: 4150: 4137: 4131: 4118: 4107: 4092: 4089: 4079: 4066: 4063: 4053: 4040: 4034: 4021: 4015: 4002: 3999: 3989: 3976: 3970: 3957: 3951: 3938: 3929: 3926: 3916: 3903: 3897: 3880: 3874: 3861: 3855: 3842: 3836: 3819: 3782: 3779: 3769: 3756: 3750: 3737: 3731: 3718: 3712: 3699: 3693: 3680: 3671: 3659: 3656: 3651: 3649:Further reading 3604: 3477: 3352:First Opium War 3307:New Fourth Army 3200:needed for the 3114:prime ministers 3102: 3096: 3049: 3037:Second largest 3014: 3012: 3004:Second largest 2981: 2979: 2971:Fourth largest 2948: 2946: 2934:Second largest 2911: 2909: 2904:, Taiwan, 2014 2898:Second largest 2874: 2832: 2816: 2808: 2796: 2791: 2775: 2767:Henk Chin A Sen 2755:The Chinese in 2753: 2745:Bao'an counties 2725: 2717: 2692:communities in 2681: 2676: 2656: 2641: 2633: 2628: 2603: 2598: 2527: 2521: 2509: 2464:live alongside 2458: 2441:West Kalimantan 2417: 2358: 2205:Negeri Sembilan 2162:Chung Keng Quee 2130: 2118: 2094: 2058: 2034: 2029: 2009: 1954:Pingtung County 1876:Sino-French War 1837: 1835:Hakka in Taiwan 1788:Alliance of Ten 1734:New Territories 1696: 1676: 1668: 1652:Zhang Xianzhong 1644: 1641: 1629: 1566: 1490: 1455: 1443: 1431: 1404: 1372: 1363: 1331: 1326: 1303: 1297: 1181: 1168:bind their feet 1164: 1156: 1150: 1141: 1139:Hakka hill song 1135: 1107: 1044: 1038: 979: 973: 961: 955: 941:In Taiwan, the 901: 895: 846: 782: 780:Distant origins 714: 700: 676: 671: 636:Pingtung County 512:Vietnamese name 426: 363:Tongyong Pinyin 353: 294:Literal meaning 225: 211:Taiwanese Hakka 149: 133: 127: 108: 99: 88: 82: 79: 72: 53: 49: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7096: 7094: 7086: 7085: 7080: 7075: 7065: 7064: 7058: 7057: 7054: 7053: 7051: 7050: 7045: 7040: 7035: 7030: 7025: 7020: 7015: 7010: 7004: 7002: 6998: 6997: 6995: 6994: 6993: 6992: 6985: 6978: 6971: 6961: 6960: 6959: 6952: 6945: 6933: 6932: 6931: 6924: 6913: 6911: 6904: 6900: 6899: 6897: 6896: 6891: 6886: 6876: 6875: 6874: 6864: 6859: 6854: 6835: 6833: 6829: 6828: 6826: 6825: 6820: 6815: 6813:New immigrants 6810: 6804: 6802: 6798: 6797: 6792: 6790: 6789: 6782: 6775: 6767: 6758: 6757: 6755: 6754: 6753: 6752: 6747: 6739: 6734: 6729: 6724: 6723: 6722: 6712: 6711: 6710: 6705: 6693: 6681: 6676: 6659: 6654: 6653: 6652: 6642: 6641: 6640: 6635: 6625: 6620: 6615: 6614: 6613: 6608: 6598: 6597: 6596: 6595: 6594: 6577: 6572: 6571: 6570: 6568:Hui'an maidens 6565: 6555: 6550: 6540: 6539: 6538: 6533: 6523: 6522: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6510: 6509: 6496: 6491: 6490: 6489: 6479: 6474: 6473: 6472: 6467: 6462: 6451: 6448: 6447: 6439: 6437: 6436: 6429: 6422: 6414: 6395: 6394:External links 6392: 6390: 6389: 6368: 6353: 6335: 6308: 6271: 6245: 6219: 6185: 6163: 6151: 6144: 6122: 6115: 6095: 6074: 6060: 6041: 6009: 5991: 5973: 5966: 5946: 5932: 5914: 5900: 5897:. 3 July 2018. 5886: 5864: 5842: 5820: 5797: 5771: 5749: 5737: 5722: 5704: 5697: 5677: 5662: 5655: 5630: 5611: 5594: 5585: 5571: 5562: 5555: 5535: 5533:, p. 591. 5523: 5521:, p. 590. 