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722:. The subtractor is best understood by considering that the subtrahend and both borrow bits have negative weights, whereas the X and D bits are positive. The operation performed by the subtractor is to rewrite
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2231:. When a borrow out is generated, 2 is added in the current digit. (This is similar to the subtraction algorithm in decimal. Instead of adding 2, we add 10 when we borrow.) Therefore,
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X ââ XOR ââŹâââââââ |X-Y|, is 0 if X equals Y, 1 otherwise ââââ ââââ Y ââ´âââââââ AND ââ borrow, is 1 if Y > X, 0 otherwise
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2125:. Like the half subtractor, the full subtractor generates a borrow out when it needs to borrow from the next digit. Since we are subtracting
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The half subtractors can be designed through the combinational
Boolean logic circuits as shown in Figure 1 and 2.The half subtractor is a
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Consequently, a simplified half-subtract circuit, advantageously avoiding crossed traces in particular as well as a negate gate is:
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1244:. The borrow out signal is set when the subtractor needs to borrow from the next digit in a multi-digit subtraction. That is,
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subtraction process is summarized below. As with an adder, in the general case of calculations on multi-bit numbers, three
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notation, by providing an addition/subtraction selector to the carry-in and to invert the second operand.
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Subtractors are usually implemented within a binary adder for only a small cost when using the standard
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Beltran, A.A., Nones, K., Salanguit, R.L., Santos, J.B., Santos, J.M., & Dizon, K.J. (2021).
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that performs subtraction of numbers â can be designed using the same approach as that of an
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1124:{\displaystyle {\begin{alignedat}{2}A-B&=A+(-B)\\&=A+{\bar {B}}+1\\\end{alignedat}}}
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where lines to the right are outputs and others (from the top, bottom or left) are inputs.
1428:. An important point worth mentioning is that the half subtractor diagram aside implements
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Low Power NAND Gateâbased Half and Full Adder / Subtractor Using CMOS Technique.
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635:), and a borrow in from the previous (less significant) bit order position (
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This is an important distinction to make since subtraction itself is not
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which is used to perform subtraction of two bits. It has two inputs, the
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1925:. The full subtractor generates two output bits: the difference
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are involved in performing the subtraction for each bit of the
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29:
2628:{\displaystyle B_{out}={\bar {X}}B_{in}+{\bar {X}}Y+YB_{in}}
2692:
N bit Binary addition or subtraction using single circuit.
775:(which can take the values -2, -1, 0, or 1) as the sum
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which is used to perform subtraction of three input
1825:{\displaystyle B_{\text{out}}={\overline {X}}\cdot Y}
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1549:{\displaystyle B_{\text{out}}={\overline {X}}\cdot Y}
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Foundations Of
Digital Electronics by Elijah Mwangi
2285:{\displaystyle D=X-Y-B_{\text{in}}+2B_{\text{out}}}
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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886:{\displaystyle D_{i}=X_{}\oplus Y_{i}\oplus B_{i}}
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1999:is set when the previous digit is borrowed from
1595:Figure 2: Half-subtractor using NAND gate only.
965:{\displaystyle B_{i+1}=X_{i}<(Y_{i}+B_{i})}
2712:
1143:Figure 1: Logic diagram for a half subtractor
526:
8:
2302:The truth table for the full subtractor is:
1703:, we find the following logic equations for
3717:Computer performance by orders of magnitude
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2719:
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2192:, a borrow out needs to be generated when
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1034:(definition of two's complement notation)
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120:Learn how and when to remove this message
2529:{\displaystyle D=X\oplus Y\oplus B_{in}}
2304:
2294:
1605:
1590:
662:). The outputs are the difference bit (
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465:
434:
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325:
297:
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211:
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139:
7:
3688:Floating-point operations per second
2224:{\displaystyle X<Y+B_{\text{in}}}
58:adding citations to reliable sources
25:
2118:{\displaystyle X-Y-B_{\text{in}}}
768:{\displaystyle X_{i}-Y_{i}-B_{i}}
27:Circuit that performs subtraction
4614:Semiconductor device fabrication
1369:{\displaystyle B_{\text{out}}=1}
1270:{\displaystyle B_{\text{out}}=1}
338:Booth's multiplication algorithm
34:
4589:History of general-purpose CPUs
2816:Nondeterministic Turing machine
1197:and two outputs the difference
1027:{\displaystyle -B={\bar {B}}+1}
820:{\displaystyle -2B_{i+1}+D_{i}}
45:needs additional citations for
2769:Deterministic finite automaton
2597:
2569:
1965:{\displaystyle B_{\text{out}}}
1743:{\displaystyle B_{\text{out}}}
1500:{\displaystyle B_{\text{out}}}
1237:{\displaystyle B_{\text{out}}}
1105:
1080:
1071:
1012:
959:
933:
1:
3560:Simultaneous and heterogenous
2165:{\displaystyle B_{\text{in}}}
2039:{\displaystyle B_{\text{in}}}
1992:{\displaystyle B_{\text{in}}}
1918:{\displaystyle B_{\text{in}}}
443:Multiplyâaccumulate operation
184:Signed number representations
4244:Integrated memory controller
4226:Translation lookaside buffer
3425:Memory dependence prediction
2868:Random-access stored program
2821:Probabilistic Turing machine
1811:
1699:Using the table above and a
1603:for the half subtractor is:
1535:
473:Category:Computer arithmetic
3700:Synaptic updates per second
2486:Therefore the equation is:
1778:{\displaystyle D=X\oplus Y}
1507:on the diagram is given by
4686:
4104:Heterogeneous architecture
3026:Orthogonal instruction set
2796:Alternating Turing machine
2784:Quantum cellular automaton
2066:as well as the subtrahend
468:Category:Binary arithmetic
4655:Arithmetic logic circuits
4594:Microprocessor chronology
4557:Dynamic frequency scaling
3712:Cache performance metrics
2310:
2307:
1850:The full subtractor is a
1611:
1608:
1564:, but the difference bit
140:Arithmetic logic circuits
4609:Hardware security module
3952:Digital signal processor
3929:Graphics processing unit
3741:Graphics processing unit
2046:is also subtracted from
437:Kochanski multiplication
333:Multiplication algorithm
4562:Dynamic voltage scaling
4345:Memory address register
4239:Branch target predictor
4203:Address generation unit
3946:Physics processing unit
3735:Central processing unit
3694:Transactions per second
3682:Instructions per second
3605:Array processing (SIMT)
2749:Stored-program computer
1584:is calculated using an
715:{\displaystyle B_{i+1}}
179:Two's complement number
174:Ones' complement number
4368:Hardwired control unit
4250:Memory management unit
4215:Memory management unit
3964:Secure cryptoprocessor
3958:Tensor Processing Unit
3940:Vision processing unit
3674:Cycles per instruction
3668:Instructions per cycle
3615:Associative processing
3306:Instruction pipelining
2728:Processor technologies
2629:
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2299:
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2139:
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2013:
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1588:which is commutative.
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1317:
1297:
1296:{\displaystyle X<Y}
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4451:Sum-addressed decoder
4197:Arithmetic logic unit
3324:Classic RISC pipeline
3278:Epiphany architecture
3125:Motorola 68000 series
2649:Carry-lookahead adder
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2120:
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1852:combinational circuit
