95:
145:
jurisdiction of the
Ministry of Finance for "disposal as its officials saw fit." Whilst Haijōrei did cause some castles to converted into military installations, many of the cases saw demolition or dismantling, Oleg Benesch and Ran Zwigenberg argue that castles existed as a sore reminder of Japan's feudal past, the Meiji government as a result intended to destroy them as a way to signal the new era free of the archaic Tokugawa shogunate and the prior era of feudalism and the
249:
139:
castles" present in the country at that time. Further activity was stopped before the 1880s, after the castles were recognized as an iconic part of
Japanese heritage and a potential for foreign tourism. The Haijōrei had mainly operational aims regarding castles, namely to better connect the citizens
198:
to provide legal protection to castles, with 200 of the 299 listed national treasures being found upon castle sites, granting the entire location guaranteed immunity to any similar edicts. The significant parts of around fifty castles were believed to have survived into the Meiji era crackdown on
123:
In 1872, a twelve-member survey team, in cooperation with local military and governmental authorities, visited 200 castles to assess local natural and human data of castle sites, ranging from categories like quality of wells, local provincial wealth, flat land for martial training to forests and
144:
system of individual settlements that were controlled by feudal samurai administrators rather than a centralised government. Many castle sites were demolished or transformed into structures for governmental bodies or purposes, or sites of education – though officially they were under the
185:
intervened on the destruction of Nagoya castle, however, this didn't contribute to a wider policy of preservation until 1878. Despite the damage of the edict, it was plausible that the Meiji governmental bodies didn't neglect the value of cultural heritage, as shown with the
149:. In government, there was little attachment to these castles due to their feudal history and due to the Meijis government increasing desire to have Japan become a modernised global power, as a result there was not many official voices who spoke up against it.
203:) were targeted by this, therefore moats and ramparts were often left, whereas others became navy and military installations. There were some cases of appreciation by the general public being made clear with castle sites, Vaporis identifies the case of
180:
and Nagoya. However, only a small number of castles were considered at this time, as many castles were still viewed as vestiges of samurai control. The
European view of heritage played a large part in staying the destruction of some castles, notably,
268:, especially years preceding and following World War II, there was a continued interest in preserving castles. After the war, there was an interest in rebuilding some of the castles damaged or destroyed by the
245:. Afterwards, according to Zwigenberg there was a sharp decrease in this portrayal - instead, showing castles that were devastated by bombs and being left in ruin, marking the end of Japanese militarism.
1947:
87:), literally the "Ordinance for the keeping and disposal of the country's castles" to deal with the future of these castles. The name of the edict was eventually shortened to
124:
water routes in proximity. Based on this information, the government used Haijōrei to categorise these castles into use for military activities or to be left or dismantled.
221:
as a significant landmark to developing and sustaining a military image of the city and subsequently dismantling that image following the end of the war. Before the
2013:
1756:
311:
Castles specified by the Haijōrei to be abandoned, repurposed or preserved. The fate of these castles may have changed later following the opposition.
207:
which, was initially under martial jurisdiction, however, was negotiated into a reconstructed keep within the castle that would act as a public park.
131:
which ushered Japan into an era of rapid modernization and westernization, aiming to remove vestiges of samurai power from the previously reigning
71:. This decision was based upon survey information provided by castle garrisons and a twelve person survey team to the Grand Council of State (
191:
1848:
1707:
187:
2081:
1997:
1814:
1740:
252:
299:
As of 1986, the
Japanese government listed a total of 252 castle structures and 88 tower structures to be continually preserved as
1023:
532:
300:
1630:
1770:
O'Brien, Suzanne G. (November 2008). "Splitting Hairs: History and the
Politics of Daily Life in Nineteenth-Century Japan".
1634:
315:(P) means the castle was intended to be preserved, otherwise they were marked for repurposing, dismantling or abandonment.
789:
255:
did significant damage to the castle structures, prompting a rebuild effort utilising modern materials such as concrete.
1878:
Vitale, Judith (2 January 2021). "The destruction and rediscovery of Edo Castle: 'picturesque ruins', 'war ruins'".