5511: 5471: 5445: 5436: 5421: 5400: 5391: 5375: 5366: 5346: 5339: 5319: 5293: 5275: 5268: 5248: 5237: 5230: 5210: 5198: 5183: 5157: 5150: 5130: 5123: 5100: 5073: 5043: 5036: 5018: 4997: 4990: 4967: 4946: 4928: 4921: 4903: 4881: 4829: 4790: 4783: 4765: 4727: 4663: 4606: 4577:(6): 775–785. 4548: 4518: 4503: 4477: 4446: 4435:(9): 873–880. 4419: 4412: 4394: 4387: 4367: 4345: 4324: 4275: 4273: 4270: 4269: 4268: 4262: 4249: 4243: 4230: 4224: 4211: 4206:978-1496073945 4205: 4192: 4186: 4173: 4167: 4154: 4148: 4135: 4129: 4116: 4105: 4088: 4087:Family stories 4085: 4084: 4083: 4077: 4062: 4059: 4058: 4057: 4051: 4038: 4032: 4019: 4013: 3998: 3995: 3994: 3993: 3987: 3974: 3968: 3955: 3949: 3941:The Hakka Epic 3936: 3925: 3922: 3921: 3920: 3914: 3901: 3895: 3878: 3872: 3859: 3853: 3840: 3834: 3817: 3778: 3775: 3774: 3773: 3767: 3754: 3749:978-1921005503 3748: 3735: 3729: 3716: 3710: 3697: 3691: 3678: 3669: 3661:Char, Tin-Yuke 3655: 3652: 3650: 3647: 3646: 3645: 3640: 3635: 3630: 3625: 3623:Hakka language 3620: 3615: 3610: 3603: 3600: 3599: 3598: 3582: 3554: 3547:Southern China 3530: 3502: 3476: 3473: 3465:heads of state 3368:Battle of Amoy 3095: 3092: 3088:Victor Purcell 3048: 3045: 3042: 3041: 3038: 3035: 3032: 3029: 3026: 3023: 3009: 3008: 3005: 3002: 2999: 2996: 2993: 2990: 2976: 2975: 2972: 2969: 2966: 2963: 2960: 2957: 2943: 2942: 2935: 2932: 2929: 2926: 2923: 2922:1,250,000 est 2920: 2906: 2905: 2899: 2896: 2893: 2890: 2887: 2884: 2871: 2870: 2867: 2864: 2861: 2858: 2855: 2852: 2831: 2828: 2815: 2812: 2807: 2804: 2795: 2792: 2790: 2787: 2774: 2771: 2752: 2749: 2724: 2721: 2716: 2713: 2690:Hakka American 2680: 2677: 2675: 2672: 2655: 2652: 2648:Sino-Mauritian 2640: 2637: 2632: 2629: 2627: 2624: 2602: 2599: 2597: 2594: 2523:Main article: 2520: 2517: 2508: 2505: 2457: 2454: 2416: 2413: 2407:pronunciation 2357: 2354: 2188:, who founded 2148:population of 2129: 2126: 2117: 2114: 2093: 2090: 2078:Takéo Province 2057: 2054: 2033: 2030: 2028: 2027:Southeast Asia 2025: 2008: 2007:Hakka Diaspora 2005: 1962:Taitung County 1958:Hualien County 1930:Hsinchu County 1919:Beipu uprising 1905:Lin Ch'ao-tung 1836: 1833: 1722:1819 gazetteer 1720:) County. The 1695: 1692: 1675: 1672: 1667: 1664: 1640: 1637: 1628: 1625: 1565: 1562: 1489: 1486: 1454: 1451: 1442: 1439: 1430: 1427: 1403: 1400: 1371: 1368: 1362: 1359: 1330: 1327: 1325: 1324:Discrimination 1322: 1311:Hukeng, Fujian 1296: 1293: 1180: 1177: 1163: 1160: 1152:Main article: 1149: 1146: 1137:Main article: 1134: 1131: 1119:Ghost Festival 1106: 1103: 1040:Main article: 1037: 1034: 1026:; pinyin: 990:Hukeng, Fujian 975:Main article: 972: 969: 957:Main article: 954: 951: 936:areal features 897:Main article: 894: 891: 845: 842: 801: 800: 797: 794: 781: 778: 713: 710: 699: 696: 675: 672: 670: 667: 640:Kaohsiung City 628:Hsinchu County 532: 531: 528: 527: 520: 514: 513: 509: 508: 505: 504: 497: 491: 490: 484: 483: 473: 467: 466: 459: 453: 452: 445: 439: 438: 436:Yue: Cantonese 432: 431: 422: 416: 415: 409: 408: 401: 397: 396: 390: 389: 379: 373: 372: 365: 359: 358: 349: 343: 342: 335: 329: 328: 321: 315: 314: 308: 307: 306:Transcriptions 