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1149:combinational circuit
1142:
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967:
888:
822:
770:
717:
684:
682:{\displaystyle D_{i}}
657:
655:{\displaystyle B_{i}}
630:
628:{\displaystyle Y_{i}}
599:
597:{\displaystyle X_{i}}
506:Mechanical calculator
234:Carry-lookahead adder
4660:Adders (electronics)
4572:Performance per watt
4150:replacement policies
3816:Package on a package
3706:Performance per watt
3610:Pipelined processing
3380:Tomasulo's algorithm
3185:Clipper architecture
3041:Application-specific
2754:Finite-state machine
2541:
2492:
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779:
726:
693:
666:
639:
612:
581:
276:Adderâsubtractor (Âą)
54:improve this article
4604:Digital electronics
4257:Instruction decoder
4209:Floating-point unit
3863:Soft microprocessor
3810:System in a package
3385:Reservation station
2915:Transport-triggered
2644:Adder (electronics)
1473:{\displaystyle Y-X}
1447:{\displaystyle X-Y}
1421:{\displaystyle Y=1}
1395:{\displaystyle X=0}
976:where â represents
135:Part of a series on
4476:Integrated circuit
4320:Processor register
3974:Baseband processor
3319:Operand forwarding
2779:Cellular automaton
2625:
2526:
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2135:
2115:
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2009:
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1234:
1207:
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1145:
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1119:
1024:
962:
883:
817:
765:
712:
679:
652:
625:
594:
439:(exponentiation)
371:Division algorithm
259:Carry-select adder
229:Ripple-carry adder
4670:Binary arithmetic
4637:
4636:
4526:
4525:
4145:Instruction cache
4135:Scratchpad memory
3982:
3981:
3969:Network processor
3898:Network on a chip
3853:Ultra-low-voltage
3804:Multi-chip module
3647:
3646:
3433:
3432:
3420:Branch prediction
3397:Register renaming
3291:
3290:
3273:VISC architecture
3095:Quantum computing
3090:VISC architecture
2972:Secondary storage
2888:Microarchitecture
2848:Register machines
2600:
2572:
2484:
2483:
2279:
2263:
2218:
2185:{\displaystyle X}
2159:
2138:{\displaystyle Y}
2112:
2086:. Or in symbols:
2079:{\displaystyle Y}
2059:{\displaystyle X}
2033:
2012:{\displaystyle X}
1986:
1959:
1938:{\displaystyle D}
1912:
1891:{\displaystyle Y}
1871:{\displaystyle X}
1814:
1800:
1737:
1716:{\displaystyle D}
1697:
1696:
1577:{\displaystyle D}
1538:
1524:
1494:
1357:
1336:{\displaystyle Y}
1316:{\displaystyle X}
1258:
1231:
1210:{\displaystyle D}
1190:{\displaystyle Y}
1167:{\displaystyle X}
1108:
1015:
689:) and borrow bit
543:
542:
451:
450:
389:Bitwise operation
328:Binary multiplier
244:KoggeâStone adder
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
4677:
4650:Digital circuits
4599:Processor design
4491:Power management
4373:Instruction unit
4234:Branch predictor
4183:
3881:System on a chip
3823:
3663:Transistor count
3587:Flynn's taxonomy
3444:
3302:
3105:Addressing modes
3016:
2962:Memory hierarchy
2826:Hypercomputation
2744:Abstract machine
2721:
2714:
2707:
2698:
2664:Adder-subtractor
2654:Carry-save adder
2634:
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1996:
1995:
1990:
1988:
1987:
1984:
1971:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1961:
1960:
1957:
1944:
1942:
1941:
1936:
1924:
1922:
1921:
1916:
1914:
1913:
1910:
1898:, and borrow in
1897:
1895:
1894:
1889:
1877:
1875:
1874:
1869:
1831:
1829:
1828:
1823:
1815:
1807:
1802:
1801:
1798:
1784:
1782:
1781:
1776:
1749:
1747:
1746:
1741:
1739:
1738:
1735:
1722:
1720:
1719:
1714:
1606:
1583:
1581:
1580:
1575:
1555:
1553:
1552:
1547:
1539:
1531:
1526:
1525:
1522:
1506:
1504:
1503:
1498:
1496:
1495:
1492:
1479:
1477:
1476:
1471:
1453:
1451:
1450:
1445:
1427:
1425:
1424:
1419:
1401:
1399:
1398:
1393:
1375:
1373:
1372:
1367:
1359:
1358:
1355:
1342:
1340:
1339:
1334:
1322:
1320:
1319:
1314:
1302:
1300:
1299:
1294:
1276:
1274:
1273:
1268:
1260:
1259:
1256:
1243:
1241:
1240:
1235:
1233:
1232:
1229:
1216:
1214:
1213:
1208:
1196:
1194:
1193:
1188:
1173:
1171:
1170:
1165:
1130:
1128:
1127:
1122:
1120:
1110:
1109:
1101:
1086:
1033:
1031:
1030:
1025:
1017:
1016:
1008:
985:two's complement
971:
969:
968:
963:
958:
957:
945:
944:
929:
928:
916:
915:
892:
890:
889:
884:
882:
881:
869:
868:
856:
855:
846:
845:
826:
824:
823:
818:
816:
815:
803:
802:
774:
772:
771:
766:
764:
763:
751:
750:
738:
737:
721:
719:
718:
713:
711:
710:
688:
686:
685:
680:
678:
677:
661:
659:
658:
653:
651:
650:
634:
632:
631:
626:
624:
623:
603:
601:
600:
595:
593:
592:
535:
528:
521:
419:Bit manipulation
348:Dadda multiplier
282:Adderâsubtractor
264:Carry-skip adder
254:Carry-save adder
239:BrentâKung adder
202:
145:Quick navigation
132:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
4685:
4684:
4680:
4679:
4678:
4676:
4675:
4674:
4640:
4639:
4638:
4633:
4619:Tickâtock model
4577:
4533:
4522:
4462:
4446:Address decoder
4400:
4354:
4350:Program counter
4325:Status register
4306:
4261:
4221:Loadâstore unit
4188:
4181:
4108:
4077:
3978:
3935:Image processor
3910:
3903:
3873:
3867:
3843:Microcontroller
3833:Embedded system
3821:
3721:
3654:
3643:
3581:
3531:
3429:
3406:
3390:Re-order buffer
3361:
3342:Data dependency
3328:
3287:
3117:
3111:
3010:
3009:Instruction set
3003:
2989:Multiprocessing
2957:Cache hierarchy
2950:Register/memory
2874:
2774:Queue automaton
2730:
2725:
2688:
2672:
2640:
2612:
2575:
2544:
2539:
2538:
2513:
2490:
2489:
2344:
2331:
2272:
2256:
2233:
2232:
2211:
2194:
2193:
2174:
2173:
2152:
2147:
2146:
2127:
2126:
2105:
2088:
2087:
2068:
2067:
2048:
2047:
2026:
2021:
2020:
2001:
2000:
1979:
1974:
1973:
1952:
1947:
1946:
1945:and borrow out
1927:
1926:
1905:
1900:
1899:
1880:
1879:
1860:
1859:
1848:
1846:Full subtractor
1840:
1793:
1788:
1787:
1755:
1754:
1730:
1725:
1724:
1705:
1704:
1637:
1566:
1565:
1517:
1512:
1511:
1487:
1482:
1481:
1456:
1455:
1430:
1429:
1404:
1403:
1378:
1377:
1376:if and only if
1350:
1345:
1344:
1325:
1324:
1305:
1304:
1279:
1278:
1251:
1246:
1245:
1224:
1219:
1218:
1217:and borrow out
1199:
1198:
1179:
1178:
1156:
1155:
1137:
1135:Half subtractor
1118:
1117:
1084:
1083:
1058:
1040:
1039:
992:
991:
949:
936:
920:
901:
896:
895:
873:
860:
850:
837:
832:
831:
807:
788:
777:
776:
755:
742:
729:
724:
723:
696:
691:
690:
669:
664:
663:
642:
637:
636:
615:
610:
609:
584:
579:
578:
555:digital circuit
539:
510:
487:
486:
477:
464:
463:
454:
447:
433:
432:
423:
385:
384:
375:
362:
361:
352:
324:
323:
314:
310:Half subtractor
305:Full subtractor
296:
295:
286:
278:
277:
268:
210:
209:
198:
197:
188:
164:Boolean algebra
155:
154:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
18:Half subtractor
15:
12:
11:
5:
4683:
4681:
4673:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4642:
4641:
4635:
4634:
4632:
4631:
4626:
4624:Pin grid array
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4585:
4583:
4579:
4578:
4576:
4575:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4538:
4536:
4528:
4527:
4524:
4523:
4521:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4494:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4472:
4470:
4464:
4463:
4461:
4460:
4458:Barrel shifter
4455:
4454:
4453:
4448:
4441:Binary decoder
4438:
4437:
4436:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4410:
4408:
4402:
4401:
4399:
4398:
4393:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4364:
4362:
4356:
4355:
4353:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4330:Stack register
4327:
4322:
4316:
4314:
4308:
4307:
4305:
4304:
4303:
4302:
4297:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4271:
4269:
4263:
4262:
4260:
4259:
4254:
4253:
4252:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4230:
4229:
4223:
4212:
4206:
4200:
4193:
4191:
4180:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4158:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4122:
4116:
4114:
4110:
4109:
4107:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4085:
4083:
4079:
4078:
4076:
4075:
4074:
4073:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3992:
3990:
3984:
3983:
3980:
3979:
3977:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3955:
3949:
3943:
3937:
3932:
3926:
3924:AI accelerator
3921:
3915:
3913:
3905:
3904:
3902:
3901:
3895:
3890:
3887:Multiprocessor
3884:
3877:
3875:
3869:
3868:
3866:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3838:Microprocessor
3835:
3829:
3827:
3826:By application
3820:
3819:
3813:
3807:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3769:Tile processor
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3750:
3749:
3738:
3731:
3729:
3723:
3722:
3720:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3703:
3697:
3691:
3685:
3679:
3678:
3677:
3665:
3659:
3657:
3649:
3648:
3645:
3644:
3642:
3641:
3640:
3639:
3629:
3624:
3623:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3597:
3591:
3589:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3563:
3562:
3557:
3555:Hyperthreading
3547:
3541:
3539:
3537:Multithreading
3533:
3532:
3530:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3518:
3517:
3507:
3506:
3505:
3500:
3490:
3489:
3488:
3483:
3473:
3468:
3467:
3466:
3461:
3450:
3448:
3441:
3435:
3434:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3427:
3422:
3416:
3414:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3393:
3392:
3387:
3377:
3371:
3369:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3338:
3336:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3314:Pipeline stall
3310:
3308:
3299:
3293:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3265:
3263:z/Architecture
3260:
3255:
3250:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3181:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3121:
3119:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3109:
3108:
3107:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3066:
3065:
3055:
3054:
3053:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3022:
3020:
3013:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2975:
2974:
2969:
2967:Virtual memory
2959:
2954:
2953:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2906:
2905:
2895:
2890:
2884:
2882:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2872:
2871:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2834:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2791:Turing machine
2788:
2787:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2751:
2746:
2740:
2738:
2732:
2731:
2726:
2724:
2723:
2716:
2709:
2701:
2695:
2694:
2687:
2686:External links
2684:
2683:
2682:
2676:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2666:
2661:
2659:Adding machine
2656:
2651:
2646:
2639:
2636:
2622:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2599:
2596:
2590:
2585:
2582:
2578:
2571:
2568:
2562:
2557:
2554:
2551:
2547:
2523:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2482:
2481:
2478:
2475:
2472:
2469:
2465:
2464:
2461:
2458:
2455:
2452:
2448:
2447:
2444:
2441:
2438:
2435:
2431:
2430:
2427:
2424:
2421:
2418:
2414:
2413:
2410:
2407:
2404:
2401:
2397:
2396:
2393:
2390:
2387:
2384:
2380:
2379:
2376:
2373:
2370:
2367:
2363:
2362:
2359:
2356:
2353:
2350:
2346:
2345:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2309:
2275:
2271:
2268:
2259:
2255:
2252:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2240:
2214:
2210:
2207:
2204:
2201:
2181:
2155:
2134:
2108:
2104:
2101:
2098:
2095:
2075:
2055:
2029:
2008:
1982:
1955:
1934:
1908:
1887:
1867:
1858:: the minuend
1847:
1844:
1838:
1834:
1833:
1821:
1818:
1813:
1810:
1805:
1796:
1785:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1733:
1712:
1695:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1681:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1667:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1653:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1639:
1638:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1610:
1573:
1558:
1557:
1545:
1542:
1537:
1534:
1529:
1520:
1490:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1365:
1362:
1353:
1332:
1312:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1266:
1263:
1254:
1227:
1206:
1186:
1163:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1131:
1116:
1113:
1107:
1104:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1036:
1035:
1023:
1020:
1014:
1011:
1005:
1002:
999:
974:
973:
961:
956:
952:
948:
943:
939:
935:
932:
927:
923:
919:
914:
911:
908:
904:
893:
880:
876:
872:
867:
863:
859:
853:
849:
844:
840:
814:
810:
806:
801:
798:
795:
791:
787:
784:
762:
758:
754:
749:
745:
741:
736:
732:
709:
706:
703:
699:
676:
672:
649:
645:
622:
618:
591:
587:
541:
540:
538:
537:
530:
523:
515:
512:
511:
509:
508:
503:
498:
493:
484:
483:
482:
479:
478:
476:
475:
470:
461:
460:
459:
456:
455:
453:
452:
449:
448:
446:
445:
440:
430:
429:
428:
425:
424:
422:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
382:
381:
380:
377:
376:
374:
373:
368:
366:Binary Divider
359:
358:
357:
354:
353:
351:
350:
345:
340:
335:
330:
322:Multiplier (Ă)
321:
320:
319:
316:
315:
313:
312:
307:
302:
294:Subtractor (â)
293:
292:
291:
288:
287:
285:
284:
275:
274:
273:
270:
269:
267:
266:
261:
256:
251:
246:
241:
236:
231:
226:
221:
216:
207:
206:
205:
195:
194:
193:
190:
189:
187:
186:
181:
176:
171:
166:
161:
152:
151:
150:
147:
146:
142:
141:
137:
136:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4682:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4647:
4645:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4586:
4584:
4580:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4539:
4537:
4535:
4529:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4478:
4477:
4474:
4473:
4471:
4469:
4465:
4459:
4456:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4443:
4442:
4439:
4435:
4432:
4431:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4419:Demultiplexer
4417:
4415:
4412:
4411:
4409:
4407:
4403:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4365:
4363:
4361:
4357:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4340:Memory buffer
4338:
4336:
4335:Register file
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4317:
4315:
4313:
4309:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4292:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4275:Combinational
4273:
4272:
4270:
4268:
4264:
4258:
4255:
4251:
4248:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4210:
4207:
4204:
4201:
4198:
4195:
4194:
4192:
4190:
4184:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4127:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4117:
4115:
4111:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4086:
4084:
4080:
4072:
4069:
4068:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3989:
3985:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3959:
3956:
3953:
3950:
3947:
3944:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3916:
3914:
3912:
3906:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3888:
3885:
3882:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3870:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3830:
3828:
3824:
3817:
3814:
3811:
3808:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3748:
3745:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3736:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3728:
3724:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3707:
3704:
3701:
3698:
3695:
3692:
3689:
3686:
3683:
3680:
3675:
3672:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3660:
3658:
3656:
3650:
3638:
3635:
3634:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3602:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3592:
3590:
3588:
3584:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3552:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3542:
3540:
3538:
3534:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3511:
3508:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3495:
3494:
3491:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3478:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3455:
3452:
3451:
3449:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3436:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3413:
3409:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3382:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3375:Scoreboarding
3373:
3372:
3370:
3368:
3364:
3358:
3357:False sharing
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3335:
3331:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3309:
3307:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3294:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3268:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3150:Stanford MIPS
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3114:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3059:
3056:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3011:architectures
3006:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2979:Heterogeneous
2977:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2931:
2930:Memory access
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2877:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2863:Random-access
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2843:Stack machine
2841:
2839:
2836:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2792:
2789:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2759:with datapath
2757:
2756:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2722:
2717:
2715:
2710:
2708:
2703:
2702:
2699:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2637:
2635:
2620:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2606:
2603:
2594:
2588:
2583:
2580:
2576:
2566:
2560:
2555:
2552:
2549:
2545:
2536:
2521:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2507:
2504:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2487:
2479:
2476:
2473:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2462:
2459:
2456:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2442:
2439:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2428:
2425:
2422:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2411:
2408:
2405:
2402:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2391:
2388:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2377:
2374:
2371:
2368:
2365:
2364:
2360:
2357:
2354:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2306:
2303:
2297:
2293:
2273:
2269:
2266:
2257:
2253:
2250:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2212:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2199:
2179:
2153:
2132:
2106:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2093:
2073:
2053:
2027:
2006:
1980:
1953:
1932:
1906:
1885:
1878:, subtrahend
1865:
1857:
1853:
1845:
1843:
1837:
1819:
1816:
1808:
1803:
1794:
1786:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1760:
1753:
1752:
1751:
1731:
1710:
1702:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1593:
1589:
1587:
1571:
1563:
1543:
1540:
1532:
1527:
1518:
1510:
1509:
1508:
1488:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1363:
1360:
1351:
1330:
1310:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1264:
1261:
1252:
1225:
1204:
1184:
1177:
1161:
1154:
1150:
1141:
1134:
1114:
1111:
1102:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1077:
1074:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1038:
1037:
1021:
1018:
1009:
1003:
1000:
997:
990:
989:
988:
986:
981:
979:
954:
950:
946:
941:
937:
930:
925:
921:
917:
912:
909:
906:
902:
894:
878:
874:
870:
865:
861:
857:
851:
847:
842:
838:
830:
829:
828:
812:
808:
804:
799:
796:
793:
789:
785:
782:
760:
756:
752:
747:
743:
739:
734:
730:
707:
704:
701:
697:
674:
670:
647:
643:
620:
616:
607:
589:
585:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
536:
531:
529:
524:
522:
517:
516:
514:
513:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
481:
480:
474:
471:
469:
466:
458:
457:
444:
441:
438:
435:
427:
426:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
379:
378:
372:
369:
367:
364:
356:
355:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
318:
317:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
290:
289:
283:
280:
272:
271:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
204:
203:
200:
192:
191:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
159:Binary number
157:
149:
148:
144:
143:
138:
134:
133:
124:
121:
113:
110:December 2009
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: â
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
4629:Chip carrier
4567:Clock gating
4486:Mixed-signal
4383:Write buffer
4360:Control unit
4172:Clock signal
3911:accelerators
3893:Cypress PSoC
3550:Simultaneous
3367:Out-of-order
2999:Neuromorphic
2880:Architecture
2838:Belt machine
2831:Zeno machine
2764:Hierarchical
2537:
2488:
2485:
2339:
2334:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2301:
1849:
1841:
1835:
1701:Karnaugh map
1698:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1598:
1559:
1146:
982:
978:exclusive or
975:
550:
544:
343:Wallace tree
299:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
69:"Subtractor"
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
4665:Subtraction
4414:Multiplexer
4378:Data buffer
4089:Single-core
4061:bit slicing
3919:Coprocessor
3774:Coprocessor
3655:performance
3577:Cooperative
3567:Speculative
3527:Distributed
3486:Superscalar
3471:Instruction
3439:Parallelism
3412:Speculative
3244:System/3x0
3116:Instruction
2893:Von Neumann
2806:PostâTuring
1601:truth table
1562:commutative
547:electronics
383:Bitwise ops
360:Divider (á)
4644:Categories
4534:management
4429:Multiplier
4290:Logic gate
4280:Sequential
4187:Functional
4167:Clock rate
4140:Data cache
4113:Components
4094:Multi-core
4082:Core count
3572:Preemptive
3476:Pipelining
3459:Bit-serial
3402:Wide-issue
3347:Structural
3269:Tilera ISA
3235:MicroBlaze
3205:ETRAX CRIS
3100:Comparison
2945:Loadâstore
2925:Endianness
2670:References
1343:are bits,
1176:subtrahend
606:subtrahend
571:difference
551:subtractor
462:Categories
414:Bit shifts
300:Subtractor
249:Ling adder
224:Full adder
219:Half adder
196:Components
169:Logic gate
80:newspapers
4468:Circuitry
4388:Microcode
4312:Registers
