Haoqiu zhuan - Knowledge

401: 427:"are like stereotyped opposites of the characters in earlier works." The love of the scholar and the beauty "sharply contrasts" with depictions in late Ming fiction, where love is erotic rather than spiritual. Now "sentiment replaces libido" and "refined, internal feelings replace vulgar, external sensations." The very name of the beauty, Bing Xin (Ice-Heart), conveys her chastity and emotional control, though she is at the same time loyal and loving. Tie Zhongyu (Jade-within-iron) is in a sense a feminized hero, rather than the passionate and indulgent lover of the late Ming ideal. Although there is only an implicit criticism of 475:, had published this version anonymously; before Percy published it, the Portuguese portion was translated into English and the entire version had been edited. Percy published the second edition in 1774, and in it he revealed Wilkinson's identity and his own identity. This was the first ever translation of a Chinese novel in a European language. When Percy was alive he tried but failed to verify that it was indeed a work of fiction created by a Chinese person; he asked Macartney for assistance, but the assistance did not help him verify the work. 255: 22: 270: 1341: 301:

rescues Shui Bingxin and the two begin to live in the same house. Because the two now lives together, the uncle spreads rumors that suggest Shui Bingxin is no longer a virgin. Tie Zhongyu focuses on his studies after Shui Bingxin persuades him to. The two lovers marry after Tie Zhongyu receives the top ranking of the metropolitan examination.

1337: 630:", wrote that in China the novel was originally "considered second-rate fiction and stood in danger of being completely forgotten with changes in literary taste in the early twentieth century." He stated that because there had been interest in translating the novel into English, this "gave life and fame" to 304:

Due to the rumors, Shui Bingxin does not want to have sexual intercourse with Tie Zhongyu. At the end, the Empress oversees a physical examination of Shui Bingxin. In this way, the Empress verifies the virginity of Shui Bingxin. The Emperor of China gives rewards to those loyal to him and punishes

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was written to easily allow the reader to follow the story by strengthening the internal consistency of the narrative, often by full and frequent recapitulations to third parties within the story. Starr stated that as a consequence, the novel "painfully" over-repeats itself. Chloë F. Starr writes

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The beauty, Shui Bingxin, and the scholar, Tie Zhongyu, want to avenge their fathers and go against the bureaucracy, which is corrupt. Shui Bingxin's uncle wants her to marry a son of an official with a lot of power, but Shui Bingxin does not want to marry that man, who is dissolute. Tie Zhongyu

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Postel. "L’auteur du roman n’est connu que par le pseudonyme que l’ « éditeur » ou le « rédacteur » (bianci 編次) se donne : Mingjiao zhongren 名教中人, littéralement « l’homme ordinaire de l’enseignement des noms », cette dernière expression renvoyant à la doctrine

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as a way to recall events not seen by the principal characters. For instance a monk tells another character that there was a plot to poison the hero and that he himself had a part in this role; Starr states "the question of the addressee is left unresolved in this clumsy technique."

439:). They marry only when her father grants permission, even though he urges her to decide for herself, and even after they are wed they do not consummate their marriage until the empress herself refutes the villains and confirms that Bingxin is a virgin. 792: 463:", wrote that "t is suspected that" the translation was written while Wilkinson did the translation as part of his learning Chinese. St. André stated that the person who completed the translation "is suspected" to be a Portuguese man living in 1164: 625:

was not taken seriously by Confucian literati, as they often dismissed these novels as "light-hearted romantic comedies". James St. André, author of "Modern Translation Theory and Past Translation Practice: European Translations of the

459:). Wilkinson translated about 75% into English and another person translated the remainder into Portuguese. James St. André, author of "Modern Translation Theory and Past Translation Practice: European Translations of the 379:) - Tie Zhongyu is the scholar character. Epstein states that Tie Zhongyu is "unusually strong and daring compared with other characters of his type". "Tie" means iron. In the 1761 translation his name is written as 523:

The Wilkinson/Percy English version was also translated into French; St. André stated that "some say" the French version was directly translated from the German translation of the Wilkinson/Percy English version.

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English language translation of the novel appeared as early as 1761, and then was translated into German in 1766. In 1810 George Staunton, who knew Chinese and had lived in China while his father worked for

540:, a French translation in 1925. According to Morant, it was the first French version that was based directly on the Chinese text. Morant had used an alternate title as the title of his translation. 333:) - Shui Bingxin is the beauty character. Epstein states that Shui Bingxin is "unrelentingly stern in her commitment to Confucian morality". In the 1761 translation her name is written as 1425: 548:

Christoph Gottlieb von Murr translated the Wilkinson/Percy first English version into German. Johan van der Woude provided a Dutch translation of the work, under the title

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The first European translations occurred in the 18th century. With the exception of short works, this was the first Chinese novel translated into a European language.

1106:. Volume 48, Number 2, Summer 2007, pp. 95-109, 10.1353/ecy.2007.0013. Cited page 95: "While assembling the materials that were to make up his influential collection 415:

that the novel has very little description of interior thought, a common feature in 17th century Chinese novels. The novel often uses an eyewitness delivering a

1065: », 1994, rééd. 2000, p. 109. "L'ouvrage a connu une certaine fortune tant en Chine qu'à l'étranger : adapté par Takizawa Bakin sous le titre de 778:

confucéenne" and "2. La date de publication le plus souvent avancée, selon les calculs des spécialistes, est 1683, au début de la dynastie des Qing."

1345: 1420: 1340:" (Về đặc trưng truyền bá tiểu thuyết tài tử giai nhân Trung Quốc ở Đông Á – lấy Nhị độ mai, Hảo cầu truyện làm đối tượng khảo sát chính yếu) ( 1016: 1461: 231: 200:," the most commonly stated date of authorship is 1683, at the beginning of the Qing Dynasty. After 1712 the story was given the subtitle 1242: 1169: 165:("scholar and beauty") novel published in the 17th-century. The author is known only under the name "Man of the Teaching of Names" ( 1287: 1102: 1058: 468: 259: 1471: 1266: 1213: 1177: 996: 959: 951: 926: 918: 897: 889: 868: 860: 834: 805: 761: 727: 698: 690: 47: 1050: 61: 234:'s diplomatic mission, confirmed to Western audiences that a Chinese person created this work. Chloë F. Starr, author of 1466: 555:

In 1831, a fragment from the novel was anonymously translated into Russian directly from Chinese and published in the

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The Spread Of Chinese Scholar-Beauty Romances In East Asia: The Case Study Of Er Du Mei And Hao Qiu Zhuan

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St. André, James. "Modern Translation Theory and Past Translation Practice: European Translations of the

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St. André stated that a German edition published in 1869 "" to have originated from an English version.

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A French translation of the Davis English version was created by Guillard D'Arcy and published in 1842.

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St. André stated that a French edition published in 1828 "" to have originated from an English version.

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