299: 298: 297:guest families 295: 291: 290: 283: 277: 276: 272: 271: 268: 267: 259: 258: 232: 231: 227: 226: 224: 223: 218: 213: 208: 203: 197: 194: 193: 189: 188: 178:Southeast Asia 166: 165: 161: 160: 156: 155: 151: 150: 143: 135: 134: 116: 106: 101: 100: 56: 54: 47: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7095: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7078:Hakka culture 7076: 7074: 7071: 7070: 7068: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7005: 7003: 6999: 6990: 6986: 6983: 6979: 6976: 6972: 6969: 6965: 6964: 6962: 6957: 6953: 6950: 6946: 6943: 6939: 6938: 6937: 6934: 6929: 6925: 6922: 6918: 6917: 6915: 6914: 6912: 6908: 6905: 6901: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6884: 6880: 6877: 6873: 6870: 6869: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6850: 6846: 6840: 6837: 6836: 6834: 6830: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6805: 6803: 6799: 6795: 6788: 6783: 6781: 6776: 6774: 6769: 6768: 6765: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6742: 6740: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6721: 6718: 6717: 6716: 6713: 6709: 6706: 6702: 6697: 6694: 6690: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6673: 6668: 6665: 6664: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6651: 6648: 6647: 6646: 6643: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6631: 6630: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6603: 6602: 6599: 6591: 6586: 6583: 6582: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6560: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6545: 6544: 6541: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6528: 6527: 6524: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6508: 6505: 6504: 6503: 6500: 6499: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6488: 6485: 6484: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6457: 6456: 6453: 6452: 6449: 6445: 6442: 6435: 6430: 6428: 6423: 6421: 6416: 6415: 6412: 6408: 6406: 6401: 6393: 6378: 6372: 6369: 6364: 6360: 6356: 6354:9789622098503 6350: 6346: 6339: 6336: 6323: 6319: 6312: 6309: 6293: 6286: 6280: 6278: 6276: 6272: 6259: 6255: 6249: 6246: 6233: 6229: 6223: 6220: 6216: 6202: 6201:chinanews.com 6198: 6189: 6186: 6173: 6167: 6164: 6160: 6155: 6152: 6147: 6145:9780393315561 6141: 6136: 6135: 6126: 6123: 6118: 6116:9789622097209 6112: 6108: 6107: 6099: 6096: 6084: 6078: 6075: 6070: 6064: 6061: 6056: 6052: 6045: 6042: 6026: 6019: 6013: 6010: 6005: 6001: 5995: 5992: 5987: 5983: 5977: 5974: 5969: 5967:9780878083619 5963: 5959: 5958: 5950: 5947: 5942: 5936: 5933: 5925: 5918: 5915: 5910: 5904: 5901: 5896: 5890: 5887: 5882: 5878: 5874: 5868: 5865: 5860: 5856: 5852: 5846: 5843: 5831: 5827: 5823: 5817: 5813: 5812: 5804: 5802: 5798: 5786:on 8 May 2015 5785: 5781: 5775: 5772: 5759: 5753: 5750: 5747: 5741: 5738: 5733: 5729: 5725: 5719: 5715: 5708: 5705: 5700: 5698:9789004300279 5694: 5690: 5689: 5681: 5678: 5673: 5666: 5663: 5658: 5656:9789004300279 5652: 5648: 5647: 5639: 5637: 5635: 5631: 5626: 5622: 5615: 5612: 5609: 5605: 5602: 5598: 5595: 5589: 5586: 5582:. April 2013. 