2187:
1580:
2202:
1685:
1576:
1270:
942:
195:
168:, who was known for his international visits between heritage sites and who was particularly impressed with the
334:
242:
140:
and settlements of Japan under a more unified national body, as opposed to the recent memory of the
Tokugawa
1568:
1073:
934:
238:
2192:
1572:
864:
413:
1509:
1236:
976:
782:
756:
225:, castles were represented as symbols of power and militarism, reflecting the Japanese exploits against
1564:
1515:
1207:
1454:
1428:
1140:
797:
670:
645:
503:
1543:
1331:
1203:
994:
903:
831:
712:
666:
482:
465:
1232:
839:
608:
596:
583:
94:
1492:
1316:
1298:
1291:
1240:
1192:
1027:
998:
972:
938:
916:
843:
417:
281:
103:
63:(Sword Abolishment Edict) of 1876, which aimed to abolish the ownership of swords in Japan and the
1584:
507:
111:
2118:
2007:
1970:
1895:
1787:
1750:
1641:
1488:
1348:
1310:
1165:
1010:
793:
269:
230:
222:
132:
64:
1665:
987:
406:
173:
2110:
2077:
1993:
1844:
1810:
1736:
1703:
1613:
1605:
1536:
1360:
1335:
1327:
1323:
1211:
1127:
1049:
847:
824:
693:
538:
471:
289:
28:
1915:"Citizenship and National Identity in Early Meiji Japan, 1868–1889: A Comparative Assessment"
1962:
1926:
1887:
1779:
1609:
1522:
1424:
1368:
1364:
1356:
1341:
1284:
1277:
1228:
1217:
1161:
1123:
1095:
1056:
968:
851:
835:
772:
768:
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651:
641:
624:
558:
524:
513:
454:
341:
327:
218:
165:
2197:
1669:
1658:
1623:
1617:
1601:
1530:
1526:
1484:
1464:
1413:
1399:
1378:
1372:
1306:
1266:
1259:
1133:
1106:
1016:
1002:
964:
923:
899:
805:
708:
637:
564:
488:
367:
169:
52:
1560:
1447:
1150:
1089:
248:
1648:
1498:
1477:
1458:
1434:
1406:
1246:
1199:
1186:
1175:
1116:
1081:
1077:
1060:
1039:
980:
946:
878:
868:
818:
811:
725:
718:
704:
612:
589:
551:
528:
495:
478:
448:
437:
430:
423:
388:
373:
360:
347:
273:
182:
157:
146:
60:
2181:
1974:
1899:
1791:
1680:
1594:
1588:
1505:
1471:
1393:
1389:
1352:
1182:
1157:
1066:
1043:
1035:
1031:
1006:
930:
892:
885:
872:
801:
776:
764:
687:
662:
630:
604:
600:
579:
575:
571:
545:
499:
461:
444:
354:
293:
277:
177:
161:
128:
176:, who six years afterwards in 1878, authorised legal protection upon the castles of
1556:
1549:
1420:
1385:
1253:
1085:
957:
909:
857:
760:
745:
732:
616:
520:
400:
396:
380:
320:
285:
214:
204:
1891:
265:
107:
72:
1652:
1441:
1302:
1224:
1169:
1144:
1110:
658:
620:
384:
99:
1966:
1931:
1914:
1783:
1102:
752:
700:
392:
141:
136:
135:. By 1875, the Haijōrei justified the dismantling of "at least 100 out of 170
2114:
2076:(1st ed.). Tokyo: Kodansha International Ltd. and Shibundo. p. 51.
210:
172:
as a museum had pushed the idea to preserve these two castles to statesman
67:(Cropped Hair Edict) of 1871, which concerned the relaxing of traditional
739:
68:
2122:
2098:
51:, mainly concerned with the future usage and possible deconstruction of
950:
48:
164:
were early examples of sites being preserved for historical heritage,
2099:"Hiroshima Castle and the Long Shadow of Militarism in Postwar Japan"
1843:. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. p. 59.
226:
200:
1948:"Castles and the Militarisation of Urban Society in Imperial Japan"
114:
under Haijōrei in 1873, leaving only the walls and ramparts intact.
110:
clan until 1683 and was one of the first castles demolished by the
247:
234:
93:
56:
1990:
Samurai castles : history, architecture, visitors' guides
1841:
Japan's
Castles : Citadels of Modernity in War and Peace
1733:
Samurai : an encyclopedia of Japan's cultured warriors
42:
36:
192:
Ancient
Shrines and Temple Preservation Law of 1897
81:), who then ordered the Zenkoku Jōkaku Sonpai-rei (
127:Haijōrei was the result of the accession of the
296:, where the original structures are preserved.
