258:
215:
323:
384:
was arranged in 1570, but it ended on a bad note. Some days later, on 28 February, the Sultan was urgently summoned by
Mesquita to appear in the Portuguese castle to discuss an important issue. When Hairun arrived, he was only allowed inside without his bodyguards. When he was about to depart from the meeting, Mesquita's nephew Martim Afonso Pimentel approached him near the gate and stabbed him with his
314:, etc. The relations between Xavier and Hairun, who spoke Portuguese and dressed in European fashion, were cordial and friendly. Xavier thought that the Sultan had little regard for the Prophet and hoped for his conversion. This was however vain hope, and the attitude of Hairun turned increasingly Islamic and resentful of Christianity as time went by.
335:
Portuguese-Ternatan forces besieged the almost impenetrable royal seat, well defended with artillery, and took it after thee months. Jailolo's power was broken, Katarabumi was deprived of his rank as Sultan, and his son
Kaicili Gujarati became a Sangaji (sub-ruler) under Ternate. These events greatly strengthened Hairun's position in Maluku.
352:, however, had used the crisis to take over certain territories in Maluku which had previously been Ternatan dependencies. In a twist of events, Portuguese and Ternatan forces encircled Tolo in Halmahera and defeated the Tidorese in 1560. Gava was forced to submit, but was soon murdered by the Ternate ruler on a state visit.
334:
In spite of Hairun's increasing disillusionment with the white foreigners, he cooperated with them against external enemies. One of the four
Malukan kingdoms, Jailolo on Halmahera, was led by the strongly Muslim Katarabumi who attacked newly converted Christian villages with great furor. In 1550-1551
236:
lady. He had a uterine sister who was married into the Tidore royal family and became the mother of a sultan. Hairun's mother was a practitioner of pre-Islamic rites and did not live at the royal court. When the
Portuguese soldiers came to pick up Hairun for enthronement, she violently resisted them,
383:
Hairun's growing opposition to the
Portuguese eventually cost him his life. His dwindling reputation among the Europeans can be seen in contemporary letters which denounced him as a debauched, tyrannical oath-breaker. A reconciliation between Hairun and the Portuguese captain Diogo Lopes de Mesquita
182:
since 1512. The trade in spices and forest products made it vital for the early colonizers to secure bases in the Maluku
Islands (Moluccas) and control the enormously lucrative commerce. A fort was built on Ternate in 1522–1523 with the approval of the local Sultan, who hoped for military assistance
273:
Hairun himself was initially forced to live in the
Portuguese fort, but was allowed to live among his own people after a few years. At the beginning of his reign he was seen as an unpromising figure, and the grandees of the kingdom rather wanted Tabariji to return as their Sultan. He seemed to have
343:
in 1557 since the latter confiscated the clove harvest from Makian and imprisoned the Sultan for security reasons. The enraged
Ternatan chiefs now allied with the Sultan of Tidore and attacked the positions of the Portuguese, who could barely hold their own. Eventually they found reason to release
391:
The assassination quickly proved to be a huge blunder for the
Portuguese. A general uproar followed, led by his capable son Babullah (Kaicili Baab) who was now hailed as the new Sultan. The Portuguese fort was besieged and the garrison forced to capitulate in 1575, inaugurating the golden age of
379:
and were successful for a while. The
Portuguese had to leave Ambon to its fate for several years, though they eventually came back to build a new stronghold in 1569. Since the Sultan dominated the waterways he could stop the vital deliveries of foodstuff from Moro in Halmahera to the Portuguese
366:
According to a later account, Hairun "was indeed a wise ruler, a brave warrior, extraordinarily correct in the exercise of law and justice, but most of all greatly devoted to his religion, and a strong defender of the Islamic faith." His championship of Islam made him encourage attacks against
286:
and actually converted to Christianity under the name Dom Manuel. It was decided to dethrone and exile Hairun and recall Tabariji in 1544. However, Tabariji died en route in Melaka, bequeathing his kingdom to the King of Portugal. In the meanwhile, Tabariji's mother
338:
The main long-standing rival of Ternate was, however, Tidore. The two kingdoms coexisted in an ambivalent way, as Ternate rulers regularly married Sultans' daughters from Tidore in spite of numerous petty wars between the two. A rift appeared between Hairun and the
294:
Hairun, who had already been shipped away to his exile, actually visited Goa where he was received with great honour. The Goan authorities reinstalled him as Ternatan ruler and he returned in 1546. There he had the opportunity to see the well-known
249:, who refused to surrender Dayal. An anti-Portuguese alliance was forged between Tidore, Bacan, Jailolo and dissatisfied Ternatans. In retaliation, a Portuguese army invaded Tidore in 1536, and Dayal was mortally wounded during the fighting.
237:
realizing that her son would only become a Portuguese puppet. In the ensuing tumult she died by falling from a window. Nevertheless, Hairun was installed in the end and accepted European tutelage. However, another half-brother of Hairun,
211:. The Europeans now picked up a twelve-years old half-brother of Tabariji called Hairun Jamilu, and raised him to the throne. The self-willed actions of the Portuguese captain increased the fear and resentment among the people.