5581: 5575: 5572: 5566: 5563: 5558: 5556:9780765623287 5552: 5548: 5547: 5539: 5536: 5532: 5527: 5524: 5520: 5515: 5512: 5507: 5503: 5499: 5495: 5491: 5487: 5486: 5481: 5475: 5472: 5459: 5455: 5449: 5446: 5440: 5437: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5418: 5414: 5407: 5405: 5401: 5395: 5392: 5389: 5388:962-04-1180-3 5385: 5379: 5376: 5370: 5367: 5363: 5362:962-209-043-5 5359: 5355: 5350: 5347: 5342: 5336: 5332: 5331: 5323: 5320: 5307: 5303: 5297: 5294: 5289: 5285: 5279: 5276: 5271: 5269:9781317463108 5265: 5262:. Routledge. 5261: 5260: 5252: 5249: 5246: 5241: 5238: 5233: 5231:9780520915459 5227: 5223: 5222: 5214: 5211: 5207: 5202: 5199: 5194: 5187: 5184: 5171: 5167: 5161: 5158: 5153: 5151:9780306483219 5147: 5143: 5142: 5134: 5131: 5126: 5124:9780415241298 5120: 5116: 5115: 5107: 5105: 5101: 5088: 5086: 5077: 5074: 5070: 5058: 5054: 5047: 5044: 5039: 5037:0-7007-1129-5 5033: 5030:. Routledge. 5029: 5022: 5019: 5015: 5014:7-5343-5499-4 5011: 5007: 5001: 4998: 4993: 4991:9789812566188 4987: 4983: 4982: 4974: 4972: 4968: 4963: 4957: 4949: 4943: 4939: 4932: 4929: 4924: 4918: 4914: 4907: 4904: 4891: 4885: 4882: 4877: 4873: 4868: 4863: 4860:(1): 124–30. 4859: 4855: 4851: 4844: 4842: 4840: 4838: 4836: 4834: 4830: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4810:(1): 140–50. 4809: 4805: 4797: 4795: 4791: 4786: 4784:9780295984872 4780: 4776: 4769: 4766: 4762: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4740: 4731: 4728: 4723: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4672: 4670: 4668: 4664: 4658: 4653: 4649: 4645: 4640: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4615: 4613: 4611: 4607: 4602: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4561: 4559: 4557: 4555: 4553: 4549: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4522: 4519: 4514: 4507: 4504: 4491: 4487: 4481: 4478: 4465: 4461: 4455: 4453: 4451: 4447: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4423: 4420: 4415: 4409: 4405: 4398: 4395: 4390: 4384: 4380: 4379: 4371: 4368: 4355: 4349: 4346: 4341: 4337: 4331: 4329: 4325: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4290: 4283: 4281: 4277: 4271: 4265: 4263:9780062331632 4259: 4255: 4250: 4246: 4244:9781508700791 4240: 4236: 4231: 4227: 4225:9781927494394 4221: 4217: 4216:Picture Bride 4212: 4208: 4202: 4198: 4193: 4189: 4187:9789990336924 4183: 4179: 4174: 4170: 4168:9781468562675 4164: 4160: 4155: 4151: 4149:9780824832896 4145: 4141: 4136: 4132: 4130:9789810480424 4126: 4122: 4117: 4114: 4108: 4106:9780399141157 4102: 4098: 4097: 4091: 4090: 4086: 4080: 4078:9780520273283 4074: 4070: 4065: 4064: 4060: 4054: 4052:9781610975032 4048: 4044: 4039: 4035: 4033:9780765600387 4029: 4026:. Routledge. 