188:Historic Objects Preservation Directive of 1871
59:. This edict was done in conjunction with the
82:
76:
1702:. Groningen: Toyo Press. pp. 600 pages.
199:castles, often only superstructures (such as
194:. Despite this, it took until 1929 under the
8:
1955:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
2012:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1809:(First ed.). Toyo Press. p. 40.
1755:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1930:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1735:. Santa Barbara, California. p. 43.
280:. Many of these sites are now considered
106:. It was initially in possession of the
1839:Benesch, Oleg; Zwigenberg, Ran (2019).
1723:
2005:
1919:International Review of Social History
1748:
2026:Benesch & Zwigenberg (2019) pp.59
1731:Vaporis, Constantine Nomikos (2019).
47:) was an edict enacted on 14 January
7:
1807:An encyclopedia of Japanese castles
1700:An Encyclopedia of Japanese Castles
217:and the post-war rebuild that saw
14:
288:, which was destroyed during the
1946:Benesch, Oleg (December 2018).
1913:Ikegami, Eiko (December 1995).
44:Ordinance to dispose of castles
1988:Mitchelhill, Jennifer (2018).
1:
1892:10.1080/09555803.2019.1646786
301:Important Cultural Properties
2153:Mitchelhill (2018), pp.27-28
2144:Mitchelhill (2018), pp.28-29
1772:The Journal of Asian Studies
307:Affected castles by province
253:The Allied bombing of Nagoya
1686:National Treasures of Japan
282:UNESCO World Heritage sites
43:
37:
2219:
2171:De Lange (2021) pp.572-574
2109:(Special Issue): 195–218.
1805:De Lange, William (2021).
1698:De Lange, William (2021).
1577:Matsumoto Castle in Ranzan
2035:Benesch (2018) pp.116-117
1992:. Tokyo. pp. 26–27.
1967:10.1017/S0080440118000063
1932:10.1017/S0020859000113641
1784:10.1017/S0021911808001794
1633:(not to be confused with
1571:(not to be confused with
975:(not to be confused with
941:(not to be confused with
270:Allied air raids on Japan
213:is another case study in
83:
77:
32:
2135:Zwigenberg (2019) pp.196
2097:Zwigenberg, Ran (2019).
2053:De Lange (2021) pp.41-42
243:Second Sino-Japanese War
16:Meiji Era Japanese Edict
303:or National Treasures.
239:First Sino-Japanese War
2072:Hinago, Motoo (1986).
1868:Vaporis(2019) pp.43-44
1829:De Lange (2021) pp.460
256:
196:National Treasures Law
115:
38:Castle abolishment law
2062:De Lange (2021) pp.42
2044:Benesch (2018) pp.60.
251:
97:
1637:in Mutsu province)
1317:Shimotsuke Province
2162:Motoo (1986) pp.51
1642:Yamashiro Province
257:
231:Russo-Japanese War
223:Japanese surrender
133:Tokugawa Shogunate
116:
69:samurai hairstyles
2188:Meiji Restoration
1537:Tsushima Province
1193:Rikuchuu Province
1050:Mimasaka Province
825:Iwashiro Province
472:Chikuzen Province
290:Battle of Okinawa
2210:
2203:Castles in Japan
2172:
2169:
2163:
2160:
2154:
2151:
2145:
2142:
2136:
2133:
2127:
2126:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2074:Japanese castles
2069:
2063:
2060:
2054:
2051:
2045:
2042:
2036:
2033:
2027:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2011:
2003:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1952:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1875:
1869:
1866:
1855:
1854:
1836:
1830:
1827:
1821:
1820:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1778:(4): 1308–1339.
1767:
1761:
1760:
1754:
1746:
1728:
1713:
1581:Bitchū Matsuyama
1342:Shinano Province
1292:Shimōsa Province
1278:Satsuma Province
1247:Ryūykyū Province
1218:Rikuzen Province
1096:Musashi Province
988:Kouzuke Province
943:Takamatsu Castle
652:Hitachi Province
514:Echizen Province
455:Chikugo Province
219:Hiroshima Castle
166:Machida Hisanari
86:
85:
80:
79:
46:
40:
34:
23:, also known as
2218:
2217:
2213:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2178:
2177:
2176:
2175:
2170:
2166:
2161:
2157:
2152:
2148:
2143:
2139:
2134:
2130:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2084:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2061:
2057:
2052:
2048:
2043:
2039:
2034:
2030:
2025:
2021:
2004:
2000:
1987:
1986:
1982:
1950:
1945:
1944:
1940:
1925:(S3): 185–221.