203:. However, the Portuguese captains soon began to dominate the royal court while the garrison evoked general discontent though their behaviour. An incident in 1535, where Ternatans attacked a Christianized village in
282:. He also obtained the daughter of Sultan Mir of Tidore as consort. The Portuguese authorities found a more promising candidate to promote Christianization in his deposed predecessor Tabariji, who lived in exile in
274:
an interest in Christianity, though he did not actually ask for baptism. Upon his release, however, he began to strengthen his own networks by visiting villages in the islands of Ternate,
388:, exclaiming "Though the galleons have withdrawn to India, there are still Portuguese around here!". The Sultan fell down dying while professing his sincerity vis-à-vis the Portuguese.
166:
who had a stronghold in Ternate and tried to dominate the spice trade in the region. This ended with his assassination at the hands of a Portuguese soldier in 1570.
84:
800:
543:
Labor evangelica, ministerios apostolicos de los obreros de la Compañia de Iesvs, fvndacion, y progressos de su provincia en las islas Filipinas
375:
where Catholic missionaries had been successful. The Muslims of Hitu in northern Ambon were supported both by Hairun and Javanese troops from
795:
367:
Christian settlements that took a high toll in human lives. In the 1560s he sent war fleets, with participation from his son
302:
who undertook extensive missionary work in Maluku and other parts of Asia. In fact Christianity made significant inroads in
785:
780:
348:
signed a letter of vassalage which is the oldest preserved letter with seals in Indonesia. The Tidorese ruler Kaicili
466:
361:
664:
770:
257:
220:
546:
775:
486:
471:
155:
752:
735:
476:
428:
368:
345:
340:
208:
55:
45:
623:
603:
592:
491:
481:
288:
322:
214:
742:
163:
27:
790:
192:
245:, based on an island in the vicinity. There he was supported by his maternal uncle, Sultan
233:
229:
124:
114:
453:
349:
299:
162:, reigning from 1535 to 1570. During his long reign, he had a shifting relation to the
159:
764:
405:
246:
196:
372:
188:
80:
496:
311:
283:
279:
147:
95:
589:
Francis Xavier: His Life, his times - vol. 3: Indonesia and India, 1545-1549
327:
303:
204:
179:
385:
241:, had been deposed some years previously and fled to the rival Sultanate
659:
25-36, Part IV:1, p. 399-400; Bartholomew Leonardo de Argensola (1708),
296:
207:
in defiance of the Portuguese, led to the deposing of the young Sultan
200:
184:
376:
307:
275:
266:
262:
242:
175:
269:, and the hull of a ship. From a manuscript by Gabriel Rebello, 1561
380:
settlement in Ternate, to the great embarrassment of the garrison.
655:
P.A. Tiele (1879-1887) "De Europëers in den Maleischen Archipel",
256:
238:
135:
154:; c. 1522 – 28 February 1570) was the 6th Muslim ruler of
661:
The discovery and conquest of the Molucco and Philippine Islands
560:. Banda Naira: Yayasan Warisan dan Budaya Banda Naira, p. 54-6.
410:
A woman from Bacan, in later chronicles called Boki Tanjung
291:
was made regent over the temporarily kingless Ternate.
449:
A daughter, married Dom João, Christian ruler of Bacan
687:. Rome: Jesuit Historical Institute, Vol. I, p. 502.
644:
Malay seals from the Islamic world of Southeast Asia
344:Hairun and arrived to an agreement. He and his son
131:
120:
110:
94:
73:
65:
61:
51:
41:
33:
26:
21:
261:Portuguese images of Maluku in Hairun's time: two
591:. Rome: The Jesuits Historical Institute, p. 190.
545:, Vol. III. Barcelona: Henrich y Compañia, p. 54.
400:Hairun had numerous wives and co-wives, such as:
532:. Leiden: Rijksmuseum te Leiden, Vol. II, p. 16.
530:Ternate, de Molukken en de Indonesische Archipel
519:. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, p. 121.
187:was the most powerful of the four sultanates of
218:People from northern Maluku in c. 1540, from
8:
696:P.A. Tiele (1877-1887), Part IV:5, p. 441-3.
657:Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde
541:Francisco Colin & Pablo Pastells (1900)
705:Willard A. Hanna & Des Alwi (1990), 86.
729:
714:P.A. Tiele (1877-1887), Part IV:5, p. 442.
558:Turbulent times past in Ternate and Tidore
330:in Gabriel Rebello's manuscript from 1561.
18:
578:C.F. van Fraassen (1987), Vol. I, p. 40.
321:
213:
556:Willard A. Hanna & Des Alwi (1990)
508:
228:Hairun was the son of a former Sultan,
646:. Singapore: NUS Press, Nos 1836-1837.
178:had appeared in the waters of eastern
91:
371:, to help up the Muslim positions in
318:Ternatan-Portuguese military advances
183:to expand his own power. At the time
7:
14:
622:Georg Schurhammer (1980), p. 198.
602:Georg Schurhammer (1980), p. 149.
723:Leonard Andaya (1993), p. 132-3.
613:Leonard Andaya (1993), p. 125-7.