4155:coherence
4130:CPU cache
3988:Word size
3653:Processor
3297:Execution
3200:DEC Alpha
3178:Power ISA
2994:Cognitive
2801:Universal
2598:¯
2570:¯
2511:⊕
2505:⊕
2254:−
2248:−
2103:−
2097:−
1817:⋅
1812:¯
1770:⊕
1541:⋅
1536:¯
1465:−
1439:−
1106:¯
1075:−
1053:−
1013:¯
998:−
871:⊕
858:⊕
783:−
753:−
740:−
208:Adder (+)
4406:Datapath
4099:Manycore
4071:variable
3909:Hardware
3545:Temporal
3225:OpenRISC
2920:Cellular
2910:Dataflow
2903:modified
2638:See also
2311:Outputs
2019:. Thus,
1612:Outputs
1586:XOR gate
1454:and not
1303:. Since
485:See also
431:See also
4582:Related
4513:Quantum
4503:Digital
4498:Boolean
4396:Counter
4295:Quantum
4056:512-bit
4051:256-bit
4046:128-bit
3889:(MPSoC)
3874:on chip
3872:Systems
3690:(FLOPS)
3503:Process
3352:Control
3334:Hazards
3220:Itanium
3215:Unicore
3173:PowerPC
2898:Harvard
2858:Pointer
2853:Counter
2811:Quantum
2308:Inputs
1609:Inputs
1153:minuend
575:minuend
94:scholar
4518:Switch
4508:Analog
4246:(IMC)
4217:(MMU)
4066:others
4041:64-bit
4036:48-bit
4031:32-bit
4026:24-bit
4021:16-bit
4016:15-bit
4011:12-bit
3848:Mobile
3764:Stream
3759:Barrel
3754:Vector
3743:(GPU)
3702:(SUPS)
3670:(IPC)
3522:Memory
3515:Vector
3498:Thread
3481:Scalar
3283:Others
3230:RISC-V
3195:SuperH
3164:Power
3160:MIPS-X
3135:PDP-11
2984:Fabric
2736:Models
1480:since
573:: the
563:binary
561:. The
153:Theory
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
4574:(PPW)
4532:Power
4424:Adder
4300:Array
4267:Logic
4228:(TLB)
4211:(FPU)
4205:(AGU)
4199:(ALU)
4189:units
4125:Cache
4006:8-bit
4001:4-bit
3996:1-bit
3960:(TPU)
3954:(DSP)
3948:(PPU)
3942:(VPU)
3931:(GPU)
3900:(NoC)
3883:(SoC)
3818:(PoP)
3812:(SiP)
3806:(MCM)
3747:GPGPU
3737:(CPU)
3727:Types
3708:(PPW)
3696:(TPS)
3684:(IPS)
3676:(CPI)
3447:Level
3258:S/390
3253:S/370
3248:S/360
3190:SPARC
3168:POWER
3051:TRIPS
3019:Types
2172:from
1277:when
559:adder
214:Adder
101:JSTOR
87:books
4552:ACPI
4285:Glue
4177:FIFO
4120:Core
3858:ASIP
3799:CPLD
3794:FPOA
3789:FPGA
3784:ASIC
3637:SPMD
3632:MIMD
3627:MISD
3620:SWAR
3600:SIMD
3595:SISD
3510:Data
3493:Task
3464:Word
3210:M32R
3155:MIPS
3118:sets
3085:ZISC
3080:NISC
3075:OISC
3070:MISC
3063:EPIC
3058:VLIW
3046:EDGE
3036:RISC
3031:CISC
2940:HUMA
2935:NUMA
2203:<
2145:and
1856:bits
1723:and
1599:The
1402:and
1323:and
1288:<
1174:and
931:<
567:bits
553:â a
549:, a
73:news
4547:APM
4542:PMU
4434:CPU
4391:ROM
4162:Bus
3779:PAL
3454:Bit
3240:LMC
3145:ARM
3140:x86
3130:VAX
2343:out
2278:out
1958:out
1799:out
1736:out
1636:out
1523:out
1493:out
1356:out
1257:out
1230:out
604:),
545:In
501:AGU
496:GPU
491:FPU
409:XOR
399:AND
394:NOT
56:by
4646::
4481:3D
2480:1
2463:0
2446:0
2429:0
2412:1
2395:1
2378:1
2361:0
2330:in
2292:.
2262:in
2217:in
2158:in
2111:in
2032:in
1985:in
1972:.
1911:in
1750::
1693:0
1690:0
1687:1
1684:1
1679:0
1676:1
1673:0
1670:1
1665:1
1662:1
1659:1
1656:0
1651:0
1648:0
1645:0
1642:0
980:.
827:.
404:OR
2720:e
2713:t
2706:v
2621:n
2618:i
2614:B
2610:Y
2607:+
2604:Y
2595:X
2589:+
2584:n
2581:i
2577:B
2567:X
2561:=
2556:t
2553:u
2550:o
2546:B
2522:n
2519:i
2515:B
2508:Y
2502:X
2499:=
2496:D
2477:1
2474:1
2471:1
2468:1
2460:0
2457:0
2454:1
2451:1
2443:0
2440:1
2437:0
2434:1
2426:1
2423:0
2420:0
2417:1
2409:0
2406:1
2403:1
2400:0
2392:1
2389:0
2386:1
2383:0
2375:1
2372:1
2369:0
2366:0
2358:0
2355:0
2352:0
2349:0
2340:B
2335:D
2327:B
2322:Y
2317:X
2274:B
2270:2
2267:+
2258:B
2251:Y
2245:X
2242:=
2239:D
2213:B
2209:+
2206:Y
2200:X
2180:X
2154:B
2133:Y
2107:B
2100:Y
2094:X
2074:Y
2054:X
2028:B
2007:X
1981:B
1954:B
1933:D
1907:B
1886:Y
1866:X
1832:.
1820:Y
1809:X
1804:=
1795:B
1773:Y
1767:X
1764:=
1761:D
1732:B
1711:D
1633:B
1628:D
1623:Y
1618:X
1572:D
1556:.
1544:Y
1533:X
1528:=
1519:B
1489:B
1468:X
1462:Y
1442:Y
1436:X
1416:1
1413:=
1410:Y
1390:0
1387:=
1384:X
1364:1
1361:=
1352:B
1331:Y
1311:X
1291:Y
1285:X
1265:1
1262:=
1253:B
1226:B
1205:D
1185:Y
1162:X
1115:1
1112:+
1103:B
1097:+
1094:A
1091:=
1081:)
1078:B
1072:(
1069:+
1066:A
1063:=
1056:B
1050:A
1022:1
1019:+
1010:B
1004:=
1001:B
972:,
960:)
955:i
951:B
947:+
942:i
938:Y
934:(
926:i
922:X
918:=
913:1
910:+
907:i
903:B
879:i
875:B
866:i
862:Y
852:X
848:=
843:i
839:D
813:i
809:D
805:+
800:1
797:+
794:i
790:B
786:2
761:i
757:B
748:i
744:Y
735:i
731:X
708:1
705:+
702:i
698:B
675:i
671:D
648:i
644:B
621:i
617:Y
608:(
590:i
586:X
577:(
534:e
527:t
520:v
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:¡
91:¡
84:¡
77:¡
50:.
20:)
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