1912:
1911:
1907:
1877:
1876:
1872:
1867:
1858:
1851:
1838:
1837:
1833:
1828:
1824:
1817:
1804:
1803:
1799:
1769:
1768:
1764:
1747:
1743:
1730:
1729:
1725:
1720:
1710:
1697:
1694:
1692:Further reading
1677:
1659:Yamato Province
1624:Wakasa Province
1516:Tōtōmi Province
1465:Tajima Province
1414:Settsu Province
1400:Sagami Province
1379:Suruga Province
1260:Sanuki Province
1134:Nagato Province
1017:Mikawa Province
924:Kazusa Province
565:Harima Province
489:Echigo Province
407:Bitchū Province
309:
284:, most notably
262:
174:Okuma Shigenobu
170:Tower of London
155:
121:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2216:
2214:
2206:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2180:
2179:
2174:
2173:
2164:
2155:
2146:
2137:
2128:
2089:
2082:
2064:
2055:
2046:
2037:
2028:
2019:
1998:
1980:
1938:
1905:
1886:(1): 103–130.
1870:
1856:
1850:978-1108481946
1849:
1831:
1822:
1815:
1797:
1762:
1741:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1715:
1714:
1709:978-9492722300
1708:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1688:
1683:
1676:
1673:
1499:Tango Province
1478:Tanba Province
1435:Shima Province
1176:Owari Province
1117:Mutsu Province
1074:Gujou Hachiman
879:Izumo Province
832:Aizu Wakamatsu
812:Iwami Province
783:Iwaki Province
719:Inaba Province
694:Hyūga Province
590:Hizen Province
552:Izumi Province
539:Etchu Province
438:Buzen Province
424:Bizen Province
374:Bungo Province
361:Bingo Province
348:Awaji Province
308:
305:
274:Okayama Castle
261:
258:
183:Max von Brandt
154:
151:
147:Warring States
120:
117:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2215:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2193:1873 in Japan
2191:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2168:
2165:
2159:
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2150:
2147:
2141:
2138:
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2129:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2093:
2090:
2085:
2083:9784770012661
2079:
2075:
2068:
2065:
2059:
2056:
2050:
2047:
2041:
2038:
2032:
2029:
2023:
2020:
2015:
2009:
2001:
1999:9784805313879
1995:
1991:
1984:
1981:
1976:
1972:
1968:
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1956:
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1826:
1823:
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1816:9789492722300
1812:
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1801:
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1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1766:
1763:
1758:
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1744:
1742:9781440842702
1738:
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1717:
1711:
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1701:
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1681:Buke Shohatto
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1626:
1625:
1620:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1598:
1597:
1596:
1595:Uzen Province
1591:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1573:Matsuyama Iyo
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1553:
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1337:
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1320:
1319:
1318:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
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1234:
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1220:
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1214:
1213:
1209:
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1201:
1196:
1195:
1194:
1189:
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1184:
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1177:
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1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
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1152:
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1142:
1137:
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1130:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1113:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1099:
1098:
1097:
1092:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1070:
1069:
1068:
1067:Mino Province
1063:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1052:
1051:
1046:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1020:
1019:
1018:
1013:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
991:
990:
989:
984:
982:
978:
977:Tanabe Castle
974:
973:Tanabe Castle
970:
966:
961:
960:
959:
954:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
927:
926:
925:
920:
918:
913:
912:
911:
906:
905:
901:
896:
895:
894:
893:Kaga Province
889:
887:
882:
881:
880:
875:
874:
870:
866:
861:
860:
859:
854:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
828:
827:
826:
821:
820:
815:
814:
813:
808:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
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785:
784:
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778:
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770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
749:
748:
747:
742:
741:
736:
735:
734:
729:
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722:
721:
720:
715:
714:
710:
706:
702:
697:
696:
695:
690:
689:
684:
683:
682:
681:Hōki Province
677:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
655:
654:
653:
648:
647:
643:
639:
634:
633:
632:
631:Higo Province
627:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
593:
592:
591:
586:
585:
581:
577:
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568:
567:
566:
561:
560:
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554:
553:
548:
547:
542:
541:
540:
535:
534:
530:
526:
522:
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516:
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510:
509:
505:
501:
497:
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485:
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468:
467:
463:
458:
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451:
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398:
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382:
377:
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364:
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351:
350:
349:
344:
343:
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336:
331:
329:
324:
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317:
316:
312:
306:
304:
302:
297:
295:
294:Himeji Castle
292:in 1945, and
291:
287:
283:
279:
278:Nagoya castle
275:
271:
267:
259:
254:
250:
246:
244:
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236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
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197:
193:
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184:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
162:Nagoya castle
159:
152:
150:
148:
143:
138:
134:
130:
129:Emperor Meiji
125:
118:
113:
109:
105:
104:Mount Shizuki
101:
96:
92:
90:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
45:
39:
30:
26:
22:
2167:
2158:
2149:
2140:
2131:
2106:
2103:Japan Review
2102:
2092:
2073:
2067:
2058:
2049:
2040:
2031:
2022:
1989:
1983:
1958:
1954:
1941:
1922:
1918:
1908:
1883:
1879:
1873:
1840:
1834:
1825:
1806:
1800:
1775:
1771:
1765:
1732:
1726:
1699:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1646:
1640:
1639:
1635:Obama castle
1628:
1622:
1621:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1554:
1550:Ugo Province
1548:
1547:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1452:
1448:Suō Province
1446:
1445:
1439:
1433:
1432:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1404:
1398:
1397:
1383:
1377:
1376:
1346:
1340:
1339:
1321:
1315:
1314:
1296:
1290:
1289:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1264:
1258:
1257:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1222:
1216:
1215:
1197:
1191:
1190:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1155:
1151:Ōmi Province
1149:
1148:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1100:
1094:
1093:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1021:
1015:
1014:
992:
986:
985:
962:
958:Kii Province
956:
955:
928:
922:
921:
914:
910:Kai Province
908:
907:
897:
891:
890:
883:
877:
876:
862:
858:Iyo Province
856:
855:
829:
823:
822:
816:
810:
809:
787:
781:
780:
750:
746:Ise Province
744:
743:
737:
733:Iga Province
731:
730:
723:
717:
716:
698:
692:
691:
685:
679:
678:
656:
650:
649:
635:
629:
628:
594:
588:
587:
569:
563:
562:
556:
550:
549:
543:
537:
536:
518:
512:
511:
493:
487:
486:
476:
470:
469:
459:
453:
452:
442:
436:
435:
428:
422:
421:
411:
405:
404:
378:
372:
371:
365:
359:
358:
352:
346:
345:
339:
335:Awa Province
333:
332:
325:
321:Aki Province
319:
318:
314:
313:
310:
298:
286:Shuri Castle
263:
260:20th century
215:World War II
209:
205:Osaka castle
156:
126:
122:
88:
24:
20:
18:
1961:: 107–134.
1880:Japan Forum
1489:Fukuchiyama
1237:Takashimizu
1011:Tatebayashi
100:Hagi Castle
65:Danpatsurei
61:Haitō Edict
21:Haijō Edict
2182:Categories
1718:References
1614:Tsurugaoka
1606:Kaminoyama
1565:Kamegasaki
1328:Karasuyama
1324:Utsunomiya
1212:Kanegasaki
1208:Ichinoseki
1128:Shichinohe
848:Nihonmatsu
272:, such as
137:Edo Period
2115:0915-0986
2008:cite book
1975:158403519
1900:203455499
1792:145239880
1751:cite book
1666:Kouriyama
1569:Matsuyama
1523:Hanamatsu
1455:Yamaguchi
1429:Takatsuki
1425:Amagasaki
1365:Takashima
1361:Matsuhiro
1357:Matsumoto
1285:Kagoshima
1271:Takamatsu
1229:Iwadeyama
1162:Minakuchi
1141:Kushizaki
1124:Hachinohe
1057:Katsuyama
865:Matsuyama
852:Shiroishi
836:Fukushima
798:Kozutsumi
790:Shirakawa
773:Nagashima
769:Matsusaka
675:Tsuchiura
671:Shimodate
646:Tatsuhiro
642:Hitoyoshi
625:Shimabara
559:Kishiwada
525:Katsuyama
504:Marumatsu
414:Matsuyama
342:Tokushima
328:Hiroshima
266:Shōwa era
211:Hiroshima
119:Enactment
98:Formerly
2123:26652981
1675:See also
1670:Takatori
1618:Yonezawa
1602:Yamagata
1544:Kaneishi
1531:Yokosuka
1527:Kakegawa
1485:Sasayama
1386:Shizuoka
1373:Tatsuoka
1332:Kurobane
1307:Sekiyado
1267:Marugame
1204:Hanamaki
1107:Iwatsuki
1003:Iwabitsu
995:Takasaka
965:Wakayama
904:Daishōji
900:Kanazawa
806:Sakamoto
757:Kameyama
740:Iga Ueno
713:Takanabe
709:Sadowara
667:Matsuoka
638:Kumamoto
483:Akitsuki
466:Yanagawa
368:Fukuyama
89:Haijōrei
73:Daijōkan
29:Japanese
25:Haijōrei
1459:Iwakuni
1407:Odawara
1336:Ōtawara
1233:Iwanuma
1200:Morioka
1187:Inuyama
1078:Iwamura
1061:Tsuyama
1040:Okazaki
1024:Yoshida
951:Shikoku
869:Uwajima
840:Funaoka
819:Tsuwano
726:Tottori
705:Nobeoka
613:Karatsu
609:Kashima
597:Hasuike
584:Tatsuno
529:Maruoka
496:Shibata
479:Fukuoka
449:Nakatsu
431:Okayama
389:Kitsuki
264:In the
237:in the
229:in the
201:donjons
158:Inuyama
84:全国城郭存廃令
53:castles
2198:Edicts
2121:
2113:
2080:
1996:
1973:
1898:
1847:
1813:
1790:
1739:
1706:
1610:Shinjō
1589:Yokote
1510:Tanabe
1506:Miyazu
1493:Sonobe
1472:Izushi
1394:Tanaka
1390:Numazu
1369:Takatō
1353:Komoro
1299:Sakura
1241:Wakuya
1225:Sendai
1183:Nagoya
1158:Hikone
1044:Tahara
1036:Nishio
1032:Koromo
1028:Kariya
1007:Numata
999:Annaka
969:Shingū
947:Sanuki
939:Sanuki
931:Kururi
886:Matsue
844:Kakuda
802:Miharu
777:Tamaru
765:Kuwana
688:Yonago
663:Kasama
605:Ishida
601:Hirado
576:Akashi
572:Himeji
546:Toyama
500:Takada
462:Kurume
445:Kokura
418:Niwase
355:Sumoto
227:Russia
178:Hikone
153:Legacy
112:Choshū
2119:JSTOR
1971:S2CID
1951:(PDF)
1896:S2CID
1788:S2CID
1651:(P),
1631:Obama
1604:(P),
1585:Ōdate
1561:Honjō
1559:(P),
1557:Akita
1457:(P),
1423:(P),
1421:Osaka
1388:(P),
1326:(P),
1301:(P),
1269:(P),
1254:Shuri
1227:(P),
1202:(P),
1185:(P),
1160:(P),
1105:(P),
1090:Ōgaki
1086:Naegi
1026:(P),
997:(P),
981:Tango
967:(P),
935:Ōtaki
917:Koufu
902:(P),
871:(P),
867:(P),
834:(P),
792:(P),
761:Kanbe
755:(P),
703:(P),
661:(P),
640:(P),
617:Ōmura
574:(P),
523:(P),
521:Fukui
508:Yoita
498:(P),
481:(P),
447:(P),
401:Usuki
397:Saiki
381:Funai
235:China
75:, or
57:Japan
2111:ISSN
2078:ISBN
2014:link
1994:ISBN
1845:ISBN
1811:ISBN
1757:link
1737:ISBN
1704:ISBN
1653:Yodo
1649:Nijō
1442:Toba
1409:(P)
1349:Iida
1311:Yūki
1303:Koga
1287:(P)
1273:(P)
1170:Zeze
1166:Ōtsu
1145:Hagi
1111:Oshi
1082:Kanō
919:(P)
888:(P)
794:Hira
728:(P)
659:Mito
621:Saga
502:(P)
433:(P)
385:Hiji
330:(P)
276:and
241:and
233:and
190:and
160:and
108:Mōri
102:and
49:1873
19:The
1963:doi
1927:doi
1888:doi
1780:doi
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1103:Edo
979:in
953:).
945:in
873:Ōzu
753:Tsu
701:Obi
580:Akō
533:Ōno
393:Oka
142:Han
78:太政官
55:in
41:or
33:廃城令
27:, (
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