4025: 4020: 4016: 4014:9780520083844 4010: 4006: 4001: 4000: 3996: 3990: 3988:9780521133678 3984: 3980: 3975: 3971: 3969:9789810519438 3965: 3961: 3956: 3952: 3950:9789990397406 3946: 3942: 3937: 3933: 3928: 3927: 3923: 3917: 3915:9781505429435 3911: 3907: 3902: 3898: 3896:9789814642477 3892: 3888: 3884: 3879: 3875: 3873:9781442615465 3869: 3865: 3860: 3856: 3854:9789834084004 3850: 3846: 3841: 3837: 3835:9780393315561 3831: 3826: 3825: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3781: 3780: 3776: 3770: 3768:9789004300262 3764: 3760: 3755: 3751: 3745: 3741: 3736: 3732: 3730:9780804728577 3726: 3722: 3717: 3713: 3711:9780295984872 3707: 3703: 3698: 3694: 3692:9780910042611 3688: 3684: 3679: 3675: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3657: 3653: 3648: 3644: 3641: 3639: 3636: 3634: 3631: 3629: 3626: 3624: 3621: 3619: 3616: 3614: 3613:Hakka cuisine 3611: 3609: 3606: 3605: 3601: 3592: 3588: 3587: 3583: 3576: 3572: 3564: 3560: 3559: 3555: 3552: 3548: 3540: 3536: 3535: 3531: 3528: 3524: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3507: 3503: 3500: 3496: 3488: 3484: 3483: 3479: 3478: 3474: 3472: 3470: 3466: 3460: 3458: 3454: 3444: 3440: 3435: 3433: 3429: 3419: 3413: 3411: 3407: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3348: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3295: 3291: 3289: 3285: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3267: 3265: 3259: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3227: 3226:Liao Zhongkai 3223: 3221: 3217: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3194: 3180: 3170: 3165: 3162: 3158: 3153: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3133: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3117: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3101: 3093: 3091: 3089: 3084: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3069: 3057: 3053: 3046: 3039: 3036: 3033: 3030: 3027: 3024: 3022: 3011: 3010: 3006: 3003: 3000: 2997: 2994: 2991: 2989: 2978: 2977: 2973: 2970: 2967: 2964: 2961: 2958: 2956: 2945: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2933: 2930: 2927: 2924: 2921: 2919: 2908: 2907: 2903: 2900: 2897: 2894: 2891: 2888: 2885: 2883: 2878: 2873: 2872: 2868: 2865: 2862: 2859: 2856: 2853: 2850: 2849: 2846: 2842: 2839: 2837: 2829: 2827: 2825: 2821: 2813: 2811: 2805: 2803: 2801: 2793: 2788: 2786: 2784: 2780: 2772: 2770: 2768: 2758: 2750: 2748: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2722: 2720: 2714: 2712: 2709: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2694:San Francisco 2691: 2687: 2686:New York City 2679:United States 2678: 2673: 2671: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2653: 2651: 2649: 2644: 2638: 2636: 2630: 2625: 2623: 2620: 2614: 2610: 2608: 2600: 2595: 2593: 2591: 2587: 2582: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2560: 2557: 2552: 2548: 2540: 2536: 2531: 2526: 2518: 2516: 2514: 2506: 2504: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2486:The Hakka in 2484: 2481: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2455: 2453: 2450: 2444: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2421: 2414: 2412: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2397: 2393: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2381:Bangka Island 2378: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2355: 