356:War over Ambon and assassination
801:16th-century Indonesian people
674:Leonard Andaya (1993), p. 131.
633:Leonard Andaya (1993), p. 130.
569:Leonard Andaya (1993), p. 124.
1:
452:A daughter, married Kaicili
817:
796:People from Maluku Islands
642:Annabel Teh Gallop (2019)
528:C.F. van Fraassen (1987),
431:, who succeeded his father
359:
174:Portuguese seafarers from
77:28 February 1570 (aged 48)
749:
740:
732:
587:Georg Schurhammer (1980)
424:His known children were:
253:Deposal and reinstatement
151:
101:
90:
467:List of rulers of Maluku
515:Leonard Andaya (1993),
362:Portuguese-Ternate wars
413:A woman from Gamkonara
331:
270:
225:
683:Hubert Jacobs (1974)
404:A daughter of Sultan
325:
260:
217:
685:Documenta Malucensis
487:Sultanate of Jailolo
472:Sultanate of Ternate
144:Sultan Hairun Jamilu
102:Sultan Hairun Jamilu
517:The world of Maluku
477:Sultanate of Tidore
446:Kaicili Mandar Syah
429:Babullah of Ternate
786:Indonesian Muslims
781:Sultans of Ternate
663:. London, p. 97-8.
492:Governor of Maluku
482:Sultanate of Bacan
456:, Sultan of Tidore
332:
289:Nyaicili Boki Raja
271:
226:
221:Códice Casanatense
191:, the other being
85:Portuguese Ternate
759:
758:
750:Succeeded by
743:Sultan of Ternate
392:Ternate's power.
141:
140:
106:
105:
81:São João Baptista
28:Sultan of Ternate
22:Hairun of Ternate
16:Sultan of Ternate
808:
733:Preceded by
730:
724:
721:
715:
712:
706:
703:
697:
694:
688:
681:
675:
672:
666:
653:
647:
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634:
631:
625:
620:
614:
611:
605:
600:
594:
585:
579:
576:
570:
567:
561:
554:
548:
539:
533:
526:
520:
513:
153:
152:سلطان حيور جميلو
92:
19:
816:
815:
811:
810:
809:
807:
806:
805:
761:
760:
755:
746:
738:
728:
727:
722:
718:
713:
709:
704:
700:
695:
691:
682:
678:
673:
669:
654:
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637:
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628:
621:
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612:
608:
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582:
577:
573:
568:
564:
555:
551:
540:
536:
527:
523:
514:
510:
505:
463:
443:Kaicili Sadekin
416:Woman from the
398:
364:
358:
320:
255:
232:(d. 1521) by a
230:Bayan Sirrullah
172:
115:Bayan Sirrullah
78:
17:
12:
11:
5:
814:
812:
804:
803:
798:
793:
788:
783:
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748:
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549:
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494:
489:
484:
479:
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469:
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440:Kaicili Kipati
438:
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432:
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357:
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319:
316:
300:Francis Xavier
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251:
171:
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53:
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43:
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31:
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24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
813:
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769:
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731:
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658:
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649:
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639:
636:
630:
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624:
619:
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584:
581:
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531:
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442:
439:
436:
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430:
427:
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415:
412:
409:
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406:Mir of Tidore
403:
402:
401:
395:
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355:
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137:
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109:
100:
97:
93:
89:
86:
82:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
57:
54:
50:
47:
44:
40:
36:
32:
29:
25:
20:
771:1520s births
741:
719:
710:
701:
692:
684:
679:
670:
660:
656:
651:
643:
638:
629:
618:
609:
598:
588:
583:
574:
565:
557:
552:
542:
537:
529:
524:
516:
511:
437:Kaicili Sugi
434:Kaicili Tolu
423:
417:
399:
390:
382:
365:
337:
333:
293:
272:
227:
219:
189:North Maluku
173:
143:
142:
776:1570 deaths
497:Spice trade
312:Siau Island
96:Regnal name
42:Predecessor
765:Categories
747:1535-1570
503:References
360:See also:
341:Portuguese
326:A Malukan
170:Early life
164:Portuguese
328:kora kora
304:Halmahera
205:Halmahera
180:Indonesia
52:Successor
37:1535–1570
753:Babullah
736:Tabariji
461:See also
420:Marsoali
386:poignard
234:Javanese
209:Tabariji
132:Religion
125:Javanese
56:Babullah
46:Tabariji
791:Ternate
201:Jailolo
185:Ternate
156:Ternate
69:c. 1522
396:Family
377:Japara
308:Menado
297:Jesuit
276:Makian
267:dugong
263:cuscus
243:Tidore
193:Tidore
176:Melaka
160:Maluku
121:Mother
111:Father
373:Ambon
239:Dayal
197:Bacan
136:Islam
79:Fort
34:Reign
454:Gava
369:Baab
350:Gava
346:Baab
280:Moti
278:and
265:, a
199:and
148:Jawi
127:lady
74:Died
66:Born
418:soa
284:Goa
247:Mir
158:in
767::
310:,
306:,
195:,
150::
83:,
224:.
146:(
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