2353: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2278:Kota Kinabalu 2275: 2271: 2267: 2262: 2260: 2255: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2240: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2209:lingua franca 2206: 2202: 2197: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2182:mining of tin 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2139: 2134: 2127: 2125: 2123: 2115: 2113: 2111: 2103: 2098: 2091: 2089: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2055: 2053: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2031: 2026: 2021: 2020:Miaoli County 2017: 2013: 2006: 2004: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1969: 1965: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1934:Miaoli County 1931: 1927: 1922: 1920: 1914: 1906: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1874:. During the 1873: 1869: 1865: 1862: 1857: 1854: 1846: 1841: 1834: 1832: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1817: 1812: 1808: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1786: 1781: 1779: 1775: 1770: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1704: 1700: 1693: 1691: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1673: 1671: 1665: 1663: 1661: 1660:Deng Xiaoping 1655: 1653: 1638: 1636: 1634: 1626: 1624: 1620: 1618: 1613: 1609: 1599: 1598: 1592: 1590: 1581: 1575: 1570: 1563: 1561: 1559: 1549: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1503: 1499: 1494: 1487: 1485: 1483: 1479: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1452: 1450: 1448: 1440: 1438: 1436: 1428: 1426: 1423: 1421: 1417: 1412: 1409: 1401: 1399: 1395: 1393: 1388: 1385: 1376: 1369: 1367: 1360: 1358: 1354: 1351: 1346: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1328: 1323: 1321: 1319: 1312: 1307: 1302: 1294: 1292: 1290: 1286: 1285: 1281:In 2023, The 1279: 1277: 1273: 1268: 1266: 1261: 1258: 1253: 1251: 1250: 1245: 1244: 1238: 1236: 1235: 1229: 1227: 1222: 1219: 1215: 1210: 1208: 1207: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1189: 1186: 1178: 1176: 1172: 1169: 1161: 1159: 1155: 1147: 1145: 1140: 1132: 1126: 1120: 1116: 1111: 1104: 1102: 1099: 1095: 1093: 1092: 1087: 1085: 1084:Hakka cuisine 1081: 1077: 1076: 1067: 1063: 1061: 1057: 1048: 1043: 1042:Hakka cuisine 1035: 1033: 1031: 1021: 1017: 1012: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 991: 987: 983: 978: 970: 968: 965: 964:Hakka culture 960: 959:Hakka culture 952: 950: 948: 944: 939: 937: 933: 929: 925: 924:lingua franca 921: 917: 909: 908:Hakka Chinese 905: 900: 899:Hakka Chinese 892: 890: 888: 884: 883:Lo Hsiang-lin 879: 875: 872: 866: 860: 857: 851: 843: 841: 839: 834: 833:DNA profiling 830: 826: 822: 818: 813: 811: 807: 798: 795: 792: 791:Central Plain 788: 787: 786: 779: 777: 775: 771: 767: 758: 754: 752: 748: 743: 740: 731: 727: 723: 718: 711: 709: 707: 706: 697: 695: 693: 689: 684: 680: 673: 668: 666: 663: 659: 657: 653: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 632:Miaoli County 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 584: 580: 577: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 554:Hakka Chinese 551: 543: 539: 529: 525: 521: 519: 515: 510: 498: 496: 492: 489: 485: 479: 474: 472: 468: 460: 458: 454: 446: 444: 440: 437: 433: 423: 421: 417: 414: 410: 402: 398: 395: 391: 385: 380: 378: 374: 366: 364: 360: 350: 348: 344: 336: 334: 330: 322: 320: 316: 313: 309: 304: 300: 296: 292: 284: 282: 278: 273: 269: 264: 257: 253: 249: 245: 241: 237: 233: 228: 222: 219: 217: 214: 212: 209: 207: 204: 202: 201:Hakka Chinese 199: 198: 195: 190: 187: 183: 179: 175: 171: 167: 162: 157: 152: 147: 141: 136: 114: 105: 97: 94: 86: 76: 71: 67: 63: 62: 55: 46: 45: 40: 33: 19: 7073:Hakka people 6936:South Asians 6916:East Asians 6861: 6720:Fuzhou Tanka 6606:Shanghainese 6507:Subei people 6481: 6470:Macau people 6405:Hakka people 6397: 6380:. 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Amistad. 3628:Hakka opera 3558:Hakka Women 3437:During the 3396:Xie Jinyuan 3388:Qiu Fengjia 3341:Ye Xuanping 3319:Ye Jianying 3252:Zhang Fakui 3244:Chen Jitang 3236:Eugene Chen 3161:Sun Yat-sen 3150:Hong Rengan 3031:67,091,371 2998:30,116,000 2892:23,374,000 2889:22,813,000 2863:Percentage 2806:New Zealand 2706:Los Angeles 2403:, from the 2379:such as in 2322:Kuala Penyu 2308:(mainly ex- 2302:Kota Marudu 2086:Rattanakiri 2082:Stung Treng 2038:Ngái people 1936:and around 1821:Sheung Shui 1785:Sha Tau Kok 1754:Lin Ma Hang 1742:Sheung Shui 1390:The bloody 1343:Zeng Guofan 1115:Hakka opera 916:Gan Chinese 730:Boxer Codex 148:in Malaysia 77:if you can. 7067:Categories 7048:Ukrainians 6989:Vietnamese 6956:Pakistanis 6839:Yue people 6741:Yunnanese 6633:Minh Hương 6548:Fuzhounese 6519:Sichuanese 6460:Taishanese 6328:15 January 6264:15 January 6178:15 January 5790:15 January 5464:4 February 5312:15 January 5093:15 January 4896:15 January 4531:全球華文網路教育中心 4496:15 January 4470:15 January 4360:15 January 4272:References 3543:大南迁 or 葛藤凹 3453:Zeng Sheng 3376:Liu Yongfu 3372:Feng Zicai 3337:Ding Sheng 3323:Hu Yaobang 3279:Long March 3129:Protestant 3110:presidents 3098:See also: 3047:Hakkaology 3028:9,392,792 3025:1,502,846 2995:6,550,000 2992:1,650,000 2965:3,771,700 2962:2,794,000 2928:7,300,000 2925:6,643,000 2886:4,202,000 2830:Population 2596:South Asia 2535:East Timor 2519:East Timor 2496:Bengkayang 2488:Singkawang 2330:Lahad Datu 2298:Kota Belud 2192:and was a 2186:Yap Ah Loy 1724:lists 570 1688:Huangchuan 1684:Li Zicheng 1589:Ting River 1420:Larut Wars 1384:Red Turban 1339:Xiang Army 1299:See also: 1113:Taiwanese 932:Gan people 674:Migrations 518:Vietnamese 463:Haak3 gaa1 347:Wade–Giles 159:80 million 83:April 2024 7028:Canadians 7013:Americans 6968:Filipinos 6910:From Asia 6818:Returnees 6662:Taiwanese 6645:Peranakan 6618:Chuanqing 6575:Putianese 6553:Hainanese 6502:Jianghuai 6498:Mandarin 6455:Cantonese 6444:subgroups 5830:13426825M 5176:10 August 4956:cite book 4756:576470153 4739:geography 4704:1664-8021 4648:1664-8021 4312:206031459 4304:1013-2511 3813:154584671 3761:. 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